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156:. He says that " the homogenization argument subspeciates into either an argument about Americanization or an argument about commoditization.... What these arguments fail to consider is that at least as rapidly as forces from various metropolises are brought into new societies, they tend to become indigenized."
85:
in modern cultural homogenization, others note that the process of cultural homogenization is not one-way, and in fact involves a number of cultures exchanging various elements. Critics of cultural homogenization theory point out that as different cultures mix, homogenization is less about the spread
159:
Although there is more to be explored on the dynamics of indigenization, examples such as
Indonesianization in Irian Jaya and Indianization in Sri Lanka show the possibility of alternatives to Americanization. He remarks over this that "One man's imagined community is another man's political prison.
148:
Tomlinson argues that globalization leads to homogenization. He comments on Cees
Hamelink, "Hamelink is right to identify cultural synchronization as an unprecedented feature of global modernity." However, unlike Hamelink, he believes in the idea that homogenization is not a bad thing in itself and
125:
note that "the central problem of today's global interaction the tension between cultural homogenization and cultural heterogenization". The Arab's World was found to be uncomfortable with the former as many of them perceived it as either a real or potential threat to their political, economic, and
163:
Generally homogenization is viewed negatively, as it leads to the "reduction in cultural diversity." However, some scholars have a positive view on homogenization, especially in the area of education. They say that it "produces consistent norms of behavior across a set of modern institutions, thus
36:
through the popularization and diffusion of a wide array of cultural symbols—not only physical objects but customs, ideas and values. David E. O'Connor defines it as "the process by which local cultures are transformed or absorbed by a dominant outside culture". Cultural homogenization has been
365:
The article takes a critical perspective on globalization, seeing it as aligned with the spread of neoliberal capitalism, a tendency towards cultural homogenization, the imposition of dominant 'global north' ideas and the resultant growing inequalities in health and
110:), food, and clothing in the West, though in most cases insignificant in comparison to the Western influence in other countries. The process of adoption of elements of global culture to local cultures is known as
40:
Cultural homogenization can impact national identity and culture, which would be "eroded by the impact of global cultural industries and multinational media". The term is usually used in the context of
86:
of a single culture as about the mixture of different cultures, as people become aware of other cultures and adopt their elements. Examples of non-American culture affecting the West include
37:
called "perhaps the most widely discussed hallmark of global culture". In theory, homogenization could work in the breakdown of cultural barriers and the global adoption of a single culture.
115:
1984:
167:
Teaching universal values such as rationality by mass schooling is a part of the positive benefits that can be generated from homogenization.
2398:
45:
dominating and destroying other cultures. The process of cultural homogenization in the context of the domination of the
Western (
2432:
955:
Appadurai, Arjun (2008). X. Inda, Jonathan; Rosaldo, Renato (eds.). "Disjuncture and
Difference in the Global Cultural Economy".
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964:
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John
Tomlinson says, "It is one thing to say that cultural diversity is being destroyed, quite another to lament the fact."
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1974:
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Disjuncture and
Difference in the Global Cultural Economy in Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization
187:
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tying institutions such as the modern nation state and formal education together in a tight political sphere."
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81:. However, while some scholars, critical of this process, stress the dominance of American culture and
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Appadurai, acknowledging the concept of homogenization, still provides an alternative argument of
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The debate regarding the concept of cultural homogenization consists of two separate questions:
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Media and
Communication Research: An Introduction to Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches
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National
Differences, Global Similarities: World Culture and the Future of Schooling
862:
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20:
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Routledge
International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge
3263:
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2029:
2008:
1933:
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1690:
1670:
1233:
1150:
153:
66:
875:"The Arab World's Uncomfortable Experience with Globalization: Review Article"
149:
that benefits of homogenization may outweigh the goods of cultural diversity.
