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administration units, which can be equated to a present state president, a Qalu who in turn appoints other smaller administrators in his jurisdiction called Jalab (governor) who are respectively in charge of smaller administration, meaning one Qalu is in charge of many Jalab under his state. Accordingly, the Jalab appoints Qae (village) in charge of villages under him. Qae is answerable to Jalab, Jalab is answerable to Qalu, and Qalu is answerable to Fite Qalu. Only Fite Qalu and Qalu have an authority to make a prayer in all gatherings, Jalab and Qae are deprived of that role. No Borana gatherings are recognized without the presence of either Fite Qalu or Qalu who opens the gatherings with a prayer.
290:
immediate stage to the Gadaa stage called Dori. They serve their community for eight years and meet three times in those years. The first meeting takes place before they depart to different regions of Borana for community protection. The second meeting is after four years. And they meet a last time, again, at the end of their eight years making a ceremony of giving the roles and power of protection to other upcoming members of that age of Dori who were in Raba before. Their time cuts across two consecutive supreme leaders and they serve and take instructions from both.
265:
their traditional boundaries were paramount to them, and in many cases, fights broke out between Borana and their neighbors, who took advantage of Borana kindness and forcefully reared their animals in Borana grazing land and took over some of the Borana water sources, traditionally called Tula Saglan. Presently, the Borana boundaries have been infiltrated by the three governments surrounding Borana territory; these include
Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia.
37:
282:
Years ago
Boranas became Muslims, three time of three consecutive Abagadhas and goes back to fully to their tradition three consecutive Abagadhas after this. Since then their system remains full tradition. But still, there are Boranas who are Muslims and others who are Christians as well and they all value their system as an asset.
272:
Socially, Boranas was known to be very kind people, especially to the visitors, a weakness that all these three colonial governments used to strip off most of their ancestral heritages, not limited to land, water sources, natural resources, and top grazing areas. Boranas harmoniously lived with their
268:
Due to this, the Borana have lost much of their top grazing land, far from their central area where they used to take their animals during the drought. They are economically affected and politically caught between these colonial governments and many struggles between them. As of today, the nine wells
281:
Spiritually, Boranas believe that there is a supreme Being in charge of their worldly affairs and upper dominion, they believe that there is a creator called 'WAQ'. Many Borana people prefer to be
Muslims rather than Christians since the religion of Islam concurs in many ways with their tradition.
264:
Economically, from time immemorial until the present, the Borana have passed laws in the Gumi Gayo covering Borana's traditional land and natural resources. Since
Boranas were mixed farmers rearing cattle, camels, and goats, and planting food crops; farming land, grazing land, and water sources,
255:
Abagadha is anointed at an early age of 1-8 years. The
Abagadha and others of his age pass through an education system that will last for forty years after which he will take over the leadership as Abagadha. He and his team will vote from 17 sub-clans of Borana, one parliament member from each
208:
For generations, Borana men have dedicated themselves to extracting salt from the crater of an extinct volcano called "Chew Bet" located in southern
Ethiopia. After having extracted the salt in a very hard way, the salt is sold at a good price since it is a highly appreciated commodity in this
251:
Politically, it has a system of government where the overall leader is God himself and many unknown things are referred as 'Waqa Bekh', a sentence that can be equated to a
Supreme Being knows. The second in command who is also the supreme leader of the whole Borana community is referred to as
289:
The
Boranas also have special warriors that defend the community from any enemies. They are in the last stage to the Gadaa stage and are in one part of stages of the Borana system. Only those between 32-40 years are allowed to be part of this special Borana Defense Forces. They are all in an
285:
Spiritually, Boranas have a supreme spiritual leader known as Fite Qalu. Besides being a supreme spirituality in charge of prayer in all Borana gatherings, including the Borana parliament, he is also in charge of administration, who appoints other Qalu, putting them in charge of smaller
192:
Through the Gadha system, the
Boranas are believed to have conquered and protected their territories until the second world war when they were overpowered by colonial policies. Since they were semi-nomadic, their population growth did not match that of their neighbors both in
328:
224:
language family. In the border regions of
Ethiopia-Kenya and southwestern Somalia, one estimate places about 1,094,000 people as Boranas. Another estimate in 2019 suggests 874,000 Boranas in Ethiopia, 210,000 in Kenya and 10,000 in Somalia.
