Bengal tiger - Knowledge

1741:(commonly known as "heat") at intervals of about 3–9 weeks, and is receptive for 3–6 days. After a gestation period of 104–106 days, 1–4 cubs are born in a shelter situated in tall grass, thick bush or in caves. Newborn cubs weigh 780 to 1,600 g (1.72 to 3.53 lb) and they have a thick woolly fur that is shed after 3.5–5 months. Their eyes and ears are closed. Their milk teeth start to erupt at about 2–3 weeks after birth, and are slowly replaced by permanent dentition from 8.5 to 9.5 weeks of age onwards. They suckle for 3–6 months, and begin to eat small amounts of solid food at about 2 months of age. At this time, they follow their mother on her hunting expeditions and begin to take part in hunting at 5–6 months of age. At the age of 2–3 years, they slowly start to separate from the family group and become transient, looking out for an area where they can establish their own home range. Young males move farther away from their native home range than young females. Once the family group has split, the mother comes into heat again. 1511:

the resident females left her territory to one of her female offspring and took over an adjoining area by displacing another female; and a displaced female managed to re-establish herself in a neighbouring territory made vacant by the death of the resident. Of 11 resident females, 7 were still alive at the end of the study period, two disappeared after losing their territories to rivals, and two died. The initial loss of two resident males and subsequent take over of their home ranges by new males caused social instability for two years. Of four resident males, one was still alive and three were displaced by rivals. Five litters of cubs were killed by infanticide, two litters died because they were too young to fend for themselves when their mothers died. One juvenile tiger was presumed dead after being photographed with severe injuries from a deer

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have been killed in a year. Now, through WildTeam's work, there is a boat-based Tiger Response team that provides first aid, transport, and body retrieval support for people being killed in the forest by tigers. WildTeam has also set up 49 volunteer Village Response Teams that are trained to save tigers that have strayed into the village areas and would be otherwise killed. These village teams are made up of over 350 volunteers, who are also now supporting anti-poaching work and conservation education/awareness activities. WildTeam also works to empower local communities to access the government funds for compensating the loss/injury of livestock and people from the conflict. To monitor the conflict and assess the effectiveness of actions, WildTeam have also set up a human-tiger conflict data collection and reporting system.

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bitten off by a rival male. This specimen could not be weighed, but it was estimated to weigh about 272 kg (600 lb). A male weighing 259 kg (570 lb) was shot in northern India in the 1930s. A male tiger shot in Nepal weighed 320 kg (710 lb) and measured 328 cm (10 ft 9 in) 'over the curves'. The heaviest wild tiger was possibly a huge male killed in 1967 at the foothills of the Himalayas. It weighed 388.7 kg (857 lb) after eating a buffalo calf; it measured 323 cm (127 in) in total length between pegs, and 338 cm (133 in) over curves. Without eating the calf beforehand, it would have likely weighed at least 324.3 kg (715 lb). This specimen is on exhibition in the Mammals Hall of the

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Information is lacking on many aspects of Sundarbans tiger ecology, including relative abundance, population status, spatial dynamics, habitat selection, life history characteristics, taxonomy, genetics, and disease. There is also no monitoring program in place to track changes in the tiger population over time, and therefore no way of measuring the response of the population to conservation activities or threats. Most studies have focused on the tiger-human conflict in the area, but two studies in the Sundarbans East Wildlife sanctuary documented habitat-use patterns of tigers, and abundances of tiger prey, and another study investigated tiger parasite load. Some major threats to tigers have been identified. The tigers living in the Sundarbans are threatened by

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weighed on average 190 kg (420 lb) with a range of 167–234 kg (368–516 lb); their total length was 282 cm (111 in) with a range of 267–312 cm (105–123 in), and their average shoulder height was 99 cm (39 in); 39 adult female Bengal tigers weighed an average of 132 kg (291 lb) with a maximum of 156 kg (344 lb) and an average total length of 254 cm (100 in) ranging from 239 to 277 cm (94 to 109 in). Several scientists indicated that adult male Bengal tigers in the

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into marginal habitat after the 1950s, when the conversion of natural habitat for paddy fields increased. Marauding tigers began to take a toll of human life in areas bordering cultivation. They are thought to have followed domestic livestock that wintered in the plains when they returned to the hills in the spring, and then being left without prey when the herds dispersed back to their respective villages. These tigers were the old, the young and the disabled. All suffered from some disability, mainly caused either by gunshot wounds or

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inferred that the total tiger population comprised approximately 200 individuals. Home ranges of adult female tigers were recorded comprising between 12 and 14 km (4.6 and 5.4 sq mi), which would indicate an approximate carrying capacity of 150 adult females. The small home range of adult female tigers and consequent high density of tigers in this habitat type relative to other areas may be related to both the high density of prey and the small size of the Sundarban tigers.

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prey. Resident adults of either sex maintain home ranges, confining their movements to definite habitats within which they satisfy their needs and those of their cubs, which include prey, water and shelter. In this site, they also maintain contact with other tigers, especially those of the opposite sex. Those sharing the same ground are well aware of each other's movements and activities. In

8027: 1824:: a male tiger was trapped and killed in a wire snare; a tigress died of electrocution after chewing at an electric cable supplying power to a water pump; another dead tigress found in Kanha Tiger Reserve landscape was suspected to have been poisoned. In 2021, Bangladeshi police arrested a poacher suspected of killing 70 Bengal tigers during a period of 20 years. 1859:-gathering season. Tigers in the Sunderbans presumably attacked humans who entered their territories in search of wood, honey or fish, thus causing them to defend their territories. The number of tiger attacks on humans may be higher outside suitable areas for tigers, where numerous people are present, but with little wild prey for tigers. 1507:

home range by one animal is correlated with a shift of another. Shifts from less suitable habitat to better ones are made by animals that are already resident. New animals become residents only as vacancies occur when a former resident moves out or dies. There are more places for resident females than for resident males.

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indicating that they may have adapted to the unique conditions of the mangrove habitat. Their small sizes are probably due to a combination of intense intraspecific competition and small size of prey available to tigers in the Sundarbans, compared to the larger deer and other prey available to tigers in other parts.

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intra-specific competition among male tigers. An interview survey with 499 local people in Chitwan revealed that lower caste Hindus and people with less than eight years of formal education had negative attitudes to the tiger; most of them owned livestock and had heard about tigers attacking people and livestock.