3278:
3229:
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3176:
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3166:
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1675:
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1540:
1481:
1461:
1446:
1420:
1334:
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890:
344:
260:
111:
32:, listed as one of its main characteristics, and refers to the reduction in
3209:
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2313:
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91:
87:
3161:
3156:
3021:
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2723:
2703:
1388:
1166:
898:
770:
Encyclopedia Of The Global
Economy A Guide For Students And Researchers
475:
Encyclopedia Of The Global Economy A Guide For Students And Researchers
874:
2832:
2656:
2555:
2216:
1615:
255:
99:
873:; al-Mutawa, Mohammed; Tripp, Charles; El-Shibiny, Mohamed (2007).
107:
90:
and the popularization of non-American television (Latin American
1087:
1001:
984:
323:
Melluish, Steve (2014). "Globalization, culture and psychology".
2410:
1000:
Kelbaugh, Douglas S. (2013-05-07). "Introduction to Part Four".
868:
178:
is generally described as an example of cultural homogenization.
3258:
1398:
288:
103:
95:
732:
1056:
980:
978:
976:
316:
944:. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 27–30, 32–43.
973:
728:
726:
724:
766:
471:
989:. Stanford University Press. pp. 1–4, 6–10, 12.
433:
431:
429:
427:
425:
423:
421:
721:
289:Justin Ervin; Zachary Alden Smith (1 August 2008).
547:
542:
418:
3276:
1003:"Critical Regionalism: An Architecture of Place"
959:(2nd ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.: 51.
920:
918:
916:
914:
838:The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Religion
390:
386:
384:
382:
380:
378:
376:
374:
2426:
1072:
933:
927:Cultural Imperialism: A Critical Introduction
911:
689:
687:
588:
465:
282:
834:
800:
794:
693:
584:
582:
437:
957:The Anthropology of Globalization: A Reader
939:
656:
595:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 140–141.
504:
502:
397:. Cambridge University Press. p. 132.
371:
138:whether homogenization is occurring or not.
2433:
2419:
1079:
1065:
924:
841:. Oxford Handbooks Online. pp. 492–.
828:
760:
684:
650:
508:
954:
807:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 76.
626:Service Franchising: A Global Perspective
622:
579:
536:
77:. This process has been resented by many
999:
592:The Blackwell Companion to Globalization
499:
322:
985:David P. Baker and Gerald K. LeTendre.
739:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 933–.
700:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 193–.
616:
3277:
733:Cheris Kramarae; Dale Spender (2000).
478:. Academic Foundation. pp. 391–.
2414:
1060:
885:(2). Middle East Institute: 341–345.
697:Theories and Practices of Development
441:Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice
141:whether it is considered good or not.
2796:New international division of labour
2374:
1975:Role of Christianity in civilization
929:. Continuum. pp. 45–50, 108–13.
773:. Academic Foundation. p. 176.
767:David E. O'Connor (1 January 2006).
660:Understanding Cultural Globalization
472:David E. O'Connor (1 January 2006).
394:Globalizations and the Ancient World
2386:
391:Justin Jennings (8 November 2010).
292:Globalization: A Reference Handbook
13:
331:(5). Informa UK Limited: 538–543.
325:International Review of Psychiatry
14:
3306:
2440:
3257:
3247:
3246:
2457:
2385:
2373:
2362:
2361:
1096:
835:Peter Clarke (6 November 2008).
694:Katie Willis (11 January 2013).
657:Paul Hopper (19 December 2007).
438:Chris Barker (17 January 2008).
216:
201:
186:
16:Aspect of cultural globalization
2458:
2187:Culture and positive psychology
1097:
993:
948:
589:George Ritzer (15 April 2008).
515:. Heinemann. pp. 407–408.
129:
1626:High- and low-context cultures
1:
276:
2192:Culture and social cognition
1177:Cross-cultural communication
337:10.3109/09540261.2014.918873
69:and criticized as a form of
7:
2514:Environmental globalization
2489:Anti-globalization movement
2274:Intercultural communication
1086:
801:Mie Hiramoto (9 May 2012).
234:
10:
3311:
2662:Offshore financial centres
1717:Cross cultural sensitivity
1384:Resistance through culture
444:. SAGE. pp. 159–162.
