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1074:(ARDS), which develops during or within 6 hours of transfusion of a plasma-containing blood product. Fever, hypotension, shortness of breath, and tachycardia often occurs in this type of reaction. For a definitive diagnosis to be made, symptoms must occur within 6 hours of transfusion, hypoxemia must be present, there must be radiographic evidence of bilateral infiltrates and there must be no evidence of left atrial hypertension (fluid overload). It occurs in 15% of the transfused patient with mortality rate of 5 to 10%. Recipient risk factors includes: end-stage liver disease, sepsis, haematological malignancies, sepsis, and ventilated patients. Antibodies to human neutrophil antigens (HNA) and human leukocyte antigens (HLA) have been associated with this type of transfusion reaction. Donor's antibodies interacting with antigen positive recipient tissue result in release of inflammatory cytokines, resulting in pulmonary capillary leakage. The treatment is supportive.
1965:
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blood cell transfusions. Blood product contamination, while rare, is still more common than actual infection. The reason platelets are more often contaminated than other blood products is that they are stored at room temperature for short periods of time. Contamination is also more common with longer duration of storage, especially if that means more than 5 days. Sources of contaminants include the donor's blood, donor's skin, phlebotomist's skin, and containers. Contaminating organisms vary greatly, and include skin flora, gut flora, and environmental organisms. There are many strategies in place at blood donation centers and laboratories to reduce the risk of contamination. A definite diagnosis of transfusion-transmitted bacterial infection includes the identification of a positive culture in the recipient (without an alternative diagnosis) as well as the identification of the same organism in the donor blood.
961:, the safety of blood and blood products is overseen by haemovigilance. This is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a system "...to identify and prevent occurrence or recurrence of transfusion related unwanted events, to increase the safety, efficacy and efficiency of blood transfusion, covering all activities of the transfusion chain from donor to recipient." The system should include monitoring, identification, reporting, investigation and analysis of adverse events, near-misses, and reactions related to transfusion and manufacturing. In the UK this data is collected by an independent organisation called SHOT (Serious Hazards Of Transfusion). Haemovigilance systems have been established in many countries with the objective of ensuring the safety of blood for transfusion, but their organisational set-up and operating principles can vary.
538:
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loss during pregnancy, ambulances are able to arrive with blood stored in portable, FDA listed blood refrigerators, similar to those found in blood banks. Once the infusion is given on scene, the patient and the ambulance have more time to get to a hospital for surgery and additional infusions if needed. This could be critical in rural areas or sprawling cities where patients can be far from a major hospital and the local emergency medical team may need to use blood infusions to keep that patient alive during transport. Larger studies pointed to improvements in 24-hour mortality with pre-hospital plasma and RBC transfusions, but no difference in 30-day or long-term mortality.
1471:
tissue oxygenation. Although some of the biochemical changes are reversible after the blood is transfused, the biomechanical changes are less so, and rejuvenation products are not yet able to adequately reverse this phenomenon. There has been controversy about whether a given product unit's age is a factor in transfusion efficacy, specifically about whether "older" blood directly or indirectly increases risks of complications. Studies have not been consistent on answering this question, with some showing that older blood is indeed less effective but with others showing no such difference; these developments are being closely followed by hospital
1638:: "Changes in medicine have eliminated the need for millions of blood transfusions, which is good news for patients getting procedures like coronary bypasses and other procedures that once required a lot of blood." And, "Blood bank revenue is falling, and the decline may reach $ 1.5 billion a year this year from a high of $ 5 billion in 2008." In 2014, the Red Cross was predicting job losses as high as 12,000 within the next three to five years, roughly a quarter of the total in the industry. As of 2019, the trend of declining transfusions appeared to be stabilizing, with 10,852,000 RBC units transfused in the United States.
29:
222:
186:. White blood cells are not commonly used during transfusions, but they are part of the immune system and also fight infections. Plasma is the "yellowish" liquid part of blood, which acts as a buffer and contains proteins and other important substances needed for the body's overall health. Platelets are involved in blood clotting, preventing the body from bleeding. Before these components were known, doctors believed that blood was homogeneous. Because of this scientific misunderstanding, many patients died because of incompatible blood transferred to them.
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2302:. In setting up a hospital laboratory that preserved, refrigerated and stored donor blood, Fantus originated the term "blood bank". Within a few years, hospital and community blood-banks were established across the United States. Until the middle of World War II, the newly established US blood banks rejected African-American donors. During the war, Black people were allowed to donate blood, but the donated blood was labeled as being suitable only for transfusion into another person from the same race.
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997:
in the transfused blood. Therefore, delayed haemolytic reaction does not manifest until after 24 hours when enough antibodies are available to cause a reaction. The red blood cells are removed by macrophages from the blood circulation into liver and spleen to be destroyed, which leads to extravascular haemolysis. This process usually mediated by anti-Rh and anti-Kidd antibodies. However, this type of transfusion reaction is less severe when compared to acute haemolytic transfusion reaction.
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2518:. Some guidelines have recommended the provision of CMV-negative blood components and not simply leukoreduced components for newborns or low birthweight infants in whom the immune system is not fully developed, but practice varies. These requirements place additional restrictions on blood donors who can donate for neonatal use, which may be impractical given the rarity of CMV seronegative donors and the preference for fresh units.
1754:
Coga, "the subject of a harmless form of insanity." Sheep's blood was used because of speculation about the value of blood exchange between species; it had been suggested that blood from a gentle lamb might quiet the tempestuous spirit of an agitated person and that the shy might be made outgoing by blood from more sociable creatures. Coga received 20 shillings (equivalent to £217 in 2023) to participate in the experiment.
990:. When suspected, transfusion should be stopped immediately, and blood sent for tests to evaluate for presence of hemolysis. Treatment is supportive. Kidney injury may occur because of the effects of the hemolytic reaction (pigment nephropathy). The severity of the transfusion reaction is depended upon amount of donor's antigen transfused, nature of the donor's antigens, the nature and the amount of recipient antibodies.
214:
1818:. Blundell used the patient's husband as a donor, and extracted four ounces of blood from his arm to transfuse into his wife. During the years 1825 and 1830, Blundell performed 10 transfusions, five of which were beneficial, and published his results. He also invented a number of instruments for the transfusion of blood. He made a substantial amount of money from this endeavour, roughly $ 2 million ($ 50 million
560:. Based on the reactions of the patient's serum against the donor cells, a pattern will emerge to confirm the presence of one or more antibodies. Not all antibodies are clinically significant (i.e. cause transfusion reactions, HDN, etc.). Once the patient has developed a clinically significant antibody it is vital that the patient receive antigen-negative red blood cells to prevent future transfusion reactions.
468:(CMV) because of the risk of transmission to certain immunocompromised recipients, such as those with stem cell transplant or T cell diseases. However, testing is not universally mandated, because leukoreduced blood is generally considered safe from CMV transmission; also, most donors (and recipients) are seropositive for CMV, and are not actively viremic. CMV seropositive donors are still eligible to donate.
2163:
2283:, Duran established a blood bank for the use of wounded soldiers and civilians. The 300–400 mL of extracted blood was mixed with 10% citrate solution in a modified Duran Erlenmeyer flask. The blood was stored in a sterile glass enclosed under pressure at 2 °C. During 30 months of work, the Transfusion Service of Barcelona registered almost 30,000 donors, and processed 9,000 liters of blood.
2637:; in this case if doctors believe that refusing the blood transfusion would put the child at risk of serious injury or death. Blood banks do not collect information that is irrelevant to the transfusion process, including the donors' race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, COVID-19 vaccination status, etc., so selecting blood units based on the individual's personal objections is not practical.
2593:, the use of this blood should be restricted to persons with O negative blood, as nothing else is compatible with them, and women who might be pregnant and for whom it would be impossible to do blood group testing before giving them emergency treatment. Whenever possible, the AABB recommends that O negative blood be conserved by using blood type testing to identify a less scarce alternative.
534:
alloantibodies that may react with donor blood. It takes about 45 minutes to complete (depending on the method used). The blood bank scientist also checks for special requirements of the patient (e.g. need for washed, irradiated or CMV negative blood) and the history of the patient to see if they have previously identified antibodies and any other serological anomalies.
2038:(then The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research) made the first important discoveries that blood typing was necessary to avoid blood clumping (coagulation) and blood samples could be preserved using chemical treatment. Their first report in March 1915 showed that gelatine, agar, blood serum extracts, starch and beef albumin proved to be useless preservatives.
1934:, M.D. (1852–1922), an American surgeon, performed one of the first blood transfusions in the United States. He had been called to see his sister after she had given birth. He found her moribund from blood loss, and in a bold move withdrew his own blood, transfused his blood into his sister, and then operated on her to save her life.
2096:
5227:
8189:
Zumberg, Marc; Gorlin, Jed; Griffiths, Elizabeth A.; Schwartz, Garry; Fletcher, Bradley S.; Walsh, Katherine; Dao, Kim-Hien; Vansandt, Amanda; Lynn, Mauricio; Shander, Aryeh (2020). "A case study of 10 patients administered HBOC-201 in high doses over a prolonged period: outcomes during severe anemia
2060:
Another discovery of Rous and Turner was the most critical step in the safety of blood transfusion. Rous was well aware that
Landsteiner's concept of blood types had not yet find practical value, as he remarked: "The fate of Landsteiner's effort to call attention to the practical bearing of the group
1102:
The use of greater amount of red blood cells has been suggested to increase the risk of infections, not only transfusion-transmitted infections, but also due to a phenomenon known as transfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM). TRIM may be caused by macrophages and their byproducts. In those who were
996:
occur more than 24 hours after a transfusion. They usually occur within 28 days of a transfusion. They can be due to either a low level of antibodies present prior to the start of the transfusion, which are not detectable on pre-transfusion testing; or development of a new antibody against an antigen
939:
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significant alloantibodies. Donor cells may have homozygous (e.g. K+k+), heterozygous (K+k-) expression or no expression of various antigens (K−k−). The phenotypes of all the donor cells being tested are shown in a chart. The patient's serum is tested against the various donor cells using an indirect
3033:
Carson, Jeffrey L.; Stanworth, Simon J.; Guyatt, Gordon; Valentine, Stacey; Dennis, Jane; Bakhtary, Sara; Cohn, Claudia S.; Dubon, Allan; Grossman, Brenda J.; Gupta, Gaurav K.; Hess, Aaron S.; Jacobson, Jessica L.; Kaplan, Lewis J.; Lin, Yulia; Metcalf, Ryan A.; Murphy, Colin H.; Pavenski, Katerina;
1630:
In the United States, blood transfusions were performed nearly 3 million times during hospitalizations in 2011, making it the most common procedure performed. The rate of hospitalizations with a blood transfusion nearly doubled from 1997, from a rate of 40 stays to 95 stays per 10,000 population. It
1521:
A relationship between intra-operative blood transfusion and cancer recurrence has been observed in colorectal cancer. In lung cancer intra-operative blood transfusion has been associated with earlier recurrence of cancer, worse survival rates and poorer outcomes after lung resection. Suppression of
1487:
is done on a sample of healthy volunteers, and then compliance is presumed for all RBC units based on universal (GMP) processing standards (RBC survival by itself does not guarantee efficacy, but it is a necessary prerequisite for cell function, and hence serves as a regulatory proxy). Opinions vary
1092:
frequently occurs in immunodeficient patients where recipient's body failed to eliminate donor's T cells. Instead, donor's T cells attack the recipient's cells. It occurs one week after transfusion. Fever, rash, diarrhoea are often associated with this type of transfusion reaction. Mortality rate is
943:
942:
938:
567:
may be performed where the recipient serum and donor rbc are incubated. In the immediate spin method, two drops of patient serum are tested against a drop of 3–5% suspension of donor cells in a test tube and spun in a serofuge. Agglutination or hemolysis (i.e., positive Coombs test) in the test tube
533:
Before a recipient receives a transfusion, compatibility testing between donor and recipient blood must be done. The first step before a transfusion is given is to type and screen the recipient's blood. Typing of recipient's blood determines the ABO and Rh status. The sample is then screened for any
2651:
Although there are clinical situations where transfusion with red blood cells is the only clinically appropriate option, clinicians look at whether alternatives are feasible. This can be due to several reasons, such as patient safety, economic burden or scarcity of blood. Guidelines recommend blood
2325:
and in control of four large blood-depots around the country. British policy through the war was to supply military personnel with blood from centralized depots, in contrast to the approach taken by the
Americans and Germans where troops at the front were bled to provide required blood. The British
2067:
that agglutination could be avoided if the blood samples of the donor and recipient were tested before. Which they called a rapid and simple method for testing blood compatibility, sodium citrate was used to dilute the blood samples, and after mixing the recipient's and donor's blood in 9:1 and 1:1
1890:
Landsteiner discovered that adverse effects arise from mixing blood from two incompatible individuals. He found that mixing incompatible types triggers an immune response and the red blood-cells clump. The immunological reaction occurs when the receiver of a blood transfusion has antibodies against
1705:
According to Lower's account, "...towards the end of
February 1665 selected one dog of medium size, opened its jugular vein, and drew off blood, until its strength was nearly gone. Then, to make up for the great loss of this dog by the blood of a second, I introduced blood from the cervical artery
977:
are defined according to
Serious Hazards of Transfusion (SHOT) as "fever and other symptoms/signs of haemolysis within 24 hours of transfusion; confirmed by one or more of the following: a fall of Hb, rise in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT), positive crossmatch"
571:
If an antibody is suspected, potential donor units must first be screened for the corresponding antigen by phenotyping them. Antigen negative units are then tested against the patient plasma using an antiglobulin/indirect crossmatch technique at 37 degrees
Celsius to enhance reactivity and make the
241:
fell below 30%. Because each unit of blood given carries risks, a trigger level lower than that, at 70 to 80g/L, is now usually used, as it has been shown to have better patient outcomes. The administration of a single unit of blood is the standard for hospitalized people who are not bleeding, with
5908:
Jones JM, Sapiano MRP, Mowla S, Bota D, Berger JJ, Basavaraju SV. Has the trend of declining blood transfusions in the United States ended? Findings of the 2019 National Blood
Collection and Utilization Survey. Transfusion. 2021 Sep;61 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S1-S10. doi: 10.1111/trf.16449. Epub 2021 Jun
2678:
The research in this area is ongoing. A number of blood substitutes have been explored, but thus far they all have serious limitations. Most attempts to find a suitable alternative to blood thus far have concentrated on cell-free hemoglobin solutions. Blood substitutes could make transfusions more
2576:
in an effort to reduce preventable deaths from significant blood loss. Earlier analyses suggested that in the US, up to 31,000 patients per year bleed to death that otherwise could have survived if pre-hospital transfusions were widely available. For example, when a mother experiences severe blood
1106:
On rare occasions, blood products are contaminated with bacteria. This can result in a life-threatening infection known as transfusion-transmitted bacterial infection. The risk of severe bacterial infection is estimated, as of 2020, at about 1 in 2,500 platelet transfusions, and 1 in 2,000,000 red
1059:
is an extremely rare complication that occurs after blood product transfusion and is associated with the presence of antibodies in the patient's blood directed against both the donor's and recipient's platelets HPA (human platelet antigen). Recipients who lack this protein develop sensitization to
282:
Before a blood transfusion is given, there are many steps taken to ensure quality of the blood products, compatibility, and safety to the recipient. In 2012, a national blood policy was in place in 70% of countries and 69% of countries had specific legislation that covers the safety and quality of
7782:
Rossaint, Rolf; Afshari, Arash; Bouillon, Bertil; Cerny, Vladimir; Cimpoesu, Diana; Curry, Nicola; Duranteau, Jacques; Filipescu, Daniela; Grottke, Oliver; Grønlykke, Lars; Harrois, Anatole; Hunt, Beverley J.; Kaserer, Alexander; Komadina, Radko; Madsen, Mikkel Herold; Maegele, Marc; Mora, Lidia;
4828:
Fergusson, Dean A.; Hébert, Paul; Hogan, Debora L.; LeBel, Louise; Rouvinez-Bouali, Nicole; Smyth, John A.; Sankaran, Koravangattu; Tinmouth, Alan; Blajchman, Morris A.; Kovacs, Lajos; Lachance, Christian; Lee, Shoo; Walker, C. Robin; Hutton, Brian; Ducharme, Robin; Balchin, Katelyn; Ramsay, Tim;
1508:
Physicians have adopted a so-called "restrictive protocol" – whereby transfusion is held to a minimum – in part because of the noted uncertainties surrounding storage lesion, in addition to the very high direct and indirect costs of transfusions. However, the restrictive protocol is not an option
1470:
For red blood cells (RBC), by far the most commonly transfused product, poor transfusion efficacy can result from units damaged by the so-called storage lesion – a range of biochemical and biomechanical changes that occur during storage. With red cells, this can decrease viability and ability for
2632:
became available, some people in the US have refused blood transfusions because the donor might have been vaccinated, and they fear that this would cause secondhand harm to them. This choice is based on false beliefs, but a mentally competent adult's choices are normally respected. However, if
2500:
and other surgical advances and studies that have shown that many transfusions were unnecessary. For example, the standard of care reduced the amount of blood transfused in one case from 750 to 200 mL. In 2019, 10,852,000 RBC units, 2,243,000 platelet units, and 2,285,000 plasma units were
1753:
Six months later in London, Lower performed the first human transfusion of animal blood in
Britain, where he "superintended the introduction in arm at various times of some ounces of sheep's blood at a meeting of the Royal Society, and without any inconvenience to him." The recipient was Arthur
1598:
Hypothermia can occur with transfusions with large quantities of blood products which normally are stored at cold temperatures. Core body temperature can go down as low as 32 °C and can produce physiologic disturbances. Prevention should be done with warming the blood to ambient temperature
1085:
or kidney disease are more susceptible to volume overload. For especially vulnerable patients, a standard RBC unit could be split by sterile technique in the blood bank and administered over 8 hours instead of the standard 4 hours. Plasma transfusion is especially prone to causing TACO because
3666:
Hardwick CC, Herivel TR, Hernandez SC, Ruane PH, Goodrich RP (2004). "Separation, identification and quantification of riboflavin and its photoproducts in blood products using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection: a method to support pathogen reduction technology".