1878:. Chief Wildlife Warden of Kerala ordered the hunt for the animal after mass protests erupted as the tiger had been carrying away livestock. The Forest Department had constituted a special task force to capture the animal with the assistance of a 10-member Special Tiger Protection Force and two trained 2851:

Luo, S. J.; Kim, J.; Johnson, W. E.; van der Walt, J.; Martenson, J.; Yuhki, N.; Miquelle, D. G.; Uphyrkina, O.; Goodrich, J. M.; Quigley, H. B.; Tilson, R.; Brady, G.; Martelli, P.; Subramaniam, V.; McDougal, C.; Hean, S.; Huang, S.; Pan, W.; Karanth, U.; Sunquist, M.; Smith, J. L. D. & O'Brien,

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from their natal areas earliest at the age of 19 months. Of the 14 subadults studied, the four females stayed closer to their mother's home range than the 10 males. The latter dispersed between 9.5 and 65.7 km (5.9 and 40.8 mi). None of them crossed open cultivated areas that were more than

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becomes mainstreamed into the rural development agenda. In Nepal a community-based tourism model has been developed with a strong emphasis on sharing benefits with local people and on the regeneration of degraded forests. The approach has been successful in reducing poaching, restoring habitats, and

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The Indian subcontinent has served as a stage for intense confrontations between tigers and people. At the beginning of the 19th century tigers were so numerous, that the killing of tigers was officially rewarded in many localities. The Terai region supported large numbers of tigers that were pushed

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The home ranges occupied by adult male residents tend to be mutually exclusive, even though one of these residents may tolerate a transient or sub-adult male at least for a time. A male tiger keeps a large territory in order to include the home ranges of several females within its bounds, so that he

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survey was conducted across six sites in the Bangladesh Sundarbans to estimate tiger population density. The average of these six sites provided an estimate of 3.7 tigers per 100 km (39 sq mi). Since the Bangladesh Sundarbans is an area of 5,770 km (2,230 sq mi), it was

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Subadult males weigh between 130 and 170 kg (290 and 370 lb) and reach 200–260 kg (440–570 lb) when adult; subadult females weigh 80–100 kg (180–220 lb) and reach between 110 and 180 kg (240 and 400 lb) when adult. In central India, 42 adult male Bengal tigers

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Poudyal, L.; Yadav, B.; Ranabhat, R.; Maharjan, S.; Malla, S.; Lamichhane, B.R.; Subba, S.; Koirala, S.; Shrestha, S.; Gurung, A.; Paudel, U.; Bhatt, T. & Giri, S. (2018). Status of Tigers and Prey in Nepal (Report). Kathmandu, Nepal: Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation &

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Mukul, S. A.; Alamgir, M.; Sohel, M. S. I.; Pert, P. L.; Herbohn, J.; Turton, S. M.; Khan, M. S. I.; Munim, S. A.; Reza, A. A. & Laurance, W. F. (2019). "Combined effects of climate change and sea-level rise project dramatic habitat loss of the globally endangered Bengal tiger in the Bangladesh

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Results of scat analyses indicate that the Bengal tigers in Nagarahole National Park preferred prey weighing more than 176 kg (388 lb) and that on average tiger prey weighed 91.5 kg (202 lb). The prey species included chital, sambar, wild pig and gaur. Gaur remains were found in

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in the Bangladesh Sundarbans to monitor changes in the Bangladesh tiger population and assess the effectiveness of conservation actions. This survey measures changes in the frequency of tiger track sets along the sides of tidal waterways as an index of relative tiger abundance across the Sundarbans

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In the beginning of the 20th century, a male tiger was shot in central India with a head and body length of 221 cm (87 in) between pegs, a chest girth of 150 cm (59 in), a shoulder height of 109 cm (43 in) and a tail length of 81 cm (32 in), which was perhaps

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Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.;

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by 40%. The government's first tiger census, conducted under the Project Tiger initiative begun in 1973, counted 1,827 tigers in the country that year. Using that methodology, the government observed a steady population increase, reaching 3,700 tigers in 2002. However, the use of more reliable and

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During seven years of camera trapping, tracking, and observational data in Chitwan National Park, six to nine breeding tigers, two to sixteen non-breeding tigers, and six to twenty young tigers of less than one year of age were detected in the study area of 100 km (39 sq mi). One of

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rights with them. Spacing among females is less complete. Typically there is partial overlap with neighbouring female residents. They tend to have core areas, which are more exclusive, at least for most of the time. Home ranges of both males and females are not stable. The shift or alteration of a

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The basic social unit of the tiger is composed of a female and her offspring. Adult animals congregate only temporarily when special conditions permit, such as plentiful supplies of food. Otherwise, they lead solitary lives, hunting individually for the forest and grassland animals upon which they

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WildTeam is working with local communities and the Bangladesh Forest Department to reduce human-tiger conflict in the Bangladesh Sundarbans. For over 100 years people, tigers, and livestock have been injured and killed in the conflict; in recent decades up to 50 people, 80 livestock, and 3 tigers

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across the tiger's distribution in the country. Funds and commitment were mustered to support the intensive program of habitat protection and rehabilitation under the project. By the late 1980s, the initial nine reserves covering an area of 9,115 square kilometres (3,519 sq mi) had been

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In Nepal, the incidence of man-eating tigers has been only sporadic. In Chitwan National Park no cases were recorded before 1980. In the following few years, 13 people have been killed and eaten in the park and its environs. In the majority of cases, man-eating appeared to have been related to an

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In most cases, Bengal tigers approach their victim from the side or behind from as close a distance as possible and grasp the prey's throat to kill it. Then they drag the carcass into cover, occasionally over several hundred metres, to consume it. The nature of the tiger's hunting method and prey

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In the Panna Tiger Reserve, an adult radio-collared male tiger moved 1.7 to 10.5 km (1.1 to 6.5 mi) between locations on successive days in winter, and 1 to 13.9 km (0.62 to 8.64 mi) in summer. His home range was about 200 km (77 sq mi) in summer and 110 km

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and revenge killing. Farmers blame tigers for killing cattle and shoot them. Their skins and body parts may however become a part of the illegal trade. In Bangladesh, tigers are killed by professional poachers, local hunters, trappers and villagers. Each group of people has different motives for

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were employed to estimate site-specific densities of tiger, co-predators and prey. Based on the result of these surveys, the total tiger population was estimated at 1,411 individuals ranging from 1,165 to 1,657 adult and sub-adult tigers of more than 1.5 years of age. Across India, six landscape

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The Bengal tiger ranks among the biggest wild cats alive today. Males and female Bengal tigers in Panna Tiger Reserve reach a head-to-body length of 183–211 cm (72–83 in) and 164–193 cm (65–76 in) respectively, including a tail about 85–110 cm (33–43 in) long. Total

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passed by the Indian government in 2006 grants some of India's most impoverished communities the right to own and live in the forests, which likely brings them into conflict with wildlife and under-resourced, under-trained, ill-equipped forest department staff. In the past, evidence showed that

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due to a large predator. Tiger paw prints were found on pastures around several villages. One tiger was shot in 1996, and about 4–5 tigers were reported by officials in the area by 1999. About 8–12 tigers were thought to remain in this area a decade later. A camera trapping and interview survey

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in the early 1970s had an average weight of 235 kg (518 lb) ranging from 200 to 261 kg (441 to 575 lb), and that of the females was 140 kg (310 lb) ranging from 116 to 164 kg (256 to 362 lb). Two male tigers captured in Chitwan National Park in the 1980s

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153 million to further fund the Project Tiger initiative, set up a Tiger Protection Force to combat poachers, and fund the relocation of up to 200,000 villagers to minimise human-tiger interaction. Indian tiger scientists have called for use of technology in the conservation efforts. In 2022,

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collars, were some of the smallest recorded for tigers, indicating that the Bangladesh Sundarbans could have one of the highest densities and largest populations of tigers anywhere in the world. They are isolated from the next tiger population by a distance of up to 300 km (190 mi).