18:
3242:
3200:
3075:
3010:
2927:
2918:
2845:
2682:
2603:
2596:
2476:
2448:
2357:
2329:Transformation of culture
2022:
1942:
1762:Cultural environmentalism
1699:
1439:
1302:
1192:Cross-cultural psychology
1187:Cross-cultural psychiatry
1182:Cross-cultural leadership
1159:
1108:
1094:
509:Mark Kirby (1 May 2000).
116:cultural heterogenization
2504:Democratic globalization
2289:Living things in culture
2279:Intercultural competence
2182:Culture and menstruation
1681:Trans-cultural diffusion
1012:10.4324/9780203094235-38
629:. Springer. p. 45.
512:Sociology in Perspective
295:. ABC-CLIO. p. 35.
2786:Investor-state disputes
2739:Illicit financial flows
2583:Political globalization
2531:Global financial system
2100:Cultural homogenization
1330:Individualistic culture
1264:Popular culture studies
1249:Intercultural relations
804:Media Intertextualities
196:in Mexico City, Mexico.
126:cultural independence.
26:Cultural homogenization
3285:Cultural globalization
3127:Christopher Chase-Dunn
2895:Primitive accumulation
2578:Military globalization
2509:Economic globalization
2494:Cultural globalization
2035:Archaeological culture
1782:Cultural globalization
1651:Organizational culture
1499:Cultural communication
1457:Cultural appropriation
1244:Intercultural learning
1172:Cross-cultural studies
663:. Polity. p. 91.
266:Linguistic imperialism
30:cultural globalization
2304:Participatory culture
2095:Cultural evolutionism
1919:Multiracial democracy
1797:Cultural intelligence
1742:Cultural conservatism
1732:Cultural backwardness
1722:Cultural assimilation
1596:Cultural reproduction
1452:Cultural appreciation
1404:Far-right subcultures
1294:Transcultural nursing
1259:Philosophy of culture
1136:Cultural neuroscience
1116:Cultural anthropology
871:Mourtada-Sabbah, Nada
194:Torre Ejecutiva Pemex
3192:Immanuel Wallerstein
2853:Capital accumulation
2719:Endangered languages
2299:Oppositional culture
2269:Emotions and culture
2177:Cultural sensibility
2167:Cultural translation
2105:Cultural institution
2085:Cultural determinism
1807:Cultural nationalism
1792:Cultural imperialism
1752:Cultural deprivation
1646:Non-material culture
1279:Sociology of culture
1274:Semiotics of culture
1006:. pp. 316–326.
246:Criticism of Walmart
83:corporate capitalism
71:cultural imperialism
3264:Business portal
2823:Transnational crime
2729:Forced displacement
2714:Economic inequality
2588:Trade globalization
2484:Alter-globalization
2150:Culture speculation
2145:Cultural relativism
2075:Cultural competence
1965:Cultural Christians
1837:Cultural Revolution
1827:Cultural radicalism
1802:Cultural liberalism
1737:Cultural Bolshevism
1712:Consumer capitalism
1666:Relational mobility
1606:Cultural technology
1514:Cultural dissonance
1431:Culture by location
1394:Alternative culture
1310:Constructed culture
1289:Theology of culture
1229:Cultural psychology
1209:Cultural entomology
879:Middle East Journal
251:Cultural uniformity
224:Sun Hung Kai Centre
211:in Toronto, Canada.
209:Hudson's Bay Centre
176:International style
121:Some scholars like
79:indigenous cultures
3290:Cultural geography
3037:Andre Gunder Frank
2811:Race to the bottom
2801:North–South divide
2519:Global citizenship
2309:Permission culture
2242:Disability culture
2222:Children's culture
2090:Cultural diversity
2050:Circuit of culture
1832:Cultural retention
1812:Cultural pessimism
1767:Cultural exception
1757:Cultural diplomacy
1747:Cultural contracts
1707:Colonial mentality
1636:Manuscript culture
1611:Cultural universal
1581:Cultural pluralism
1561:Cultural landscape
1556:Cultural invention
1524:Cultural framework
1426:Vernacular culture
1224:Cultural mediation
1204:Cultural economics
1199:Cultural analytics
1131:Cultural geography
1121:Cultural astronomy
623:Ilan Alon (2006).
51:capitalist culture
34:cultural diversity
3295:Cultural politics
3272:
3271:
3238:
3237:
3097:K. Anthony Appiah
3092:Daniele Archibugi
2841:
2840:
2630:COVID-19 pandemic
2536:Global governance
2408:
2407:
2237:Death and culture
2130:Cultural movement
2120:Cultural literacy
1980:Eastern Orthodoxy
1892:Dominator culture
1887:Deculturalization
1787:Cultural hegemony
1777:Cultural genocide
1772:Cultural feminism
1591:Cultural property
1586:Cultural practice
1571:Cultural leveling
1566:Cultural learning
1551:Cultural industry
1546:Cultural identity
1529:Cultural heritage
1519:Cultural emphasis
1504:Cultural conflict
1477:Cultural behavior
1467:Cultural artifact
1379:Primitive culture
1355:Political culture
966:978-1-4051-3612-9
940:Arjun Appadurai.
848:978-0-19-927979-1
814:978-90-272-0256-7
780:978-81-7188-547-3
746:978-0-415-92088-9
707:978-0-415-30052-0
670:978-0-7456-3558-3
636:978-0-387-28256-5
602:978-0-470-76642-2
565:978-0-7619-1853-0
554:. SAGE. pp.
546:(21 March 2000).
544:Arthur Asa Berger
522:978-0-435-33160-3
485:978-81-7188-547-3
451:978-1-4129-2416-0
404:978-0-521-76077-5
302:978-1-59884-073-5
241:American hegemony
59:coca-colonization
53:is also known as
28:is an aspect of
3302:
3262:
3261:
3250:
3249:
3203:
3112:Jean Baudrillard
3080:
3027:Giovanni Arrighi
3015:
2972:Branko Milanović
2952:Jagdish Bhagwati
2930:
2925:
2924:
2816:pollution havens
2781:Invasive species
2685:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2551:Global workforce
2461:
2460:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2389:
2388:
2377:
2376:
2365:
2364:
2254:Drinking culture
2207:Culture industry
2155:Cultural tourism
2135:Cultural mulatto
2110:Cultural jet lag
2045:Cannabis culture
2002:Cultural Muslims
1924:Pluriculturalism
1907:Multiculturalism
1897:Interculturalism
1872:Culture minister
1862:Cultural Zionism
1857:Cultural subsidy
1852:Cultural silence
1727:Cultural attaché
1686:Transculturation
1641:Material culture
1631:Interculturality
1487:Cultural capital
1472:Cultural baggage
1409:Youth subculture
1350:Official culture
1315:Dominant culture
1254:Internet culture
1219:Cultural mapping
1214:Cultural history
1141:Cultural studies
1126:Cultural ecology
1100:
1099:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1052:
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1029:
1028:
997:
991:
990:
982:
971:
970:
952:
946:
945:
937:
931:
930:
925:John Tomlinson.
922:
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21:Dominant culture
3310:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3256:
3234:
3215:Thomas Friedman
3201:
3196:
3147:Anthony Giddens
3122:Manuel Castells
3087:Arjun Appadurai
3078:
3076:
3071:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3002:Joseph Stiglitz
2942:Richard Baldwin
2928:
2920:
2914:
2873:Fiscal localism
2837:
2791:McDonaldization
2709:Development aid
2683:
2678:
2647:Multilingualism
2642:Labor arbitrage
2618:Climate justice
2604:
2592:
2546:Global politics
2499:Deglobalization
2472:
2444:
2439:
2409:
2404:
2353:
2344:Western culture
2339:Welfare culture
2264:Eastern culture
2125:Cultural mosaic
2080:Cultural critic
2070:Cultural center
2018:
1992:Cultural Hindus
1938:
1929:Polyculturalism
1902:Monoculturalism
1877:Culture of fear
1847:Cultural safety
1842:Cultural rights
1822:Cultural racism
1817:Cultural policy
1695:
1601:Cultural system
1576:Cultural memory
1509:Cultural cringe
1435:
1367:Popular culture
1298:
1234:Cultural values
1155:
1104:
1090:
1085:
1055:
1043:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1022:
998:
994:
983:
974:
967:
953:
949:
938:
934:
923:
912:
903:
901:
867:
863:
853:
851:
849:
833:
829:
819:
817:
815:
799:
795:
785:
783:
781:
765:
761:
751:
749:
747:
731:
722:
712:
710:
708:
692:
685:
675:
673:
671:
655:
651:
641:
639:
637:
621:
617:
607:
605:
603:
587:
580:
570:
568:
566:
541:
537:
527:
525:
523:
507:
500:
490:
488:
486:
470:
466:
456:
454:
452:
436:
419:
409:
407:
405:
389:
372:
321:
317:
307:
305:
303:
287:
283:
279:
271:Monoculturalism
237:
232:
231:
230:
227:
221:
212:
206:
197:
191:
180:
179:
170:
132:
123:Arjun Appadurai
75:neo-colonialism
63:Americanization
55:McDonaldization
43:Western culture
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3308:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3254:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3117:Zygmunt Bauman
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2982:Thomas Piketty
2979:
2977:Kevin O'Rourke
2974:
2969:
2967:Michael Hudson
2964:
2959:
2957:Robert Brenner
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2828:Westernization
2825:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2688:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2667:Tax inversions
2664:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2637:Digital divide
2634:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2613:Climate change
2609:
2607:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2383:
2371:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2140:Cultural probe
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2065:Cross-cultural
2062:
2060:Coffee culture
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2030:Animal culture
2026:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1934:Transculturism
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1867:Culture change
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1691:Visual culture
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1671:Safety culture
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1492:Cross-cultural
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1151:Culture theory
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1054:
1053:
1044:|website=
1020:
992:
972:
965:
947:
932:
910:
861:
847:
827:
813:
793:
779:
759:
745:
720:
706:
683:
669:
649:
635:
615:
601:
578:
564:
535:
521:
498:
484:
464:
450:
417:
403:
370:
315:
301:
280:
278:
275:
274:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
236:
233:
229:
228:
222:
215:
213:
207:
200:
198:
192:
185:
182:
181:
174:
173:
172:
154:indigenization
143:
142:
139:
131:
128:
67:Westernization
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3307:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3253:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3231:
3230:Vandana Shiva
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3182:Saskia Sassen
3180:
3178:
3177:George Ritzer
3175:
3173:
3172:Antonio Negri
3170:
3168:
3167:L. H. M. Ling
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3152:Michael Hardt
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:Alfred Crosby
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3062:Susan Strange
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3032:Robert W. Cox
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2992:Jeffrey Sachs
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2910:World-systems
2908:
2906:
2905:World history
2903:
2901:
2900:Social change
2898:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2878:Modernization
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2541:Global health
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2442:Globalization
2436:
2431:
2429:
2424:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2349:Youth culture
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2334:Urban culture
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2319:Remix culture
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2294:Media culture
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2284:Languaculture
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:Culture shock
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2172:Cultural turn
2170:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2040:Bennett scale
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1970:Protestantism
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1912:Biculturalism
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1676:Technoculture
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1656:Print culture
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1621:Enculturation
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1541:Cultural icon
1539:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1482:Cultural bias
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1462:Cultural area
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1447:Acculturation
1445:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1421:Super culture
1419:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1335:Legal culture
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1284:Sound culture
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1049:
1037:
1023:
1021:9780203094235
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:
996:
988:
981:
979:
977:
968:
962:
958:
951:
943:
936:
928:
921:
919:
917:
915:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
865:
850:
844:
840:
839:
831:
816:
810:
806:
805:
797:
782:
776:
772:
771:
763:
748:
742:
738:
737:
729:
727:
725:
709:
703:
699:
698:
690:
688:
672:
666:
662:
661:
653:
638:
632:
628:
627:
619:
604:
598:
594:
593:
585:
583:
567:
561:
557:
552:
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