2056:
the preserved bloods were just like fresh bloods and that they "function excellently when reintroduced into the body." Blood could be preserved for up to four weeks. An accompanying experiment using citrate-saccharose (sucrose) mixture was also a success which could maintain blood cells for two
1602:
Transfusions with large amounts of red blood cells, whether due to severe hemorrhaging and/or transfusion inefficacy (see above), can lead to an inclination for bleeding. The mechanism is thought to be due to disseminated intravascular coagulation, along with dilution of recipient platelets and
4874:"The Age of BLood Evaluation (ABLE) randomised controlled trial: description of the UK-funded arm of the international trial, the UK cost-utility analysis and secondary analyses exploring factors associated with health-related quality of life and health-care costs during the 12-month follow-up"
1080:
is a common, yet underdiagnosed, reaction to blood product transfusion consisting of the new onset or exacerbation of three of the following within 6 hours of cessation of transfusion: acute respiratory distress, elevated brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), elevated central venous pressure (CVP),
944:
1118:
has dropped dramatically. Prior testing of donor blood only included testing for antibodies to HIV. However, because of latent infection (the "window period" in which an individual is infectious, but has not had time to develop antibodies) many cases of HIV seropositive blood were missed. The
575:
In urgent cases where crossmatching cannot be completed, and the risk of dropping hemoglobin outweighs the risk of transfusing uncrossmatched blood, O-negative blood is used, followed by crossmatch as soon as possible. O-negative is also used for children and women of childbearing age. It is
7565:
Reeves, Hollie M.; Goodhue Meyer, Erin; Harm, Sarah K.; Lieberman, Lani; Pyles, Ryan; Rajbhandary, Srijana; Whitaker, Barbee I.; Delaney, Meghan (2021). "Neonatal and pediatric blood bank practice in the United States: Results from the AABB pediatric transfusion medicine subsection survey".
1701:
began examining the effects of changes in blood volume on circulatory function and developed methods for cross-circulatory study in animals, obviating clotting by closed arteriovenous connections. The new instruments he was able to devise enabled him to perform the first reliably documented
555:
A positive screen warrants an antibody panel/investigation to determine if it is clinically significant. An antibody panel consists of commercially prepared group O red cell suspensions from donors that have been phenotyped for antigens that correspond to commonly encountered and clinically
7735:
1650:'s experiments on the circulation of blood, recorded research into blood transfusion began in the 17th century, with successful experiments in transfusion between animals. However, successive attempts by physicians to transfuse animal blood into humans gave variable, often fatal, results.
2489:, the replacement of massive blood-loss became a major problem. The cardiac-arrest rate was high. In 1963 C. Paul Boyan and William S. Howland discovered that the temperature of the blood and the rate of infusion greatly affected survival rates, and introduced blood warming to surgery.
1679:
2670:
are available for cases where only volume restoration is required, but a substance with oxygen-carrying capacity would help doctors and surgeons avoid the risks of disease transmission and immune suppression, address the chronic blood donor shortage, and address the concerns of
1738:
into a 15-year-old boy, who survived the transfusion. Denys performed another transfusion into a labourer, who also survived. Both instances were likely due to the small amount of blood that was actually transfused into these people. This allowed them to withstand the
447:, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or syphilis. One of the main reasons for this is because testing kits are not always available. However the prevalence of transfusion-transmitted infections is much higher in low income countries compared to middle and high income countries.
941:
1616:
has been used by athletes to increase physical stamina. A lack of knowledge and insufficient experience can turn a blood transfusion into a dangerous event. For example, improper storage involving freezing and thawing, or minor antigen incompatibility, could lead to
1119:
development of a nucleic acid test for the HIV-1 RNA has dramatically lowered the rate of donor blood seropositivity to about 1 in 3 million units. As transmittance of HIV does not necessarily mean HIV infection, the latter could still occur at an even lower rate.
5504:
Soldevila-Verdeguer C, Segura-Sampedro JJ, Pineño-Flores C, Sanchís-Cortés P, González-Argente X, Morales-Soriano R (November 2020). "Hepatic resection and blood transfusion increase morbidity after cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC for colorectal carcinomatosis".
1706:
of a fairly large mastiff, which had been fastened alongside the first, until this latter animal showed ... it was overfilled ... by the inflowing blood." After he "sewed up the jugular veins", the animal recovered "with no sign of discomfort or of displeasure".
2197:
was free of charge and expanded rapidly in its first few years of operation. By 1925 it was providing services for almost 500 patients; it was incorporated into the structure of the
British Red Cross in 1926. Similar systems developed in other cities, including
1920:
also discovered the human blood groups; in 1907 he classified blood into four groups: I, II, III, IV. His nomenclature is still used in Russia and in states of the former USSR, in which blood types O, A, B, and AB are respectively designated I, II, III, and IV.
3034:
Prochaska, Micah T.; Raval, Jay S.; Salazar, Eric; Saifee, Nabiha H.; Tobian, Aaron A. R.; So-Osman, Cynthia; Waters, Jonathan; Wood, Erica M.; Zantek, Nicole D.; Pagano, Monica B. (2023-11-21). "Red Blood Cell
Transfusion: 2023 AABB International Guidelines".
2083:
for the wounded. In
October 1915, Robertson performed his first wartime transfusion with a syringe to a patient who had multiple shrapnel wounds. He followed this up with four subsequent transfusions in the following months, and his success was reported to Sir
1899:
into the bloodstream, which can have fatal consequences. Landsteiner's work made it possible to determine blood group and allowed blood transfusions to take place much more safely. For his discovery he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1930;
317:
are always individually traceable through the whole cycle of donation, testing, separation into components, storage, and administration to the recipient. This enables management and investigation of any suspected transfusion related disease transmission or
1478:
Certain regulatory measures are in place to minimize RBC storage lesion – including a maximum shelf life (currently 42 days), a maximum auto-hemolysis threshold (currently 1% in the US, 0.8% in Europe), and a minimum level of post-transfusion RBC survival
1122:
The transmission of hepatitis C via transfusion currently stands at a rate of about 1 in 2 million units. As with HIV, this low rate has been attributed to the ability to screen for both antibodies as well as viral RNA nucleic acid testing in donor blood.
568:
is a positive reaction. If the crossmatch is positive, then further investigation is needed. Patients with no history of red cell antibodies may qualify for computer-assisted crossmatch, which does not involve combining patient serum with donor cells.
1093:
high, with 89.7% of the patients dead after 24 days. Immunosuppressive treatment is the most common way of treatment. Irradiation and leukoreduction of blood products is necessary for high risk patients to prevent T cells from attacking recipient cells.
2256:
Surgeons at Kharkiv in September. However, this method was never used widely, even in the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, the Soviet Union was the first to establish a network of facilities to collect and store blood for use in transfusions at hospitals.
5717:
7731:
2061:
differences in human bloods provides an exquisite instance of knowledge marking time on technique. Transfusion was still not done because (until at least 1915), the risk of clotting was too great." In June 1915, they made a crucial report in the
1467:, can nonetheless indirectly lead to complications – in addition to causing a transfusion to fully or partly fail to achieve its clinical purpose. This can be especially significant for certain patient groups such as critical-care or neonatals.
1606:
Metabolic alkalosis can occur with massive blood transfusions because of the breakdown of citrate stored in blood into bicarbonate. However, acidemia is common in massively transfused patients, and acid-base balance is affected by complex
8496:
1103:
given red blood cells only with significant anemia ("restrictive" strategy), serious infection rates were 10.6% while in those who were given red blood at milder levels of anemia ("liberal" strategy), serious infection rates were 12.7%.
1603:
coagulation factors. Close monitoring and transfusions with platelets and plasma is indicated when necessary. Progressive hemorrhagic injury (PHI) in traumatic brain injured patients may be worsened by liberal transfusion strategies.
1591:. However, correlation does not prove causation, and transfused patients often have more complicated surgeries and more underlying cardiopulmonary disease compared to untransfused patients; conclusions should be based on prospective
1840:
However, early transfusions were risky and many resulted in the death of the patient. By the late 19th century, blood transfusion was regarded as a risky and dubious procedure, and was largely shunned by the medical establishment.
322:. Developing countries rely heavily on replacement and remunerated donors rather than voluntary nonremunerated donors due to concerns regarding donation- and transfusion-transmitted infection as well as local and cultural beliefs.
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physician Giacomo di San Genesio, who had him drink (by mouth) the blood of three 10-year-old boys. The boys consequently died, as did the Pope himself. However, the evidence for this story is unreliable and considered a possible
5734:
Marchand, Alexandre; Roulland, Ingrid; Semence, Florian; Jaffredo, Franck; Dehainault, Catherine; Le Guiner, Soizic; Le Pajolec, Marie-Gaëlle; Donati, Francesco; Mekacher, Lamine Redouane; Lamek, Kahina; Ericsson, Magnus (2023).
1844:
Work to emulate James Blundell continued in Edinburgh. In 1845 the Edinburgh Journal described the successful transfusion of blood to a woman with severe uterine bleeding. Subsequent transfusions were successful with patients of
3788:
Fast LD, DiLeone G, Cardarelli G, Li J, Goodrich R (September 2006). "Mirasol PRT treatment of donor white blood cells prevents the development of xenogeneic graft-versus-host disease in Rag2-/-gamma c-/- double knockout mice".
4829:
Ford, Jason C.; Kakadekar, Ashok; Ramesh, Kuppuchipalayam; Shapiro, Stan (2012-10-10). "Effect of fresh red blood cell transfusions on clinical outcomes in premature, very low-birth-weight infants: the ARIPI randomized trial".
1007:
released by white blood cells in stored donor blood or attack on donor's white blood cells by recipient's antibodies. This type of reaction occurs in about 7% of transfusions. Fever is generally short lived and is treated with
328:
Studies show that the main motivators to blood donation tend to be prosocial (e.g., altruism, selflessness, charity), while the main deterrents include fear, distrust, or perceived racial discrimination in historic contexts.
3535:
Benjamin RJ, McDonald CP (April 2014). "The international experience of bacterial screen testing of platelet components with an automated microbial detection system: a need for consensus testing and reporting guidelines".
1483:(currently 75% after 24 hours). However, all of these criteria are applied in a universal manner that does not account for differences among units of product. For example, testing for the post-transfusion RBC survival
1626:
Globally around 85 million units of red blood cells are transfused in a given year. The global demand is much higher and there is an unmet need for safe blood for transfusion in many low- and middle-income countries.
1012:, and transfusions may be finished as long as an acute hemolytic reaction is excluded. This is a reason for the now-widespread use of leukoreduction – the filtration of donor white cells from red cell product units.
8051:
Shander A, Fink A, Javidroozi M, Erhard J, Farmer SL, Corwin H, et al. (July 2011). "Appropriateness of allogeneic red blood cell transfusion: the international consensus conference on transfusion outcomes".
2492:
Further extending the shelf-life of stored blood up to 42 days was an anticoagulant preservative, CPDA-1, introduced in 1979, which increased the blood supply and facilitated resource-sharing among blood banks.
1496:
tests to assess quality or predict efficacy for specific units of RBC blood product prior to their transfusion, though there is exploration of potentially relevant tests based on RBC membrane properties such as
2740:
transfusion, as antibodies against non-self cell surface antigens are not expressed constitutively – i.e. the animal has to be sensitized before it will mount an immune response against the transfused blood.
345:
Donated blood is usually subjected to processing after it is collected, to make it suitable for use in specific patient populations. Collected blood is then separated into blood components by centrifugation:
5706:
1750:. He received two transfusions. After the second transfusion Bonde died. In the winter of 1667, Denys performed several transfusions on Antoine Mauroy with calf's blood. On the third account Mauroy died.
964:
Transfusions of blood products are associated with several complications, many of which can be grouped as immunological or infectious. There is controversy on potential quality degradation during storage.
940:
8542:
576:
preferable for the laboratory to obtain a pre-transfusion sample in these cases so a type and screen can be performed to determine the actual blood group of the patient and to check for alloantibodies.
2514:
To ensure the safety of blood transfusion to pediatric patients, hospitals are taking additional precautions to avoid infection and prefer to use pediatric blood units that are guaranteed "safe" from
3198:
Distler P, Ashford P. Twenty-five years later: has ISBT 128 fulfilled its promise? Transfusion. 2019 Dec;59(12):3776-3782. doi: 10.1111/trf.15519. Epub 2019 Sep 29. PMID 31565803; PMCID: PMC6916302.
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2185:, where they were in urgent need of a blood donor. After providing a donor, Oliver set about organizing a system for the voluntary registration of blood donors at clinics around London, with Sir
8523:
8491:
2116:), was able to persuade the British authorities of the merits of blood transfusion. Robertson went on to establish the first blood-transfusion apparatus at a Casualty Clearing Station on the
6866:
5925:
3832:
Fast LD, DiLeone G, Marschner S (July 2011). "Inactivation of human white blood cells in platelet products after pathogen reduction technology treatment in comparison to gamma irradiation".
498:
has been shown to be effective in inactivating pathogens (viruses, bacteria, parasites and white blood cells) in blood products. By inactivating white blood cells in donated blood products,
5113:
Raval JS, Waters JH, Seltsam A, Scharberg EA, Richter E, Daly AR, et al. (November 2010). "The use of the mechanical fragility test in evaluating sublethal RBC injury during storage".
3875:
Reddy HL, Dayan AD, Cavagnaro J, Gad S, Li J, Goodrich RP (April 2008). "Toxicity testing of a novel riboflavin-based technology for pathogen reduction and white blood cell inactivation".
1768:
These early experiments with animal blood provoked a heated controversy in Britain and France. Finally, in 1668, the Royal Society and the French government both banned the procedure. The
6934:
Stansbury LG, Hess JR (July 2009). "Blood transfusion in World War I: the roles of Lawrence Bruce Robertson and Oswald Hope Robertson in the "most important medical advance of the war"".
2496:
As of 2006 about 15 million units of blood products were transfused per year in the United States. By 2013 the number had declined to about 11 million units, because of the shift towards
2345:
8279:
2652:
transfusions should be reserved for patients with or at risk of cardiovascular instability due to the degree of their anaemia. In stable patients with iron deficiency anemia, oral or
5191:
1060:
this protein from prior transfusions or previous pregnancies, can develop thrombocytopenia, bleeding into the skin, and can display purplish discolouration of skin which is known as
6874:
3753:
Goodrich RP, Edrich RA, Li J, Seghatchian J (August 2006). "The Mirasol PRT system for pathogen reduction of platelets and plasma: an overview of current status and future trends".
2279:
at the start of the conflict, but the hospital was soon overwhelmed by the demand for blood and the paucity of available donors. With support from the Department of Health of the
8376:
5070:
Burns JM, Yang X, Forouzan O, Sosa JM, Shevkoplyas SS (May 2012). "Artificial microvascular network: a new tool for measuring rheologic properties of stored red blood cells".
7540:
1045:, the reaction is presumed to be caused by IgA antibodies in the donor's plasma. The patient may present with symptoms of fever, wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and
4576:
Heaton A, Keegan T, Holme S (January 1989). "In vivo regeneration of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate following transfusion of DPG-depleted AS-1, AS-3 and CPDA-1 red cells".
2633:
doctor's opinions are that parents and guardians are making harmful choices about children, they can be overruled (in some jurisdictions) using legal arguments based on the
2436:
to reconstitute the dried plasma contained within the other bottle. In about three minutes, the plasma would be ready to use and could stay fresh for around four hours. Dr.
2057:
weeks. This use of citrate and sugars, sometimes known as Rous-Turner solution, was the foundation for the development of blood banks and improvement of transfusion method.
461:
In addition, in some countries platelet products are also tested for bacterial infections due to its higher inclination for contamination due to storage at room temperature.
305:
or homologous transfusion). The latter is much more common than the former. Using another's blood must first start with donation of blood. Blood is most commonly donated as
1631:
was the most common procedure performed for patients 45 years of age and older in 2011, and among the top five most common for patients between the ages of 1 and 44 years.
5461:
Abou Daher, Layal; Heppell, Olivia; Lopez-Plaza, Ileana; Guerra-Londono, Carlos E. (2024). "Perioperative Blood Transfusions and Cancer Progression: A Narrative Review".
8583:
4872:
Walsh, Timothy S.; Stanworth, Simon; Boyd, Julia; Hope, David; Hemmatapour, Sue; Burrows, Helen; Campbell, Helen; Pizzo, Elena; Swart, Nicholas; Morris, Stephen (2017).
1610:
Hypocalcemia can also occur with massive blood transfusions because of the complex of citrate with serum calcium. Calcium levels below 0.9 mmol/L should be treated.
8130:
Cao, Min; Zhao, Yong; He, Hongli; Yue, Ruiming; Pan, Lingai; Hu, Huan; Ren, Yingjie; Qin, Qin; Yi, Xueliang; Yin, Tao; Ma, Lina; Zhang, Dingding; Huang, Xiaobo (2021).