273:
neighbors by sharing and helping during hard times like prolonged drought seasons, till colonial powers set in and instigated colonial wars and redrew the African territories into colonial boundaries.
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of Borana (Tulla Saglan), traditional settlements, and their traditional grazing land are scattered across these colonial boundaries, and others are inaccessible to the larger Boranas.
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Abagadha. The Abagadha is the person in charge of all affairs of the Borana community and answerable to the Gumi Gayo (parliament).
173:
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725:
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Aguilar, Mario (1996). "The Eagle as Messenger, Pilgrim and Voice: Divinatory Processes among the Waso Boorana of Kenya".
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as a heritage that needs to be protected. The system covers political, social, economic and spiritual ways of life.
329:"2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics"
201:, which put them at risk of losing much of their territory. Today, they make up the majority of the population in
785:
647:
378:
441:
The Oromo of East Africa, Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, Vol. 12, No. 2 (Summer, 1956), pages 171-190
808:
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sub-clan. The parliament, called Gumi Gayo, functions just like a present day senate with the same roles.
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https://webarchive.archive.unhcr.org/20230602102507/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3df0a18e4.html
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The Borana have had their own form of government system for the last 568 years, recognized by
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This article is about East African ethnic group. For the South American sub-language, see
8:
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Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues
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Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues
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Those in Kenya and Ethiopia speak the Borana language that is closely related to the
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Decisions in the Shade. Political and juridical processes among the Oromo-Borana
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630:"Prints of The extinct volcano at Chew Bet in southern Ethiopia has a dark"
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1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Oromia Region
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182:
130:
90:
82:
1441:
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453:"The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans"
36:
198:
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53:
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807:
245:
178:
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Gada Three Approaches to the Study of African Society.
619:, Tables 2.1, 2.3, 2.14, 2.17 (accessed 6 April 2009)
161:. The Boorana people are notable for practicing the
744:
The Free Press A Division of McMillan Co. Inc, 1973
1102:Population and Housing Census - Ethnic Affiliation
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553:
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767:Notes On The Gedamoch Ceremonies Among The Boran
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559:
774:, Vol. 18, No. 70 (Jan 1919), pp. 114–121
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527:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
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396:2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia
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118:) are one of the two major subgroups of the
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153:. They speak a distinct dialect of the
41:Borana Oromo Child from Ethiopia (1960)
1608:
354:"Oromo, Borana-Arsi-Guji (Ethnologue)"
233:
1114:
781:
772:Journal of the Royal African Society
451:Sarah Tishkoff; et al. (2009).
379:"PeopleGroups.org - Borana of Kenya"
47:Regions with significant populations
747:Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford,
607:
333:Kenya National Bureau of Statistics
13:
734:
14:
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177:Borana children near the town of
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1:
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683:. Routledge. pp. 24–25.
634:Media Storehouse Photo Prints
566:. Routledge. pp. 24–25.
409:Journal of Religion in Africa
129:, they primarily inhabit the
762:Clifford H F Plowman CMG OBE
205:and the surrounding region.
7:
720:, Oxford University Press,
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588:"Borana Oromo in Ethiopia"
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18:
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1148:
1142:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia
1098:
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677:Steven L. Danver (2015).
560:Steven L. Danver (2015).
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96:
80:
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68:
63:
51:
46:
34:
749:Some records of Ethiopia
530:. Elsevier. 2010-04-06.
315:
16:Subgroup of Oromo people
665:Appiah & Gates 2010
480:10.1126/science.1172257
421:10.1163/157006696X00352
216:, which is part of the
169:Demography and language
812:(by linguistic origin)
809:Ethnic groups in Kenya
717:Encyclopedia of Africa
712:Gates, Henry Louis Jr.
189:
165:without interruption.
751:Hakluyt Society, 1954
708:Appiah, Kwame Anthony
176:
97:Related ethnic groups
21:Bora–Witoto languages
220:branch of the large
1307:Soddo Gurage people
758:Red Sea Press, 2005
472:2009Sci...324.1035T
234:Borana Gadaa system
85:with minorities of
31:
652:Boundless Ethiopia
648:"Yabello - Borana"
415:(Fasc. 1): 56–72.
190:
157:by the same name,
29:
1603:
1602:
1455:
1454:
1108:
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813:
740:Asmarom Legesse.
727:978-0-19-533770-9
690:978-1-317-46400-6
573:978-1-317-46400-6
466:(5930): 1035–44.
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1570:African American
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500:. Archived from
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143:Eastern Province
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735:Further reading
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38:
33:
22:
1621:Oromo groups
1616:Borana Oromo
1461:Nilo-Saharan
1312:Chebo people
1290:Beta Abraham
1150:Afro-Asiatic
1014:Borana Oromo
933:Nilo-Saharan
771:
766:
755:
748:
741:
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679:
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597:. Retrieved
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502:the original
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336:. Retrieved
332:
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310:Oromo people
288:
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243:
222:Afro-Asiatic
211:
207:
191:
163:Gadaa system
158:
145:in northern
127:ethnic group
120:Oromo people
115:
111:
109:
87:Christianity
26:Ethnic group
1295:Falash Mura
1285:Beta Israel
1001:Afroasiatic
820:Niger–Congo
305:Borena Zone
183:Borena Zone
131:Borena Zone
91:Waaqeffanna
83:Sunni Islam
1610:Categories
701:References
543:2023-10-25
511:2017-12-07
56:, 276,236
1595:Jamaicans
1539:Shanqella
1529:Nyangatom
1437:Wolaitans
1187:Daasanach
1019:Daasanach
898:Mijikenda
81:Majority
64:Languages
1590:Italians
1575:Armenian
1432:Shinasha
1334:Tigrayan
1217:Kambaata
1159:Cushitic
1100:Source:
1090:European
1082:European
1039:Rendille
956:Kalenjin
599:11 March
498:19407144
338:24 March
294:See also
277:Religion
218:Cushitic
209:region.
199:Ethiopia
187:Ethiopia
139:Ethiopia
124:Cushitic
76:Religion
54:Ethiopia
52:874,000
1580:Chinese
1489:Kichepo
1372:Basketo
1280:Argobba
1267:Semitic
1247:Somalis
1067:Chinese
1024:El Molo
991:Turkana
961:Samburu
913:Swahili
853:Giriama
489:2947357
468:Bibcode
460:Science
429:1581894
260:Economy
229:Society
159:Boorana
133:of the
112:Boorana
1585:Greeks
1504:Majang
1354:Omotic
1329:Wolane
1324:Silt'e
1319:Harari
1302:Gurage
1275:Amhara
1252:Tsamai
1242:Sidama
1232:Qemant
1207:Hadiya
1177:Arbore
1072:Indian
1044:Somali
976:Maasai
946:Ateker
941:Ariaal
923:Taveta
903:Pokomo
888:Mbeere
868:Kikuyu
858:Jibana
838:Chonyi
833:Bajuni
828:Agumba
724:
687:
570:
534:
496:
486:
427:
300:Oromia
246:UNESCO
203:Moyale
179:Yabelo
116:Borana
30:Borana
1554:Tirma
1549:Surma
1544:Shita
1534:Shabo
1519:Mursi
1514:Murle
1509:Mekan
1499:Kwegu
1494:Kwama
1484:Gumuz
1479:Berta
1469:Anuak
1447:Zayse
1442:Yemsa
1427:Maale
1422:Koore
1417:Konta
1412:Hamar
1397:Dorze
1387:Dawro
1382:Chara
1377:Bench
1367:Banna
1339:Werji
1257:Weyto
1227:Oromo
1222:Konso
1202:Gedeo
1197:Gabra
1192:Danta
1059:Asian
1049:Yaaku
1029:Gabra
1009:Aweer
981:Okiek
951:Camus
918:Taita
883:Luhya
878:Kuria
873:Kisii
863:Kamba
505:(PDF)
456:(PDF)
425:JSTOR
316:Notes
240:Gadaa
214:Oromo
195:Kenya
147:Kenya
70:Oromo
58:Kenya
1524:Nuer
1474:Bare
1407:Gofa
1402:Gamo
1392:Dizi
1362:Aari
1237:Saho
1212:Irob
1172:Agaw
1167:Afar
1034:Orma
986:Teso
966:Kore
908:Suba
893:Meru
848:Embu
843:Digo
722:ISBN
685:ISBN
601:2024
568:ISBN
532:ISBN
494:PMID
340:2020
197:and
122:. A
110:The
89:and
1344:Zay
1182:Awi
971:Luo
770:,
484:PMC
476:doi
464:324
417:doi
181:in
137:of
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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