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Three tigresses from the Bangladesh Sundarbans had a mean weight of 76.7 kg (169 lb). The oldest female weighed 75 kg (165 lb) and was in a relatively poor condition at the time of capture. Their skulls and body weights were distinct from those of tigers in other habitats,

2228:, with the tigers believed to be unable to hunt. Stuart Bray, who had originally invested a large sum of money in the project, claimed that he and his wife, Li Quan, watched the film crew " the prey up against the fence and into the path of the tigers just for the sake of dramatic footage." 1777:

in poached skins and body parts between India, Nepal and China. The governments of these countries have failed to implement adequate enforcement response, and wildlife crime remained a low priority in terms of political commitment and investment for years. There are well-organised gangs of

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was established with an area of 550 km (210 sq mi). The government aimed at doubling the country's tiger population by 2022 at the Global Tiger Summit in 2010. The tiger population reached 355 in 2022, almost tripling the population of 121 in 2009.

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population of Bengal tigers at 210 individuals that are all kept in Indian zoos, except for one female in North America. Completion of the Indian Bengal Tiger Studbook is a necessary prerequisite to establishing a captive management program for tigers in India.

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raided a meeting of suspected poachers, traders and couriers. One of the arrested persons was the biggest buyer of Indian tiger parts who sold them to Chinese buyers, using women from a nomadic tribe as couriers. In 2009, none of the 24 tigers residing in the

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trained captive-bred tiger cubs how to stalk, hunt, associate hunting with food and regain their predatory instincts. They claimed that once the tigers proved that they can sustain themselves in the wild, they would be released into a free-range sanctuary of

1370:. Between November 2017 and April 2018, the third nationwide survey for tiger and prey was conducted in the Terai Arc Landscape; the country's population was estimated at 220–274 tigers. As of 2022, 316–355 individuals were estimated to live in the country. 968:

landscape there are six populations with an estimated population size of 259 to 335 individuals in an area of 5,080 km (1,960 sq mi) of forested habitats, which are located in Rajaji and Corbett National Parks, in the connected habitats of

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ones, who do not search for humans but will, if they encounter a man, attack, kill and devour him. In areas where opportunistic man-eaters were found, the killing of humans was correlated with their availability, most victims being claimed during the

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The greatest skull length of a tiger is 351 mm (13.8 in) in males and 293 mm (11.5 in) in females. It has exceptionally stout teeth. Its canines are 7.5 to 10 cm (3.0 to 3.9 in) long and thus the longest among all cats.

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is the reason for the unrelenting poaching pressure on tigers on the Indian subcontinent. For at least a thousand years, tiger bones have been an ingredient in traditional medicines that are prescribed as a muscle strengthener and treatment for

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As of 2014, the Indian tiger population was estimated to range over an area of 89,164 km (34,426 sq mi) and number 2,226 adult and subadult tigers older than one year. About 585 tigers were present in the Western Ghats, where

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Saif, S.; Russell, A. M.; Nodie, S. I.; Inskip, C.; Lahann, P.; Barlow, A.; Barlow Greenwood, C.; Islam, M. A. & MacMillan, D. C. (2016). "Local usage of Tiger parts and its role in Tiger killing in the Bangladesh Sundarbans".

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recorded a tiger pair at elevations of 3,000 to 4,100 m (9,800 to 13,500 ft). As of 2015, the tiger population in Bhutan was estimated at 89 to 124 individuals in a survey area of 28,225 km (10,898 sq mi).

1490:(42 sq mi) in winter. Included in his home range were the much smaller home ranges of two females, a tigress with cubs and a subadult tigress. They occupied home ranges of 16 to 31 km (6.2 to 12.0 sq mi). 1362:, across an area of 4,841 km (1,869 sq mi) in 14 districts. The country's tiger population was estimated at 163–235 breeding adults comprising 102–152 tigers in the Chitwan-Parsa protected areas, 48–62 in Bardiya- 992:

highlands there are 17 populations with an estimated population size of 437 to 661 individuals in an area of 48,610 km (18,770 sq mi) of forested habitats, which are located in the landscapes of Kanha-Pench,

2121:. In the 1990s, some tigers from this area were observed to have the typical appearance of Siberian tigers, namely a large head, pale fur, white complexion, and wide stripes, and were suspected to be Siberian–Bengal tiger 1694:

44.8% of all tiger scat samples, sambar remains in 28.6%, wild pig remains in 14.3% and chital remains in 10.4% of all scat samples. In Bandipur National Park, gaur and sambar together also constituted 73% of tiger diet.

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The tiger in India has no definite mating and birth seasons. Most young are born in December and April. Young have also been found in March, May, October and November. In the 1960s, certain aspects of tiger behaviour at

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that facilitate connectivity between protected areas. By 2018, the population had increased to an estimated 2,603–3,346 individuals. As of 2022, the Indian population was estimated to comprise 3,167–3,682 individuals.

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foothills at an elevation of 200 m (660 ft) in the south to over 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in the temperate forests in the north. Their stronghold appears to be the country's central belt between the

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Dhakal, M.; Karki (Thapa), M.; Jnawali, S. R.; Subedi, N.; Pradhan, N. M. B.; Malla, S.; Lamichhane, B. R.; Pokheral, C. P.; Thapa, G. J.; Oglethorpe, J.; Subba, S. A.; Bajracharya, P. R. & Yadav, H. (2014).

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length ranges from 283 to 311 cm (111 to 122 in) for male tigers and 255–285 cm (100–112 in) for female tigers. They typically range from 90–110 cm (35–43 in) in shoulder height.

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made about 40–50 kills a year and ate a minimum of 5–6.3 kg (11–14 lb) of meat a day. Two males made about 40–50 kills in a year and ate 6.3–7.8 kg (14–17 lb) of meat a day at the least.

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Barlow, A.; Ahmed, M. I. U.; Rahman, M. M.; Howlader, A.; Smith, A. C. & Smith, J. L. D. (2008). "Linking monitoring and intervention for improved management of tigers in the Sundarbans of Bangladesh".

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centres. Buyers choose the skins from dealers or tanneries and smuggle them through a complex interlinking network to markets outside India, mainly in China. Other factors contributing to their loss are

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Through this initiative the population decline was reversed initially, but has resumed in recent years; India's tiger population decreased from 3,642 in the 1990s to just over 1,400 from 2002 to 2008.

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The Bengal tiger's coat is yellow to light orange, with stripes ranging from dark brown to black; the belly and the interior parts of the limbs are white, and the tail is orange with black rings. The

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was launched aiming at ensuring a viable tiger population in the country and preserving areas of biological importance as a natural heritage for the people. The project's task force visualised these

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professional poachers, who move from place to place and set up camp in vulnerable areas. Skins are rough-cured in the field and handed over to dealers, who send them for further treatment to Indian

5105:"Predator–prey relationships and responses of ungulates and their predators to the establishment of protected areas: A case study of tigers, leopards and their prey in Bardia National Park, Nepal" 1044:

landscape there is a single population with an estimated population size of 49 to 57 individuals in a 7,772 km (3,001 sq mi) habitat in three separate forest blocks located in the

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Jnawali, S.R.; Baral, H.S.; Lee, S.; Acharya, K.P.; Upadhyay, G.P.; Pandey, M.; Shrestha, R.; Joshi, D.; Laminchhane, B.R.; Griffiths, J.; Khatiwada, A.P.; Subedi, N. & Amin, R. (2011). "

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Xu, X.; Dong, G. X.; Schmidt-Küntzel, A.; Zhang, X. L.; Zhuang, Y.; Fang, R.; Sun, X.; Hu, X.S.; Zhang, T. Y.; Yang, H. D.; Zhang, D. L.; Marker, L.; Jiang, Z.-F.; Li, R.; Luo, S.-J. (2017).