6027:
3511:"Bacterial Detection Testing by Blood and Blood Collection Establishments and Transfusion Services to Enhance the Safety and Availability of Platelets for Transfusion"
1856:
Various isolated reports of successful transfusions emerged towards the end of the 19th century. The largest series of early successful transfusions took place at the
5983:
9002:
7937:
7851:
2963:
982:
and crossmatching resulting in a mismatch in ABO blood type between the donor and the recipient. Symptoms include fever, chills, chest pain, back pain, hemorrhage,
6239:
254:
such as chest pain or shortness of breath. In cases where patients have low levels of hemoglobin due to iron deficiency, but are cardiovascularly stable, oral or
2528:
Exchange (or partial exchange) transfusions are done for removal of bilirubin, removal of antibodies and replacement of red cells (e.g., for anemia secondary to
2326:
method proved more successful in adequately meeting all requirements, and over 700,000 donors were bled over the course of the war. This system evolved into the
1030:. Either IgE antibodies from the donor's or recipient's side can cause the allergic reaction. It is more common in patients who have allergic conditions such as
8571:
9047:
8539:
1814:
by transfusion of human blood using a syringe. In 1818, after experiments with animals, he performed the first successful transfusion of human blood to treat
7653:
7893:
5885:
2068:
parts, blood would either clump or remain watery after 15 minutes. According to their advice, blood without clumping "should always be chosen if possible."
1580:. However, the impact of transfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM) on cancer progression has not been definitively established and requires further study.
2224:, and remarked with satisfaction on the improvement of his eyesight, suspension of balding, and other positive symptoms after receiving 11 transfusions of
1910:
is credited with performing the first surgery using a direct blood transfusion in 1906 at St. Alexis Hospital in Cleveland while a professor of surgery at
1757:
Lower went on to pioneer new devices for the precise control of blood flow and the transfusion of blood; his designs were substantially the same as modern
7757:
2557:, when more than ten units of blood are needed. Packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, and platelets are generally administered. Typical ratios of
2210:, and the service's work began to attract international attention. France, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Australia and Japan established similar services.
4756:
2482:
allowed for the evolution of a collection system capable of safe and easy preparation of multiple blood components from a single unit of whole blood.
8371:
8243:
4726:
978:
This is due to destruction of donor red blood cells by preformed recipient antibodies. Most often this occurs because of clerical errors or improper
8534:
8513:
2784:, a pseudoscientific practice involving the transfusion of blood taken from young donors to older recipients that is claimed to have health benefits
2146:
and was stored in bottles at British and American Casualty Clearing Stations along the Front. Robertson also experimented with preserving separated
8889:
6796:
3510:
3432:
1964:
1512:
Although transfusions of platelets are far less numerous (relative to RBC), platelet storage lesion and resulting efficacy loss is also a concern.
1089:
499:
390:
8345:
2248:
from recently deceased donors. Yudin performed such a transfusion successfully for the first time on March 23, 1930, and reported his first seven
6459:
5548:
Poder, Thomas G.; Nonkani, Wendyam G.; Tsakeu Leponkouo, Élyonore (2015). "Blood Warming and Hemolysis: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis".
1081:
evidence of left heart failure, evidence of positive fluid balance, and/or radiographic evidence of pulmonary vascular congestion. Patients with
8249:
7267:
Nazis chose the healthiest Polish children and transported them to German field hospitals where they used them for constant blood transfusions .
3710:"A randomized controlled clinical trial evaluating the performance and safety of platelets treated with MIRASOL pathogen reduction technology".
8646:
6303:
2467:(ACD) solution, which reduced the volume of anticoagulant, permitted transfusions of greater volumes of blood and allowed longer-term storage.
8271:
3910:
3267:"Skin preparation with alcohol versus alcohol followed by any antiseptic for preventing bacteraemia or contamination of blood for transfusion"
1599:
prior to transfusions. Blood warming devices are available to avoid the hemolysis that would occur from unsafe practices such as microwaving.
225:
As the person receives their blood transfusion, the bag slowly empties, leaving behind blood that has clotted before it could be administered.
8485:
7330:
7307:
2601:
5813:
5156:
Shander A, Hofmann A, Gombotz H, Theusinger OM, Spahn DR (June 2007). "Estimating the cost of blood: past, present, and future directions".
250:
is in part due to evidence that outcomes are worsened if larger amounts are given. One may consider transfusion for people with symptoms of
5202:
325:
It is unclear whether applying alcohol swab alone or alcohol swab followed by antiseptic is able to reduce contamination of donor's blood.
6344:
Nathoo N, Lautzenheiser FK, Barnett GH (March 2009). "The first direct human blood transfusion: the forgotten legacy of George W. Crile".
8884:
5648:
Schriner, Jacob B.; Van Gent, J. Michael; Meledeo, M. Adam; Olson, Scott D.; Cotton, Bryan A.; Cox, Charles S.; Gill, Brijesh S. (2023).
2063:
1077:
1041:
Anaphylactic reactions are rare life-threatening allergic conditions caused by IgA anti-plasma protein antibodies. For patients who have
7025:
1034:. Patient may feel itchy or having hives but the symptoms are usually mild and can be controlled by stopping the transfusion and giving
8894:
8767:
6080:
2815:
1171:
1003:
are, along with allergic transfusion reactions, the most common type of blood transfusion reaction and occur because of the release of
1000:
476:
8366:
6508:
4071:
2120:
in the spring of 1917. Robertson did not test crossmatching so that one died of hemolysis in his 1916 transfusion, and three in 1917.
6403:
2415:
2089:
1588:
6973:
6048:
2612:
Sometimes people refuse blood transfusions because of fears about the safety of the blood supply. Generally speaking, the rules of
7544:
7687:
Meneses, Evander; Boneva, Dessy; McKenney, Mark; Elkbuli, Adel (2020). "Massive transfusion protocol in adult trauma population".
3986:
3480:
3458:
3177:
7783:
Riddez, Louis; Romero, Carolina S.; Samama, Charles-Marc; Vincent, Jean-Louis; Wiberg, Sebastian; Spahn, Donat R. (2023-03-01).
7511:
471:
Leukocyte reduction is the removal of white blood cells by filtration. Leukoreduced blood products are less likely to cause HLA
8910:
4160:
3961:
2154:, a British surgeon, developed a portable machine that could store blood to enable transfusions to be carried out more easily.
1826:
1383:
993:
6891:
Pelis K (July 2001). "Taking credit: the Canadian Army Medical Corps and the British conversion to blood transfusion in WWI".
8879:
7396:
7078:
7005:
6378:
the first successful blood transfusion performed between 2 brothers on August 6, 1906, at St. Alexis Hospital, Cleveland, OH.
6269:
6118:
4503:
4084:
3945:
3426:
2695:
and has been used in the United States on a case-by-case basis through the emergency Investigational New Drug (IND) process.
2687:
care. If successful, such a blood substitute could save many lives, particularly in trauma where massive blood loss results.
2402:, liquid plasma was used in Britain. A large project, known as "Blood for Britain", began in August 1940 to collect blood in
1176:
1067:
1042:
7285:
7254:
6323:
6145:
6023:
4931:"Transfusion of red blood cells after prolonged storage produces harmful effects that are mediated by iron and inflammation"
8905:
6006:
5849:
1181:
974:
7865:
3152:
1509:
with some especially vulnerable patients who may require the best possible efforts to rapidly restore tissue oxygenation.
242:
this treatment followed with re-assessment and consideration of symptoms and hemoglobin concentration. Patients with poor
7847:
4138:
2949:
2011:
performed the first non-direct transfusion on March 27, 1914, though this involved a diluted solution of blood. The
1850:
1071:
484:
6211:
4056:
Wang, SS. "What's the Shelf Life of Blood? Focus on Whether Older Donations Impair Recovery of Transfusion Recipients".
139:. Transfusions are used for various medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood. Early transfusions used
8639:
8414:
1463:
Transfusion inefficacy or insufficient efficacy of a given unit(s) of blood product, while not itself a "complication"
6530:
1795:
leading to the practice of mixing some blood from the donor and the receiver before the transfusion (an early form of
1530:
types, through mechanisms involving the innate and adaptive immune system. Five major mechanisms for this include the
584:
This chart shows possible matches in blood transfusion between donor and receiver using ABO and Rh system. The symbol
8922:
7963:
Kim, Daniel H.; Berkman, Emily; Clark, Jonna D.; Saifee, Nabiha H.; Diekema, Douglas S.; Lewis-Newby, Mithya (2023).
7931:
7184:
7054:
5955:
2310:
537:
3358:"Motivators and deterrents to blood donation among Black South Africans: a qualitative analysis of focus group data"
2051:
1860:
between 1885 and 1892. Edinburgh later became the home of the first blood donation and blood transfusion services.
7882:
7673:
6435:
5874:
5737:"Evaluation of the detection of the homologous transfusion of a red blood cell concentrate in vivo for antidoping"
4014:"A national surveillance system for continuous monitoring of blood transfusion safety: German haemovigilance data"
1475:– who are the physicians, typically pathologists, who collect and manage inventories of transfusable blood units.
5593:"Progressive hemorrhagic injury after severe traumatic brain injury: effect of hemoglobin transfusion thresholds"
2836:
Van Gent, Jan-Michael; Clements, Thomas W.; Cotton, Bryan A. (2024). "Resuscitation and Care in the Trauma Bay".
1911:
258:
is a preferred option based on both efficacy and safety. Other blood products are given where appropriate, e.g.,
3680:
8010:
Goddard AF, James MW, McIntyre AS, Scott BB, et al. (British Society of Gastroenterology) (October 2011).
4670:"Storage-induced damage to red blood cell mechanical properties can be only partially reversed by rejuvenation"
2771:
2432:
The resulting dried plasma package came in two tin cans containing 400 mL bottles. One bottle contained enough
2134:
in 1917, where he became instrumental in establishing the first blood banks in preparation for the anticipated
1791:
The science of blood transfusion dates to the first decade of the 20th century, with the discovery of distinct
7965:"Parental Refusals of Blood Transfusions from COVID-19 Vaccinated Donors for Children Needing Cardiac Surgery"
5591:
Vedantam, Aditya; Yamal, Jose-Miguel; Rubin, Maria Laura; Robertson, Claudia S.; Gopinath, Shankar P. (2016).
4012:
Berg, P; Heiden, M; Müller, S; Meyer, B; Witzenhausen, C; Ruppert-Seipp, G; Kehr, S; Funk, M.B. (2024-06-18).
2879:
Adams RC, Lundy JS (1942). "Anesthesia in cases of poor surgical risk. Some suggestions for decreasing risk".
9172:
8707:
8632:
2464:
1993:
1015:
5834:
Pfuntner A, Wier LM, Stocks C (October 2013). "Most Frequent Procedures Performed in U.S. Hospitals, 2011".
8957:
8811:
4748:
3210:"Supply, Demand, and Quality: A Three-Pronged Approach to Blood Product Management in Developing Countries"
2628:
and even when their refusal may result in serious and permanent harm, including death. For example, since
2189:
appointed as a medical adviser. Volunteers were subjected to a series of physical tests to establish their
1857:
1747:
1657:
243:
5426:
Kormi SM, Seghatchian J (June 2017). "Taming the immune system through transfusion in oncology patients".
5376:"Does blood transfusion increase the chance of recurrence in patients undergoing surgery for lung cancer?"
4718:
4388:"Health care-associated infection after red blood cell transfusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
2736:
over 30. However, in many species (especially horses and dogs), cross matching is not required before the
401:(WHO) recommends that all donated blood be tested for transfusion-transmissible infections. These include
8827:
7785:"The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: sixth edition"
3413:
3120:"Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of iron deficiency and anemia in inflammatory bowel diseases"
2245:
2117:
1709:
Lower had performed the first blood transfusion between animals. He was then "requested by the Honorable
1592:
1535:
548:
528:
8559:
5286:"Inflammatory response, immunosuppression, and cancer recurrence after perioperative blood transfusions"
2984:
Carson JL, Stanworth SJ, Dennis JA, Trivella M, Roubinian N, Fergusson DA, et al. (December 2021).
8301:
7880:
4621:"Decreased erythrocyte deformability after transfusion and the effects of erythrocyte storage duration"
4218:
2182:
1807:
1784:
1719:
5919:
3077:
Villanueva C, Colomo A, Bosch A, Concepción M, Hernandez-Gea V, Aracil C, et al. (January 2013).
2313:
at Hammersmith Hospital to establish a system of national blood banks in London. With the outbreak of
381:). Red cells, plasma and platelets can also be donated individually via a more complex process called
9037:
9032:
8997:
8977:
8932:
8874:
8238:
4070:
Bolton-Maggs PH, Poles D, et al. (Serious Hazards of Transfusion (SHOT) Steering Group) (2015).
3173:
2684:
2452:
2268:
2080:
2030:(1914–1918) acted as a catalyst for the rapid development of blood banks and transfusion techniques.
1901:
1765:. Shortly after, Lower moved to London, where his growing practice soon led him to abandon research.
1698:
1682:
1498:
542:
503:
480:
398:
5335:"Perioperative blood transfusion is associated with worse clinical outcomes in resected lung cancer"
4437:"Blood Transfusion Reactions-A Comprehensive Review of the Literature including a Swiss Perspective"
1772:
condemned these experiments in 1670. Blood transfusions fell into obscurity for the next 150 years.
423:) and, where relevant, other infections that pose a risk to the safety of the blood supply, such as
8854:
8844:
8607:
5984:"The history of peripheral intravenous catheters: how little plastic tubes revolutionized medicine"
2337:
in Eastern Europe during World War II using captive children as repeated involuntary blood-donors.
2181:, established the world's first blood-donor service in 1921. In that year, Oliver was contacted by
2113:
2076:
2072:
1082:
1056:
1050:
443:). According to the WHO, 10 countries are not able to screen all donated blood for one or more of:
73:
7338:
7315:
6473:
Gordon MB (1940). "Effect of External Temperature on Sedimentation Rate of Red Blood Corpuscles".
5707:"Damage Control Resuscitation and Management in Severe Hemorrage/Shock in the Prehospital Setting"
4288:
Kopolovic I, Ostro J, Tsubota H, Lin Y, Cserti-Gazdewich CM, Messner HA, et al. (July 2015).
3573:"Prevention of Transfusion-Transmitted Cytomegalovirus Infections: Which is the Optimal Strategy?"
2589:
O negative is compatible with anyone, it is often overused and in short supply. According to the
9151:
9102:
9082:
8729:
7889:
5785:
3118:
Gasche C, Berstad A, Befrits R, Beglinger C, Dignass A, Erichsen K, et al. (December 2007).
2781:
2390:
2280:
2135:
2108:
1984:
the blood it was possible to store it for some days, thus opening the way for the development of
1931:
1924:
Dr. William Lorenzo Moss's (1876–1957) Moss-blood typing technique of 1910 was widely used until
1907:
1872:
1702:
successful transfusion of blood in front of his distinguished colleagues from the Royal Society.
1553:
164:
2525:"Top-up" transfusions, to replace losses due to investigational losses and correction of anemia.
2228:. Bogdanov died in 1928 as a result of one of his experiments, when the blood of a student with
2169:
established a scientific institute to research the effects of blood transfusion in Moscow, 1925.
313:. In first-world countries, donations are usually anonymous to the recipient, but products in a
9126:
9072:
8967:
8945:
8692:
2903:
Carson JL, Grossman BJ, Kleinman S, Tinmouth AT, Marques MB, Fung MK, et al. (July 2012).
2776:
2704:
2672:
2566:
2537:
2398:
as a substitute for whole blood and for transfusion purposes as early as 1918. At the onset of
2327:
2237:
2194:
2085:
2035:
1884:
979:
451:
251:
230:
200:
38:
7921:
7021:
9112:
9067:
8972:
8624:
7609:
Radhakrishnan KM, Chakravarthi S, Pushkala S, Jayaraju J (August 2003). "Component therapy".
6076:
5503:
2123:
2112:
in 1916 and, with the help of a few like-minded individuals (including the eminent physician
1830:
1815:
1717:
with the procedure for the whole experiment", which he did in December 1665 in the Society's
1584:
1502:
455:
6180:
3918:
2921:
2904:
2807:
2414:
plasma package was developed by the Surgeons General of the Army and Navy, working with the
579:
9077:
8992:
8982:
8864:
8806:
8685:
8659:
6563:
6500:
4978:
Hess JR (August 2012). "Scientific problems in the regulation of red blood cell products".
4090:
2497:
2456:
2291:
2276:
1539:
319:
6969:
6407:
1583:
In retrospective studies, blood transfusion has been associated with worse outcomes after
8:
9177:
9062:
9052:
8702:
8428:
6791:
6052:
3316:"Blood donor development: Effects of personality, motivational and situational variables"
2558:
2460:
2366:
2031:
1992:
was the first to experiment with chemical methods to prevent the coagulation of blood at
1846:
1727:
1046:
359:
259:
246:
may need more blood. The advisory caution to use blood transfusion only with more severe
7120:"Refusing blood transfusions from COVID‐19‐vaccinated donors: are we repeating history?"
7119:
7118:
Jacobs, Jeremy W.; Bibb, Lorin A.; Savani, Bipin N.; Booth, Garrett S. (February 2022).
5682:
5649:
4435:
Ackfeld, Theresa; Schmutz, Thomas; Guechi, Youcef; Le Terrier, Christophe (2022-05-19).
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Rohde JM, Dimcheff DE, Blumberg N, Saint S, Langa KM, Kuhn L, et al. (April 2014).
