1063:
alcohol concentration is nearly identical in all regions of the lung. Rather, it is because, during exhalation, water and alcohol are being redeposited on the airways, primarily the trachea and generations 6 though 12 of the airways. As more fluid is deposited on the mucous surfaces, the remaining fluid travels further, resulting in more alcohol being recorded by the breathalyzer. The recorded alcohol concentrations never reach the alveolar alcohol concentration, even if the subject exhales as deeply as possible. According to Henry's law, alveolar air alcohol concentration would be pulmonary BAC divided by 1756, compared to the BrAC which is arterial blood concentration divided by 2251. When the subject stops exhaling, the alcohol concentration levels off - this does not indicate that alveolar air has been obtained, as it will level off regardless of the point at which the subject stops exhaling. But it does mean that end-exhaled BrAC is readily obtained. This brings up the question of what is meant by reporting BrAC as a single number; is it the "deep-lung air", the highest possible reading obtainable by the subject's full exhalation? Or is it the zero concentration at the initial part of the curve? Hlastala suggests using the average BrAC during the exhalation, which corresponds to the BrAC measured at about the 5-second mark. The
Supreme Court of California determined that the BrAC is defined as the alcohol concentration of the last part of the subject’s expired breath.
213:
1400:, which means that by applying for a driver's license, drivers are agreeing to take an evidentiary chemical test (blood, breath, or urine) after being arrested for a DUI. But in US law, the arrest and subsequent test may be invalidated if it is found that the arrest lacked probable cause. The PBT establishes a baseline alcohol level that the police officer may use to justify the arrest. The result of the PBT is not generally admissible in court, except to establish probable cause, although some states, such as Idaho, permit data or "readings" from hand-held preliminary breath testers or preliminary alcohol screeners to be presented as evidence in court. In states such as Florida and Colorado, there are no penalties for refusing a PBT. Police are not obliged to advise the suspect that participation in a FST, PBT, or other pre-arrest procedures is voluntary. In contrast, formal evidentiary tests given under implied consent requirements are considered mandatory.
236:
1067:
exhale a greater fraction of their available lung volume compared with a larger subject. A mathematical model suggests that a 2L-lung-capacity subject's end-exhaled BrAC may read 35% higher than a 6L subject for the same minimum 1.5L exhalation and alveolar alcohol concentration. For exhalation to the maximum extent, such as under typical laboratory conditions, measured BrAC is unaffected by lung size. The subject's body temperature and breath temperature also influence results, with an increase in temperature corresponding to an increase in measured BrAC. Furthermore, the humidity and temperature of the ambient air can decrease results by as much as 10%. The result of these factors is that the breath test is more forgiving for some subjects than others. Nonetheless, the overall variance due to how much one breathes out is usually low, and some breathalyzers compensate for the volume of air.
1286:(sometimes referred to as driving or operating while intoxicated) in several ways. Historically, states in the US initially prohibited driving with a high level of BAC, and did not have any laws regarding BrAC. A BrAC test result was merely presented as indirect evidence of BAC. Where the defendant had refused to take a subsequent blood test, the only way the state could prove BAC was by presenting scientific evidence of how alcohol in the breath gets there from alcohol in the blood, along with evidence of how to convert from one to the other. DUI defense attorneys frequently contested the scientific reliability of such evidence. Before September 2011, South Dakota relied solely on blood tests to ensure accuracy.
166:
1059:, which supplies blood to these airways. When the air reaches the alveoli, it is already near equilibrium - this is why inhaling dry air does not dry out the lungs significantly. With exhalation, water and alcohol are rapidly lost to the airways, primarily within the fifth to fifteenth generations of branching. Nonetheless, as may be evidenced by seeing one's breath in the cold, some water vapor does not get re-absorbed by the airways and is exhaled, and similarly some alcohol is exhaled during breathing. But the relationship of the alcohol concentration of this air to the concentration of alcohol in the blood is somewhat suspect and can be affected by many variables.
1148:"slope" parameter. This parameter detects any decrease in alcohol concentration of 0.006 g per 210 L of breath in 0.6 second, a condition indicative of residual mouth alcohol, and will result in an "invalid sample" warning to the operator, notifying the operator of the presence of the residual mouth alcohol. Other instruments require that the individual be tested twice at least two minutes apart. Mouthwash or other mouth alcohol will have somewhat dissipated after two minutes and cause the second reading to disagree with the first, requiring a retest. Many preliminary breath testers, however, feature no such safeguards.
1185:, pennies and batteries; all of these methods proved ineffective. The show noted that using these items to cover the smell of alcohol may fool a person, but, since they will not actually reduce a person's BrAC, there will be no effect on a breath analyzer test regardless of the quantity used, if any, it appeared that using mouthwash only raised the BrAC. Pennies supposedly produce a chemical reaction, while batteries supposedly create an electrical charge, yet neither of these methods affected the breath analyzer results.
870:
consumers use a silicon oxide sensor (also called a semiconductor sensor) to determine the alcohol concentration. These sensors are prone to contamination and interference from substances other than breath alcohol, and require recalibration or replacement every six months. Higher-end personal breath analyzers and professional-use breath alcohol testers use platinum fuel cell sensors. These too require recalibration but at less frequent intervals than semiconductor devices, usually once a year.
1247:
38:
1140:, can greatly exacerbate the mouth-alcohol problem. The stomach is normally separated from the throat by a valve, but when this valve becomes incompetent or herniated, there is nothing to stop the liquid contents in the stomach from rising and permeating the esophagus and mouth. The contents—including any alcohol—are then later exhaled into the breathalyzer. One study of 10 individuals suffering from this condition did not find any actual increase in breath ethanol.
5060:
189:, England, Dr. Gorsky, a police surgeon, asked a suspect to inflate a football bladder with his breath. Since the 2 liters of the man's breath contained 1.5 mg of ethanol, Gorsky testified before the court that the defendant was "50% drunk". The use of drunkenness as the standard, as opposed to BAC, perhaps invalidated the analysis, as tolerance to alcohol varies. However, the story illustrates the general principles of breath analysis.
1216:, etc.) that would fool a fuel cell type detector, or an organic interferent to fool an infrared absorption detector. The infrared absorption detector is more vulnerable to interference than a laboratory instrument measuring a continuous absorption spectrum since it only makes measurements at particular discrete wavelengths. However, due to the fact that any interference can only cause higher absorption, not lower, the estimated
1055:. However, the alcohol in the exhaled air comes essentially from the airways of the lung, and not from the alveoli. The alcohol acts similarly to water vapor, so it is instructive to study the humidity of lung air. During breathing, the inspired air picks up water and alcohol from the airways. Almost all uptake occurs in the upper airways; thus, the BrAC is most affected by the alcohol concentration in the
3052:: "If the People have proved beyond a reasonable doubt that a sample of the defendant's (blood/breath/urine) was taken within three hours of the defendant's driving and that a chemical analysis of the sample showed a blood alcohol level of 0.08 percent or more, you may, but are not required to, conclude that the defendant's blood alcohol level was 0.08 percent or more at the time of the alleged offense."
1430:
102:
977:, a common gasoline additive, has been alleged anecdotally to cause false positives in persons exposed to it. Tests have shown this to be true for older machines; however, newer machines detect this interference and compensate for it. Any number of other products found in the environment or workplace can also cause erroneous BAC results. These include compounds found in
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the 2100:1 figure. The NSC has acknowledged that more recent research shows the actual relationship is most probably higher than 2100:1 and closer to 2300:1, but opines that this difference is of minimal practical significance in law enforcement. The use of the lower 2100:1 factor errs on the side of conservativism and can only favor the driver.
1381:. In order to demand a person produce a breathalyzer sample an officer must have "reasonable suspicion" that the person drove with more than 80 mg alcohol per 100 mL of blood. The demand must be within three hours of driving. Any driver that refuses can be charged under s.254 of the Criminal Code. With the legalization of
1031:
ratio of ABAC:BrAC is 2294 ± 56 across all phases and 2251 ± 46 in the post-absorption phase. For example, a breathalyzer measurement of 0.10 mg/L of breath alcohol characterises approximately 0.0001×2251 g/L, or 0.2251 g/L of arterial blood alcohol concentration (equivalent to 0.2251 permille or 0.02251% BAC).
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avoid alerting the police officers administering the test (who would obviously become very suspicious if they noticed that a person was inserting items into their mouth prior to taking a breath test). It would likely be very difficult, especially for someone in an intoxicated state, to be able to accomplish such a feat.
1309:, which means it is presumed that the driver was intoxicated given a high BrAC reading, but that presumption can be rebutted if a jury finds it unreliable or if other evidence establishes a reasonable doubt as to whether the person actually drove with a breath or blood alcohol level of 0.08% or greater.