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landscape there are seven populations with an estimated population size of 336 to 487 individuals in a forested area of 21,435 km (8,276 sq mi) in three major landscape units

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In the 20th century, Indian censuses of wild tigers relied on the individual identification of footprints known as pug marks – a method that has been criticised as deficient and inaccurate.

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river, but only during the dry season from October to March. In early 2019, a Bengal tiger was photographed twice at an elevation of 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in a broadleaved forest in

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in the west and the Kulong River in the east ranging in elevation from 2,000 to 3,500 m (6,600 to 11,500 ft). By 2015, Bhutan's tiger population was estimated at 103 individuals.

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As of 2022, the Bengal tiger population was estimated at 3,167–3,682 individuals in India, 316–355 individuals in Nepal, 131 individuals in Bhutan and around 114 individuals in Bangladesh.

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The tiger population in the Terai of Nepal is split into three isolated subpopulations that are separated by cultivation and densely settled habitat. The largest population lives in

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In January 2008, the Government of India launched a dedicated anti-poaching force composed of experts from Indian police, forest officials and various other environmental agencies.

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could be used to host tigers that are imported from India. The last tiger in Cambodia was photographed in 2007 by a camera trap. In 2016, the Cambodian government declared that the

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composed of dry forest foothills and tall-grass savannas harbour tigers in a 49,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi) landscape. The goals are to manage tigers as a single

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at the end of the 19th century allegedly measured more than 370 cm (12 ft). But at the time, sportsmen had not yet adopted a standard system of measurement; some measured

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has documented 893 cases of tigers killed in India, which is just a fraction of the actual poaching and trade in tiger parts during those years. In 2004, all the tigers in India's

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The project has received controversy after accusations by their investors and conservationists of manipulating the behaviour of the tigers for the purpose of a film production,

1308:, tiger-human conflict, and direct tiger loss. By 2017, this population was estimated at 84–158 individuals. As of 2018, 114 individuals were estimated to live in the country. 4565: 2008:

as breeding nuclei, from which surplus animals would disperse to adjacent forests. The selection of areas for the reserves represented as close as possible the diversity of

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The four tigers involved in this project have been confirmed to be crossbred Siberian–Bengal tigers, which should neither be used for breeding nor being released into the

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landscape. By 2009, the tiger population in the Bangladesh Sundarbans was estimated as 100–150 adult females or 335–500 tigers overall. Female home ranges, recorded using

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Slaght, J. C.; Miquelle, D. G.; Nikolaev, I. G.; Goodrich, J. M.; Smirnov, E. N.; Traylor-Holzer, K.; Christie, S.; Arjanova, T.; Smith, J. L. D.; Karanth, K. U. (2005).

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and adjacent unprotected habitat farther west, extending to within 15 km (9.3 mi) of the Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve, which harbours the smallest population.

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while others measured 'over the curves'. The greatest length of a tiger skull measured 41.3 cm (16.25 in) "over the bone"; this one was shot in the vicinity of

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to form a global campaign, "Save Tigers Now", with the ambitious goal of building political, financial and public support to double the wild tiger population by 2022.

6199: 1180:, tigers were recorded in 2017 up to an elevation of 3,630 m (11,910 ft) in snow. Ranthambore National Park hosts India's westernmost tiger population. The 2013:

increased to 15 reserves covering an area of 24,700 square kilometres (9,500 sq mi). More than 1100 tigers were estimated to inhabit the reserves by 1984.

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within the Bengal tiger range is large enough to support an effective population size of 250 individuals. Habitat losses and the extremely large-scale incidences of

492:. In fact, there is only one fully authenticated case of a true albino tiger, and none of black tigers, with the possible exception of one dead specimen examined in 1846:

In the Sundarbans, 10 out of 13-man-eaters recorded in the 1970s were males, and they accounted for 86% of the victims. These man-eaters have been grouped into the

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As of 2004, population estimates in Bangladesh ranged from 200 to 419 individuals, most of them in the Sundarbans. This region is the only mangrove habitat in this

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Thirteen years among the wild beasts of India: their haunts and habits from personal observations; with an account of the modes of capturing and taming elephants

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Prachi, M. & Kulkarni, J. (2006). Monitoring of Tiger and prey population dynamics in Melghat Tiger Reserve, Maharashtra, India (Report). Pune: Envirosearch.

4503:. Kathmandu, Nepal: Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation and Department of Forests and Soil Conservation. Ministry of Forests and Environment. 3117:

Booklet on Growth Data of Physical Characteristics and Use of Tranquilization/Antidote Drugs, Induction Time, Reversal Time for Free Ranging Royal Bengal Tiger (

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study using 134 samples from tigers across the global range suggest that the historical northeastern distribution limit of the Bengal tiger is the region in the

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Yuan, W.; Wulin, L.; Feng, L.; Sheng, L.; Xuelin, Z.; Zhigang, J.; Limin, F. & Bingzhang, L. (2019). "Investigation on the population of wild Bengal tiger (

1274:, where tigers survive, swimming between islands in the delta to hunt prey. Bangladesh's Forest Department is raising mangrove plantations supplying forage for 6020: 3924: 3861:"First photographic record of tiger presence at higher elevations of the Mishmi Hills in the Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot, Arunachal Pradesh, India" 3486:"Chapter 6. Who's king of the beasts? Historical and contemporary data on the body weight of wild and captive Amur tigers in comparison with other subspecies" 1698:

availability results in a "feast or famine" feeding style: they often consume 18–40 kg (40–88 lb) of meat at one time. In one study, tigresses from

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dynasties respectively, and Chola copper plate inscriptions showing the three together indicate that the Cholas had achieved political supremacy over them.

3711: 2729: 4597:

Wang, S.W. & Macdonald, D.W. (2009). "The use of camera traps for estimating tiger and leopard populations in the high altitude mountains of Bhutan".

2595:

Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I

1208: 6345: 5681: 6323: 7217: 5647:

Sankar, K.; Qureshi, Q.; Nigam, P.; Malik, P. K.; Sinha, P. R.; Mehrotra, R. N.; Gopal, R.; Bhattacharjee, S.; Mondal, K. & Shilpi Gupta (2010).