4192:
Murphy M (2013). "Post-transfusion purpura". In Murphy M, Pamphilon D, Heddle N (eds.).
3265:
Webster J, Bell-Syer SE, Foxlee R, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (February 2015).
541:
Interpretation of antibody panel to detect patient antibodies towards the most relevant
9092:
8403:
8337:
8166:
8131:
7819:
7784:
7634:
7231:
7152:
6916:
6813:
6732:
6684:
6659:
6635:
6610:
6591:
6369:
6357:
6297:
6192:
5879:
5625:
5592:
5530:
5400:
5375:
5310:
5285:
5138:
5095:
5047:
5022:
5003:
4955:
4930:
4906:
4873:
4805:
4778:
4694:
4669:
4645:
4620:
4601:
4589:
4558:
4471:
4436:
4412:
4387:
4363:
4330:
4265:
4240:
3857:
3814:
3735:
3692:
3597:
3572:
3488:
3454:
3390:
3357:
3291:
3266:
3242:
3209:
3208:
Gress, Kyle L.; Charipova, Karina; Urits, Ivan; Viswanath, Omar; Kaye, Alan D. (2021).
3169:
3010:
2985:
2680:
2418:, which reduced breakage and made transportation, packaging, and storage much simpler.
2213:
2166:
2139:
2020:
1989:
1662:
1653:
1018:
are caused by IgE anti-allergen antibodies. When antibodies are bound to its antigens,
415:
133:
7487:
7462:
7438:
7413:
5801:
4929:
Hod EA, Zhang N, Sokol SA, Wojczyk BS, Francis RO, Ansaldi D, et al. (May 2010).
4619:
Frank SM, Abazyan B, Ono M, Hogue CW, Cohen DB, Berkowitz DE, et al. (May 2013).
3990:
3643:
3626:
1875:, M.D. (1852–1922) performed one of the first blood transfusions in the United States.
9146:
9141:
9027:
8724:
8410:
8329:
8321:
8317:
8300:
Smith, Douglas M.; Newhouse, Michael; Naziruddin, Bashoo; Kresie, Lesley (May 2006).
8215:
8207:
8171:
8153:
8112:
8104:
8069:
8033:
7992:
7984:
7927:
7824:
7806:
7712:
7704:
7665:
7626:
7591:
7583:
7519:
7492:
7443:
7392:
7369:
7365:
7352:
Boyan CP, Howland WS (January 1963). "Cardiac arrest and temperature of bank blood".
7223:
7218:
7201:
7180:
7157:
7139:
7074:
7050:
7001:
6951:
6908:
6848:
6817:
6773:
6724:
6720:
6689:
6640:
6583:
6538:
6486:
6453:
6361:
6265:
6231:
6184:
6114:
5998:
5961:
5951:
5841:
5805:
5766:
5758:
5687:
5669:
5630:
5612:
5573:
5565:
5534:
5522:
5486:
5478:
5443:
5405:
5356:
5351:
5334:
5315:
5266:
5173:
5130:
5126:
5099:
5087:
5083:
5052:
4995:
4991:
4960:
4911:
4893:
4854:
4846:
4810:
4699:
4650:
4593:
4562:
4550:
4509:
4499:
4476:
4458:
4417:
4368:
4350:
4311:
4270:
4167:
4080:
4039:
4031:
3965:
3941:
3892:
3849:
3845:
3806:
3802:
3770:
3727:
3723:
3696:
3684:
3648:
3602:
3553:
3422:
3395:
3377:
3335:
3331:
3296:
3247:
3229:
3144:
3100:
3059:
3051:
3015:
2926:
2861:
2853:
2663:
2646:
2272:
2178:
2174:
1997:
1973:
1833:, aided by Blundell, performed the first successful whole blood transfusion to treat
1740:
1526:
by blood transfusion has been implicated as playing a role in more than 10 different
1364:
958:
425:
160:
63:
8341:
8060:(3). International Consensus Conference on Transfusion Outcomes Group: 232–246.e53.
7638:
7235:
6920:
6736:
6595:
6196:
5837:
Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Statistical Briefs [Internet]
5142:
5007:
4605:
3861:
3818:
3739:
8849:
8796:
8762:
8736:
8313:
8199:
8161:
8143:
8096:
8061:
8023:
7976:
7814:
7796:
7696:
7618:
7575:
7482:
7474:
7433:
7425:
7361:
7213:
7147:
7131:
6943:
6900:
6844:
6805:
6763:
6716:
6679:
6671:
6630:
6622:
6575:
6482:
6373:
6353:
6223:
6176:
6106:
5797:
5784:
Roberts, Nicholas; James, Spencer; Delaney, Meghan; Fitzmaurice, Christina (2019).
5748:
5677:
5661:
5620:
5604:
5557:
5514:
5470:
5435:
5395:
5387:
5346:
5305:
5297:
5258:
5165:
5122:
5079:
5042:
5034:
4987:
4950:
4942:
4901:
4885:
4838:
4800:
4790:
4689:
4681:
4640:
4632:
4585:
4540:
4466:
4448:
4407:
4399:
4358:
4342:
4301:
4260:
4252:
4021:
3884:
3841:
3798:
3762:
3719:
3676:
3638:
3592:
3584:
3545:
3385:
3369:
3327:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3237:
3221:
3134:
3090:
3043:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2916:
2845:
2629:
2617:
2613:
2533:
2448:
2378:
2314:
1972:
While the first transfusions had to be made directly from donor to receiver before
1880:
472:
156:
6227:
6135:
5439:
3766:
3315:
2236:
was given to him in a transfusion. Following Bogdanov's lead, Vladimir Shamov and
1887:(O, A, and B), did blood transfusion achieve a scientific basis and become safer.
1656:
is sometimes said to have been given "the world's first blood transfusion" by his
1110:
Since the advent of HIV testing of donor blood in the mid/later 1980s, ex. 1985's
143:, but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of the blood, such as
105:
9136:
8950:
8717:
8712:
8612:
8546:
8500:
8424:
7860:
7856:
7279:
7250:
7068:
6995:
6317:
5665:
5192:"Transfusion Overuse: Exposing an International Problem and Patient Safety Issue"
4946:
4636:
4346:
4306:
4289:
3934:
3415:
Screening donated blood for transfusion-transmissible infections: recommendations
2958:
2954:
2745:
2653:
2515:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2186:
2151:
2049:) solution was a perfect preservative; as they reported in February issue of the
2027:
1573:
1565:
1543:
1139:
465:
366:
298:
274:
255:
144:
79:
5835:
3119:
221:
9182:
9022:
8917:
8832:
8792:
8757:
8065:
7801:
7700:
6947:
6768:
6751:
5561:
5518:
5474:
4256:
3888:
3549:
2766:
2716:
require different levels of testing to ensure a compatible match. For example,
2634:
2621:
2486:
2407:
2287:
2260:
2216:
founded an academic institution devoted to the science of blood transfusion in
2147:
2042:
1796:
1647:
1402:
1135:
564:
430:
374:
347:
292:
179:
5608:
5262:
5169:
4132:
2849:
1159:
Comparison of symptoms of blood transfusion reactions characterized by fever.
9166:
9007:
8800:
8667:
8479:
8441:
8325:
8211:
8157:
8148:
8108:
8100:
7988:
7980:
7810:
7708:
7587:
7143:
6904:
6587:
6542:
5762:
5673:
5616:
5569:
5482:
4897:
4850:
4487:
4462:
4354:
4035:
3381:
3339:
3233:
3055:
2857:
2411:
2403:
2370:
2322:
2306:
2299:
2221:
2008:
1981:
1977:
1780:
1714:
1694:
1686:
1577:
1523:
1421:
1035:
310:
129:
28:
8529:
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Blood Transfusion Guidance
8087:
Standl, T. (2001). "Haemoglobin-based erythrocyte transfusion substitutes".
8028:
8011:
7881:
The Chief Medical Officer's National Blood Transfusion Committee (c. 2008).
5965:
4842:
4513:
3225:
3047:
2620:
adults to refuse blood transfusions even when their objections are based on
2264:
British poster of 1944 encouraging people to donate blood for the war effort
1948:
1917:
948:
Agglutination (clumping) of red blood cells due to an incorrect transfusion.
297:
The source of blood to be transfused can either be the potential recipient (
92:
9056:
8697:
8333:
8219:
8175:
8116:
8073:
8037:
7996:
7964:
7828:
7716:
7669:
7630:
7595:
7496:
7447:
7373:
7227:
7161:
6955:
6912:
6809:
6728:
6693:
6644:
6579:
6365:
6235:
6188:
6002:
5845:
5809:
5770:
5691:
5634:
5577:
5526:
5490:
5447:
5409:
5391:
5360:
5319:
5270:
5177:
5134:
5091:
5056:
4999:
4964:
4915:
4858:
4814:
4703:
4654:
4554:
4480:
4421:
4403:
4372:
4315:
4274:
4043:
3896:
3853:
3810:
3774:
3731:
3688:
3652:
3606:
3557:
3399:
3300:
3251:
3148:
3104:
3063:
3019:
2930:
2865:
2709:
2692:
2554:
2399:
2395:
2382:
2374:
2350:
2233:
2099:
2095:
1960:) overseeing one of the first safe and effective blood transfusions in 1914
1925:
1819:
1803:
1710:
1613:
1531:
351:
148:
8518:
6777:
6110:
5460:
4795:
4597:
4137:. Bethesda, United States: National Center for Biotechnology Information.
3095:
3078:
2905:"Red blood cell transfusion: a clinical practice guideline from the AABB*"
2428:
oversaw the production of blood plasma for shipping to Britain during WW2.
2421:
2019:
used a much less diluted solution in November of the same year. Both used
1868:
1685:
pioneered the first blood transfusion from animal to human in 1665 at the
957:
In the same way that the safety of pharmaceutical products is overseen by
9012:
8839:
8675:
8565:
7608:
6675:
6626:
5301:
5038:
4290:"A systematic review of transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease"
2666:, which is the typical objective of a blood (RBC) transfusion. Non-blood
2529:
2471:
2451:(1868–1943), Alex Wiener, Philip Levine, and R.E. Stetson discovered the
2225:
2190:
2041:
However, building on the same experiment, they discovered that a mixture
1834:
1792:
1726:
The first blood transfusion from animal to human was administered by Dr.
1127:
1009:
987:
983:
580:
Compatibility of ABO and Rh system for Red Cell (Erythrocyte) Transfusion
557:
519:
490:
Pathogen Reduction treatment that involves, for example, the addition of
410:
406:
306:
168:
140:
136:
99:
8528:
5650:"Impact of Transfused Citrate on Pathophysiology in Massive Transfusion"
4668:
Barshtein G, Gural A, Manny N, Zelig O, Yedgar S, Arbell D (June 2014).
4453:
2744:
The rare and experimental practice of inter-species blood transfusions (
2675:
and others who have religious objections to receiving transfused blood.
8940:
8752:
8519:
Australian National Blood Authority Patient Blood Management Guidelines
7622:
7337:. Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army. Archived from
7314:. Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army. Archived from
7070:
Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine: Basic Principles & Practice
6997:
The Great Ormond Street Hospital Manual of Children's Nursing Practices
6501:"The Rockefeller University Hospital Centennial – The First Blood Bank"
5786:"The global need and availability of blood products: a modelling study"
2808:"Blood Transfusion | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)"
2586:
2362:
2318:
2203:
2016:
1985:
1953:
1943:
1896:
1811:
1746:
Denys's third patient to undergo a blood transfusion was Swedish Baron
1472:
1115:
491:
435:
370:
314:
302:
238:
234:
175:
8599:
8405:
Blood Work: A Tale of Medicine and Murder in the Scientific Revolution
8203:
7579:
7478:
7429:
7135:
4685:
4545:
4528:
4026:
4013:
3588:
3373:
3356:
Muthivhi, Tshilidzi; Olmsted, M.; Park, H.; Sha, Mandy (August 2015).
3139:
205:
115:
9017:
8899:
8788:
7732:"Bleeding Out: A new series exploring America's urgent health crisis"
5753:
5736:
4889:
2749:
2625:
2562:
2441:
2199:
2127:
2012:
1892:
1731:
1547:
1031:
1023:
1019:
382:
263:
152:
46:
7923:
Transfusion Medicine and Hemostasis: Clinical and Laboratory Aspects
7541:"Red blood cell transfusions in newborn infants: Revised guidelines"
6832:
6707:
Hess JR (July 2006). "An update on solutions for red cell storage".
6167:
Felts JH (March 2000). "Richard Lower: anatomist and physiologist".
5950:. Toronto ; Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. p. 171.
5421:
5419:
5333:
Wang T, Luo L, Huang H, Yu J, Pan C, Cai X, et al. (May 2014).
1568:
in cancer therapeutics was explored historically through the use of
1488:
as to the "best" way to determine transfusion efficacy in a patient
337:
8772:
8680:
7846:
6436:"Angels and Demons: The peculiar and haunted genius of Dr. Halsted"
4779:"Age of red blood cells and transfusion in critically ill patients"
2688:
2440:
was appointed medical supervisor, and he was able to transform the
2330:
established in 1946, the first national service to be implemented.
2220:
in 1925. Bogdanov was motivated, at least in part, by a search for
2046:
1769:
1762:
1569:
1131:
1086:
large volumes are usually required to give any therapeutic benefit.
1027:
1004:
913:
889:
882:
860:
851:
831:
824:
817:
810:
792:
779:
763:
756:
745:
738:
724:
715:
706:
697:
685:
678:
671:
664:
657:
650:
643:
636:
586:
495:
420:
378:
355:
8132:"New Applications of HBOC-201: A 25-Year Review of the Literature"
5374:
Churchhouse AM, Mathews TJ, McBride OM, Dunning J (January 2012).
5284:
Cata JP, Wang H, Gottumukkala V, Reuben J, Sessler DI (May 2013).
4161:"The 2011 National Blood Collection and Utilization Survey Report"
3079:"Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding"
2915:(1). Clinical Transfusion Medicine Committee of the, AABB: 49–58.
9131:
9097:
5977:
5975:
5416:
5249:
Devine DV, Serrano K (June 2010). "The platelet storage lesion".
2713:
2521:
Neonatal transfusions typically fall into one of two categories:
2444:
methods into the first successful technique for mass production.
2321:
created the Army Blood Supply Depot (ABSD) in Bristol, headed by
2295:
2253:
2229:
2207:
2004:
1758:
1147:
1061:
507:
440:
362:
213:
87:
54:
50:
42:
8577:
8514:
American Association of Blood Banks Clinical Practice Guidelines
7564:
7096:
The blood bank and the technique and therapeutics of transfusion
6319:
Scientific American, 'A Successful Case of Transfusion of Blood'
5373:
2305:
Frederic Durán-Jordà fled to Britain in 1938 and worked with Dr
2142:
as the anticoagulant; blood was extracted from punctures in the
1678:
9042:
5981:
5733:
5155:
3076:
2986:"Transfusion thresholds for guiding red blood cell transfusion"
2761:
2721:
2361:
A blood-collection program was initiated in the US in 1940 and
2354:
2334:
2249:
2217:
2162:
1734:
of France, on June 15, 1667. He transfused the blood of a
1527:
247:
183:
8654:
8188:
6867:"A Canadian kept blood flowing in WWI. An American got credit"
5972:
5840:. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
5783:
4434:
4241:"Transfusion-related acute lung injury; clinical perspectives"
3032:
2902:
9121:
9107:
9087:
8299:
7414:"The Mechanism of Action of Adenine in Red Cell Preservation"
6833:"A rapid and simple method of testing donors for transfusion"
6140:
3665:
3117:
2983:
2733:
2475:
2388:
Gordon R. Ward, writing in the correspondence columns of the
1735:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1111:
7781:
7686:
5647:
5547:
3207:
2252:
transfusions with cadaveric blood at the Fourth Congress of
209:
The patient receives a blood transfusion through the cannula
9116:
8987:
8962:
8466:
8460:
8454:
8050:
7654:"Traumatic hemorrhagic shock: advances in fluid management"
7386:
7331:"Plasma Equipment and Packaging, and Transfusion Equipment"
5590:
5112:
4210:
3752:
3681:
10.1562/0031-8655(2004)080<0609:TNSIAQ>2.0.CO;2
2787:
2590:
2241:
2143:
2131:
1143:
1064:. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is treatment of choice.
266:
to treat or prevent bleeding in thrombocytopenic patients.
8272:"Blood Groups and Blood Transfusions in Dogs - Dog Owners"
8012:"Guidelines for the management of iron deficiency anaemia"
6343:
6077:"Red Gold. Innovators & Pioneers. Jean-Baptiste Denis"
5283:
4385:
3624:
2553:
is used when significant blood loss is present such as in
502:
can also replace gamma-irradiation as a method to prevent
475:(development of antibodies against specific blood types),
8009:
7919:
6290:
The History of the Blood Transfusion Service In Edinburgh
6262:
Bridge Across the Abyss: Medical Myths and Misconceptions
4827:
4777:
Aubron C, Nichol A, Cooper DJ, Bellomo R (January 2013).
4776:
4166:. Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from
2729:
2725:
2717:
2591:
Association for the Advancement of Blood and Biotherapies
2479:
458:
to ensure that the patient is receiving compatible blood.
444:
402:
5982:
Rivera AM, Strauss KW, van Zundert A, Mortier E (2005).
4667:
4287:
2459:
up to that time. Three years later, the introduction by
2102:
Russian syringe for direct inter-human blood transfusion
394:
Glass used in an antiquated method of blood transfusion.