1407:
subjects a non-commercial driver to a "civil infraction" fine, with no violation "points", but is not considered to be a refusal under the general "implied consent" law. In some states, the state may present evidence of refusal to take a field sobriety test in court, although this is of questionable
1237:
showed some of the more common and not-so-common ways of attempts to beat the breath analyzer, none of which work. Test 1 was to suck on a copper-coated coin such as a penny. Test 2 was to hold a battery on the tongue. Test 3 was to chew gum. None of these tests showed a "pass" reading if the subject
1030:
Across all phases, BrAC correlates closely with arterial BAC. Arterial blood distributes oxygen throughout the body. Breath alcohol is a representation of the equilibrium of alcohol concentration as the blood gases (alcohol) pass from the arterial blood into the lungs to be expired in the breath. The
878:
The dry-gas method utilizes a portable calibration standard which is a precise mixture of ethanol and inert nitrogen available in a pressurized canister. Initial equipment costs are less than alternative methods and the steps required are fewer. The equipment is also portable allowing calibrations to
1328:
In early years, the range of the BrAC threshold in the US varied considerably between States. States have since adopted a uniform 0.08% BrAC level, due to federal guidelines. It is said that the federal government ensures the passage of the federal guidelines by tying traffic safety highway funds to
1254:
In general, two types of breathalyzer are used. Small hand-held breathalyzers are not reliable enough to provide evidence in court but reliable enough to justify an arrest. These devices may be used by officers in the field as a form of "field sobriety test" commonly called "preliminary breath test"
1108:
One of the most common causes of falsely high breath analyzer readings is the existence of mouth alcohol. In analyzing a subject's breath sample, the breath analyzer's internal computer is making the assumption that the alcohol in the breath sample came from the lungs. However, alcohol may have come
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As air is exhaled, the alcohol concentration of the exhaled air increases over time, rising significantly in the first few seconds and then slowing down after, but not leveling out until the subject stops exhaling. This is not because there is a "dead space" of non-alcoholic air in the airways - the
869:
Calibration is the process of checking and adjusting the internal settings of a breath analyzer by comparing and adjusting its test results to a known alcohol standard. Breath analyzer sensors drift over time and require periodic calibration to ensure accuracy. Many handheld breath analyzers sold to
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was complete within one hour-9:00. At the time of the stop, the driver is fully absorbed. The test result of 0.080 was at 10:00. So the one hour of elimination that has occurred since the stop is added in, making 0.080+0.015=0.095 the approximate breath alcohol concentration at the time of the stop.
1304:
In other states, such as
California and New Jersey, the statute remains tied to BAC, but the BrAC results of certain machines have been judicially deemed presumptively accurate substitutes for blood testing when used as directed. While BrAC tests are not necessary to prove a defendant was under the
1300:
jurisdictions such as the UK, it is automatically illegal to drive a vehicle with a sufficiently high breath alcohol concentration (BrAC). The breath analyzer reading of the operator will be offered as evidence of that crime, and challenges can only be offered on the basis of an inaccurate reading.
1143:
Mouth alcohol can also be created in other ways. Dentures, some have theorized, will trap alcohol, although experiments have shown no difference if the normal 15 minute observation period is observed. Periodontal disease can also create pockets in the gums which will contain the alcohol for longer
1009:
Absorption of alcohol continues for anywhere from 20 minutes (on an empty stomach) to two-and-one-half hours (on a full stomach) after the last consumption, generally taking around 40-50 minutes. During the absorptive phase, the concentration of alcohol throughout the body changes unpredictably, as
180:
In 1927, Emil Bogen produced a paper on breath analysis. He collected air in a football bladder and then tested this air for traces of alcohol, discovering that the alcohol content of 2 litres of expired air was a little greater than that of 1 cc of urine. Also in 1927, a
Chicago chemist,
1501:
Time of breath test-10:00pm...Result of breath test-0.080...Time of driving-9:00pm (stopped by officer)...Time of last drink-8:00pm...Last food-12:00pm. Using these facts, an expert can say the person's last drink was consumed on an empty stomach, which means absorption of the last drink (at 8:00)
1324:
There is no international consensus on the statutory ratio of blood to breath levels, ranging from 2000:1 (most of Europe) to 2100:1 (US) to 2300:1 (UK). In the US, the ratio of 2100:1 was determined based on studies done in 1930-1950, with a 1952 report of the
National Safety Council establishing
1147:
To help guard against mouth-alcohol contamination, certified breath-test operators and police officers are trained to observe a test subject carefully for at least 15–20 minutes before administering the breath test. Some instruments also feature built-in safeguards. The
Intoxilyzer 5000 features a
1034:
The ratio of venous blood alcohol content to breath alcohol content may vary significantly, from 1300:1 to 3100:1. Assuming a blood-alcohol concentration of 0.07%, for example, a person could have a partition ratio of 1500:1 and a breath test reading of 0.10 g/2100 mL, over the legal limit in some
1026:
dosing, chugging a single large drink. With additional doses of alcohol, the definitions of absorption and post-absorption are less clear. However, once absorption of the last drink has finished, the concentrations will follow standard post-absorption curves. It is also not always clear from a BAC
918:
light beam is passed through this sample, and a detector records the change in intensity and, hence, the change in color, which is used to calculate the percent alcohol in the breath. However, since potassium dichromate is a strong oxidizer, numerous alcohol groups can be oxidized by it, producing
1490:
The breath analyzer test is usually administered at a police station, commonly an hour or more after the arrest. Although this gives the BrAC at the time of the test, it does not by itself answer the question of what it was at the time of driving. The prosecution typically provides an estimated
1353:
breathalyzers, but typically are not calibrated frequently enough for evidentiary purposes. The test device typically provides numerical blood alcohol content (BAC) readings, but its primary use is for screening. In some cases, the device even has "pass/fail" indicia. For example, in Canada, PST
1066:
End-exhaled BrAC varies depending on several factors. Most alcohol breath testers require a minimum exhalation volume (normally between 1.1 and 1.5 L) or minimum six-second exhalation time before the breath sample is accepted. This raises concerns for subject with smaller lung volumes - they must
1192:
episode also pointed out another complication: it would be necessary to insert the item into one's mouth (for example, eat an onion, rinse with mouthwash, conceal a battery), take the breath test, and then possibly remove the item — all of which would have to be accomplished discreetly enough to
1491:
alcohol concentration at the time of driving utilizing retrograde extrapolation, presented by expert opinion. This involves projecting back in time to estimate the BrAC level at the time of driving, by applying the physiological properties of absorption and elimination rates in the human body.
1038:
Other false positives of high BrAC and also blood reading are related to patients with proteinuria and hematuria, due to kidney metabolization and failure. The metabolization rate of related patients with kidney damage is abnormal in relation to percent in alcohol in the breath. However, since
1099:
Overall, the results show an increase in measured BrAC with increased contact between the lungs and the measured air. Exercising immediately before the test, such as running up and down a flight of stairs, can also reduce measured BrAC by 13% or more, with the combined effect of exercise and
1312:
Another issue is that the BrAC is typically tested several hours after the time of driving. Some jurisdictions, such as the State of
Washington, allow the use of breath analyzer test results without regard as to how much time passed between operation of the vehicle and the time the test was
882:
The wet-bath method utilizes an ethanol/water standard in a precise specialized alcohol concentration, contained and delivered in specialized breath simulator equipment. The wet-bath method has a higher initial cost and is not intended to be portable. The standard must be fresh and replaced
279:
level for drivers in the UK, above which it became an offence to be in charge of a motor vehicle; and introduced the roadside breathalyser, made available to police forces across the country. In 1979, Lion
Laboratories' version of the breathalyser, known as the Alcolyser and incorporating
1348:
The preliminary breath test or preliminary alcohol screening test uses small hand-held breath analyzers (hand-held breathalyzers). (The terms "preliminary breath test" ("PBT") and "preliminary alcohol screening test" reference the same devices and functions.) They are generally based on
873:
There are two ways of calibrating a precision fuel cell breath analyzer, the wet-bath and the dry-gas methods. Each method requires specialized equipment and factory-trained technicians. It is not a procedure that can be conducted by untrained users or without the proper equipment.
1469:
While jurisdictions that recognise absorptive stage intoxication as a defense would also accept a defense of consumption after driving, some jurisdictions penalise post-driving drinking. While laws regarding absorption of alcohol consumed before (or while) driving are generally
1478:, it is illegal to be over the impaired driving limits within 3 hours of driving (given as 2 hours by CDN DOJ); however, the new law allows a "drinking after driving" defence in a situation where a driver had no reason to expect a demand by the police for breath testing.
1120:
breath spray on an
Intoxilyzer 5000. He performed 23 tests with subjects who sprayed their throats and obtained readings as high as 0.81—far beyond legal levels. The scientist also noted that the effects of the spray did not fall below detectable levels until after 18 minutes.
861:(BAC), which requires the analysis of a blood sample. Instead, they measure the amount of alcohol in one's breath, BrAC, generally reported in milligrams of alcohol per liter of breathed air. The relationship between BrAC and BAC is complex, and is affected by many factors.
1035:
jurisdictions. However, low partition ratios are generally observed during the absorption phase. Post-absorption, the ratio is relatively fixed, 2382 ± 119 , although this ratio was measured in a laboratory environment and variation may be larger in real-world scenarios.
1511:
Public breathalyzers are becoming a method for consumers to test themselves at the source of alcohol consumption. These are used in pubs, bars, restaurants, charities, weddings and all types of licensed events. As breathalyzer tests have increased risk of transmission of
2953:
Accordingly, all breath-testing programs require the operator or other trained individual to 'continuously' observe the subject for 15 to 20 minutes before a breath test (the exact amount of time varies among the jurisdictions). The rules typically require reasonable
232:. His trademarked Breathalyzer used chemical oxidation and photometry to determine alcohol concentrations. The invention of the Breathalyzer provided law enforcement with a quick and portable test to determine an individual's intoxication level via breath analysis.
969:
levels hundreds or even thousands of times higher than those in others. Acetone is one of the many substances that can be falsely identified as ethyl alcohol by some breath machines. However, fuel cell based systems are non-responsive to substances like acetone.
1354:
devices, called "alcohol screening devices" are set so that, from 0 to 49 mg% it shows digits, from 50 to 99 mg% it shows the word "warn" and 100 mg% and above it shows "fail". These preliminary breath tests are sometimes categorised as part of
1411:
Different requirements apply in many states to drivers under DUI probation, in which case participation in a preliminary breath test may be a condition of probation, and for commercial drivers under "drug screening" requirements. Some US states, notably
1454:
A common defense to an impaired driving charge (in appropriate circumstances) is that the consumption of alcohol occurred subsequent to driving. The typical circumstance where this comes up is when a driver consumes alcohol after a road accident, as an
1420:
of those statutes has not been tested. (As a practical matter, most criminal lawyers advise suspects who refuse a preliminary breath test or preliminary alcohol screening to not engage in discussion or "justifying" the refusal with the police.)
1728:
Robert F. Borkenstein, who revolutionized enforcement of drunken driving laws by inventing the
Breathalyzer to measure alcohol in the blood, died last Saturday at his home in Bloomington, Ind. He was 89....born in Fort Wayne, Ind., on Aug. 31,
2167:
Lindberg, L.; Brauer, S.; Wollmer, P.; Goldberg, L.; Jones, A.W.; Olsson, S.G. (May 2007). "Breath alcohol concentration determined with a new analyzer using free exhalation predicts almost precisely the arterial blood alcohol concentration".
185:, invented a breathalyzer in which the breath moving through chemicals in water would change color. One suggested use for his invention was for housewives to test whether their husbands had been drinking. In December 1927, in a case in
1665:
on an electrode. The current produced is proportional to the amount of alcohol present. These sensors are very stable, typically requiring calibration every 6 months, and are the type of sensor usually found in roadside breath testing
1196:
In addition, the show noted that breath tests are often verified with blood tests (BAC, which are more accurate) and that even if a person somehow managed to fool a breath test, a blood test would certainly confirm a person's guilt.
204:
solution. If there was alcohol in the breath sample, the solution changed color. The greater the color change, the more alcohol there was present in the breath. The drunkometer was manufactured and sold by
Stephenson Corporation of
513:
1677:
gas sensors are based on the increase in conductance of a tin oxide layer in the presence of a reducing gas such as vaporized ethanol. They are found in inexpensive breathalyzers and their stability is not as reliable as fuel cell
837:
1340:, use breathalyzers that give a recognized 20% tolerance on readings. Noel Ashby, former Victoria Police Assistant Commissioner (Traffic & Transport), claims that this tolerance is to allow for different body types.
660:
284:
for the product in 1980, and it began to be marketed worldwide. The Alcolyser was superseded by the Lion Intoximeter 3000 in 1983, and later by the Lion Alcolmeter and Lion Intoxilyser. These later models used a
1445:
maintains a Conforming Products List of breath alcohol devices approved for evidentiary use, Infrared instruments are also known as "evidentiary breath testers" and generally produce court-admissible results.
1136:(1959): "True reactions with alcohol in expired breath from sources other than the alveolar air (eructation, regurgitation, vomiting) will, of course, vitiate the breath alcohol results." Acid reflux, or
2789:
2731:
1289:
States responded in different ways to the inability to rely on breathalyzer evidence. Many states such as California modified their statutes so to make a certain level of alcohol in the breath
1392:
maintains a Conforming Products List of breath alcohol devices approved for preliminary screening use. In the United States, the main use of the preliminary breath test (PBT) is to establish
1109:
from the mouth, throat or stomach for a number of reasons. A very tiny amount of alcohol from the mouth, throat or stomach can have a significant impact on the breath-alcohol reading.
5431:
1646:
breathalyzers allow a high degree of specificity for ethanol. Typically evidential breath alcohol instruments in police stations will work on the principle of infrared spectroscopy.
3045:
2890:
Fessler, Chancy C.; Tulleners, Frederic A.; Howitt, David G.; Richards, John R. (March 2008). "Determination of mouth alcohol using the Dräger Evidential Portable Alcohol System".
1459:. This closely relates to absorptive stage intoxication (or bolus drinking), except that the consumption of alcohol also occurred after driving. This defense can be overcome by
942:). The characteristic bond of alcohols in infrared is the O-H bond, which gives a strong absorbance at a short wavelength. The more light is absorbed by compounds containing the
1925:
The Drunkometer, which used a balloon into which people breathed, was the first practical breath test to measure whether people were drunk. The device was patented in 1936.
1482:
is more straightforward, with a separate penalty applied for consumption "After An Accident" until reported to the police and if so required, has been medically examined.
1904:
1529:
2820:
Kechagias S, Jönsson KA, Franzén T, Andersson L, Jones AW (July 1999). "Reliability of breath-alcohol analysis in individuals with gastroesophageal reflux disease".
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such as irregular contraction patterns. After absorption, the concentrations in the body settle down and follow predictable patterns. During absorption, the BAC in
4471:
1313:
administered, or within a certain number of hours of testing. Other jurisdictions use retrograde extrapolation to estimate the BAC or BrAC at the time of driving.
2855:
Harding PM, McMurray MC, Laessig RH, Simley DO, Correll PJ, Tsunehiro JK (July 1992). "The effect of dentures and denture adhesives on mouth alcohol retention".
1329:
compliance with federal guidelines on certain issues, such as the federal government ensuring that the legal drinking age be the age of 21 across the 50 states.
272:
325:
212:
3724:
2257:"Reflections on variability in the blood-breath ratio of ethanol and its importance when evidential breath-alcohol instruments are used in law enforcement"
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graph when the absorption phase finishes - for example, the body can reach a sustained equilibrium BAC where absorption and elimination are proportional.
235:
200:. The drunkometer collected a motorist's breath sample directly into a balloon inside the machine. The breath sample was then pumped through an acidified
4395:
2796:
669:
1417:
887:
Some semiconductor models are designed specifically to allow the sensor module to be replaced without the need to send the unit to a calibration lab.
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4400:
3805:
1952:
1047:
It is sometimes said that the exhaled air analyzed by the breathalyzer is "alveolar air", coming from the alveoli in close proximity to the blood in
2455:
Jones, A.W. (1 July 1983). "Determination of Liquid/Air Partition Coefficients for Dilute Solutions of Ethanol in Water, Whole Blood, and Plasma".
1623:
proportional to the degree of the color change; this current moves the needle that indicates BAC. Like other methods, breath testing devices using
1316:
One exception to criminal prosecution is the state of Wisconsin, where a first time drunk driving offense is normally a civil ordinance violation.
883:
regularly. In addition, the assumed water-air partition ratio for aqueous ethanol must be taken into account along with its associated uncertainty.
1766:
4782:
4344:
2024:
Gullberg RG (2005-01-01). "Determining the Air/Water Partition Coefficient to Employ when Calibrating Forensic Breath Alcohol Test Instruments".
1513:
248:
2643:
Jones, A. W. (1 November 1982). "Effects of Temperature and Humidity of Inhaled Air on the Concentration of Ethanol in a Man's Exhaled Breath".
280:
crystal-filled tubes that changed colour above a certain level of alcohol in the breath, was approved for police use. Lion Laboratories won the
1442:
1389:
1271:
958:
289:
alcohol sensor rather than crystals, providing a more reliable curbside test and removing the need for blood or urine samples to be taken at a
281:
48:
2399:
1039:
potassium dichromate is a strong oxidizer, numerous alcohol groups can be oxidized by kidney and blood filtration, producing false positives.
5594:
3049:
2678:
Jones AW (March 1982). "Quantitative measurements of the alcohol concentration and the temperature of breath during a prolonged exhalation".
1070:
Jones tested several breathing patterns immediately before and during breathalyzer use and found the following changes (in order of effect):
3686:
2966:
2764:
530:
3522:"The accuracy and promise of personal breathalysers for research: Steps toward a cost-effective reliable measure of alcohol intoxication?"
3330:
1270:
All breath alcohol testers used by law enforcement in the United States of America must be approved by the Department of Transportation's
294:
169:
Novelty beer glass, about 2 inches tall, dating from around the time of the introduction of breathalysers in the United Kingdom, in 1967.
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4985:
4555:
926:
Infrared-based breath analyzers project an infrared beam of radiation through the captured breath in the sample chamber and detect the
2305:
4537:
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3174:
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periods. Also known to produce false results due to residual alcohol in the mouth is passionate kissing with an intoxicated person.
1385:, updates to the criminal code are proposed that will allow a breathalyzer test to be administered without suspicion of impairment.
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3928:
1711:
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899:) found in alcoholic beverages but also other substances similar in molecular structure or reactivity, "interfering compounds".
4407:
1908:
1474:, most statutes directed to post-driving consumption allow defenses for circumstances related to activity not related to. In
1296:. In other words, the BrAC level itself became the direct predicate evidence for conviction, with no need to estimate BAC. In
1255:
or "preliminary alcohol screening", or as evidential devices in point of arrest testing. Larger breathalyzer devices found in
1112:
Recent use of mouthwash or breath fresheners can also skew results upward, as they can contain fairly high levels of alcohol.
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4508:
197:
1568:
to be oxidized at an appreciable rate. The requisite acidic condition needed for the reaction might also be provided by the
1116:, for example, contains 26.9% alcohol, and can skew results for between 5 and 10 minutes. A scientist tested the effects of
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Hyperventilation by rapid inspiration and expiration of room air for 20 seconds before forced expiration - decrease by 10%
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of the beam, producing an absorbance spectrum that can be used to identify the compound, as the absorbance is due to the
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895:
One major problem with older breath analyzers is non-specificity: the machines identify not only the ethyl alcohol (or
173:
Research into the possibilities of using breath to test for alcohol in a person's body dates as far back as 1874, when
1169:
tested a number of methods that supposedly allow a person to fool a breath analyzer test. The methods tested included
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1128:. This causes the liquids and/or gases from the stomach—including any alcohol—to rise up into the soft tissue of the
96:
82:
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There are a number of substances or techniques that can supposedly "fool" a breath analyzer (i.e., generate a lower
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1999:
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4115:
4068:
1745:
1137:
1092:
Inspiration through the nose followed by breath-holding for 30 seconds before forced expiration. - 12.6% increase
3569:
3222:
2376:
1635:, for example, could also act as reducing agents, creating the necessary color change to indicate increased BAC.
5538:
5488:
4280:
4098:
3902:
3428:
Montgomery MR, Reasor MJ (August 1992). "Retrograde extrapolation of blood alcohol data: an applied approach".
1132:
and oral cavity, where it will stay until it has dissipated. The American Medical Association concludes in its
1089:
Mouth closed for 5 minutes (shallow breathing) before nose-inspiration and a forced expiration. - 7.7% increase
923:. This source of false positives is unlikely as very few other substances found in exhaled air are oxidizable.
229:
3629:
Vitz E, Chan H (October 1995). "LIMSport VII. Semiconductor Gas Sensors as GC Detectors and 'Breathalyzers'".
2936:. American Prosecutors Research Institute; National District Attorneys Association. p. 15. Archived from
946:
group, the less reaches the detector on the other side—and the higher the reading. Other groups, most notably
5561:
5503:
3800:
2543:
Jones, A. W. (October 1982). "How Breathing Technique Can Influence the Results of Breath-Alcohol Analysis".
3189:"Highway Safety Programs; Conforming Products List of Screening Devices To Measure Alcohol in Bodily Fluids"
165:
5508:
5366:
5180:
5165:
5130:
4721:
4688:
4476:
3950:
3892:
3810:
3795:
3785:
3471:
1943:
1397:
17:
2523:
1416:, have statutes on the books penalizing preliminary breath test refusal for drivers under 21; however the
5409:
5255:
5234:
5063:
4415:
3729:
3672:
3062:
1974:
1283:
1011:
858:
845:
produced by this reaction is measured by a microcontroller, and displayed as an approximation of overall
1741:
5626:
5498:
5414:
5371:
5306:
5117:
4931:
4894:
4672:
3923:
3815:
3250:
3028:
1475:
1022:
blood, but post-absorption, venous BAC will be higher than arterial BAC. This is especially clear with
5672:
5250:
5205:
5089:
4830:
4496:
4385:
3938:
3847:
3790:
3268:
1378:
3298:"Highway Safety Programs; Conforming Products List of Evidential Breath Alcohol Measurement Devices"
1095:
A normal inspiration with breath-holding for 30 seconds before a forced expiration. - 15.7% increase
5551:
5493:
5223:
4959:
2438:
2306:"Identification, management and referral of adults with chronic kidney disease: concise guidelines"
1688:
221:
154:
64:
4361:
5770:
5589:
5386:
5381:
5010:
4815:
4752:
4650:
4625:
3897:
3297:
3188:
3148:
2094:"Evaluation of methyl tert-butyl ether as an interference on commercial breath-alcohol analyzers"
974:
1777:
5644:
5579:
5556:
5518:
5338:
5265:
4583:
4530:
4486:
4371:
4339:
4130:
4103:
1355:
1306:
998:
201:
186:
182:
4772:
1377:
In Canada, a preliminary non-evidentiary screening device can be approved by Parliament as an
5775:
5765:
5735:
5634:
5436:
5356:
5175:
5170:
5155:
5135:
4376:
3960:
3955:
3859:
3821:
3714:
2937:
1494:
Extrapolation is calculated using five factors and a general elimination rate of 0.015/hour.
1217:
1157:
1117:
1056:
1048:
939:
846:
244:
146:
192:
In 1931 the first practical roadside breath-testing device was the drunkometer developed by
5740:
5683:
5654:
5361:
5286:
5082:
4936:
4923:
4867:
4682:
4300:
4093:
4012:
3945:
3842:
3638:
3603:
3437:
3379:
2732:
season 1, episode 6: "Lightning Strikes Tongue Piercing, Tree Cannon, Beat the Breath Test"
2346:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1581:
1573:
1549:
903:
225:
206:
4645:
3284:"ORS 813.136 (2015) - Consequence of refusal or failure to submit to field sobriety tests"
8:
5709:
5699:
5513:
5480:
5228:
5109:
5015:
4889:
4630:
4615:
4565:
4270:
4260:
4039:
3969:
3757:
3594:
Labianca DA (March 1990). "The chemical basis of the Breathalyzer: A critical analysis".
1674:
1456:
1438:
1333:
935:
508:{\displaystyle {\ce {C2H5OH_{(g)}{}+ H2O_{(l)}-> CH3COOH_{(l)}{}+ 4H+_{(aq)}{}+ 4e-}}}
264:
3642:
3607:
3441:
5667:
5639:
5465:
5426:
5213:
4847:
4790:
4706:
4605:
4598:
4560:
4520:
4326:
4227:
4142:
4120:
3974:
3933:
3695:
3546:
3521:
3497:
3096:
2691:
2618:
2568:
2491:
2430:
2333:
2281:
2256:
2229:
2204:
2049:
1913:
1886:
1819:
1802:
1716:
1358:, although it is not part of the series of performance tests generally associated with
1228:
1201:
2109:
1259:
can be used to produce court evidence, These desktop analyzers generally use infrared
56:
5611:
5470:
4877:
4747:
4610:
4588:
4491:
4366:
4310:
4088:
4027:
4017:
3989:
3965:
3551:
3453:
3100:
2907:
2872:
2837:
2695:
2660:
2610:
2560:
2472:
2422:
2418:
2338:
2286:
2234:
2185:
2144:
2132:
2113:
2041:
1824:
1628:
1624:
1260:
256:
193:
174:
60:
2434:
2181:
2053:
1051:
and containing ethanol in concentrations proportional to that blood approximated by
957:
Some natural and volatile interfering compounds do exist, however. For example, the
5688:
5443:
5401:
5311:
5218:
5145:
4860:
4810:
4454:
4390:
4356:
4349:
4232:
4199:
4189:
3646:
3611:
3541:
3533:
3445:
3092:
2899:
2864:
2829:
2687:
2652:
2622:
2602:
2572:
2552:
2464:
2414:
2328:
2320:
2276:
2268:
2224:
2216:
2177:
2105:
2037:
2033:
1878:
1814:
1803:"The Diagnosis of Drunkenness-A Quantitative Study of Acute Alcoholic Intoxication"
1620:
1541:
1532:, is a form of breath testing rarely encountered today. The process works by using
1023:
951:
842:
832:{\displaystyle {\ce {C2H5OH_{(l)}{}+ O2_{(g)}{}-> CH3COOH_{(aq)}{}+ H2O_{(l)}}}}
216:
A US Transportation Systems Center staff member demonstrates a breathalyzer in 1972
3355:
2272:
5030:
4711:
4696:
4677:
4182:
4177:
4051:
2903:
2756:
2324:
1847:
920:
252:
138:
3411:
973:
Substances in the environment can also lead to false BAC readings. For example,
5678:
5601:
5333:
5301:
5272:
5140:
5045:
4855:
4835:
4797:
4662:
4083:
4073:
4063:
3871:
3837:
3703:
2556:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1393:
1350:
1290:
1282:
The breath alcohol content reading may be used in prosecutions of the crime of
1256:
1052:
943:
290:
134:
3449:
3087:
Jones, A.W. (2016). "Alcohol: Acute and Chronic Use and Postmortem Findings".
2626:
2606:
2205:"Significance of variations in blood: breath partition coefficient of alcohol"
1124:
Other than those, the most common source of mouth alcohol is from belching or
938:
and stretching of specific bonds in the molecule at specific wavelengths (see
5729:
5606:
5455:
5323:
5318:
5150:
5020:
4901:
4805:
4701:
4290:
4222:
4172:
4167:
4152:
4147:
4125:
4034:
4001:
3866:
3735:
3537:
3520:
Riordan BC, Scarf D, Moradi S, Flett JA, Carey KB, Conner TS (January 2017).
2045:
1569:
1545:
1349:
electrochemical platinum fuel cell analysis. These units are similar to some
1204:
concealed in the mouth (to absorb alcohol vapor), an oxidizing gas (such as N
1080:
Deep expiration without an inspiration - statistically insignificant increase
915:
276:
142:
2220:
177:
made the observation that small amounts of alcohol were excreted in breath.
5328:
5276:
5185:
5125:
4980:
4970:
4056:
3555:
2911:
2841:
2614:
2426:
2342:
2290:
2189:
2148:
2117:
1828:
1662:
1479:
1170:
1086:
Deep inspiration followed by a slow (20 second) expiration. - 2.0% increase
664:
The overall reaction is the oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid and water.
255:
developed and marketed the first electronic breathalyser. They established
3457:
3011:"DUI blood test refusal waiver (post [Birchfield v. North Dakota]"
2876:
2699:
2664:
2588:"The impact of breathing pattern and lung size on the alcohol breath test"
2564:
2476:
2468:
1246:
5714:
5616:
5448:
5376:
5348:
5190:
5074:
4911:
4906:
4777:
4657:
4547:
4440:
4212:
4157:
3762:
2726:
2238:
1165:
911:
313:
118:
3283:
2071:
1767:"Professor Robert F. Borkenstein — An Appreciation of his Life and Work"
5662:
5460:
5296:
5291:
5281:
5160:
5040:
4872:
4820:
4620:
4593:
4503:
4285:
4265:
4194:
3777:
3767:
3251:"Refusal to Take a Roadside Breathalyzer Test in the State of Colorado"
1890:
1585:
1533:
1413:
931:
927:
150:
3650:
3615:
2868:
2833:
2656:
1540:(oxidation-reduction) reaction. A breath sample is bubbled through an
1083:
Inspiration through the nose before a deep expiration. - 1.3% increase
655:{\displaystyle {\ce {O2_{(g)}{}+ 4H+_{(aq)}{}+ 4e- -> 2H2O_{(l)}}}}
5704:
4975:
4882:
4716:
4515:
4481:
4334:
4305:
4275:
4207:
4162:
4135:
3983:
3918:
3752:
3747:
3664:
1658:
1654:
1616:
1337:
1264:
1200:
Other substances that might reduce the BrAC reading include a bag of
1182:
1129:
1113:
982:
962:
286:
2093:
1882:
1437:
In Canada, an evidentiary breath instrument can be designated as an
902:
The oldest breath analyzer models pass breath through a solution of
4575:
4239:
2745:
1643:
1592:
1561:
1404:
1382:
1233:
1178:
1015:
994:
986:
947:
907:
309:
5571:
5105:
4737:
4295:
3854:
3223:
DUI: Refusal to Take a Field Test, or Blood, Breath or Urine Test
1632:
1577:
1125:
978:
966:
896:
518:
305:
260:
3570:"Breathalyzer tests suspended as coronavirus risk level goes up"
2819:
1077:
Moderate inspiration through mouth and deep expiration - control
1019:
990:
293:. In 1991, Lion Laboratories was sold to the American company
3063:"Offenses and penalties for OWI (Operating While Intoxicated)"
2889:
5035:
4943:
4108:
2790:"Alco -Sensor FST Operator Manual For British Columbia Users"
2166:
2133:"Pharmacokinetics of Ethanol - Issues of Forensic Importance"
2092:
Buckley TJ, Pleil JD, Bowyer JR, Davis JM (1 December 2001).
1869:
Mitchell CA (March–April 1932). "Science and the Detective".
1537:
1429:
1174:
522:
317:
268:
239:
A man demonstrating a breathalyzer in the Netherlands in 1974
47:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
3143:
3141:
2854:
101:
1608:
3368:
CDN DOJ lists the "post driving" restriction as two hours.
1250:
A police officer testing a volunteer's blood alcohol level
3138:
2746:"Sobriety testing: Intoxilyzers and Listerine antiseptic"
1712:"Robert F. Borkenstein, 89, Inventor of the Breathalyzer"
1596:
1588:
825:
804:
786:
765:
747:
718:
697:
684:
648:
627:
556:
450:
429:
413:
392:
374:
353:
340:
4472:
Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States
2526:, pg. 35 (The Supreme Court of California 2011).
243:
Subsequent breath analyzers have converted primarily to
3519:
3331:"If you drink more after a crash, can you avoid a DUI?"
3236:"How Does Implied Consent Work In A DUI Investigation?"
3122:"A history of the Committee on Alcohol and Other Drugs"
2091:
2070:. Organic Chemistry Resources Worldwide. Archived from
97:
Electronic tagging § Sweat alcohol content monitor
2379:, 459 (The Supreme Court of New Jersey. 1990).
1516:, they were temporarily suspended from use in Sweden.
672:
533:
328:
3725:
Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States
2743:
1937:
1935:
1933:
105:
An Alco-Sensor IV law enforcement grade breathalyzer
4396:
List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita
3119:
3395:
3393:
1942:
831:
654:
507:
304:When the user exhales into a breath analyzer, any
4401:Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States
3806:Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism
2784:
2782:
2202:
1930:
275:introduced the first legally enforceable maximum
5727:
3427:
2967:"Federal Register/Vol 71, No. 125/June 29, 2008"
2744:Feeny, M T; Horne, J M; Williamson, A D (1985).
2585:
1408:probative value in a drunk driving prosecution.
4783:Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility
3390:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2162:
2160:
2158:
1603:'s color from red-orange to green. The reacted
1528:The photovoltaic assay, used only in the dated
5547:Commercial Driver's License Information System
3430:Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health
2779:
1443:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1390:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1272:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1163:A 2003 episode of the science television show
959:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
29:Device to estimate blood alcohol concentration
5595:Disabled parking permits of the United States
5090:
3680:
1705:
1703:
1460:
1403:Refusal to take a preliminary breath test in
45:The examples and perspective in this article
4345:International Women's Collaboration Brew Day
2712:
2586:Hlastala, MP; Anderson, JC (February 2007).
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2493:Why breath tests of blood-alcohol don't work
2400:"Paradigm Shift for the Alcohol Breath Test"
2382:
2303:
2250:
2248:
2155:
2026:Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal
1992:
1909:"Rolla N. Harger Dies. Invented Drunkometer"
1599:. This reduction results in a change of the
3218:
3216:
3089:Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine
1485:
1424:
1343:
282:Queen's Award for Technological Achievement
137:content (BrAC). It is commonly utilized by
5104:
5097:
5083:
4986:Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933
4556:List of countries with alcohol prohibition
3687:
3673:
2996:(Lists evidentiary testing procedures for
2762:
2254:
1700:
1134:Manual for Chemical Tests for Intoxication
3888:Short-term effects of alcohol consumption
3545:
2529:
2332:
2280:
2245:
2228:
2124:
1818:
1449:
1305:influence, laws in these states create a
1267:technology, or a combination of the two.
857:Breath analyzers do not directly measure
616:
599:
567:
493:
461:
83:Learn how and when to remove this message
5529:List of countries by minimum driving age
3628:
3593:
3213:
3046:California Vehicle Code Section 23152(b)
2489:
2397:
2023:
1975:"Drink driving law and motoring history"
1868:
1428:
1245:
890:
267:, and Tom Parry Jones was a lecturer at
234:
211:
164:
100:
4526:Legal drinking age in the United States
3498:"Drinking & Driving – Breathalyzer"
3408:American Prosecutors Research Institute
3348:
3328:
3282:Committee, Oregon Legislative Counsel.
2304:Burden R, Tomson C (December 1, 2005).
2203:Alobaidi TA, Hill DW, Payne JP (1976).
1519:
1220:will be overestimated. Additionally, Cl
1151:
1018:blood will generally be higher than in
14:
5728:
3694:
2924:
2499:. DWI on Trial – The Big Apple Seminar
2255:Jones, AW; Cowan, JM (3 August 2020).
2000:"Police breathalysers - type approved"
1903:
1871:The American Journal of Police Science
1709:
1284:driving under the influence of alcohol
1277:
954:can give similar absorbance readings.
5078:
4509:List of dry communities by U.S. state
3668:
3281:
3248:
3155:. Government of Canada. June 19, 2017
3086:
2706:
2677:
2642:
2542:
2454:
2130:
1800:
930:of the compound as a function of the
198:Indiana University School of Medicine
153:of instruments developed by inventor
4022:List of methanol poisoning incidents
3401:"Alcohol Toxicology for Prosecutors"
1042:
31:
4743:Alcohol consumption recommendations
4668:Temperance and Good Citizenship Day
3476:Kraut Law Group (a Calif. law firm)
3472:"What is Retrograde Extrapolation?"
3322:
3269:"SOS - Substance Abuse and Driving"
2775:(1). Clark Boardman Callaghan: 136.
2398:Hlastala, Michael P. (March 2010).
1004:
914:, changing color in the process. A
224:(1912–2002) was a captain with the
133:, is a device for measuring breath
24:
5585:Decriminalised parking enforcement
4467:Alcohol packaging warning messages
4079:Alcohol use among college students
3741:Drunk driving in the United States
3175:"Changes to Impaired Driving Laws"
3097:10.1016/B978-0-12-800034-2.00013-6
2692:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1982.tb07002.x
1631:that have compositions similar to
1241:
989:, and cleaning fluids, especially
25:
5787:
5392:Category: Speed limits by country
5196:Vienna Convention on Road Traffic
5026:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
5006:Index of alcohol-related articles
4449:Administrative License Suspension
3660:
2988:"Breath Alcohol Approved Methods"
2490:Hlastala, Michael P. (May 2001).
1536:to analyze the color change of a
5059:
5058:
4460:Alcoholic beverage control state
4256:Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate
2927:"Breath Testing for Prosecutors"
2595:Annals of Biomedical Engineering
2457:Journal of Analytical Toxicology
2419:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01269.x
1746:US Patent & Trademark Office
1319:
1103:
879:be done when and where required.
141:officers whenever they initiate
36:
4069:Alcohol in association football
3622:
3587:
3562:
3513:
3489:
3464:
3421:
3372:
3290:
3275:
3261:
3249:Byers, Matthew (13 July 2021).
3242:
3228:
3181:
3167:
3113:
3080:
3055:
3039:
3021:
3003:
2980:
2959:
2918:
2883:
2848:
2813:
2765:"Drinking/Driving Law Letter 1"
2737:
2734:. First aired November 7, 2003.
2671:
2636:
2579:
2511:
2483:
2448:
2364:
2297:
2196:
2182:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.07.018
2085:
2060:
2017:
1955:from the original on 2022-01-12
1807:California and Western Medicine
1506:
1466:, but complicates prosecution.
1138:gastroesophageal reflux disease
1100:hyperventilation reaching 20%.
5539:Traffic violations reciprocity
4281:List of deaths through alcohol
4099:Epidemiology of binge drinking
3903:Subjective response to alcohol
3311:(115): 35748–50. June 14, 2012
2680:Acta Physiologica Scandinavica
2170:Forensic Science International
2098:Forensic Science International
2038:10.1080/00085030.2005.10757592
1967:
1897:
1862:
1835:
1794:
1759:
1734:
864:
819:
813:
780:
774:
752:
741:
735:
712:
706:
642:
636:
610:
580:
574:
550:
544:
474:
468:
444:
438:
416:
407:
401:
368:
362:
230:Indiana University Bloomington
13:
1:
5562:Non-Resident Violator Compact
5504:Inter-American Driving Permit
4766:Sweat alcohol content monitor
3801:Alcoholism in rural Australia
3631:Journal of Chemical Education
3596:Journal of Chemical Education
2795:. August 2017. Archived from
2545:Medicine, Science and the Law
2273:10.1080/20961790.2020.1780720
2110:10.1016/S0379-0738(01)00534-5
1694:
1657:gas sensors are based on the
1627:are prone to false readings.
1368:standard field sobriety tests
5509:International Driving Permit
5367:Assured clear distance ahead
5181:School bus traffic stop laws
5166:Left- and right-hand traffic
5131:Assured clear distance ahead
4689:Adult Children of Alcoholics
4477:Drunk driving law by country
3893:Long-term effects of alcohol
3811:Disease theory of alcoholism
3796:Alcoholism in family systems
3786:Alcohol and Native Americans
3410:. April 2003. Archived from
3380:"Drinking After An Accident"
2904:10.1016/j.scijus.2007.08.004
2857:Journal of Forensic Sciences
2822:Journal of Forensic Sciences
2407:Journal of Forensic Sciences
2325:10.7861/clinmedicine.5-6-635
1851:. August 1, 1927. p. 56
1710:Martin D (August 17, 2002).
1396:for arrest. All states have
1263:technology, electrochemical
299:
7:
5756:Driving under the influence
5746:Vehicle safety technologies
5524:Driving licences by country
5489:Commercial driver's license
5235:Rules of the Road (Ireland)
4416:International whisk(e)y day
3730:Driving under the influence
3360:(CDN) Department of Justice
3202:(115): 35745. June 14, 2012
3149:"Criminal Code Section 254"
3000:starting 29 September 2011)
2769:Drinking/Driving Law Letter
1944:"Obituary: Tom Parry Jones"
1682:
1433:An evidential breath tester
1012:gastrointestinal physiology
961:has found that dieters and
859:blood alcohol concentration
852:
308:present in their breath is
59:, discuss the issue on the
10:
5792:
5751:Brands that became generic
5499:Graduated driver licensing
5372:National Maximum Speed Law
4932:Christian views on alcohol
4538:List of alcohol laws of US
3816:High-functioning alcoholic
3329:Phippen W (21 July 2014).
3255:Christian A. Schwaner, P.C
2969:. Frwebgate.access.gpo.gov
2925:Swartz J (December 2004).
2557:10.1177/002580248202200409
2261:Forensic Sciences Research
160:
94:
5761:Law enforcement equipment
5653:
5625:
5570:
5537:
5479:
5432:Mobile phones and driving
5400:
5347:
5243:
5204:
5116:
5054:
4998:
4952:
4922:
4846:
4831:Alcoholic spirits measure
4816:Low-alcoholic malt drinks
4730:
4574:
4546:
4497:Ignition interlock device
4439:
4430:
4386:Drunken monkey hypothesis
4319:
4248:
4219:Routes of administration
4000:
3911:
3880:
3848:Alcohol congener analysis
3830:
3791:Alcoholism in adolescence
3776:
3713:
3702:
3450:10.1080/15287399209531639
3120:National Safety Council.
2992:ND Atty. General's Office
2607:10.1007/s10439-006-9216-3
1843:"Test a Tippler's Breath"
1530:photoelectric intoximeter
1379:approved screening device
849:(BAC) by the Alcosensor.
228:and later a professor at
5695:"How's my driving?" sign
5552:Driver License Agreement
5494:European driving licence
5224:The Highway Code (Malta)
3538:10.1177/2055207617746752
3508:Retrograde extrapolation
1689:Coronavirus breathalyzer
1486:Retrograde extrapolation
1461:retrograde extrapolation
1425:Evidentiary breath tests
1344:Preliminary breath tests
1224:is toxic and corrosive.
521:, atmospheric oxygen is
263:. Ducie was a chartered
222:Robert Frank Borkenstein
155:Robert Frank Borkenstein
5590:Disabled parking permit
5387:Speed limits by country
5382:Speed limit enforcement
5011:Alcohol and spaceflight
4753:Alcohol server training
4626:Managed alcohol program
4204:Binge drinking devices
3898:Pharmacology of ethanol
3384:ZA Arrive Alive Website
3356:"Impaired Driving Laws"
2221:10.1136/bmj.2.6050.1479
2137:Forensic Science Review
2131:Jones, AW (July 2011).
2068:"Infrared spectroscopy"
975:methyl tert-butyl ether
5673:Drivers' working hours
5645:Clunk Click Every Trip
5580:Alternate-side parking
5557:Driver License Compact
5266:Field sobriety testing
4616:Alcohol rehabilitation
4584:Alcohol detoxification
4487:Field sobriety testing
4372:Health effects of wine
4340:International Beer Day
4104:Holiday heart syndrome
3163:– via Canada.ca.
2763:Whited III FK (2014).
1450:Drinking after driving
1434:
1356:field sobriety testing
1307:rebuttable presumption
1251:
1238:had consumed alcohol.
1227:A 2007 episode of the
833:
656:
509:
247:. In 1967 in Britain,
240:
217:
202:potassium permanganate
183:William Duncan McNally
170:
106:
5437:Texting while driving
5357:85th percentile speed
5171:Bidirectional traffic
5156:New Zealand Road Code
5136:Australian Road Rules
4868:Disulfiram-like drugs
4408:Ritual use of alcohol
4377:Wine and food pairing
4362:Apéritif and digestif
4013:Adulterated moonshine
3860:Blood alcohol content
3822:Seeing pink elephants
3153:R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46
2892:Science & Justice
1801:Bogen E (June 1927).
1774:Borkensteincourse.org
1640:Infrared spectroscopy
1432:
1405:the State of Michigan
1249:
1218:blood alcohol content
1158:blood alcohol content
1057:bronchial circulation
1049:pulmonary circulation
940:infrared spectroscopy
891:Non-specific analysis
847:blood alcohol content
834:
657:
510:
245:infrared spectroscopy
238:
215:
168:
147:genericized trademark
104:
5684:Epilepsy and driving
5362:Advisory speed limit
5287:Road traffic control
4937:Alcohol in the Bible
4924:Religion and alcohol
4890:General anaesthetics
4683:Alcoholics Anonymous
4641:List of mixed drinks
4094:Alcohol intoxication
4009:Adulterated alcohol
3532:: 2055207617746752.
3318:– via GPO.gov.
3209:– via GPO.gov.
2377:117 N.J. 450
1582:potassium dichromate
1550:potassium dichromate
1520:Breathalyzer sensors
1398:implied consent laws
1360:field sobriety tests
1152:Myths about accuracy
904:potassium dichromate
670:
531:
326:
273:Road Safety Act 1967
226:Indiana State Police
207:Red Bank, New Jersey
149:of the Breathalyzer
65:create a new article
57:improve this article
5710:Slow moving vehicle
5700:Old age and driving
5251:Parking enforcement
5016:Gateway drug effect
4802:Low-alcohol drinks
4631:Non-alcoholic drink
4566:Temperance movement
4548:Alcohol prohibition
4271:Gilbert Paul Jordan
4261:Dionysian Mysteries
4045:on college campuses
4040:Alcohol advertising
3758:Public intoxication
3643:1995JChEd..72..920V
3608:1990JChEd..67..259L
3442:1992JTEHA..36..281M
2519:People v. Vangelder
2469:10.1093/jat/7.4.193
1907:(August 10, 1983).
1619:, which creates an
1457:affirmative defense
1439:approved instrument
1278:Breath alcohol laws
1114:Listerine mouthwash
827:
806:
788:
767:
749:
720:
699:
686:
650:
629:
590:
558:
484:
452:
431:
415:
394:
376:
355:
342:
265:electrical engineer
5668:Digital tachograph
5640:Click It or Ticket
5466:Vehicular homicide
5427:Distracted driving
4848:Addiction medicine
4791:Get Your Sexy Back
4731:Alcohol limitation
4707:Sober living house
4673:Twelve-step groups
4606:Brief intervention
4599:Open-container law
4561:Neo-prohibitionism
4521:Legal drinking age
4327:Alcoholic beverage
4228:Alcohol inhalation
4143:Drinking in public
4121:Blackout Wednesday
3979:Beverage-specific
3696:Alcohol and health
1914:The New York Times
1717:The New York Times
1525:Photovoltaic assay
1435:
1252:
1202:activated charcoal
1010:it is affected by
936:harmonic vibration
829:
807:
794:
768:
755:
726:
700:
687:
674:
652:
630:
617:
568:
535:
505:
462:
432:
419:
395:
382:
356:
343:
330:
241:
218:
171:
129:), also called an
107:
5723:
5722:
5627:Automotive safety
5612:Parking violation
5471:Wrong-way driving
5402:Moving violations
5118:Rules of the road
5072:
5071:
4994:
4993:
4944:Islam and alcohol
4878:Calcium carbimide
4748:Alcohol education
4636:List of cocktails
4611:Designated driver
4589:Alcohol-free zone
4492:Hip flask defence
4426:
4425:
4367:Hangover remedies
4311:Whiskey Rebellion
4301:Six o'clock swill
4089:Austrian syndrome
4028:Surrogate alcohol
4018:Denatured alcohol
3990:Red wine headache
3651:10.1021/ed072p920
3616:10.1021/ed067p259
3495:Example found in
3067:DOT.Wisconsin.gov
2943:on March 29, 2017
2869:10.1520/JFS13285J
2834:10.1520/JFS14558J
2657:10.1042/cs0630441
2313:Clinical Medicine
2215:(6050): 1479–81.
1625:chemical analysis
1607:is compared to a
1418:Constitutionality
1261:spectrophotometer
1043:Breathing pattern
981:, paint remover,
818:
810:
797:
779:
771:
758:
740:
729:
711:
703:
690:
677:
641:
633:
620:
603:
579:
571:
549:
538:
497:
473:
465:
443:
435:
422:
406:
398:
385:
367:
359:
346:
333:
257:Lion Laboratories
194:Rolla Neil Harger
175:Francis E. Anstie
127:analyzer/analyser
93:
92:
85:
67:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
5783:
5689:Hours of service
5514:Learner's permit
5481:Driver licensing
5444:Reckless driving
5410:Impaired driving
5256:Impaired driving
5229:Road Users' Code
5219:The Highway Code
5206:Road user guides
5146:Green Cross Code
5099:
5092:
5085:
5076:
5075:
5062:
5061:
4861:Chlordiazepoxide
4811:Low-alcohol beer
4455:Alcohol monopoly
4437:
4436:
4357:Drinking culture
4350:Women in brewing
4233:Vodka eyeballing
4200:Passive drinking
3711:
3710:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3666:
3665:
3655:
3654:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3549:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3405:
3397:
3388:
3387:
3376:
3370:
3363:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3305:Federal Register
3302:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3196:Federal Register
3193:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3177:. 13 April 2017.