4353: 2047:

Following the revelation that only 1,411 Bengal tigers existed in the wild in India, down from 3,600 in 2003, the Indian government set up eight new

1351:

encompassing an area of 2,543 km (982 sq mi) of prime lowland forest. To the west, the Chitwan population is isolated from the one in

727:

grasslands. The latter habitat once covered a huge swath of grassland, riverine and moist semi-deciduous forests along the major river system of the

5292: 3748: 2152:

contributed by Bengal and Siberian tigers. However, samples of two hybrid specimens constituted a too small sample base to conclusively assume that

683:

about 20,000 years ago. The tiger probably arrived too late in southern India to colonise Sri Lanka, which earlier had been connected to India by a

6837: 5608:

Hemley, G. & Mills, J. A. (1999). "The beginning of the end of tigers in trade?". In Seidensticker, J.; Christie, S. & Jackson, P. (eds.).

5177: 4308:

Aziz, M. A.; Tollington, S.; Barlow, A.; Greenwood, C.; Goodrich, J. M.; Smith, O.; Shamsuddoha, M.; Islam, M. A. & Groombridge, J. J. (2017).

3980: 3816: 3341: 391:: the northern clade comprises the Siberian and Caspian tiger populations, and the southern clade all remaining continental tiger populations. The 1191:

In May 2018, a tiger was recorded in Sahyadri Tiger Reserve for the first time in eight years. In February 2019, a tiger was sighted in Gujarat's

433:

in the Bengal tiger corresponds to the premise that it arrived in India approximately 12,000 years ago. This is consistent with the lack of tiger

7941: 6363: 1445:

during 2013–2018 in nine potential sites in Mêdog County revealed that only 1–3 non-resident individuals might be entering the area south of the

5037: 5649:"Monitoring of reintroduced tigers in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Western India: preliminary findings on home range, prey selection and food habits" 1916:, the dispersal of which between core refuges can help maintain genetic, demographic, and ecological integrity, and to ensure that species and 545:

The smallest recorded weights for Bengal tigers are from the Bangladesh Sundarbans, where adult females weigh 75–80 kg (165–176 lb).

6232: 3899: 1428:

estimate of 0.19–0.31 tigers per 100 km (39 sq mi) by March 2015. As of 2022, the population was estimated at 131 individuals.

8346: 6295: 4586:. Thimphu: Nature Conservation Division, Department of Forests, Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan and WWF Bhutan Programme. 2074:

from Gujarat. Since no lion has been transferred from Gujarat to Madhya Pradesh so far, it may be used as a sanctuary for the tiger instead.

1130:

flood plains and northeastern hills tigers live in an area of 4,230 km (1,630 sq mi) in several patchy and fragmented forests;

7658: 2044:

for the 2007–2008 all-India census has shown that the numbers were in fact less than half than originally claimed by the Forest Department.

675:, which is dated to about 16,500 years ago and tentatively considered to be of a tiger. Tigers appear to have arrived in Sri Lanka during a 247:

subspecies and the nominate tiger subspecies. It ranks among the biggest wild cats alive today. It is estimated to have been present in the

4504: 4040: 1315:

is projected to cause a severe loss of suitable habitat for this population in the following decades, around 50% by 2050 and 100% by 2070.

1203:

and travelled about 300 km (190 mi) over two years. It probably died of starvation. In May 2019, camera traps recorded tigers in

6789: 6759: 6456: 3151: 2656: 596:. In the Central Provinces of India, a male tiger shot weighed 317 kg (699 lb) and measured 3.02 m (9 ft 11 in). 7844: 7527: 7486: 7045:

Brittlebank, K. (May 1995). "Sakti and Barakat: The Power of Tipu's Tiger. An Examination of the Tiger Emblem of Tipu Sultan of Mysore".

5900: 1734:

indicated that the peak of sexual activity was from November to about February, with some mating probably occurring throughout the year.

5354: 3599: 7680: 6419: 6282: 7453: 3905:(Report). New Delhi, Dehradun: National Tiger Conservation Authority, Govt. of India, and Wildlife Institute of India. Archived from 1686:

were found in the stomachs and scat of tigers in the Sundarbans. One in Chitwan National Park has been reported to have hunted three

6611: 5451:

Goodrich, J.; Wibisono, H.; Miquelle, D.; Lynam, A.J.; Sanderson, E.; Chapman, S.; Gray, T.N.E.; Chanchani, P.; Harihar, A. (2022).

3824:. TR 08/001. National Tiger Conservation Authority, Govt. of India, New Delhi; Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. Archived from 8281: 4986: 1788:

killing tigers, ranging from profit and excitement to safety concerns; and has access to the illegal wildlife trade in body parts.

6883: 6696: 4427:

Smith, J. L. D.; Ahern, S. C. & McDougal, C. (1998). "Landscape Analysis of Tiger Distribution and Habitat Quality in Nepal".

2302:

coins. The presence on many coins of a tiger, a fish, and a bow suggests they are Chola issues. The latter two emblems are of the

1638:, tigers killed 20 rhinoceros in 2007. In 2011 and 2014, two instances of Bengal tigers killing adult elephants were recorded; in 8432: 8307: 7088:

Sramek, J. (2006). "'Face Him Like a Briton': Tiger Hunting, Imperialism, and British Masculinity in Colonial India, 1800–1875".

5919: 3694:"Where can tigers live in the future? A framework for identifying high-priority areas for the conservation of tigers in the wild" 6261:. In: Tilson, R. L., Seal, U. S., Minnesota Zoological Garden, IUCN/SSC Captive Breeding Group, IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. 5965: 4181: 4948:

Barlow, A. C. D.; McDougal, C.; Smith, J. L. D.; Gurung, B.; Bhatta, S. R.; Kumal, S.; Mahato, B. & Tamang, D. B. (2009).

2638: 2136:

indicating that their mother was a Bengal tiger. Skin, hair and blood samples from 71 tigers collected in Indian zoos, in the

1603:

form a small part of its diet. Because of the encroachment of humans into tiger habitat, it also preys on domestic livestock.

8338: 7029: 7000: 6970: 6727: 5959: 5785: 5617: 5391: 4932: 4787:

Zhang, E.; Schaller, G.B.; Zhi, L. & Zhang, H. (2002). "Tiger predation on livestock in Gedang, Medog, southeast Tibet".

4664:"Tiger reappearance in Bhutan's Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary: a case for maintaining effective corridors and metapopulations" 4155: 3705: 3451: 3283: 3050: 3017: 2650: 1792: 1049: 861: 8312: 5491: 4310:"Using non-invasively collected genetic data to estimate density and population size of tigers in the Bangladesh Sundarbans" 4075: 8422: 7294: 5776:

McDougal, C. (1987). "The man-eating tigers in geographical historical perspective". In Tilson, R. L.; Seal, U. S. (eds.).

3304:

Barlow, A.; Mazák, J.; Ahmad, I. U.; Smith, J. L. D. (2010). "A preliminary investigation of Sundarbans tiger morphology".

2730:"A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" 1804: 1398: 647:. Today, it inhabits India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and southwestern China. It is estimated to have been present in the 6059:. The National Red List Series. Kathmandu, Nepal: Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation. pp. 73–74. 956:

complexes were surveyed that host tigers and have the potential to be connected. These landscapes comprise the following:

8407: 7934: 3235:

Smith, J. L. D.; Sunquist, M. E.; Tamang, K. M.; Rai, P. B. (1983). "A technique for capturing and immobilizing tigers".