8444:
searchable source of evidence for transfusion medicine.
7883:"The appropriate use of group O RhD negative red cells"
5868:
5866:
3787:
2712:
also administer transfusions to other animals. Various
2271:
established one of the earliest blood banks during the
6893:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
5228:"Easy does it – showing caution with RBC transfusions"
5158:
Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology
5023:"Clinical evidence of blood transfusion effectiveness"
4871:
3874:
3355:
3264:
2962:, American Association of Blood Banks, 24 April 2014,
2835:
2572:
In some locations, blood has begun to be administered
1546:(DCs). Blood transfusion may modulate the activity of
1164:+ =Occasionally present ++ =Frequently present
163:
are transfused only in very rare circumstances, since
7962:
7864:, American Association of Blood Banks, archived from
7852:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
7117:
7098:. St. Louis: The C.V.Mosby Company. pp. 196–197.
6752:"Cold blood and clinical research during World War I"
6660:"The Preservation of Living Red Blood Cells in Vitro"
6611:"The Preservation of Living Red Blood Cells in Vitro"
6564:"On the preservation in vitro of living erythrocytes"
5069:
4331:"Transfusion-related immunomodulation: a reappraisal"
4011:
2950:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
2691:, a hemoglobin-based therapy, is approved for use in
2455:, which was found to be the cause of the majority of
2275:
in 1936. Duran joined the Transfusion Service at the
8589:
7920:
Hillyer CD, Shaz BH, Zimring JC, Abshire TC (2009).
7387:
Rupreht J, van Lieburg MJ, Lee JA, Erdman W (1985).
5863:
4928:
4618:
3831:
3314:
Edwards, Patrick W.; Zeichner, Amos (January 1985).
2602:
Jehovah's Witnesses may object to blood transfusions
2447:
Another important breakthrough came in 1937–40 when
278:
Illustration depicting intravenous blood transfusion
7543:. Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS). Archived from
7253:. Vol. 8. Free World, Inc. 1944. p. 442.
6993:
5020:
4493:Unless otherwise specified in boxes, reference is:
2298:, established the first hospital blood-bank in the
1191:Appearance of symptoms during or after transfusion
563:If there is no antibody present, an immediate spin
8402:
6434:Fall 2022, Katie Pearce / Published (2022-09-20).
5833:
5021:Pape A, Stein P, Horn O, Habler O (October 2009).
4878:Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England)
4196:(4th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 127–130.
3933:
2474:for blood collection in 1950. Replacing breakable
1078:Transfusion associated circulatory overload (TACO)
358:. Plasma can be further processed to manufacture
8372:Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine
8244:Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine
7758:"Whole blood program saves Cedar Park mom's life"
7460:
6103:Mollison's Blood Transfusion in Clinical Medicine
5899:
5714:internationaltraumalifesupport.remote-learner.net
4575:
4069:
2369:. He worked out the techniques for isolating the
217:Banked blood during the blood transfusion process
171:has come back into use in the setting of trauma.
9164:
8890:Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease
7461:Simon ER, Chapman RG, Finch CA (February 1962).
7047:New Myth, New World: From Nietzsche to Stalinism
6797:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
5904:
5902:
5875:"Blood Industry Shrinks as Transfusions Decline"
5425:
4328:
3625:Bassuni WY, Blajchman MA, Al-Moshary MA (2008).
3534:
3214:Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews
1090:Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease
450:All donated blood should also be tested for the
341:A bag containing one unit of fresh frozen plasma
8540:German Medical Association Guidelines (English)
7177:Blood: An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce
7093:
5380:Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery
4329:Youssef, Lyla A.; Spitalnik, Steven L. (2017).
3313:
2470:Carl Walter and W.P. Murphy Jr. introduced the
1534:set, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs),
8524:British Committee for Standards in Haematology
8448:
7842:
7840:
7838:
6212:"James Blundell, pioneer of blood transfusion"
5332:
5230:. College of American Pathologists. April 2009
3936:Modern Blood Banking and Transfusion Practices
3455:"Blood safety and availability Fact sheet 279"
2604:because of their belief that blood is sacred.
1996:in the late-19th century. His attempts, using
1564:signaling pathway. The role of the antitumor
1142:infections (in immunocompromised recipients),
8640:
7533:
7179:. Little, Brown and Company. pp. 84–87.
6933:
6049:"This Month in Anesthesia History (archived)"
5248:
3570:
3026:
2640:
2079:to adopt the use of blood transfusion at the
8129:
7512:"New rules may shrink ranks of blood donors"
7351:
6865:Writer, Katie Daubs Feature (July 9, 2016).
6860:
6858:
5827:
4661:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
2478:bottles with durable plastic bags made from
1787:successfully transfused human blood in 1818.
1126:Other rare transmissible infections include
8885:Transfusion associated circulatory overload
7835:
7411:
6837:Journal of the American Medical Association
6749:
6475:Journal of the American Medical Association
6458:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
6389:
6100:
3940:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.
3271:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2990:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2064:Journal of the American Medical Association
8895:Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction
8768:International Society of Blood Transfusion
8647:
8633:
8467:International Society of Blood Transfusion
8425:Milk as a Substitute for Blood Transfusion
7689:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
7199:
6830:
6657:
6608:
6561:
6302:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6071:
6069:
5027:Blood Transfusion = Trasfusione del Sangue
4529:"Clinical impact of blood storage lesions"
2944:
2942:
2940:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2878:
477:febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction
27:
16:Intravenous transference of blood products
8503:Free book published in the UK 5th edition
8165:
8147:
8027:
7818:
7800:
7486:
7437:
7284:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1942.
7217:
7151:
6886:
6884:
6855:
6767:
6683:
6634:
6433:
6322:. Munn & Company. 1880. p. 281.
5924:. Munn & Company. 1869. p. 122.
5752:
5681:
5624:
5399:
5350:
5309:
5149:
5046:
4954:
4905:
4804:
4794:
4693:
4644:
4544:
4470:
4452:
4411:
4362:
4305:
4264:
4107:
4025:
3931:
3642:
3631:Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Therapy
3627:"Why implement universal leukoreduction?"
3596:
3389:
3290:
3241:
3138:
3094:
3009:
2920:
2544:
2377:, which is essential for maintaining the
1070:(TRALI) is a syndrome that is similar to
332:
309:obtained intravenously and mixed with an
7328:
7305:
5884:. No. Web Edition. New York Times.
2420:
2344:
2259:
2161:
2106:Robertson published his findings in the
2094:
1963:
1947:
1867:
1779:
1677:
935:
536:
518:
514:
389:
336:
273:
220:
212:
204:
8302:"Blood groups and transfusions in pigs"
7755:
7651:
7066:
7049:, Pennsylvania State University, 2002,
6794:(1947). "Karl Landsteiner. 1868–1943".
6531:"Dr. Peyton Rous, Nobel Laureate, Dies"
6181:10.7326/0003-4819-132-5-200003070-00023
6066:
6026:. Heart-valve-surgery.com. 2009-01-03.
4716:
2937:
2922:10.7326/0003-4819-157-1-201206190-00429
2891:
2596:
968:
194:
9165:
8553:
8400:
8269:
8233:
8231:
8229:
8086:
7958:
7956:
7954:
7645:
7509:
7113:
7111:
7109:
7107:
7105:
6994:Macqueen S, Bruce E, Gibson F (2012).
6881:
6864:
6472:
6287:
6259:
5945:
4526:
4191:
3351:
3349:
3320:Personality and Individual Differences
2966:from the original on 24 September 2014
2607:
2504:
2406:hospitals for the export of plasma to
2075:became instrumental in persuading the
1384:Disseminated intravascular coagulation
1116:transmission of HIV during transfusion
8880:Transfusion related acute lung injury
8628:
8535:Canadian Blood Transfusion Guidelines
8182:
8123:
8080:
7775:
7680:
7558:
7467:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
7418:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
7174:
7024:. Red Gold: The Eipc Story of Blood.
7000:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 75.
6890:
6528:
6283:
6281:
6209:
6203:
6166:
5909:24. PMID 34165191; PMCID: PMC8943822.
5704:
5507:Clinical & Translational Oncology
4496:Transfusion reactions / M.A. Popovsky
4238:
4205:
4203:
4130:
3964:. Who.int. 2013-06-25. Archived from
3903:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3571:Ziemann M, Hennig H (February 2014).
3515:FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration
3449:
3447:
3445:
2838:The Surgical Clinics of North America
2580:
1968:Old glass used for blood transfusion.
1937:
1068:Transfusion-related acute lung injury
1043:selective immunoglobulin A deficiency
595:
8190:when transfusion is not an option".
8089:Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy
7391:. Springer-Verlag. pp. 99–101.
7281:United States Naval Medical Bulletin
6790:
6784:
6706:
6664:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
6615:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
6602:
6507:. The Rockefeller University. 2010.
6352:(3 Suppl): 20–26, discussion 26–27.
6264:. Universal-Publishers. p. 22.
6216:British Journal of Hospital Medicine
6136:"First Blood Transfusion: A History"
6133:
6041:
5939:
5727:
5641:
5584:
5541:
5454:
4977:
4865:
4821:
4746:
4674:Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy
4428:
4322:
3577:Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy
3201:
2659:Thus far, there are no FDA-approved
1492:. In general, there are not yet any
8455:American Association of Blood Banks
8226:
7951:
7848:American Association of Blood Banks
7102:
6970:"Red Gold: the Epic Story of Blood"
6658:Rous P, Turner JR (February 1916).
6609:Rous P, Turner JR (February 1916).
6522:
6493:
6391:"Hematologická studie u psychotiků"
3421:. World Health Organization. 2009.
3346:
3083:The New England Journal of Medicine
2829:
2340:
1976:, it was discovered that by adding
1851:Simpson Memorial Maternity Pavilion
1827:St George's Hospital Medical School
1802:In the early 19th century, British
1621:
1153:
1072:acute respiratory distress syndrome
485:platelet-transfusion refractoriness
262:to treat clotting deficiencies and
13:
8481:Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens
8394:
7729:
7463:"Adenine in red cell preservation"
7389:Anaesthesia: essays on its history
7202:"The history of blood transfusion"
6358:10.1227/01.NEU.0000334416.32584.97
6278:
6101:Klein HG, Anstee DJ, eds. (2005).
5199:Patient Safety Movement Foundation
4590:10.1111/j.1365-2141.1989.tb06286.x
4200:
4153:
4141:from the original on 25 March 2021
4134:Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens
4073:The 2014 Annual SHOT Report (2015)
4063:
3613:
3442:
2328:National Blood Transfusion Service
2290:, director of therapeutics at the
952:
14:
9194:
8923:Transfusion transmitted infection
8461:British Blood Transfusion Society
8435:
8270:Cotter, Susan M. (October 2022).
7412:Sugita Y, Simon ER (April 1965).
7257:from the original on 26 July 2024
6750:Hanigan WC, King SC (July 1996).
6568:Experimental Biology and Medicine
5428:Transfusion and Apheresis Science
4749:"What's the Shelf Life of Blood?"
3755:Transfusion and Apheresis Science
3461:from the original on 29 June 2008
3180:from the original on 29 June 2008
2698:
2501:transfused in the United States.
2311:Royal Postgraduate Medical School
1668:
1556:(CD8+/CTL), temporal response of
1196:5–10% appear up to 2 hours after.
523:Illustration of labeled blood bag
500:riboflavin and UV light treatment
286:
8493:Handbook of Transfusion Medicine
8359:
8318:10.1111/j.1399-3089.2006.00299.x
8293:
8263:
8044:
8003:
7913:
7749:
7723:
7602:
7503:
7454:
7405:
7380:
7366:10.1001/jama.1963.63700010027020
7345:
7322:
7308:"Transfusion Before World War I"
7299:
7272:
7242:
7219:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.02139.x
7200:Giangrande PL (September 2000).
7193:
7168:
7087:
7060:
7039:
7014:
6987:
6962:
6927:
6849:10.1001/jama.1915.02570500028011
6824:
6743:
6721:10.1111/j.1423-0410.2006.00778.x
6700:
6651:
6562:Rous P, Turner JR (March 1915).
6555:
6487:10.1001/jama.1940.02810160078030
5723:from the original on 2022-10-09.
5352:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.12.044
5127:10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01365.x
5084:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03418.x
4992:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03511.x
4245:Korean Journal of Anesthesiology
3846:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02984.x
3803:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2006.00939.x
3724:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02694.x
3718:(11): 2362–2375. November 2010.
3438:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3158:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2317:appearing imminent in 1938, the
2195:London Blood Transfusion Service
2052:Journal of Experimental Medicine
2000:, however, proved unsuccessful.
1879:Only in 1901, when the Austrian
1205:Up to 8 hours after transfusion
912:
888:
881:
859:
850:
830:
823:
816:
809:
791:
778:
762:
755:
744:
737:
723:
714:
705:
696:
684:
677:
670:
663:
656:
649:
642:
635:
585:
365:, clotting factor concentrates,
8379:from the original on 2023-10-03
8348:from the original on 2024-01-03
8282:from the original on 2023-09-29
8252:from the original on 2024-07-26
7940:from the original on 2024-07-26
7899:from the original on 2022-10-09
7764:from the original on 2023-12-21
7738:from the original on 2023-12-21
7288:from the original on 2024-03-31
7028:from the original on 2015-04-16
6976:from the original on 2015-05-10
6511:from the original on 2022-03-31
6466:
6427:
6421:
6396:
6383:
6337:
6326:from the original on 2023-01-12
6310:
6253:
6242:from the original on 2012-03-31
6160:
6148:from the original on 2015-04-24
6127:
6094:
6083:from the original on 2012-11-10
6030:from the original on 2013-02-16
6016:
5928:from the original on 2024-03-07
5912:
5888:from the original on 2014-08-25
5852:from the original on 2023-02-20
5816:from the original on 2024-06-10
5777:
5698:
5497:
5367:
5326:
5277:
5242:
5220:
5184:
5106:
5063:
5014:
4971:
4922:
4770:
4759:from the original on 2017-07-09
4740:
4729:from the original on 2013-03-17
4719:"The Shelf Life of Donor Blood"
4710:
4612:
4569:
4520:
4379:
4281:
4232:
4221:from the original on 2018-09-21
4185:
4050:
4005:
3979:
3954:
3925:
3911:"Blood Donation and Processing"
3868:
3825:
3781:
3746:
3703:
3669:Photochemistry and Photobiology
3659:
3564:
3528:
3503:
3473:
3406:
3307:
3258:
3192:
3170:"Blood safety and availability"
3162:
2818:from the original on 2019-06-23
2071:Canadian doctor and Lieutenant
1912:Case Western Reserve University
1863:
1673:
1576:and more recently in cellular
301:transfusion), or someone else (
189:
128:is the process of transferring
8409:. W. W. Norton & Company.
7969:Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics
7206:British Journal of Haematology
7124:British Journal of Haematology
7094:Kilduffe R, DeBakey M (1942).
6024:"The First Blood Transfusion?"
5991:Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica
5946:Duffin, Jacalyn (1999-01-01).
5339:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery
5290:British Journal of Anaesthesia
5251:Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
4578:British Journal of Haematology
4533:American Journal of Hematology
4194:Practical Transfusion Medicine
3283:10.1002/14651858.CD007948.pub3
3111:
3070:
3002:10.1002/14651858.CD002042.pub5
2977:
2872:
2800:
2772:Blood transfusion in Sri Lanka
2246:transfusion of cadaveric blood
1893:destruction of red blood cells
1775:
1016:Allergic transfusion reactions
1001:Febrile nonhemolytic reactions
174:Red blood cells (RBC) contain
1:
8584:Blood Transfusion Information
8578:Blood Transfusion Information
8572:Blood Transfusion Information
8507:
7335:Blood program in world war II
7312:Blood program in world war II
6228:10.12968/hmed.2007.68.8.24500
5802:10.1016/S2352-3026(19)30200-5
5440:10.1016/j.transci.2017.05.017
4335:Current Opinion in Hematology
3767:10.1016/j.transci.2006.01.007
3644:10.1016/s1658-3876(08)50042-2
3457:. World Health Organization.
2793:
2569:are between 1:1:1 and 1:1:2.
2385:, preventing their collapse.
2130:officer, was attached to the
1847:Professor James Young Simpson
1458:
1005:inflammatory chemical signals
8812:Intraoperative blood salvage
8531:UK Guidance for transfusion.
8442:Transfusion Evidence Library
8054:Transfusion Medicine Reviews
7611:Indian Journal of Pediatrics
7073:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
6936:Transfusion Medicine Reviews
5666:10.1097/CCE.0000000000000925
5550:Transfusion Medicine Reviews
4947:10.1182/blood-2009-10-245001
4637:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828843e6
4441:Journal of Clinical Medicine
4347:10.1097/MOH.0000000000000376
4307:10.1182/blood-2015-01-620872
3989:. Shotuk.org. Archived from
3877:Transfusion Medicine Reviews
3538:Transfusion Medicine Reviews
3332:10.1016/0191-8869(85)90085-6
2551:massive transfusion protocol
2349:Wounded soldier being given
2157:
2034:and Joseph R. Turner at the
1904:have been discovered since.
1697:in the 1660s, the physician
1593:randomized controlled trials
1536:tumor-associated macrophages
1097:
988:rapid drop in blood pressure
494:with subsequent exposure to
269:
7:
8828:Blood compatibility testing
8449:Blood transfusion societies
7658:Emergency Medicine Practice
7652:Cherkas D (November 2011).
7045:Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal.
6169:Annals of Internal Medicine
4527:Zubair AC (February 2010).
3962:"WHO | Haemovigilance"
3127:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
2909:Annals of Internal Medicine
2755:
2463:and Patrick L. Mollison of
2126:, a medical researcher and
1891:the donor blood-cells. The
994:Delayed hemolytic reactions
986:, shortness of breath, and
549:Blood compatibility testing
529:Blood compatibility testing
237:level fell below 100g/L or
167:has limited applications.
10:
9199:
8566:Blood Transfusion Leaflets
8562:(NHS Blood and Transplant)
8560:Blood Transfusion Leaflets
8431:, 13 July 1878, p. 19
8066:10.1016/j.tmrv.2011.02.001
7802:10.1186/s13054-023-04327-7
7701:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.07.041
6948:10.1016/j.tmrv.2009.03.007
6831:Rous P, Turner JR (1915).
6404:"Dr. William Lorenzo Moss"
5848:. Statistical Brief #165.
5654:Critical Care Explorations
5562:10.1016/j.tmrv.2015.03.002
5519:10.1007/s12094-020-02346-2
5475:10.1007/s11912-024-01552-3
4257:10.4097/kjae.2015.68.2.101
4239:Kim J, Na S (April 2015).
3889:10.1016/j.tmrv.2007.12.003
3550:10.1016/j.tmrv.2014.01.001
3481:"Testing of donated blood"
2720:have 3 known blood types,
2702:
2644:
2641:Research into alternatives
2509:
2090:Medical Research Committee
2081:Casualty Clearing Stations
1994:St Mary's Hospital, London
1941:
1720:Philosophical Transactions
1641:
546:
526:
290:
231:red blood cell transfusion
198:
8931:
8875:Transfusion hemosiderosis
8863:
8820:
8781:
8745:
8666:
8593:
8586:(American Cancer Society)
7926:. Elsevier. p. 279.
5741:Drug Testing and Analysis
5609:10.3171/2015.11.JNS151515
5263:10.1016/j.cll.2010.02.002
5170:10.1016/j.bpa.2007.01.002
3987:"SHOT Terms of Reference"
3485:World Health Organization
3174:World Health Organization
2850:10.1016/j.suc.2023.09.005
2453:Rhesus blood group system
2416:National Research Council
2365:pioneered the process of
1858:Edinburgh Royal Infirmary
1572:to enhance the antitumor
1499:erythrocyte deformability
1163:
975:Acute hemolytic reactions
628:
597:
590:indicates compatibility.
543:human blood group systems
504:graft-versus-host disease
481:cytomegalovirus infection
464:Donors may be tested for
399:World Health Organization
112:
98:
86:
72:
62:
26:
21:
8855:Monocyte monolayer assay
8473:
8149:10.3389/fmed.2021.794561
8101:10.1517/14712598.1.5.831
7981:10.1353/nib.2023.a924193
7664:(11): 1–19, quiz 19–20.
6769:10.1093/milmed/161.7.392
5463:Current Oncology Reports
4783:Annals of Intensive Care
4717:Bakalar N (2013-03-11).
4625:Anesthesia and Analgesia
2114:Edward William Archibald
2077:Royal Army Medical Corps
2073:Lawrence Bruce Robertson
1853:in Edinburgh was named.
1515:
1186:Bacterial contamination
1083:congestive heart failure
1057:Post-transfusion purpura
1049:. Urgent treatment with
233:was considered when the
8730:Granulocyte transfusion
8427:", historical account,
8029:10.1136/gut.2010.228874
7890:National Health Service
7859:: an initiative of the
7510:Landro L (2007-01-10).
6529:Brody JE (1970-02-17).
6210:Ellis H (August 2005).
5872:
5597:Journal of Neurosurgery
4843:10.1001/2012.jama.11953
4753:The Wall Street Journal
4498:. Basel: Karger. 1996.
4058:The Wall Street Journal
3226:10.17294/2330-0698.1799
3048:10.1001/jama.2023.12914
2957:: an initiative of the
2782:Young blood transfusion
2391:British Medical Journal
2281:Spanish Republican Army
2183:King's College Hospital
2109:British Medical Journal
1932:William Stewart Halsted
1908:George Washington Crile
1902:many other blood groups
1883:discovered three human
1873:William Stewart Halsted
1730:, eminent physician to
1663:anti-Jewish blood libel
1554:cytotoxic T lymphocytes
1312:Nausea and/or vomiting
1202:Early (after 50–100 ml)
165:granulocyte transfusion
6905:10.1093/jhmas/56.3.238
6810:10.1098/rsbm.1947.0002
6580:10.3181/00379727-12-74
6505:centennial.rucares.org
6390:
5873:Wald ML (2014-08-24).
5790:The Lancet Haematology
5201:. 2013. Archived from
4747:Wang SS (2009-12-01).
4404:10.1001/jama.2014.2726
2777:Blood type (non-human)
2705:Blood type (non-human)
2567:packed red blood cells
2545:Significant blood loss
2538:fetal erythroblastosis
2429:
2394:, proposed the use of
2358:
2265:
2170:
2103:
2086:Walter Morley Fletcher
2036:Rockefeller University
1969:
1961:
1876:
1810:made efforts to treat
1788:
1690:
1199:Early (after 10–15 ml)
949:
552:
524:
452:ABO blood group system
395:
342:
333:Processing and testing
279:
252:cardiovascular disease
226:
218:
210:
201:Packed red blood cells
39:packed red blood cells
8865:Transfusion reactions
8568:(Welsh Blood Service)
8488:Bookshelf ID: NBK2261
8276:MSD Veterinary Manual
8136:Frontiers in Medicine
7756:Villalpando, Nicole.
6877:on February 28, 2017.
6134:Yale E (2015-04-22).
6111:10.1002/9780470986868
4796:10.1186/2110-5820-3-2
3096:10.1056/NEJMoa1211801
2679:readily available in
2465:acid–citrate–dextrose
2457:transfusion reactions
2424:
2348:
2263:
2173:The secretary of the
2165:
2136:Third Battle of Ypres
2124:Oswald Hope Robertson
2098:
2023:as an anticoagulant.
1967:
1951:
1871:
1831:Samuel Armstrong Lane
1816:postpartum hemorrhage
1783:
1681:
1585:cytoreductive surgery
1503:erythrocyte fragility
947:
572:test easier to read.
547:Further information:
540:
522:
515:Compatibility testing
456:Rh blood group system
393:
340:
277:
224:
216:
208:
9173:Transfusion medicine
8845:Kleihauer–Betke test
8807:Exchange transfusion
8686:Platelet transfusion
8660:transfusion medicine
8484:Free online book at
8367:"Crossmatch Testing"
7868:on 24 September 2014
7329:Kendrick DB (1964).
7306:Kendrick DB (1964).
6676:10.1084/jem.23.2.239
6627:10.1084/jem.23.2.219
5747:(11–12): 1417–1429.
5705:Sklar R (May 2019).
5392:10.1093/icvts/ivr025
5039:10.2450/2008.0072-08
3993:on 30 September 2020
3932:Harmening D (1999).
3915:webpath.med.utah.edu
3362:Transfusion Medicine
2683:and in pre-hospital
2597:Religious objections
2498:laparoscopic surgery
2292:Cook County Hospital
2269:Frederic Durán-Jordà
1713:... to acquaint the
1540:natural killer cells
1172:Febrile nonhemolytic
984:increased heart rate
969:Immunologic reaction
320:transfusion reaction
195:Red cell transfusion
8933:Blood group systems
8868:and adverse effects
8703:Fresh frozen plasma
8554:Patient information
8429:Scientific American
8306:Xenotransplantation
7516:Wall Street Journal
7341:on 8 February 2006.
7318:on 11 January 2006.
7067:Hillyer CD (2007).
5948:History of Medicine
5921:Scientific American
4454:10.3390/jcm11102859
2881:Surg Gynecol Obstet
2673:Jehovah's Witnesses
2608:Personal objections
2559:fresh frozen plasma
2505:Special populations
2367:blood fractionation
2032:Francis Peyton Rous
1732:King Louis XIV
1728:Jean-Baptiste Denys
1194:Usually toward end.
1160:
283:blood transfusion.
260:fresh frozen plasma
8545:2022-04-01 at the
8499:2023-03-14 at the
7623:10.1007/BF02724257
6535:The New York Times
5880:The New York Times
5302:10.1093/bja/aet068
4723:The New York Times
2728:have at least 13,
2681:emergency medicine
2581:Unknown blood type
2534:hemoglobinopathies
2430:
2359:
2277:Barcelona Hospital
2266:
2214:Alexander Bogdanov
2171:
2167:Alexander Bogdanov
2104:
2088:, director of the
1990:John Braxton Hicks
1970:
1962:
1938:Blood banks in WWI
1877:
1789:
1691:
1654:Pope Innocent VIII
1158:
950:
553:
525:
416:Treponema pallidum
396:
343:
280:
227:
219:
211:
9160:
9159:
8737:Blood substitutes
8725:White blood cells
8656:Blood transfusion
8622:
8621:
8549:, published 2014.
8401:Tucker H (2012).
8204:10.1111/trf.15778
8022:(10): 1309–1316.
7850:(24 April 2014),
7695:(12): 2661–2666.
7580:10.1111/trf.16520
7479:10.1172/JCI104489
7430:10.1172/JCI105176
7398:978-3-540-13255-4
7136:10.1111/bjh.17842
7080:978-0-443-06981-9
7007:978-1-118-27422-4
6843:(24): 1980–1982.
6756:Military Medicine
6288:Masson A (1993).
6271:978-1-58112-987-8
6260:Madbak F (2008).
6120:978-0-470-98686-8
5796:(12): e606–e615.
5513:(11): 2032–2039.
4941:(21): 4284–4292.
4837:(14): 1443–1451.
4686:10.1159/000357986
4546:10.1002/ajh.21599
4505:978-3-8055-6509-7
4398:(13): 1317–1326.
4086:978-0-9558648-7-2
4027:10.1111/vox.13694
3968:on March 18, 2011
3947:978-0-8036-0419-3
3921:on March 3, 2009.
3589:10.1159/000357102
3491:on March 18, 2011
3428:978-92-4-154788-8
3374:10.1111/tme.12218
3140:10.1002/ibd.20285
3133:(12): 1545–1553.
3042:(19): 1892–1902.
2812:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
2664:blood substitutes
2647:Blood substitutes
2630:COVID-19 vaccines
2273:Spanish Civil War
2179:Percy Lane Oliver
2175:British Red Cross
2150:in iced bottles.
1998:phosphate of soda
1849:, after whom the
1741:allergic reaction
1634:According to the
1456:
1455:
1365:circulatory shock
1047:circulatory shock
1022:is released from
959:pharmacovigilance
945:
934:
933:
426:Trypanosoma cruzi
373:concentrate, and
244:oxygen saturation
182:of the body with
161:White blood cells
126:Blood transfusion
123:
122:
88:OPS-301 code
33:Plastic bag with
22:Blood transfusion
9190:
8850:Antibody elution
8797:plateletpheresis
8763:Blood management
8746:General concepts
8649:
8642:
8635:
8626:
8625:
8591:
8590:
8420:
8408:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8384:
8363:
8357:
8356:
8354:
8353:
8297:
8291:
8290:
8288:
8287:
8267:
8261:
8260:
8258:
8257:
8235:
8224:
8223:
8186:
8180:
8179:
8169:
8151:
8127:
8121:
8120:
8084:
8078:
8077:
8048:
8042:
8041:
8031:
8007:
8001:
8000:
7960:
7949:
7948:
7946:
7945:
7917:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7904:
7898:
7887:
7876:
7875:
7873:
7844:
7833:
7832:
7822:
7804:
7779:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7769:
7753:
7747:
7746:
7744:
7743:
7730:Caruba, Lauren.
7727:
7721:
7720:
7684:
7678:
7677:
7672:. Archived from
7649:
7643:
7642:
7606:
7600:
7599:
7574:(8): 2265–2276.
7562:
7556:
7555:
7553:
7552:
7537:
7531:
7530:
7528:
7527:
7518:. Archived from
7507:
7501:
7500:
7490:
7458:
7452:
7451:
7441:
7409:
7403:
7402:
7384:
7378:
7377:
7349:
7343:
7342:
7326:
7320:
7319:
7303:
7297:
7296:
7294:
7293:
7276:
7270:
7269:
7264:
7262:
7246:
7240:
7239:
7221:
7197:
7191:
7190:
7175:Starr D (1998).
7172:
7166:
7165:
7155:
7115:
7100:
7099:
7091:
7085:
7084:
7064:
7058:
7043:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7033:
7018:
7012:
7011:
6991:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6981:
6966:
6960:
6959:
6931:
6925:
6924:
6888:
6879:
6878:
6873:. Archived from
6862:
6853:
6852:
6828:
6822:
6821:
6788:
6782:
6781:
6771:
6747:
6741:
6740:
6704:
6698:
6697:
6687:
6655:
6649:
6648:
6638:
6606:
6600:
6599:
6559:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6549:
6526:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6470:
6464:
6463:
6457:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6431:
6425:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6415:
6406:. Archived from
6400:
6394:
6393:
6387:
6381:
6380:
6341:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6314:
6308:
6307:
6301:
6293:
6285:
6276:
6275:
6257:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6164:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6131:
6125:
6124:
6098:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6073:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6060:
6055:on July 20, 2011
6051:. Archived from
6045:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6005:. Archived from
5988:
5979:
5970:
5969:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5916:
5910:
5906:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5870:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5781:
5775:
5774:
5756:
5754:10.1002/dta.3448
5731:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5711:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5685:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5628:
5603:(5): 1229–1234.
5588:
5582:
5581:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5423:
5414:
5413:
5403:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5354:
5345:(5): 1827–1837.
5330:
5324:
5323:
5313:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5207:
5196:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5078:(5): 1010–1023.
5067:
5061:
5060:
5050:
5018:
5012:
5011:
4986:(8): 1827–1835.
4975:
4969:
4968:
4958:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4909:
4890:10.3310/hta21620
4869:
4863:
4862:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4808:
4798:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4697:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4648:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4548:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4474:
4456:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4415:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4366:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4309:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4268:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4207:
4198:
4197:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4173:on 19 March 2016
4172:
4165:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4131:Laura D (2005).
4128:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4095:
4089:. Archived from
4078:
4067:
4061:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4029:
4009:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3939:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3917:. Archived from
3907:
3901:
3900:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3840:(7): 1397–1404.
3829:
3823:
3822:
3797:(9): 1553–1560.
3785:
3779:
3778:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3646:
3622:
3611:
3610:
3600:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3487:. Archived from
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3451:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3420:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3393:
3353:
3344:
3343:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3294:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3245:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3142:
3124:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3098:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3013:
2996:(12): CD002042.
2981:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2946:
2935:
2934:
2924:
2900:
2889:
2888:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2804:
2668:volume expanders
2656:is recommended.
2614:informed consent
2485:In the field of
2449:Karl Landsteiner
2379:osmotic pressure
2341:Medical advances
2333:Stories tell of
1881:Karl Landsteiner
1622:Frequency of use
1161:
1157:
1154:Comparison table
980:ABO blood typing
946:
916:
892:
885:
863:
854:
834:
827:
820:
813:
795:
782:
766:
759:
748:
741:
727:
718:
709:
700:
688:
681:
674:
667:
660:
653:
646:
639:
593:
592:
589:
473:alloimmunization
157:clotting factors
132:into a person's
116:edit on Wikidata
108:
82:
36:
31:
19:
18:
9198:
9197:
9193:
9192:
9191:
9189:
9188:
9187:
9163:
9162:
9161:
9156:
8951:Secretor status
8927:
8867:
8859:
8816:
8777:
8741:
8718:Cryosupernatant
8713:Cryoprecipitate
8693:Red blood cells
8662:
8653:
8623:
8618:
8617:
8602:
8556:
8547:Wayback Machine
8510:
8501:Wayback Machine
8476:
8451:
8438:
8417:
8397:
8395:Further reading
8392:
8391:
8382:
8380:
8365:
8364:
8360:
8351:
8349:
8298:
8294:
8285:
8283:
8268:
8264:
8255:
8253:
8237:
8236:
8227:
8187:
8183:
8128:
8124:
8085:
8081:
8049:
8045:
8008:
8004:
7961:
7952:
7943:
7941:
7934:
7918:
7914:
7902:
7900:
7896:
7885:
7871:
7869:
7861:ABIM Foundation
7857:Choosing Wisely
7845:
7836:
7780:
7776:
7767:
7765:
7754:
7750:
7741:
7739:
7728:
7724:
7685:
7681:
7650:
7646:
7607:
7603:
7563:
7559:
7550:
7548:
7539:
7538:
7534:
7525:
7523:
7508:
7504:
7459:
7455:
7410:
7406:
7399:
7385:
7381:
7350:
7346:
7327:
7323:
7304:
7300:
7291:
7289:
7278:
7277:
7273:
7260:
7258:
7249:
7247:
7243:
7198:
7194:
7187:
7173:
7169:
7116:
7103:
7092:
7088:
7081:
7065:
7061:
7044:
7040:
7031:
7029:
7020:
7019:
7015:
7008:
6992:
6988:
6979:
6977:
6968:
6967:
6963:
6932:
6928:
6889:
6882:
6863:
6856:
6829:
6825:
6804:(15): 294–324.
6789:
6785:
6748:
6744:
6705:
6701:
6656:
6652:
6607:
6603:
6560:
6556:
6547:
6545:
6527:
6523:
6514:
6512:
6499:
6498:
6494:
6471:
6467:
6451:
6450:
6444:
6442:
6432:
6428:
6422:
6413:
6411:
6402:
6401:
6397:
6388:
6384:
6342:
6338:
6329:
6327:
6316:
6315:
6311:
6295:
6294:
6286:
6279:
6272:
6258:
6254:
6245:
6243:
6208:
6204:
6165:
6161:
6151:
6149:
6132:
6128:
6121:
6099:
6095:
6086:
6084:
6075:
6074:
6067:
6058:
6056:
6047:
6046:
6042:
6033:
6031:
6022:
6021:
6017:
6009:
5986:
5980:
5973:
5958:
5944:
5940:
5931:
5929:
5918:
5917:
5913:
5907:
5900:
5891:
5889:
5871:
5864:
5855:
5853:
5832:
5828:
5819:
5817:
5782:
5778:
5732:
5728:
5720:
5709:
5703:
5699:
5646:
5642:
5589:
5585:
5546:
5542:
5502:
5498:
5459:
5455:
5424:
5417:
5372:
5368:
5331:
5327:
5282:
5278:
5247:
5243:
5233:
5231:
5226:
5225:
5221:
5211:
5209:
5208:on 1 April 2022
5205:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5154:
5150:
5111:
5107:
5068:
5064:
5019:
5015:
4976:
4972:
4927:
4923:
4870:
4866:
4826:
4822:
4775:
4771:
4762:
4760:
4745:
4741:
4732:
4730:
4715:
4711:
4666:
4662:
4617:
4613:
4574:
4570:
4525:
4521:
4506:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4433:
4429:
4384:
4380:
4327:
4323:
4286:
4282:
4237:
4233:
4224:
4222:
4209:
4208:
4201:
4190:
4186:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4144:
4142:
4129:
4108:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4076:
4068:
4064:
4055:
4051:
4010:
4006:
3996:
3994:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3971:
3969:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3948:
3930:
3926:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3873:
3869:
3830:
3826:
3786:
3782:
3751:
3747:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3664:
3660:
3623:
3614:
3569:
3565:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3517:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3494:
3492:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3464:
3462:
3453:
3452:
3443:
3435:
3429:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3354:
3347:
3312:
3308:
3277:(2): CD007948.
3263:
3259:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3183:
3181:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3155:
3122:
3116:
3112:
3075:
3071:
3031:
3027:
2982:
2978:
2969:
2967:
2959:ABIM Foundation
2955:Choosing Wisely
2948:
2947:
2938:
2901:
2892:
2877:
2873:
2834:
2830:
2821:
2819:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2758:
2748:) is a form of
2746:xenotransfusion
2707:
2701:
2661:oxygen-carrying
2654:parenteral iron
2649:
2643:
2616:allow mentally
2610:
2599:
2583:
2547:
2516:Cytomegalovirus
2512:
2507:
2438:Charles R. Drew
2434:distilled water
2426:Charles R. Drew
2343:
2187:Geoffrey Keynes
2160:
2152:Geoffrey Keynes
2148:red blood cells
2028:First World War
1946:
1940:
1866:
1778:
1693:Working at the
1676:
1671:
1646:Beginning with
1644:
1624:
1574:immune response
1566:immune response
1544:dendritic cells
1518:
1461:
1195:
1182:Acute hemolytic
1156:
1140:cytomegalovirus
1100:
971:
955:
953:Adverse effects
936:
582:
551:
531:
517:
466:cytomegalovirus
375:immunoglobulins
367:cryoprecipitate
348:red blood cells
335:
295:
289:
272:
256:parenteral iron
203:
197:
192:
178:and supply the
145:red blood cells
119:
104:
78:
58:
57:(CPDA) solution
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9196:
9186:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9158:
9157:
9155:
9154:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9050:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8954:
8953:
8943:
8937:
8935:
8929:
8928:
8926:
8925:
8920:
8918:Serum sickness
8915:
8914:
8913:
8908:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8871:
8869:
8861:
8860:
8858:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8836:
8835:
8833:Cross-matching
8824:
8822:
8818:
8817:
8815:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8793:plasmapheresis
8785:
8783:
8779:
8778:
8776:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8758:Blood donation
8755:
8749:
8747:
8743:
8742:
8740:
8739:
8734:
8733:
8732:
8722:
8721:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8695:
8690:
8689:
8688:
8678:
8672:
8670:
8668:Blood products
8664:
8663:
8652:
8651:
8644:
8637:
8629:
8620:
8619:
8616:
8615:
8603:
8598:
8597:
8595:
8594:Classification
8588:
8587:
8581:
8575:
8569:
8563:
8555:
8552:
8551:
8550:
8537:
8532:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8509:
8506:
8505:
8504:
8489:
8475:
8472:
8471:
8470:
8464:
8458:
8450:
8447:
8446:
8445:
8437:
8436:External links
8434:
8433:
8432:
8421:
8416:978-0393342239
8415:
8396:
8393:
8390:
8389:
8375:. 2019-02-26.
8358:
8312:(3): 186–194.
8292:
8262:
8225:
8198:(5): 932–939.
8181:
8122:
8095:(5): 831–843.
8079:
8043:
8002:
7975:(3): 215–226.
7950:
7932:
7912:
7910:
7909:
7877:, which cites
7834:
7774:
7748:
7722:
7679:
7676:on 2012-01-18.
7644:
7617:(8): 661–666.
7601:
7557:
7532:
7502:
7473:(2): 351–359.
7453:
7424:(4): 629–642.
7404:
7397:
7379:
7344:
7321:
7298:
7271:
7241:
7212:(4): 758–767.
7192:
7185:
7167:
7130:(3): 585–588.
7101:
7086:
7079:
7059:
7057:, pp. 161–162.
7038:
7022:"Percy Oliver"
7013:
7006:
6986:
6961:
6942:(3): 232–236.
6926:
6899:(3): 238–277.
6880:
6854:
6823:
6783:
6762:(7): 392–400.
6742:
6699:
6670:(2): 239–248.
6650:
6621:(2): 219–237.
6601:
6574:(6): 122–124.
6554:
6537:. p. 43.
6521:
6492:
6465:
6426:
6420:
6395:
6382:
6336:
6309:
6277:
6270:
6252:
6202:
6175:(5): 420–423.
6159:
6126:
6119:
6093:
6065:
6040:
6015:
6012:on 2014-07-15.
5997:(3): 271–282.
5971:
5956:
5938:
5911:
5898:
5862:
5826:
5776:
5726:
5697:
5640:
5583:
5556:(3): 172–180.
5540:
5496:
5469:(8): 880–889.
5453:
5434:(3): 310–316.
5415:
5366:
5325:
5296:(5): 690–701.
5276:
5257:(2): 475–487.
5241:
5219:
5183:
5164:(2): 271–289.
5148:
5121:(4): 325–331.
5105:
5062:
5033:(4): 250–258.
5013:
4970:
4921:
4864:
4820:
4769:
4739:
4709:
4680:(3): 197–204.
4660:
4631:(5): 975–981.
4611:
4584:(1): 131–136.
4568:
4539:(2): 117–122.
4519:
4504:
4486:
4427:
4378:
4341:(6): 551–557.
4321:
4300:(3): 406–414.
4280:
4251:(2): 101–105.
4231:
4217:. 2017-12-29.
4199:
4184:
4152:
4106:
4085:
4062:
4060:. 2009 Dec. 1.
4049:
4004:
3978:
3953:
3946:
3924:
3902:
3883:(2): 133–153.
3867:
3824:
3780:
3745:
3702:
3675:(3): 609–615.
3658:
3637:(2): 106–123.
3612:
3563:
3527:
3502:
3472:
3441:
3427:
3405:
3368:(4): 249–258.
3345:
3326:(6): 743–751.
3306:
3257:
3220:(2): 121–126.
3200:
3191:
3161:
3110:
3069:
3025:
2976:
2936:
2890:
2871:
2844:(2): 279–292.
2828:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2767:Arnault Tzanck
2764:
2757:
2754:
2703:Main article:
2700:
2699:Veterinary use
2697:
2642:
2639:
2635:harm principle
2622:misinformation
2609:
2606:
2598:
2595:
2582:
2579:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2526:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2487:cancer surgery
2342:
2339:
2288:Bernard Fantus
2244:pioneered the
2159:
2156:
2140:sodium citrate
2128:U.S. Army
2043:sodium citrate
2021:sodium citrate
1958:2nd from right
1942:Main article:
1939:
1936:
1895:releases free
1865:
1862:
1808:James Blundell
1797:cross-matching
1785:James Blundell
1777:
1774:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1669:Early attempts
1667:
1658:Italian-Jewish
1648:William Harvey
1643:
1640:
1636:New York Times
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1581:
1517:
1514:
1505:(mechanical).
1460:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1403:Hemoglobinuria
1399:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1363:Hypotension /
1360:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1155:
1152:
1136:Chagas disease
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1075:
1065:
1054:
1039:
1036:antihistamines
1013:
998:
991:
970:
967:
954:
951:
932:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
910:
906:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
886:
879:
875:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
857:
855:
848:
844:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
828:
821:
814:
807:
803:
802:
800:
798:
796:
789:
787:
785:
783:
776:
772:
771:
769:
767:
760:
753:
751:
749:
742:
735:
731:
730:
728:
721:
719:
712:
710:
703:
701:
694:
690:
689:
682:
675:
668:
661:
654:
647:
640:
633:
630:
626:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
600:
599:
596:
581:
578:
527:Main article:
516:
513:
512:
511:
488:
469:
462:
459:
448:
431:Chagas disease
334:
331:
293:Blood donation
291:Main article:
288:
287:Blood donation
285:
271:
268:
229:Historically,
199:Main article:
196:
193:
191:
188:
130:blood products
121:
120:
113:
110:
109:
102:
96:
95:
90:
84:
83:
76:
70:
69:
66:
60:
59:
35:0.5–0.7 liters
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9195:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9171:
9170:
9168:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9058:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8968:Chido-Rodgers
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8952:
8949:
8948:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8938:
8936:
8934:
8930:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8872:
8870:
8866:
8862:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8834:
8831:
8830:
8829:
8826:
8825:
8823:
8819:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8802:
8801:leukapheresis
8798:
8794:
8790:
8787:
8786:
8784:
8780:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8750:
8748:
8744:
8738:
8735:
8731:
8728:
8727:
8726:
8723:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8700:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8687:
8684:
8683:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8673:
8671:
8669:
8665:
8661:
8657:
8650:
8645:
8643:
8638:
8636:
8631:
8630:
8627:
8614:
8610:
8609:
8605:
8604:
8601:
8596:
8592:
8585:
8582:
8579:
8576:
8573:
8570:
8567:
8564:
8561:
8558:
8557:
8548:
8544:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8511:
8502:
8498:
8495:
8494:
8490:
8487:
8483:
8482:
8478:
8477:
8468:
8465:
8462:
8459:
8456:
8453:
8452:
8443:
8440:
8439:
8430:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8412:
8407:
8406:
8399:
8398:
8378:
8374:
8373:
8368:
8362:
8347:
8343:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8323:
8319:
8315:
8311:
8307:
8303:
8296:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8266:
8251:
8247:
8245:
8240:
8239:"Blood types"
8234:
8232:
8230:
8221:
8217:
8213:
8209:
8205:
8201:
8197:
8193:
8185:
8177:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8159:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8133:
8126:
8118:
8114:
8110:
8106:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8083:
8075:
8071:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8047:
8039:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8021:
8017:
8013:
8006:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7959:
7957:
7955:
7939:
7935:
7933:9780080922300
7929:
7925:
7924:
7916:
7895:
7891:
7884:
7879:
7878:
7867:
7863:
7862:
7858:
7853:
7849:
7843:
7841:
7839:
7830:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7794:
7790:
7789:Critical Care
7786:
7778:
7763:
7759:
7752:
7737:
7733:
7726:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7683:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7648:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7605:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7561:
7547:on 2007-02-03
7546:
7542:
7536:
7522:on 2009-08-04
7521:
7517:
7513:
7506:
7498:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7472:
7468:
7464:
7457:
7449:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7408:
7400:
7394:
7390:
7383:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7348:
7340:
7336:
7332:
7325:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7302:
7287:
7283:
7282:
7275:
7268:
7256:
7252:
7248:For example:
7245:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7196:
7188:
7186:0-316-91146-1
7182:
7178:
7171:
7163:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7145:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7114:
7112:
7110:
7108:
7106:
7097:
7090:
7082:
7076:
7072:
7071:
7063:
7056:
7055:0-271-02533-6
7052:
7048:
7042:
7027:
7023:
7017:
7009:
7003:
6999:
6998:
6990:
6975:
6971:
6965:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6930:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6887:
6885:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6861:
6859:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6827:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6798:
6793:
6787:
6779:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6746:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6709:Vox Sanguinis
6703:
6695:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6654:
6646:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6605:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6558:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6525:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6496:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6469:
6461:
6455:
6441:
6437:
6430:
6424:
6410:on 2014-02-28
6409:
6405:
6399:
6392:
6386:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6340:
6325:
6321:
6320:
6313:
6305:
6299:
6291:
6284:
6282:
6273:
6267:
6263:
6256:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6206:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6163:
6147:
6143:
6142:
6137:
6130:
6122:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6097:
6082:
6078:
6072:
6070:
6054:
6050:
6044:
6029:
6025:
6019:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5985:
5978:
5976:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5957:0-8020-7912-1
5953:
5949:
5942:
5927:
5923:
5922:
5915:
5905:
5903:
5887:
5883:
5881:
5876:
5869:
5867:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5838:
5830:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5780:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5730:
5719:
5715:
5708:
5701:
5693:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5644:
5636:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5587:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5544:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5500:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5457:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5422:
5420:
5411:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5370:
5362:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5329:
5321:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5280:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5245:
5229:
5223:
5204:
5200:
5193:
5187:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5152:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5115:Vox Sanguinis
5109:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5066:
5058:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5017:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4974:
4966:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4925:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4884:(62): 1–118.
4883:
4879:
4875:
4868:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4824:
4816:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4773:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4743:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4713:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4664:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4615:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4572:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4523:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4501:
4497:
4490:
4482:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4431:
4423:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4382:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4325:
4317:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4284:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4235:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4204:
4195:
4188:
4169:
4162:
4156:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4096:on 2016-01-27
4092:
4088:
4082:
4075:
4074:
4066:
4059:
4053:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4019:
4018:Vox Sanguinis
4015:
4008:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3949:
3943:
3938:
3937:
3928:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3784:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3417:
3416:
3409:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3350:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3195:
3179:
3176:. June 2014.
3175:
3171:
3165:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:have 16, and
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2710:Veterinarians
2706:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2603:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2502:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2404:New York City
2401:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2383:blood vessels
2380:
2376:
2372:
2371:serum albumin
2368:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2338:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2324:
2323:Lionel Whitby
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2307:Janet Vaughan
2303:
2301:
2300:United States
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2222:eternal youth
2219:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2118:Western Front
2115:
2111:
2110:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2045:and glucose (
2044:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:Albert Hustin
2006:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1982:refrigerating
1979:
1978:anticoagulant
1975:
1966:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1715:Royal Society
1712:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1699:Richard Lower
1696:
1695:Royal Society
1688:
1687:Royal Society
1684:
1683:Richard Lower
1680:
1666:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1578:Immunotherapy
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:immune system
1520:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1473:blood bankers
1468:
1466:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1422:Renal failure
1420:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1002:
999:
995:
992:
989:
985:
981:
976:
973:
972:
966:
962:
960:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
915:
911:
908:
907:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
891:
887:
884:
880:
877:
876:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
862:
858:
856:
853:
849:
846:
845:
842:
840:
838:
836:
833:
829:
826:
822:
819:
815:
812:
808:
805:
804:
801:
799:
797:
794:
790:
788:
786:
784:
781:
777:
774:
773:
770:
768:
765:
761:
758:
754:
752:
750:
747:
743:
740:
736:
733:
732:
729:
726:
722:
720:
717:
713:
711:
708:
704:
702:
699:
695:
692:
691:
687:
683:
680:
676:
673:
669:
666:
662:
659:
655:
652:
648:
645:
641:
638:
634:
631:
627:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
601:
594:
591:
588:
577:
573:
569:
566:
561:
559:
550:
544:
539:
535:
530:
521:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
467:
463:
460:
457:
453:
449:
446:
442:
438:
437:
432:
428:
427:
422:
418:
417:
412:
408:
404:
400:
392:
388:
387:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
361:
357:
353:
349:
339:
330:
326:
323:
321:
316:
312:
311:anticoagulant
308:
304:
300:
294:
284:
276:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
236:
232:
223:
215:
207:
202:
187:
185:
181:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
137:intravenously
135:
131:
127:
117:
111:
107:
103:
101:
97:
94:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
75:
71:
67:
65:
61:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
30:
25:
20:
8655:
8606:
8492:
8480:
8404:
8381:. Retrieved
8370:
8361:
8350:. Retrieved
8309:
8305:
8295:
8284:. Retrieved
8275:
8265:
8254:. Retrieved
8242:
8195:
8191:
8184:
8139:
8135:
8125:
8092:
8088:
8082:
8057:
8053:
8046:
8019:
8015:
8005:
7972:
7968:
7942:. Retrieved
7922:
7915:
7901:. Retrieved
7870:, retrieved
7866:the original
7855:
7792:
7788:
7777:
7766:. Retrieved
7751:
7740:. Retrieved
7725:
7692:
7688:
7682:
7674:the original
7661:
7657:
7647:
7614:
7610:
7604:
7571:
7567:
7560:
7549:. Retrieved
7545:the original
7535:
7524:. Retrieved
7520:the original
7515:
7505:
7470:
7466:
7456:
7421:
7417:
7407:
7388:
7382:
7357:
7353:
7347:
7339:the original
7334:
7324:
7316:the original
7311:
7301:
7290:. Retrieved
7280:
7274:
7266:
7259:. Retrieved
7251:"Free World"
7244:
7209:
7205:
7195:
7176:
7170:
7127:
7123:
7095:
7089:
7069:
7062:
7046:
7041:
7030:. Retrieved
7016:
6996:
6989:
6978:. Retrieved
6964:
6939:
6935:
6929:
6896:
6892:
6875:the original
6871:Toronto Star
6870:
6840:
6836:
6826:
6801:
6795:
6786:
6759:
6755:
6745:
6715:(1): 13–19.
6712:
6708:
6702:
6667:
6663:
6653:
6618:
6614:
6604:
6571:
6567:
6557:
6546:. Retrieved
6534:
6524:
6513:. Retrieved
6504:
6495:
6478:
6474:
6468:
6443:. Retrieved
6439:
6429:
6423:
6412:. Retrieved
6408:the original
6398:
6385:
6377:
6349:
6346:Neurosurgery
6345:
6339:
6328:. Retrieved
6318:
6312:
6292:. Edinburgh.
6289:
6261:
6255:
6244:. Retrieved
6219:
6215:
6205:
6172:
6168:
6162:
6150:. Retrieved
6139:
6129:
6102:
6096:
6085:. Retrieved
6057:. Retrieved
6053:the original
6043:
6032:. Retrieved
6018:
6007:the original
5994:
5990:
5947:
5941:
5930:. Retrieved
5920:
5914:
5890:. Retrieved
5878:
5854:. Retrieved
5836:
5829:
5818:. Retrieved
5793:
5789:
5779:
5744:
5740:
5729:
5713:
5700:
5660:(6): e0925.
5657:
5653:
5643:
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5586:
5553:
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5510:
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5499:
5466:
5462:
5456:
5431:
5427:
5386:(1): 85–90.
5383:
5379:
5369:
5342:
5338:
5328:
5293:
5289:
5279:
5254:
5250:
5244:
5232:. Retrieved
5222:
5210:. Retrieved
5203:the original
5198:
5186:
5161:
5157:
5151:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5075:
5071:
5065:
5030:
5026:
5016:
4983:
4979:
4973:
4938:
4934:
4924:
4881:
4877:
4867:
4834:
4830:
4823:
4786:
4782:
4772:
4761:. Retrieved
4752:
4742:
4731:. Retrieved
4722:
4712:
4677:
4673:
4663:
4628:
4624:
4614:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4536:
4532:
4522:
4495:
4489:
4447:(10): 2859.
4444:
4440:
4430:
4395:
4391:
4381:
4338:
4334:
4324:
4297:
4293:
4283:
4248:
4244:
4234:
4223:. Retrieved
4214:
4211:"NHSN | CDC"
4193:
4187:
4175:. Retrieved
4168:the original
4155:
4143:. Retrieved
4133:
4098:. Retrieved
4091:the original
4072:
4065:
4057:
4052:
4017:
4007:
3995:. Retrieved
3991:the original
3981:
3970:. Retrieved
3966:the original
3956:
3935:
3927:
3919:the original
3914:
3905:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3634:
3630:
3583:(1): 40–44.
3580:
3576:
3566:
3544:(2): 61–71.
3541:
3537:
3530:
3518:. Retrieved
3514:
3505:
3493:. Retrieved
3489:the original
3484:
3475:
3463:. Retrieved
3414:
3408:
3365:
3361:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3194:
3182:. Retrieved
3164:
3130:
3126:
3113:
3089:(1): 11–21.
3086:
3082:
3072:
3039:
3035:
3028:
2993:
2989:
2979:
2968:, retrieved
2953:
2912:
2908:
2887:: 1011–1019.
2884:
2880:
2874:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2820:. Retrieved
2811:
2802:
2743:
2737:
2708:
2693:South Africa
2677:
2667:
2660:
2658:
2650:
2611:
2600:
2584:
2574:pre-hospital
2573:
2571:
2555:major trauma
2550:
2548:
2530:thalassemias
2520:
2513:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2469:
2446:
2431:
2412:freeze-dried
2400:World War II
2396:blood plasma
2389:
2387:
2375:blood plasma
2373:fraction of
2360:
2351:blood plasma
2332:
2304:
2285:
2267:
2238:Sergei Yudin
2234:tuberculosis
2212:
2172:
2122:
2107:
2105:
2100:World War II
2070:
2062:
2059:
2050:
2040:
2025:
2002:
1971:
1957:
1930:
1926:World War II
1923:
1916:
1906:
1889:
1885:blood groups
1878:
1864:20th century
1855:
1843:
1839:
1825:In 1840, at
1824:
1820:real dollars
1804:obstetrician
1801:
1790:
1767:
1756:
1752:
1748:Gustaf Bonde
1745:
1725:
1718:
1708:
1704:
1692:
1674:Animal blood
1652:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1614:Blood doping
1542:(NKCs), and
1532:lymphocyte-T
1511:
1507:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1125:
1121:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1010:antipyretics
963:
956:
583:
574:
570:
562:
554:
532:
434:
424:
414:
344:
327:
324:
296:
281:
228:
190:Medical uses
173:
155:, and other
125:
124:
8941:Blood types
8840:Coombs test
8676:Whole blood
8580:(Australia)
8192:Transfusion
7568:Transfusion
5072:Transfusion
4980:Transfusion
4215:www.cdc.gov
3834:Transfusion
3791:Transfusion
3761:(1): 5–17.
3712:Transfusion
2472:plastic bag
2461:J.F. Loutit
2226:whole blood
2191:blood group
1986:blood banks
1974:coagulation
1835:haemophilia
1829:in London,
1793:blood types
1776:Human blood
1261:Discomfort
1128:hepatitis B
1051:epinephrine
558:Coombs test
411:hepatitis C
407:hepatitis B
307:whole blood
169:Whole blood
141:whole blood
134:circulation
100:MedlinePlus
37:containing
9178:Hematology
9167:Categories
8753:Blood bank
8574:(Scotland)
8508:Guidelines
8383:2023-10-21
8352:2023-10-21
8286:2023-10-21
8256:2023-10-21
8142:: 794561.
7944:2017-09-04
7768:2023-12-21
7742:2023-12-21
7551:2007-02-02
7526:2008-04-05
7292:2022-11-29
7032:2017-08-24
6980:2017-08-24
6548:2022-03-18
6515:2022-03-18
6445:2024-09-12
6414:2014-02-22
6330:2021-06-06
6246:2013-01-01
6222:(8): 447.
6087:2010-02-09
6059:2016-03-05
6034:2010-02-09
5932:2021-08-08
5892:2014-08-24
5856:2023-06-08
5820:2024-07-12
4763:2017-08-03
4733:2013-04-05
4225:2018-09-18
4177:21 January
4100:2016-01-21
3972:2013-12-11
3520:21 January
3495:21 January
3465:21 January
2822:2019-06-16
2794:References
2645:See also:
2587:blood type
2532:and other
2363:Edwin Cohn
2319:War Office
2204:Manchester
2138:. He used
2017:Luis Agote
1954:Luis Agote
1944:Blood bank
1918:Jan Janský
1897:hemoglobin
1812:hemorrhage
1617:hemolysis.
1560:, and the
1459:Inefficacy
1440:Back pain
1053:is needed.
1024:mast cells
629:Recipient
565:crossmatch
492:riboflavin
436:Plasmodium
379:antibodies
371:fibrinogen
315:blood bank
303:allogeneic
299:autologous
239:hematocrit
235:hemoglobin
176:hemoglobin
8958:Augustine
8902:reaction
8900:Hemolytic
8789:Apheresis
8681:Platelets
8326:0908-665X
8246:eClinpath
8212:1537-2995
8158:2296-858X
8109:1471-2598
7989:2157-1740
7811:1466-609X
7795:(1): 80.
7709:1532-8171
7588:1537-2995
7360:: 58–60.
7261:16 August
7144:0007-1048
6818:161789667
6588:1535-3702
6543:0362-4331
6298:cite book
5882:Newspaper
5763:1942-7611
5674:2639-8028
5617:1933-0693
5570:1532-9496
5535:215724889
5483:1534-6269
5234:22 August
5100:205724851
4898:2046-4924
4851:1538-3598
4563:205293048
4463:2077-0383
4355:1531-7048
4145:4 October
4036:0042-9007
3997:22 August
3697:198154059
3382:0958-7578
3340:0191-8869
3234:2330-0698
3184:22 August
3056:1538-3598
2858:1558-3171
2750:xenograft
2724:have 11,
2626:prejudice
2618:competent
2563:platelets
2442:test-tube
2254:Ukrainian
2200:Sheffield
2158:Expansion
2013:Argentine
1763:catheters
1548:antitumor
1346:Cyanosis
1295:Headache
1098:Infection
1032:hay fever
1028:basophils
1020:histamine
439:species (
383:apheresis
356:platelets
270:Procedure
264:platelets
153:platelets
47:phosphate
9083:Lutheran
8988:Dombrock
8773:ISBT 128
8543:Archived
8497:Archived
8377:Archived
8346:Archived
8342:29174596
8334:16756561
8280:Archived
8250:Archived
8220:32358832
8176:34957164
8117:11728218
8074:21498040
8038:21561874
7997:38661995
7938:Archived
7894:Archived
7829:36859355
7762:Archived
7736:Archived
7717:33071074
7670:22164397
7639:42488187
7631:14510088
7596:34110629
7497:14039291
7448:14278179
7374:14014662
7286:Archived
7255:Archived
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7228:11054057
7162:34523736
7026:Archived
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6956:19539877
6921:34956231
6913:11552401
6737:35894834
6729:16756596
6694:19867982
6645:19867981
6596:88016286
6509:Archived
6454:cite web
6366:19240569
6324:Archived
6240:Archived
6236:17847699
6197:21469192
6189:10691601
6152:22 April
6146:Archived
6081:Archived
6028:Archived
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5966:45734968
5926:Archived
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5814:Archived
5810:31631023
5771:36709998
5718:Archived
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5692:37275654
5683:10234463
5635:26943843
5578:25840802
5527:32277348
5491:38847973
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5271:20513565
5212:15 March
5178:17650777
5143:41654664
5135:20673245
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5008:24689742
5000:22229278
4965:20299509
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4859:23045213
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4789:(1): 2.
4757:Archived
4727:Archived
4704:25053933
4655:23449853
4606:43303207
4555:20052749
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4481:35628985
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4373:28806274
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4275:25844126
4219:Archived
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4079:. SHOT.
4044:38889998
3897:18353253
3862:34154946
3854:21155832
3819:13065820
3811:16965583
3775:16935562
3740:28186229
3732:20492615
3689:15382964
3653:20063539
3607:24659946
3558:24636779
3459:Archived
3433:Archived
3400:26104809
3301:25674776
3252:33898644
3178:Archived
3153:Archived
3149:17985376
3105:23281973
3064:37824153
3020:34932836
2964:archived
2931:22751760
2866:38453302
2816:Archived
2756:See also
2689:Hemopure
2585:Because
2286:In 1937
2250:clinical
2047:dextrose
1759:syringes
1607:factors.
1570:bacteria
1538:(TAMs),
1494:in vitro
1329:Dyspnea
1132:syphilis
496:UV light
421:syphilis
64:ICD-9-CM
51:dextrose
9122:Scianna
9008:Gerbich
8911:delayed
8782:Methods
8613:D001803
8167:8692657
7903:25 July
7872:25 July
7820:9977110
7153:8653055
6972:. PBS.
6778:8754712
6685:2125395
6636:2125399
6440:The Hub
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5626:5065393
5401:3420304
5311:3630286
5048:2782802
4956:2879099
4907:5682573
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4695:4086768
4646:3744176
4598:2492818
4472:9144124
4413:4289152
4364:5755702
4266:4384395
3598:3949610
3391:4583344
3292:7185566
3243:8060046
3011:8691808
2970:25 July
2714:species
2510:Neonate
2408:Britain
2381:in the
2309:at the
2296:Chicago
2240:in the
2230:malaria
2208:Norwich
2015:doctor
2007:doctor
2005:Belgian
1770:Vatican
1642:History
1490:in vivo
1485:in vivo
1481:in vivo
1278:Rigors
1227:Chills
1148:Babesia
1062:purpura
508:TA-GvHD
441:malaria
363:protein
360:albumin
80:D001803
55:adenine
43:citrate
9033:Indian
8978:Cromer
8973:Colton
8698:Plasma
8469:(ISBT)
8463:(BBTS)
8457:(AABB)
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2762:Anemia
2734:horses
2722:cattle
2357:, 1943
2355:Sicily
2218:Moscow
2193:. The
1528:cancer
1465:per se
1210:Fever
1146:, and
1114:, the
598:Donor
483:, and
433:) and
354:, and
352:plasma
248:anemia
184:oxygen
149:plasma
106:000431
53:, and
9183:Blood
9152:Other
9078:Lewis
9068:Knops
9048:KANNO
8993:Duffy
8983:Diego
8906:acute
8821:Tests
8474:Books
8338:S2CID
7897:(PDF)
7886:(PDF)
7635:S2CID
7232:S2CID
6917:S2CID
6814:S2CID
6733:S2CID
6592:S2CID
6370:S2CID
6193:S2CID
6141:JSTOR
6010:(PDF)
5987:(PDF)
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5206:(PDF)
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5139:S2CID
5096:S2CID
5004:S2CID
4935:Blood
4602:S2CID
4559:S2CID
4294:Blood
4171:(PDF)
4164:(PDF)
4094:(PDF)
4077:(PDF)
3858:S2CID
3815:S2CID
3736:S2CID
3693:S2CID
3436:(PDF)
3419:(PDF)
3156:(PDF)
3123:(PDF)
2738:first
2476:glass
2335:Nazis
1736:sheep
1711:Boyle
1589:HIPEC
1562:STAT3
1558:Tregs
1516:Other
1244:Cold
1177:TRALI
1112:ELISA
180:cells
114:[
9132:T-Tn
9117:RHAG
9115:and
9108:Raph
9103:P1PK
9063:Kidd
9053:Kell
9018:GLOB
9003:FORS
8963:CD59
8708:PF24
8658:and
8608:MeSH
8486:NCBI
8411:ISBN
8330:PMID
8322:ISSN
8216:PMID
8208:ISSN
8172:PMID
8154:ISSN
8113:PMID
8105:ISSN
8070:PMID
8034:PMID
7993:PMID
7985:ISSN
7928:ISBN
7905:2014
7874:2014
7825:PMID
7807:ISSN
7713:PMID
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7666:PMID
7627:PMID
7592:PMID
7584:ISSN
7493:PMID
7444:PMID
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7370:PMID
7354:JAMA
7263:2019
7224:PMID
7181:ISBN
7158:PMID
7140:ISSN
7075:ISBN
7051:ISBN
7002:ISBN
6952:PMID
6909:PMID
6841:LXIV
6774:PMID
6725:PMID
6690:PMID
6641:PMID
6584:ISSN
6539:ISSN
6460:link
6362:PMID
6304:link
6266:ISBN
6232:PMID
6185:PMID
6154:2015
6115:ISBN
5999:PMID
5962:OCLC
5952:ISBN
5842:PMID
5806:PMID
5767:PMID
5759:ISSN
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5670:ISSN
5631:PMID
5613:ISSN
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5566:ISSN
5523:PMID
5487:PMID
5479:ISSN
5444:PMID
5406:PMID
5357:PMID
5316:PMID
5267:PMID
5236:2014
5214:2022
5174:PMID
5131:PMID
5088:PMID
5053:PMID
4996:PMID
4961:PMID
4912:PMID
4894:ISSN
4855:PMID
4847:ISSN
4831:JAMA
4811:PMID
4700:PMID
4651:PMID
4594:PMID
4551:PMID
4510:OCLC
4500:ISBN
4477:PMID
4459:ISSN
4418:PMID
4392:JAMA
4369:PMID
4351:ISSN
4312:PMID
4271:PMID
4179:2016
4147:2017
4081:ISBN
4040:PMID
4032:ISSN
3999:2014
3942:ISBN
3893:PMID
3850:PMID
3807:PMID
3771:PMID
3728:PMID
3685:PMID
3649:PMID
3603:PMID
3554:PMID
3522:2016
3497:2016
3467:2016
3423:ISBN
3396:PMID
3378:ISSN
3336:ISSN
3297:PMID
3275:2015
3248:PMID
3230:ISSN
3186:2014
3145:PMID
3101:PMID
3060:PMID
3052:ISSN
3036:JAMA
3016:PMID
2972:2014
2927:PMID
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2854:ISSN
2788:AIDS
2730:pigs
2726:dogs
2718:cats
2565:and
2410:. A
2242:USSR
2232:and
2206:and
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2132:RAMC
2026:The
2003:The
1980:and
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1806:Dr.
1761:and
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1522:the
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1239:+++
1144:HTLV
1026:and
693:AB−
632:AB+
624:AB+
454:and
397:The
93:8-80
74:MeSH
68:99.0
9137:Vel
9127:Sid
9093:MNS
9073:Lan
9043:JMH
9013:GIL
8946:ABO
8314:doi
8200:doi
8162:PMC
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8024:doi
8016:Gut
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