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3145:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3126:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3059:
3053:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3015:Valley News Live
3007:
3001:
2998:Intoxilyzer 8000
2995:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2942:
2931:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2801:
2794:
2786:
2777:
2776:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2741:
2735:
2723:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2645:Clinical Science
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2625:. Archived from
2592:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2540:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2437:. Archived from
2404:
2395:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2351:
2345:. Archived from
2336:
2310:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2284:
2252:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2176:(2–3): 200–207.
2164:
2153:
2152:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2004:drinkdriving.org
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1979:drinkdriving.org
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1946:
1939:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1776:. Archived from
1771:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1707:
1621:electric current
1580:reacts with the
1542:aqueous solution
1005:Pharmacokinetics
952:carboxylic acids
843:electric current
838:
836:
835:
830:
828:
826:
823:
822:
816:
808:
805:
802:
795:
790:
787:
784:
783:
777:
769:
766:
763:
756:
751:
748:
745:
744:
738:
727:
722:
719:
716:
715:
709:
701:
698:
695:
688:
685:
682:
675:
661:
659:
658:
653:
651:
649:
646:
645:
639:
631:
628:
625:
618:
609:
608:
601:
592:
589:
584:
583:
577:
569:
560:
557:
554:
553:
547:
536:
514:
512:
511:
506:
504:
503:
502:
495:
486:
483:
478:
477:
471:
463:
454:
451:
448:
447:
441:
433:
430:
427:
420:
414:
411:
410:
404:
396:
393:
390:
383:
378:
375:
372:
371:
365:
357:
354:
351:
344:
341:
338:
331:
145:. The name is a
88:
81:
77:
74:
68:
40:
39:
32:
21:
5791:
5790:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5780:
5726:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5649:
5621:
5566:
5533:
5475:
5396:
5343:
5282:Pretextual stop
5239:
5214:Driver's manual
5200:
5112:
5103:
5073:
5068:
5050:
5031:Self-medication
4990:
4948:
4918:
4856:Benzodiazepines
4842:
4726:
4712:Sobering center
4697:Sober companion
4678:Al-Anon/Alateen
4570:
4542:
4432:
4422:
4315:
4244:
4184:In vino veritas
4178:Hair of the dog
3996:
3912:Adverse effects
3907:
3876:
3826:
3772:
3716:
3715:Alcohol-related
3706:
3698:
3693:
3663:
3658:
3627:
3623:
3592:
3588:
3578:
3576:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3518:
3514:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3480:
3478:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3426:
3422:
3414:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3391:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3362:. 22 June 2018.
3354:
3353:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3335:Tampa Bay Times
3327:
3323:
3314:
3312:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3280:
3276:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3247:
3243:
3238:. 27 July 2023.
3234:
3233:
3229:
3221:
3214:
3205:
3203:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3156:
3147:
3146:
3139:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3085:
3081:
3072:
3070:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3044:
3040:
3033:194 N.J. 54, 77
3029:"State v. Chun"
3027:
3026:
3022:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2972:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2929:
2923:
2919:
2888:
2884:
2863:(4): 999–1007.
2853:
2849:
2818:
2814:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2780:
2761:
2757:
2742:
2738:
2724:
2713:
2707:
2676:
2672:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2541:
2530:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2453:
2449:
2441:
2402:
2396:
2383:
2372:State v. Downie
2370:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2308:
2302:
2298:
2253:
2246:
2201:
2197:
2165:
2156:
2129:
2125:
2090:
2086:
2077:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1941:
1940:
1931:
1919:
1917:
1902:
1898:
1883:10.2307/1147200
1867:
1863:
1854:
1852:
1848:Popular Science
1841:
1840:
1836:
1799:
1795:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1751:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1722:
1720:
1708:
1701:
1697:
1685:
1611:of non-reacted
1584:, reducing the
1564:, allowing the
1522:
1509:
1488:
1452:
1427:
1346:
1322:
1280:
1257:police stations
1244:
1242:Law enforcement
1231:network's show
1223:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1154:
1106:
1045:
1007:
921:false positives
893:
867:
855:
824:
812:
811:
803:
798:
789:
785:
773:
772:
764:
759:
750:
746:
734:
730:
721:
717:
705:
704:
696:
691:
683:
678:
673:
671:
668:
667:
647:
635:
634:
626:
621:
604:
600:
591:
585:
573:
572:
559:
555:
543:
539:
534:
532:
529:
528:
498:
494:
485:
479:
467:
466:
453:
449:
437:
436:
428:
423:
412:
400:
399:
391:
386:
377:
373:
361:
360:
352:
347:
339:
334:
329:
327:
324:
323:
302:
253:Tom Parry Jones
163:
139:law enforcement
99:
89:
78:
72:
69:
54:
41:
37:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5789:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5771:Harm reduction
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5686:
5681:
5679:Drowsy driving
5676:
5670:
5665:
5659:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5635:Seat belt laws
5631:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5602:Double parking
5599:
5598:
5597:
5587:
5582:
5576:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5543:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5485:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5449:Brake checking
5441:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5406:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5353:
5351:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5334:Traffic ticket
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5273:Highway patrol
5270:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5253:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5210:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5141:Boulevard rule
5138:
5133:
5128:
5122:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5102:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5079:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5046:French paradox
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4928:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4902:Sulfonic acids
4899:
4898:
4897:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4852:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4836:Standard drink
4833:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4800:
4798:Liquor license
4795:
4794:
4793:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4686:
4680:
4670:
4665:
4663:Temperance bar
4660:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4586:
4580:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4518:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4452:
4445:
4443:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4369:
4364:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4329:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4084:Binge drinking
4081:
4076:
4074:Alcohol powder
4071:
4066:
4064:Alcohol myopia
4061:
4060:
4059:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4037:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4015:
4006:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3986:
3977:
3972:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3872:Wine chemistry
3869:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3840:
3838:Beer chemistry
3834:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3782:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3733:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3708:
3700:
3699:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3669:
3662:
3661:External links
3659:
3657:
3656:
3621:
3586:
3574:Sveriges Radio
3561:
3526:Digital Health
3512:
3504:. 17 May 2013.
3502:allontario.com
3488:
3463:
3420:
3417:on 2018-06-21.
3389:
3371:
3347:
3321:
3289:
3274:
3260:
3241:
3227:
3212:
3180:
3166:
3137:
3112:
3105:
3079:
3054:
3038:
3020:
3017:. 22 May 2018.
3002:
2979:
2958:
2917:
2882:
2847:
2812:
2778:
2755:
2736:
2711:
2705:
2670:
2651:(5): 441–445.
2635:
2632:on 2017-02-13.
2578:
2551:(4): 275–280.
2528:
2510:
2482:
2463:(4): 193–197.
2447:
2444:on 2017-02-13.
2413:(2): 451–456.
2381:
2363:
2296:
2267:(4): 300–308.
2244:
2195:
2154:
2123:
2084:
2059:
2032:(4): 205–212.
2016:
1991:
1966:
1929:
1896:
1877:(2): 169–182.
1861:
1834:
1793:
1758:
1748:. May 13, 1958
1742:"Breathalyzer"
1733:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1661:of ethanol to
1652:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1558:silver nitrate
1554:silver nitrate
1526:
1521:
1518:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1487:
1484:
1451:
1448:
1426:
1423:
1394:probable cause
1345:
1342:
1321:
1318:
1279:
1276:
1243:
1240:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1153:
1150:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1044:
1041:
1006:
1003:
892:
889:
885:
884:
880:
866:
863:
854:
851:
821:
815:
801:
793:
782:
776:
762:
754:
743:
737:
733:
725:
714:
708:
694:
681:
644:
638:
624:
615:
612:
607:
598:
595:
588:
582:
576:
566:
563:
552:
546:
542:
501:
492:
489:
482:
476:
470:
460:
457:
446:
440:
426:
418:
409:
403:
389:
381:
370:
364:
350:
337:
301:
298:
291:police station
162:
159:
157:in the 1950s.
91:
90:
73:September 2023
51:of the subject
49:worldwide view
44:
42:
35:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5788:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5607:Parking chair
5605:
5603:
5600:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5569:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5478:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5456:Street racing
5454:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5420:United States
5418:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5324:Traffic guard
5322:
5320:
5319:Traffic court
5317:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5236:
5233:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5151:Move over law
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5100:
5095:
5093:
5088:
5086:
5081:
5080:
5077:
5065:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5021:Mood disorder
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4896:
4895:Nitrous oxide
4893:
4892:
4891:
4888:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4806:Fermented tea
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4702:Sober curious
4700:
4698:
4695:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4429:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4391:Ladies' night
4389:
4387:
4384:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4291:Rum Rebellion
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4223:Alcohol enema
4221:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4173:Flaming drink
4171:
4169:
4168:Dutch courage
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4153:Drunk walking
4151:
4149:
4148:Drunk dialing
4146:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4126:Drinking game
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4035:Alcohol abuse
4033:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4003:
4002:Social issues
3999:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3939:breast cancer
3937:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3867:Fusel alcohol
3865:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3736:Drunk driving
3734:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3678:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3436:(4): 281–92.
3435:
3431:
3424:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3293:
3285:
3278:
3270:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3237:
3231:
3224:
3219:
3217:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3184:
3176:
3170:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3123:
3116:
3108:
3106:9780128000557
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3051:
3050:Cal-Crim 2111
3047:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3006:
2999:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2968:
2962:
2955:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2802:on 2018-11-08
2798:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2686:(3): 407–12.
2685:
2681:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2601:(2): 264–72.
2600:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2495:
2494:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2352:on 2013-02-19
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2319:(6): 635–42.
2318:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2249:
2240:
2236:
2231:
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2218:
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2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2161:
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2146:
2143:(2): 91–136.
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2074:on 2006-08-31
2073:
2069:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1954:
1950:
1949:The Telegraph
1945:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1926:
1916:
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1910:
1906:
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1892:
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1876:
1872:
1865:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1813:(6): 778–83.
1812:
1808:
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1797:
1783:on 2009-02-25
1779:
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1730:
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1713:
1706:
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1675:Semiconductor
1673:
1671:Semiconductor
1670:
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1575:
1571:
1570:sulfuric acid
1567:
1563:
1559:
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1551:
1547:
1546:sulfuric acid
1543:
1539:
1535:
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1527:
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1320:Breath levels
1317:
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1104:Mouth alcohol
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1073:
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913:
910:ethanol into
909:
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860:
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140:
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131:alcohol meter
128:
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62:
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5776:Drug testing
5766:Spectroscopy
5736:Breathalyzer
5519:Point system
5329:Traffic stop
5277:State police
5261:Breathalyzer
5260:
5186:Traffic code
5176:Right-of-way
5126:All-way stop
4981:Gin Act 1751
4971:Bratt System
4964:
4960:
4827:Measurement
4761:Breathalyzer
4760:
4531:Shoulder tap
4183:
4057:Beer goggles
3634:
3630:
3624:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3577:. Retrieved
3573:
3564:
3529:
3525:
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3475:
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3423:
3412:the original
3407:
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3367:
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3359:
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3334:
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3308:
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3277:
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3230:
3225:, NOLO Press
3204:. Retrieved
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3152:
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3066:
3057:
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2961:
2954:observation.
2952:
2945:. Retrieved
2938:the original
2933:
2920:
2898:(1): 16–23.
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2891:
2885:
2860:
2856:
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2828:(4): 814–8.
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2804:. Retrieved
2797:the original
2772:
2768:
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2750:Police Chief
2749:
2739:
2725:
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2492:
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2439:the original
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2347:the original
2316:
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2101:
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2072:the original
2062:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2007:. Retrieved
2003:
1994:
1982:. Retrieved
1978:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1948:
1924:
1918:. Retrieved
1912:
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1864:
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1846:
1837:
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1796:
1785:. Retrieved
1778:the original
1773:
1761:
1750:. Retrieved
1736:
1727:
1721:. Retrieved
1715:
1678:instruments.
1663:acetaldehyde
1510:
1507:Consumer use
1493:
1489:
1480:South Africa
1471:
1468:
1463:
1453:
1436:
1410:
1402:
1387:
1376:
1371:
1367:
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1195:
1189:
1187:
1171:breath mints
1164:
1162:
1155:
1146:
1142:
1133:
1123:
1111:
1107:
1098:
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1065:
1061:
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1029:
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972:
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840:
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663:
527:
516:
322:
303:
242:
219:
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179:
172:
130:
126:
122:
115:breathalyser
114:
111:breathalyzer
110:
108:
79:
70:
46:
26:
18:Breathalyser
5741:Alcohol law
5715:Vision Zero
5655:Road safety
5617:Wheel clamp
5377:School zone
5349:Speed limit
5307:Enforcement
5244:Enforcement
5231:(Hong Kong)
5191:Turn on red
5106:Traffic law
4961:Beer Street
4912:Homotaurine
4907:Acamprosate
4778:Dry January
4757:Monitoring
4658:Teetotalism
4651:Malt drinks
4441:Alcohol law
4213:Yard of ale
4158:Drunkorexia
3970:intolerance
3763:Rum-running
3637:(10): 920.
3340:1 September
2727:Mythbusters
1514:coronavirus
1472:per se
1351:evidentiary
1190:MythBusters
1166:MythBusters
1053:Henry's law
1001:compounds.
912:acetic acid
865:Calibration
314:acetic acid
187:Marlborough
119:portmanteau
5730:Categories
5663:Tachograph
5461:Tailgating
5297:Textalyzer
5292:Terry stop
5161:Overtaking
5041:Town drunk
4873:Disulfiram
4821:Small beer
4787:Campaigns
4621:Drunk tank
4594:Dry campus
4504:Dry county
4286:Rum ration
4266:Dipsomania
4195:Pantsdrunk
3988:Red wine:
3778:Alcoholism
3768:Wine fraud
3602:(3): 259.
3315:2012-11-19
3206:2012-11-19
3130:24 October
3091:: 84–107.
3073:2012-11-19
2973:2012-11-19
2806:2018-06-18
2503:27 October
2078:2012-01-12
2009:16 January
1984:16 January
1959:16 January
1920:2014-01-02
1855:2014-01-02
1787:2012-11-19
1752:2014-01-03
1723:2013-12-23
1695:References
1586:dichromate
1560:acts as a
1534:photocells
1414:California
1332:Police in
950:rings and
932:wavelength
928:absorbance
249:Bill Ducie
151:brand name
95:See also:
5705:Road rage
5312:Red light
4976:Dry state
4883:Cyanamide
4717:Sobrietol
4516:Last call
4482:DWI court
4335:Beer mile
4306:Speakeasy
4276:Gin Craze
4208:Beer bong
4163:Dry drunk
4136:Pregaming
3984:Potomania
3966:Tolerance
3956:Pregnancy
3831:Chemistry
3753:Nip joint
3748:Moonshine
2046:0008-5030
1659:oxidation
1655:Fuel cell
1651:Fuel cell
1629:Compounds
1617:photocell
1441:. The US
1338:Australia
1265:fuel cell
1183:mouthwash
1130:esophagus
983:celluloid
965:may have
963:diabetics
753:⟶
611:⟶
606:−
500:−
417:⟶
300:Chemistry
295:MPD, Inc.
287:fuel cell
61:talk page
5675:(Europe)
5064:Category
4965:Gin Lane
4722:Quit lit
4646:Spritzer
4576:Sobriety
4431:Alcohol
4412:Whiskey
4240:Sconcing
4190:Nightcap
4116:Blackout
3946:Cortisol
3843:Congener
3579:19 March
3556:29942621
3159:July 26,
3069:. WisDOT
2947:July 26,
2934:ndaa.org
2912:18450213
2842:10432616
2615:17171302
2435:34044562
2427:20070464
2356:July 26,
2343:16411362
2291:33457048
2209:Br Med J
2190:16978819
2149:26231237
2118:11728735
2054:71491953
1953:Archived
1905:Martin D
1829:18740360
1683:See also
1666:devices.
1644:Infrared
1613:solution
1605:solution
1601:solution
1593:chromium
1574:solution
1562:catalyst
1383:cannabis
1334:Victoria
1291:illegal
1234:Manswers
1016:arterial
999:volatile
995:alcohols
987:gasoline
948:aromatic
908:oxidizes
906:, which
853:Accuracy
310:oxidized
220:In 1954
55:You may
5572:Parking
5339:Warning
4999:Related
4953:History
4738:0-0-1-3
4433:control
4320:General
4296:Shebeen
4249:History
3919:Anxiety
3881:Effects
3855:Ethanol
3704:Alcohol
3639:Bibcode
3604:Bibcode
3547:6001255
3481:13 July
3458:1507264
3438:Bibcode
3035:. 2008.
2877:1506841
2700:7136772
2665:7116785
2623:7606944
2573:1888112
2565:7144462
2477:6101261
2334:4953146
2282:7782040
2230:1689868
1891:1147200
1820:1655515
1633:ethanol
1591:to the
1578:ethanol
1566:alcohol
1498:Example
1464:(infra)
1388:The US
1181:cream,
1179:denture
1126:burping
979:lacquer
967:acetone
944:alcohol
897:ethanol
523:reduced
519:cathode
517:at the
316:at the
306:ethanol
261:Cardiff
196:of the
161:Origins
135:alcohol
5415:Canada
5302:Camera
5110:safety
4773:FRAMES
3982:Beer:
3975:Weight
3951:Memory
3934:Cancer
3717:crimes
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1556:. The
1552:, and
1476:Canada
1298:per se
1293:per se
1175:onions
1118:Binaca
1020:venous
991:ethers
271:. The
123:breath
5036:Spins
4691:(ACA)
4685:(AA):
4451:(ALS)
4331:Beer
4109:Zapoy
3961:Sleep
3929:Brain
3924:Aging
3818:(HFA)
3732:(DUI)
3506:(see
3415:(PDF)
3404:(PDF)
3365:Note:
3301:(PDF)
3192:(PDF)
3125:(PDF)
2941:(PDF)
2930:(PDF)
2859:. 4.
2800:(PDF)
2793:(PDF)
2630:(PDF)
2619:S2CID
2591:(PDF)
2569:S2CID
2497:(PDF)
2442:(PDF)
2431:S2CID
2403:(PDF)
2350:(PDF)
2309:(PDF)
2050:S2CID
1887:JSTOR
1781:(PDF)
1770:(PDF)
1729:1912.
1615:by a
1572:. In
1538:redox
1372:SFSTs
1366:) or
1229:Spike
1208:O, Cl
1024:bolus
318:anode
269:UWIST
63:, or
5691:(US)
5108:and
4963:and
4131:list
3581:2020
3552:PMID
3483:2018
3454:PMID
3342:2014
3161:2017
3132:2023
3101:ISBN
3048:and
2949:2017
2908:PMID
2873:PMID
2838:PMID
2696:PMID
2661:PMID
2611:PMID
2561:PMID
2505:2023
2473:PMID
2423:PMID
2358:2017
2339:PMID
2287:PMID
2235:PMID
2186:PMID
2145:PMID
2114:PMID
2042:ISSN
2011:2013
1986:2013
1961:2013
1825:PMID
1609:vial
1364:FSTs
1188:The
841:The
770:COOH
434:COOH
251:and
125:and
4052:Sex
3707:use
3647:doi
3612:doi
3542:PMC
3534:doi
3446:doi
3093:doi
2900:doi
2865:doi
2830:doi
2688:doi
2684:114
2653:doi
2603:doi
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2465:doi
2415:doi
2329:PMC
2321:doi
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