1401:

form the largest contiguous tiger conservation area in Bhutan representing subtropical to alpine habitat types. In 2010,

35: 4137: 8417: 7919: 6812: 4046:(Report). New Delhi, Dehradun: National Tiger Conservation Authority, Government of India, Wildlife Institute of India. 2082: 6118: 1706:

If injured, old or weak, or when its regular prey species become scarce, Bengal tigers often attack humans and become

739:. Today, the best examples of this habitat type are limited to a few blocks at the base of the outer foothills of the 7201: 6064: 5435: 5216: 1096: 1084: 929: 5990: 8246: 7276: 6097: 8351: 6646: 4704: 1515:. The remaining young lived long enough to reach dispersal age, two of them becoming residents in the study area. 457: 406:

Results of a genetic analysis of 32 tiger samples indicate that the Bengal tiger samples grouped into a different

8059: 7520: 7332: 6922: 6866: 6393: 4807: 4241:

home range size in the Bangladesh Sundarbans: the value of this mangrove ecosystem for the species' conservation"

2410: 2020: 1092: 937: 1413:, which is the highest elevation record of a tiger known to date. In 2017, a tiger was recorded for the time in 8392: 7958: 7927: 7673: 6945: 6594: 6538:"Subspecies Genetic Assignments of Worldwide Captive Tigers Increase Conservation Value of Captive Populations" 6270: 5310:

Karanth, K. U. & Sunquist, M. E. (1995). "Prey selection by tiger, leopard and dhole in tropical forests".

4753:

Department of Forests and Park Services (2023). "National Tiger Survey 2021–22". Thimphu: Government of Bhutan.

3115: 2023:

enables government agencies to take strict measures so as to ensure the conservation of the Bengal tigers. The

1231: 1045: 497: 8051: 7993: 7988: 7688: 5689: 4036: 3895: 3812: 2087: 31: 17: 7478: 920:

represent the less common tiger habitats, being largely limited to the upland areas and wetter parts of the

7225: 6051: 2094:

Bengal tigers have been captive bred since 1880 and widely crossed with tigers from other range countries.

1450: 1414: 1018: 857: 788: 6258: 4703:

Tempa, T.; Hebblewhite, M.; Goldberg, J.F.; Norbu, N.; Wangchuk, T.R.; Xiao, W. & Mills, L.S. (2019).

4349: 3845:

Estimation of tiger population in an intensive study area of Pakke Tiger Reserve, Arunachal Pradesh, India

3553:

Cooper, D. M.; Dugmore, A. J.; Gittings, B. M.; Scharf, A. K.; Wilting, A. & Kitchener, A. C. (2016).

3468: 8437: 8333: 2549: 2024: 1588: 1153: 1104: 803: 802:

was the last stronghold of the tiger by the late 19th century; the last individuals were shot in 1906 in

6845: 5185: 4636:(Report). Thimphu, Bhutan: Department of Forests and Park Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests. 3825: 3787: 3692:

Wikramanayake, E.D.; Dinerstein, E.; Robinson, J.G.; Karanth, K.U.; Rabinowitz, A.; et al. (1999).

3359: 534:

exceeded weights of 270 kg (600 lb) and are the largest free ranging tigers reported to date.

8402: 7513: 6509:"Stalemate on translocation of Gir lions Kuno Palpur in Madhya Pradesh to be used as tiger habitat now" 2057: 1925: 1875: 1367: 1120: 784: 6371: 4113: 3597: 1774: 1168:

in northeastern India, stretching over at least 14,500 km (5,600 sq mi) across several

529:

consistently attain more than 227 kg (500 lb) of body weight. Seven adult males captured in

8397: 7696: 7666: 5937:

Damania, R.; Seidensticker, J.; Whitten, T.; Sethi, G.; Mackinnon, K.; Kiss, A.; Kushlin, A. (2008).

5154: 2556: 2542: 2353: 2295: 2141: 2064: 1993: 1939:

This population of tigers has been assessed at the local level in several countries. It is listed as

1639: 1410: 1394: 1305: 1296: 1204: 1065: 1022: 1014: 799: 736: 426: 74: 7018:"The tiger in human consciousness and its significance in crafting solutions for tiger conservation" 6263:

Tigers of the world: the biology, biopolitics, management, and conservation of an endangered species

5778:

Tigers of the World: The Biology, Biopolitics, Management, and Conservation of an Endangered Species

5475: 5010: 4662:

Thinley, P.; Dendup, T.; Rajaratnam, R.; Vernes, K.; Tempa, K.; Chophel, T. & Norbu, L. (2020).

2928: 1424:

Bhutan's tiger population was estimated at 90 individuals comprising 60 females and 30 males with a

8387: 7905: 7863: 7429: 5165:]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 95–202. 3906: 2428: 2338: 2318: 2314: 1963: 1867: 1592: 1134: 283:. Today, it inhabits India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and southwestern China. It is threatened by 4647:

Jigme, K. & Tharchen, L. (2012). "Camera-trap records of tigers at high altitudes in Bhutan".

2612: 2586: 30:

This article is about a tiger population. For other uses of 'Bengal tiger' and related terms, see

7750: 7637: 5510: 4235:

Barlow, A.; Smith, J. L. D.; Ahmad, I. U.; Hossain, A. N.; Rahman, M. & Howlader, A. (2011).

4122: 3929: 3409: 3368: 2476: 2005: 1643: 1635: 1437: 1157: 1116: 1100: 1026: 913: 893: 873: 869: 593: 4632:

Dorji, S.; Thinley, P.; Tempa, T.; Wangchuk, N.; Tandin; Namgyel, U. & Tshewang, S. (2015).

4495: 4083:. New Delhi, Dehradun: National Tiger Conservation Authority & Wildlife Institute of India. 219: 8208: 8067: 7131: 6466: 5234:"Sundarban Tiger − a new prey species of estuarine crocodile at Sundarban Tiger Reserve, India" 5005: 4063:. New Delhi, Dehradun: National Tiger Conservation Authority & Wildlife Institute of India. 3952: 3383: 3174:) population in a semi-arid region of western India. Appendix 1: Field Guide for Ageing Tigers" 3168:

Sadhu, A.; Jayam, P.P.C.; Qureshi, Q.; Shekhawat, R. S.; Sharma, S. & Jhala, Y. V. (2017).

2670:

Wilting, A.; Courtiol, A.; Christiansen, P.; Niedballa, J.; Scharf, A. K.; et al. (2015).

2460: 2423: 2137: 1955: 1883: 1282:

has continued on a small scale in the Sundarbans. From October 2005 to January 2007, the first

1260: 1235: 1200: 1145: 1108: 1088: 1010: 978: 974: 943: 933: 909: 885: 849: 823: 243: 197: 3034: 8121: 8086: 7718: 7642: 7017: 6990: 6644: 5038:"Diet and prey profiles of three sympatric large carnivores in Bandipur Tiger Reserve, India" 4892:

Smith, J. L. D. (1993). "The role of dispersal in structuring the Chitwan tiger population".

3335: 3276:

Return of the Unicorns: Natural History and Conservation of the Greater-One Horned Rhinoceros

3271: 2726: 2464: 2236: 1944: 1808: 1474: 1352: 1344: 1323: 1239: 1226:

forests. The population in the Indian Sundarbans was estimated as 86–90 individuals in 2018.

1080: 1006: 998: 994: 982: 925: 881: 772: 764: 752: 530: 485: 373: 325: 292: 8325: 6645:

Shankaranarayanan, P.; Banerjee, M.; Kacker, R. K.; Aggarwal, R. K. & Singh, L. (1997).

4705:"The spatial distribution and population density of Tigers in mountainous terrain of Bhutan" 4115:

Ecology and conservation of the Bengal tiger in the Sundarbans Mangrove forest of Bangladesh

3691: 8268: 8043: 7868: 7828: 7494: 6549: 5856: 5574: 5516:(Report). London: Environmental Investigation Agency, Wildlife Protection Society of India. 5319: 5116: 4719: 4675: 4606: 4549: 4436: 4385: 4321: 4282: 4136:

Sanderson, E.; Forrest, F.; Loucks, C.; Ginsberg, J.; Dinerstein, E.; et al. (2010) .

3763: 3749:"Science deficiency in conservation practice: the monitoring of tiger populations in India" 3570: 3519: 2812: 2763: 2752:"Genome-wide evolutionary analysis of natural history and adaptation in the world's tigers" 2683: 2672:"Planning tiger recovery: Understanding intraspecific variation for effective conservation" 2380: 2329:

in late 18th-century India, was also a great admirer of the animal. The famed 18th-century

2114: 1917: 1030: 1002: 970: 776: 756: 748: 437:

from the Indian subcontinent prior to the late Pleistocene, and the absence of tigers from

351: 347: 7461: 6174:"India and Cambodia Sign Pact For Tiger Translocation As Project Tiger Completes 50 Years" 6080: 3747:; Nichols, J. D.; Seidensticker, J.; Dinerstein, E.; Smith, J. L. D.; et al. (2003). 3611: 3483: 791:. Tiger densities in these TCUs are high, in part because of the extraordinary biomass of 8: 8412: 7135: 6754: 6623: 3877: 3860: 2565: 2190: 1820:

were left because of excessive poaching. In November 2011, two tigers were found dead in

1817: 1731: 1663: 1482: 1363: 1359: 1348: 1301: 1173: 1149: 1141: 1112: 905: 901: 892:

are probably some of the most productive habitats for tigers and their prey, and include

877: 865: 853: 845: 768: 760: 712: 648: 381: 337: 248: 61: 7949: 6553: 5860: 5578: 5323: 5120: 4723: 4679: 4634:

Counting the Tigers in Bhutan: Report on the National Tiger Survey of Bhutan 2014 – 2015

4610: 4553: 4440: 4389: 4325: 4286: 3767: 3574: 3523: 2816: 2767: 2687: 2337:

was also created for him. The tiger was the dynastic symbol of this dynasty. During the

1773:

The most significant immediate threat to the existence of wild tiger populations is the

1737:

Males reach maturity at 4–5 years of age, and females at 3–4 years. A Bengal comes into

1335: 1242:

with about 215 tigers. The Central Indian tiger population is fragmented and depends on

508:

that has a pale golden fur with red-brown stripes. The mutants are very rare in nature.

7998: 7804: 7394: 7113: 7105: 7070: 7062: 6891: 6704: 6677: 6536:

Luo, S.; Johnson, W. E.; Martenson, J.; Antunes, A.; Martelli, P.; et al. (2008).

6486: 6318: 5877: 5844: 5590: 5408: 5335: 5076: 4735: 4409: 3957: 3779: 3662: 3637: 3535: 3531: 3323: 3306: 3252: 3219: 3195: 3096: 3009: 2956: 2828: 2824: 2704: 2671: 2456: 2239:, as they are not used for breeding, and are not allowed to be released into the wild. 2224: 2168: 1959: 1899: 1425: 1196: 1052:

and the adjacent proposed Gundla Brahmeshwara National Park, and forest patches in the

572:, had a body length of 371 cm (12 ft 2 in) at death. Two tigers shot in 69: 7505: 7248: 5452: 2884: 2853: 2252: 1486:

10 km (6.2 mi) wide, but moved through prime alluvial and forested habitat.

8255: 8180: 8129: 8094: 7972: 7398: 7197: 7117: 7074: 7025: 6996: 6992:

A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

6966: 6941: 6669: 6590: 6567: 6266: 6200:"50 years of Project Tiger: India considers translocating a few big cats to Cambodia" 6140: 6060: 5955: 5882: 5781: 5613: 5594: 5431: 5387: 5212: 5104: 5056: 4928: 4920: 4739: 4633: 4561: 4464: 4448: 4401: 4151: 4058: 3843: 3701: 3667: 3653: 3598:

Manamendra-Arachchi, K.; Pethiyagoda, R.; Dissanayake, R.; Meegaskumbura, M. (2005).

3447: 3279: 3234: 3169: 3046: 3013: 2997: 2961: 2889: 2781: 2709: 2646: 2509: 2494: 2402: 2326: 2126: 2098: 1967: 1929: 1871: 1779: 1761: 1631: 1418: 1243: 1127: 732: 708: 700: 696: 565: 430: 6681: 5704: 5293:"In Nepal, endangered tiger kills critically endangered gharial. What does it mean?" 4861:"Camera-trap surveys reveal high diversity of mammals and pheasants in Medog, Tibet" 4413: 4397: 3783: 3539: 3506:

Kitchener, A. C. & Dugmore, A. J. (2000). "Biogeographical change in the tiger,

3327: 3199: 2832: 2317:

of Bangladesh and India. Bangladeshi banknotes feature a tiger. The political party

2235:. Tigers that are not genetically pure will not be able to participate in the tiger 1936:

started its campaign in 12 different WWF Tiger priority landscapes, since May 2010.

358:

between populations in those regions is considered to have been possible during the

8260: 8006: 7812: 7796: 7726: 7386: 7097: 7054: 6661: 6557: 6152: 5947: 5872: 5864: 5842: 5660: 5582: 5544: 5470: 5327: 5271: 5124: 5085: 5052: 5015: 4965: 4901: 4872: 4841: 4764:

Qiu, M.; Zhang, M. & Liu, W. (1997). "A preliminary study on the Bengal tiger (

4727: 4683: 4614: 4557: 4461: 4444: 4393: 4329: 4290: 4252: 4234: 4215: 3872: 3771: 3744: 3657: 3649: 3578: 3527: 3315: 3244: 3185: 3086: 3005: 2951: 2943: 2879: 2869: 2820: 2771: 2699: 2691: 2439: 2342: 2149: 2129:

sequence analysis. Results revealed that the tigers in question had a Bengal tiger

2122: 1615: 1611: 1181: 917: 889: 837: 780: 716: 692: 652: 252: 6737:(Report). New Delhi, Dehradun: Central Zoo Authority, Wildlife Institute of India. 5586: 4271: 3485: 1718: 1461: 1409:

In 2008, a tiger was recorded at an elevation of 4,200 m (13,800 ft) in

8427: 8359: 7820: 7612: 7591: 7159: 7141: 6938:

A history of South India : from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar

6513: 6017:"Global Tiger Conservation initiative kick started Conservation Campaign in 2010" 5633: 5425: 5128: 4731: 4618: 4483:

Department of Forests and Soil Conservation, Ministry of Forests and Environment.

4374: 4294: 3167: 2874: 2435: 2389: 2367: 2345:

ran a political cartoon showing the Indian rebels as a tiger attacking a victim.

2334: 2303: 1879: 1627: 1580: 1478: 1446: 680: 573: 310: 180: 6364:"Tigers flown by helicopter to Sariska reserve to lift numbers in western India" 4334: 4309: 4307: 4220: 4199: 4138:"Setting priorities for the conservation and recovery of wild tigers: 2005–2015" 2926: 2750:

Liu, Y.-C.; Sun, X.; Driscoll, C.; Miquelle, D. G.; Xu, X.; et al. (2018).

1441: 52: 7873: 7788: 7734: 7571: 6205: 5665: 5648: 5450: 4702: 2799:

Kitchener, A. C.; Dugmore, A. J. (2000). "Biogeographical change in the tiger,

2514: 2504: 2472: 2468: 2385: 2291: 2259: 2110: 2106: 2028: 1913: 1909: 1667: 1607: 1584: 1312: 1169: 1034: 965: 728: 688: 600: 442: 362:. Therefore, it was proposed to recognise only two subspecies as valid, namely 333: 7101: 7058: 6562: 6537: 5868: 5742:"Poacher suspected of killing 70 Bengal tigers captured after 20-year pursuit" 5549: 5528: 5102: 5089: 5070:

Biswas, S. & Sankar, K. (2002). "Prey abundance and food habit of tigers (

5019: 4877: 4860: 4257: 4236: 4135: 4073: 3953:"Tiger that trekked from MP to Gujarat died of starvation: Post-mortem report" 3925:"Sahyadri Tiger Reserve camera traps evidence of tigers first time in 8 years" 3775: 3303: 3190: 2776: 2751: 8381: 8320: 7742: 7710: 7377: 7367:

Schnitzler, A.; Hermann, L. (2019). "Chronological distribution of the tiger

6986: 6960: 5461: 4918: 4661: 3361:

The Sundarbans Tiger – Adaptation, population status, and Conflict management

2529: 2499: 2489: 2307: 2299: 2130: 2118: 2048: 2001: 1979: 1642:

on a 20-year-old elephant cow, and another on a 28-year-old sick elephant in

1560: 1548: 1279: 1199:, and found dead shortly afterwards. Officials assumed that it originated in 1076: 1041: 989: 921: 419: 314: 7952: 7145: 6725: 6665: 6041: 5563: 5163:

Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2. Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats)

4970: 4949: 4905: 4481: 4352:(Report). Global Tiger Forum and the Global Tiger Initiative Council. 2023. 1523: 1493: 1358:

From February to June 2013, a camera trapping survey was carried out in the

1137:

tigers live in about 1,586 km (612 sq mi) of mangrove forest.

679:

period, during which sea levels were depressed, evidently prior to the last

8231: 7980: 7889: 7633: 7581: 7551: 6571: 6157: 5991:"WWF and leonardo partner to protect Tiger Habitat through Save Tigers Now" 5886: 5843:

Carter, N.H.; Riley, S.J.; Shortridge, A.; Shrestha, B.K.; Liu, J. (2014).

5746: 5723: 4845: 4405: 3842:

Chauhan, D. S.; Singh, R.; Mishra, S.; Dadda, T. & Goyal, S.P. (2006).

3671: 2985:. National Seminar "Tiger Tiger", 4–5 August 2000. Calcutta: Indian Museum. 2965: 2893: 2785: 2713: 2695: 2216: 2211: 2102: 2071: 1833: 1784: 1655: 1275: 1177: 660: 505: 288: 8364: 6673: 5646: 5276: 5259: 3900:

Status of tigers, co-predators and prey in India, 2010. TR 2011/003 pp-302

3841: 3319: 8294: 8240: 5994: 5035: 4921:"Tigers in Panna: preliminary results from an Indian tropical dry forest" 4631: 3635: 2524: 2415: 2322: 2160: 2041: 2032: 1821: 1679: 1528: 1402: 1290:

Since 2007, tiger monitoring surveys have been carried out every year by

1283: 830: 807: 684: 620: 561: 466: 367: 359: 256: 156: 7413: 6612:"Mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence among big cats and their hybrids" 6482:"Tired of Gujarat reluctance on Gir lions, MP to release tigers in Kuno" 5526: 2982:

Colour aberration in tiger: its biological and conservation implications

2067:

is often cited as a major success by Indian officials against poaching.

2051:. Because of dwindling tiger numbers, the Indian government has pledged 1791:

The illicit demand for bones and body parts from wild tigers for use in

1440:, China was investigated in 1995 when the loss of livestock was high in 1013:-Indravati; isolated populations are supported in the tiger reserves of 537: 350:

of several tiger subspecies in continental Asia was questioned in 1999.

8286: 7836: 7109: 5951: 4786: 4752: 4426: 3256: 3100: 2947: 2519: 2397: 2372: 2207: 1940: 1797: 1647: 1619: 1556: 1512: 1256: 1219: 636: 493: 422: 396: 272: 238: 136: 8299: 7390: 7066: 4688: 4663: 4060:

The status of tigers, copredators & prey in India 2014. TR2015/021

3583: 3554: 2597:(decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. 41. 2418:

in 2003 and haunts the streets of Baghdad seeking the meaning of life.

1263:. The Chittagong forest is contiguous with tiger habitat in India and 818: 735:, but has now been largely converted to agricultural land or severely 556:

Bengal tiger from behind, showing the white circular spots on the ears

552: 8188: 8145: 6461: 6210: 3985: 3743: 2453: 2330: 2133: 2036: 2009: 1904:

An area of special interest lies in the "Terai Arc Landscape" in the

1887: 1840: 1812: 1723: 1707: 1576: 1536: 1466: 1379: 1271: 1161: 897: 740: 720: 672: 569: 501: 470: 438: 377: 355: 126: 86: 8202: 5339: 5260:"The range of prey size of the Royal Bengal Tiger of the Sundarbans" 5233: 4204:(Linnaeus, 1758) (Carnivora: Felidae) in the Sundarbans, Bangladesh" 3248: 3091: 3074: 2669: 2140:

and including two samples from Dudhwa National Park were used for a

1850:

or dedicated ones who go hunting especially for human prey; and the

611: 8225: 7253: 6420:"Uttar Pradesh gears up for its fourth tiger reserve in Chitrakoot" 6138: 4858: 3894: 2980: 1984: 1951: 1943:

in Nepal, India, and Bhutan, While Bangladesh and China list it as

1905: 1754: 1540: 1388: 1383: 1328: 1291: 1223: 1192: 1069: 1057: 961: 792: 724: 668: 628: 489: 446: 284: 264: 255:

for about 12,000 to 16,500 years. Its historical range covered the

166: 106: 7763: 7022: