179:
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548:(compared to 24% in 2005) and only 31% of national arts program directors. Generally, women are better represented in specific cultural fields such as arts education and training (60%), book publishing and press (54%), audiovisual and interactive media (26%), as well as design and creative services (33%). The 2022 global report found that cultural industries were increasingly making gender equality a priority, but that actual progress was slow. Though 48.1% of the work in cultural and entertainment sectors is done by women, the report concluded that they are still under-represented in leadership positions, get less public funding, and get less recognition for their work.
20:
78:
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299:. The declaration identifies cultural diversity as a source of innovation and creativity, as well as a driver of both economic development and personal development. UNESCO made a submission to a 2002 UN report on Human Rights and Cultural Diversity, quoting part of the declaration to emphasise that cultural diversity must not be used to infringe the rights of minorities and that cultural diversity requires the protection of individual freedoms.
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cultural diversity as "the set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual, and emotional features of society or a social group", including lifestyles, value systems, traditions, and beliefs. The twelve articles of the
Universal Declaration were published with an action plan for ways to promote cultural diversity. This action plan connected cultural diversity explicitly to human rights including
497:, even when invited to receive an award or to promote their works. The 2022 global report found that, despite governments and civil society organisations taking this inequality more seriously, concrete improvements are lacking. Thus, the ability of artists from the Global South to reach audiences in the Global North "remains extremely weak".
432:. According to the 2017 and 2022 global reports, attacks against artists — including prosecution, imprisonment, or even killing — have increased in recent years. In 2020, 978 cases were reported around the world, compared to 771 in 2019 and 673 in 2018. Musicians are the most threatened group, especially
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are among the platforms who state a commitment to promoting cultural diversity. For Google Arts and
Culture, diversity implies "working with communities that have historically been left out of the mainstream cultural narrative" while Europeana acknowledges that "stories told with/by cultural heritage
340:
The 2005 Convention created an
International Fund for Cultural Diversity (IFCD), funded by voluntary contributions. This makes funding available to developing countries that are parties to the convention for specific activities that develop their cultural policies and cultural industries. As of April
369:
and cultural sector organisations) can promote or restrict cultural diversity. As part of the international effort to promote and preserve cultural diversity, the 2005 Convention established processes to monitor progress towards a favourable environment, including global reports every four years and
357:
show a partially comparable pattern. These threats often come from other cultural expressions, as when imported entertainment undermines interest in a nation's own culture. Other examples he mentions include religious revivals and modern
Western education systems. Factors that promote a country's
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have succeeded in introducing cultural reservations to protect and promote the diversity of cultural expressions. The growth of online digital content has increased the diversity of culture that a person can get immediate access to, but also increased the threat to cultural diversity by making it
286:
in all its forms, and for policies that help to share ideas across cultures and inspire new forms of creativity. UNESCO no longer interpreted "culture" in terms of artistic masterpieces. With the
Universal Declaration, it adopted a more expansive understanding based on anthropology. This defined
266:
began in 2001, highlighting specific masterpieces to promote the responsibility of nations to protect intangible cultural heritage. Further proclamations were added in 2003 and 2005, bringing the total number of masterpieces to ninety. In 2001, UNESCO also hosted expert meetings to create a
543:
A gender gap persists worldwide concerning equal pay, access to funding and prices charged for creative works. Consequently, women remain under-represented in key creative roles and are outnumbered in decision-making positions. As of 2018, women made up only 34% of
436:
musicians, whose lyrics tend to be provocative and politically challenging. While online services have provided new ways for artists to distribute images, music, and video to large audiences, they have brought their own threats to freedom in the form of censorship,
143:. It includes lifestyles, value systems, traditions, and beliefs in addition to creative works. It emphasises an ongoing process of interaction and dialogue between cultures. This meaning has been promoted to the international community by UNESCO, since the 2001
127:
Of these five, the economic meaning has come to dominate in international negotiations. Nations have principally looked to protect cultural diversity by strengthening the ability of their domestic cultural industries to sell goods or services. Since the 1990s,
262:: the traditions, social structures, and skills that support creative expression. International efforts to define and protect this aspect of culture began with the 1989 UNESCO Recommendation on the Safeguarding of Traditional Culture and Folklore. UNESCO's
607:"We need social and educational experiences plus reflection on the experience to go beyond reliance on stereotypes. The more we interact with diverse others and mindfully reflect on the experience, the more we can improve our competency with differences."
387:
has frequently involved an intentional destruction of cultural diversity, when the colonising powers use education, media, and violence to replace the languages, religions, and cultural values of the colonised people with their own. This process of
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adopted by UNESCO in 1980. Social security in particular allows a more diverse range of citizens to take part in artistic activities, because without it, financially insecure people are discouraged from working in a field with unstable income.
197:
Another aspect of cultural diversity is measured by counting the number of languages spoken in a region or in the world as a whole. By this measure, the world's cultural diversity is rapidly declining. Research carried out in the 1990s by
590:
Individual citizens can experience and promote cultural diversity through their own choices, including the choice to share their own culture. The "Do One Thing for
Diversity and Inclusion" campaign has been run annually since 2011 by the
519:
505:
As well as protecting free expression and free movement, governments can promote cultural diversity by recognising and enforcing the rights of artists. The working conditions of artists are affected by their rights to organise
420:, as defined by the 2005 Convention, includes the freedom of artists to work without government interference, and also the freedom of citizens to access diverse cultural content. Governments can repress these freedoms through
916:
De
Beukelaer, Christiaan; Pyykkönen, Miikka (2015). "Confusing Culture, Polysemous Diversity: "Culture" and "Cultural Diversity" in and after the Convention". In Beukelaer, Christiaan; Pyykkönen, Miikka; Singh, J. P. (eds.).
738:
De
Beukelaer, Christiaan; Pyykkönen, Miikka (2015). "Confusing Culture, Polysemous Diversity: "Culture" and "Cultural Diversity" in and after the Convention". In Beukelaer, Christiaan; Pyykkönen, Miikka; Singh, J. P. (eds.).
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325:(the "2005 Convention") was adopted in October 2005. This was the first international treaty to establish rights and obligations specifically relating to culture. The convention builds on the 2001 declaration by naming
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322:
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in Brazil organized a world meeting for culture, bringing together mayors and technical directors of culture from different cities of the world, with observers from civil society. The cities of Porto Alegre and
68:
and its member states. This involves action at international, national, and local levels. Cultural diversity can also be promoted by individual citizens in the ways they choose to express or experience culture.
400:
of community property, and replacement of systems of work. The protection of indigenous peoples' rights to maintain their own languages, religions, and culture has been enshrined in treaties including the 1965
595:
as a way to commemorate the World Day for
Cultural Diversity. It encourages people to explore the music, literature, art, and traditions of unfamiliar cultures and to share their own culture with strangers.
41:. It has a variety of meanings in different contexts, sometimes applying to cultural products like art works in museums or entertainment available online, and sometimes applying to the variety of human
158:
took this position in 2001, asserting in
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity that "cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature." The authors
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easier for a small number of large companies to flood markets with their cultural products. Digital delivery of culture has also given a great deal of power to companies in the technology sector.
556:
Between 2015 and 2017, at least eight bilateral and regional free trade agreements have introduced cultural clauses or list of commitments that promote the objectives and principles of the
489:
while for an Afghan passport the number of countries is 24. Travel restrictions, including difficulties in obtaining visas, often impede artists from the Global South to participate in art
268:
560:. Despite the lack of the promotion of the objectives and principles of the 2005 Convention with regard to the negotiation of mega-regional partnership agreements, some parties to the
2104:
1427:"An international instrument for international cultural policy: The challenge of UNESCO's Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions 2005"
244:
1286:
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Duxbury, Nancy; Cullen, Catherine; Pascual, Jordi (2012). "Cities, Culture and Sustainable Development". In Anheier, Helmut K.; Isar, Yudhishthir Raj; Hölscher, Michael (eds.).
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Cultural policy scholar Johnathan Vickery has observed that cultural diversity, like biological diversity, is continually under threat from various factors. Cultural diversity,
515:
307:
263:
1193:
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Garner, Ben (2011). "Globalisation, Cultural Diversity and the Search for a New Global Ethics". In Garner, Ben; Pavlenko, Sonia; Shaheen, Salma; Wolanski, Alison (eds.).
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1653:"Book Review: Globalization, Culture and Development: The UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity edited by Christiaan De Beukelaer, Miikka Pyykkönen and J. P. Singh"
258:, established in 1972 by UNESCO, mainly listed architectural features and monuments. In the late 20th century, the diplomatic community recognised a need to protect
64:
in the market for cultural goods. Since the middle of the 20th century, there has been a concerted international effort to protect cultural diversity, involving the
1143:
Francioni, Francesco (2012). "The Evolving Framework for the Protection of Cultural Heritage in International Law". In Borelli, Silvia; Lenzerini, Federico (eds.).
187:
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as a fundamental part of cultural diversity and stating that cultural diversity depends on the free flow of ideas. To date, 151 signatory states, as well as the
764:
Saouma, Galia; Isar, Yudhishthir Raj (2015). ""Cultural Diversity" at UNESCO: A Trajectory". In Beukelaer, Christiaan; Pyykkönen, Miikka; Singh, J. P. (eds.).
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was thus designed with the aim of including cultural diversity at the local level. The document was approved on May 8, 2004 during the first edition of the
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in a specific region, or in the world as a whole. It can also refer to the inclusion of different cultural perspectives in an organization or society.
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items have not historically been representative of the population, and so we strive to share lesser-told stories from underrepresented communities."
178:
603:
describes the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity as prompting each individual to consider their own and others' diverse identities:
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Moore, Joslin L.; Manne, Lisa; Brooks, Thomas; Burgess, Neil D.; Davies, Robert; Rahbek, Carsten; Williams, Paul; Balmford, Andrew (22 Aug 2002).
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Governments and international bodies use "cultural diversity" in both a broad and a narrow sense. The broad meaning takes its inspiration from
92:
In the context of national and international efforts to promote or preserve cultural diversity, the term applies to five overlapping domains:
3759:
895:
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Guèvremont, Véronique (2015). "The 2005 Convention in the Digital Age". In Beukelaer, Christiaan; Pyykkönen, Miikka; Singh, J. P. (eds.).
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has been used many times in history, particularly by the European colonial powers from the 18th to 20th centuries, taking the form of
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suggested that at that time, on average, one language was falling into disuse every two weeks. He calculated that if that rate of the
272:
1715:
Singh, J. P. (2015). "Cultural Globalization and the Convention". In Beukelaer, Christiaan; Pyykkönen, Miikka; Singh, J. P. (eds.).
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592:
485:. Their ability to do so depends on their country of origin; the holder of a German passport can travel to 176 countries without a
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Mobility restrictions present challenges to professionals in the cultural and creative industries, specifically to those from the
2006:
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protections for times when their work does not produce income. These economic and social rights are formally recognised by the
1783:"Language and Politics: On the Cultural Basis of Colonialism (Langue et politique: sur les bases culturelles du colonialisme)"
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were to continue, then by the year 2100, more than 90% of the languages currently spoken in the world will have gone extinct.
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147:. In practice, governments use a narrower, more traditional, meaning that focuses on the economic domain mentioned above.
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Duxbury, Nancy; Jeannotte, Sharon (2013). "Global Cultural Governance Policy". In Young, Greg; Stevenson, Deborah (eds.).
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1911:
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2023, UNESCO reports that 140 projects in 69 developing countries have been carried out with funding from the IFCD.
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Average number of countries accessible without visas passport-holders Global North and Global South. 2017 (source:
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and a nation's openness to discussing and celebrating cultural differences (which is itself an aspect of culture).
186:
Cultural diversity is difficult to quantify. One measure of diversity is the number of identifiable cultures. The
3547:
2388:
303:
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The first international instrument enshrining the value of cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue was the
1523:"What role for culture in the age of sustainable development? UNESCO's advocacy in the 2030 Agenda negotiations"
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have proposed the drafting of a reference document for the development of local cultural policies, inspired by
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Organisations that promote access to culture can reflect diversity in what they choose to host or to exclude.
271:. This was passed in 2003 and came into force in 2006. One result of this convention was the 2008 creation of
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647:
474:
366:
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definition of intangible cultural heritage and a more legally binding treaty to protect it, resulting in the
2105:"Launch of Global Culture Report at Meeting of UNESCO's Convention on the Diversity of Cultural Expressions"
445:. The 2022 global report found that some countries had repealed laws restricting free expression, including
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1194:"The Samba of Roda and the Ramlila proclaimed Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity"
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259:
251:
1335:
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117:: the diversity of cultural traditions that are represented in heritage institutions such as museums, and
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Cultural Rights in International Law: Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Beyond
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Cultural Rights in International Law: Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Beyond
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Cultural Rights in International Law: Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Beyond
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2318:. The cultures and globalization series (1. publ ed.). Los Angeles, California: Sage. p. 80.
219:
1336:"Did You Know That There Is the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity? And Why You Should Care?"
961:"Did You Know That There Is the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity? And Why You Should Care?"
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has mainly used "cultural diversity" for the international aspects of diversity, preferring the term "
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The Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage drew attention to increasing
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to spur innovation toward ever higher levels of social, intellectual and spiritual accomplishment."
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19:
2242:"Public diplomacy at the global level: The Alliance of Civilizations as a community of practice"
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1973:
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477:. Artists and cultural professionals need to travel to perform to new audiences or to attend a
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Cultural Heritage, Cultural Rights, Cultural Diversity: New Developments in International Law
864:
International Journal of African Renaissance Studies – Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity
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296:
283:
282:, adopted unanimously in 2001. It calls on nations and institutions to work together for the
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account for 5,000 distinct cultures and thus the majority of the world's cultural diversity.
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Leask, Anna (2006). "World Heritage Site Designation". In Leask, Anna; Fyall, Alan (eds.).
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Countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level, blue is lower and orange is higher
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In the international legal context, cultural diversity has been described as analogous to
8:
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2002:
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Cultural and Ethical Turns: Interdisciplinary Reflections on Culture, Politics and Ethics
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laws, but that in practice artistic freedom was not being better monitored or protected.
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292:
255:
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Many of the international legal agreements addressing cultural diversity were focused on
214:
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Sekhar, Anupama (2022). "Re-imagining mobility for artists and cultural professionals".
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and motivated UNESCO to negotiate a treaty protecting cultural diversity. The resulting
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since its founding in 1945, through a succession of declarations and legal instruments.
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Villarroya Planas, Anna (2022). "Gender equality: one step forward, two steps back".
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1979:
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1500:"Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions"
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UNESCO The Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity: Marking the 20th Anniversary
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Verwayen, Harry (2021). "Sharing and promoting Europe's cultural diversity online".
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UNESCO The Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity: Marking the 20th Anniversary
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Globalization, culture and development: the UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity
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Globalization, culture and development: the UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity
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Globalization, culture and development: the UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity
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Globalization, culture and development: the UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity
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Globalization, culture and development: the UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity
702:
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545:
482:
417:
323:
Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions
275:, which incorporated the masterpieces from the 2001, 2003, and 2005 proclamations.
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At the international level, the notion of cultural diversity has been defended by
123:: the variety of ethnic groups and their traditions that are visible in a country.
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38:
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1388:"The New UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity: A Counterbalance to the WTO?1"
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took this analogy further, describing cultural diversity as "a sort of cultural
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Re|shaping policies for creativity: addressing culture as a global public good
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Re|shaping policies for creativity: addressing culture as a global public good
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Re|shaping policies for creativity: addressing culture as a global public good
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2083:"UNESCO Director-General Launches Global Report Re-shaping Cultural Policies"
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1088:. Canto (Canto ed., 7. printing ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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The actions of governments, international bodies, and civil society (meaning
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199:
61:
2161:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 147–150.
817:
264:
Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
254:, and thus on tangible cultural expressions that can be bought or sold. The
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or the protection of the rights of artists, and by economic factors such as
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Sood, Amit (2021). "Harnessing technology to explore humanity's culture".
1798:
1719:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 37–38.
1403:
743:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 24–26.
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3587:
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3242:
2700:
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2506:
1600:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
1113:. Vol. 1. Los Angeles (California): Sage publications. p. 558.
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507:
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224:
81:
66:
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
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in December 2002. This continues to be celebrated on May 21 each year.
57:
53:
921:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 17.
768:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 61.
551:
526:
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1855:"Indigenous Planning: From Forced Assimilation to Self-determination"
626:
622:
578:
167:
85:
46:
2028:
El Bennaoui, Khadija (2017). "Surviving the paradoxes of mobility".
1942:
Whyatt, Sara (2017). "Promoting the freedom to imagine and create".
1247:"Cultural diversity drives innovation: empowering teams for success"
536:
490:
269:
Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage
232:
228:
111:: the participation of diverse ethnic groups in a nation's culture,
2031:
Re|shaping cultural policies: advancing creativity for development
1945:
Re|shaping cultural policies: advancing creativity for development
1025:
Fearon, James (2003). "Ethnic and Cultural Diversity by Country".
998:
Alternatives to Economic Globalization: A Better World Is Possible
2448:
1596:"The distribution of cultural and biological diversity in Africa"
1245:
Jones, Graham; Chirino Chace, Bernardita; Wright, Justin (2020).
511:
456:
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42:
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United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
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of artists, or can choose to actively protect artists and their
52:
Cultural diversity can be affected by political factors such as
2759:
1358:"World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development"
155:
129:
65:
37:
is the quality of diverse or different cultures, as opposed to
24:
1283:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner of Human Rights
516:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
308:
World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development
28:
1742:"Subtle subversions: resisting colonialism through religion"
1972:
Whyatt, Sara (2022). "Safeguarding the freedom to create".
190:
reports that, although their numbers are relatively small,
2417:
1475:
Investing in Cultural Diversity and Intercultural Dialogue
105:: the variety of artistic genres and styles that coexist,
99:: the availability of diverse cultural goods or services,
1244:
188:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
2003:"L'UNESCO soutient la mobilité des artistes en Tunesie"
1593:
520:
1980 Recommendation concerning the Status of the Artist
2342:
The Ashgate Research Companion to Planning and Culture
1678:"Global Capitalism and Critical Awareness of Language"
1061:"Environment | United Nations For Indigenous Peoples"
915:
737:
2332:
2311:
825:. Oxford: Inter-Disciplinary Press. pp. 26–27.
403:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
337:
of the convention, or a legally equivalent process.
2097:
1903:
Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law
552:
Trade and investment in cultural goods and services
527:
Gender equality in cultural and creative industries
535:Proportion of female artists in ten recent global
280:UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity
2287:United Nations Alliance of Civilizations (2012).
2129:
1830:"Assimilation | Definition, History, & Facts"
1213:
1211:
611:
273:UNESCO Representative List of Intangible Heritage
3773:
2367:. Applied legal philosophy. Aldershot: Ashgate.
2338:
1997:
1995:
593:United Nations Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC)
223:, a list of countries based on the diversity of
1900:Kälin, Walter (2020). "Assimilation, Forced".
1300:
1208:
994:
782:
457:Mobility of artists and cultural professionals
373:
238:
2433:
1992:
1306:
1279:"Universal Declaration of Cultural Diversity"
1217:
788:
1492:
1111:Encyclopedia of race, ethnicity, and society
1065:UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs
2027:
2005:(in French). News Press. 14 December 2017.
1827:
1520:
1386:Graber, Christoph Beat (1 September 2006).
1271:
1251:International Journal of Innovation Science
942:Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity
629:, created in 1992 for the environment. The
145:Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity
2440:
2426:
2289:"Do One Thing for Diversity and Inclusion"
2156:
1675:
1561:
1001:. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. p. 89.
763:
2413:UNESCO: Diversity of Cultural Expressions
2075:
1967:
1965:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1757:
1627:
1431:International Journal of Cultural Studies
1262:
1142:
1020:
1018:
370:national reports from individual states.
2210:
1527:International Journal of Cultural Policy
1108:
530:
500:
460:
407:UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
177:
76:
18:
16:Quality of diverse or different cultures
2362:
1852:
1739:
1650:
1521:Wiktor-Mach, Dobrosława (24 Oct 2018).
1083:
3774:
2315:Cities, cultural policy and governance
2111:from the original on 18 September 2020
2054:
1971:
1962:
1941:
1920:
1780:
1651:Vickery, Johnathan (19 January 2016).
1471:
1424:
1385:
1340:International In-House Counsel Journal
1333:
1024:
1015:
995:Cavanagh, John; Mander, Jerry (2004).
965:International In-House Counsel Journal
958:
857:
815:
302:Citing the Universal Declaration, the
2421:
2107:. Modern Diplomacy. 8 December 2017.
2009:from the original on 14 December 2017
1899:
1828:Prine Pauls, Elizabeth (2023-11-21).
1714:
1392:Journal of International Economic Law
1172:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 11.
1167:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
585:
568:
3735:
3336:Role of Christianity in civilization
2239:
2181:
1587:
990:
988:
986:
954:
952:
950:
518:passed by the UN in 1966 and by the
3747:
2240:Goff, Patricia M (September 2015).
673:Foundation for Endangered Languages
412:
13:
2356:
1853:Hibbard, Michael (February 2022).
1575:from the original on 25 April 2023
1200:. 25 November 2005. Archived from
1127:
136:" for diversity within a country.
72:
14:
3823:
2382:
1948:. UNESCO. pp. 210–211, 223.
1676:Fairclough, Norman (April 1999).
1224:. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 77–79.
983:
947:
795:. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 77–79.
663:Cultural Diversity Award (UNESCO)
173:
3746:
3734:
3723:
3722:
2457:
2365:Accommodating cultural diversity
1334:Passer, Juliette (Autumn 2020).
959:Passer, Juliette (Autumn 2020).
3548:Culture and positive psychology
2458:
2305:
2280:
2233:
2204:
2175:
2150:
2123:
2048:
2021:
1893:
1846:
1821:
1774:
1733:
1708:
1669:
1644:
1514:
1465:
1418:
1379:
1368:from the original on 2022-05-19
1350:
1327:
1289:from the original on 2022-05-04
1238:
1186:
1161:
1102:
1077:
1053:
898:from the original on 2023-04-22
840:from the original on 2023-04-19
616:In September 2002, the city of
562:Trans Pacific Partnership (TTP)
539:, 2017 (source: BOP Consulting)
304:United Nations General Assembly
2987:High- and low-context cultures
2363:Tierney, Stephen, ed. (2007).
1859:Journal of Planning Literature
935:
909:
851:
809:
757:
731:
612:National and local initiatives
510:, to workplace safety, and to
1:
1759:10.1080/0048721X.2020.1713510
1539:10.1080/10286632.2018.1534841
1313:. Leiden: BRILL. p. 72.
1170:Managing World Heritage Sites
1109:Schaefer, Richard T. (2008).
724:
648:Criticism of multiculturalism
396:to the coloniser's religion,
3553:Culture and social cognition
2538:Cross-cultural communication
2034:. UNESCO. pp. 108–109.
1978:. UNESCO. pp. 263–264.
1307:Stamatopoulou, Elsa (2007).
1218:Stamatopoulou, Elsa (2007).
789:Stamatopoulou, Elsa (2007).
653:Cross-cultural communication
260:intangible cultural heritage
252:intellectual property rights
154:. The General Conference of
84:is dedicated to celebrating
7:
3812:Majority–minority relations
3635:Intercultural communication
2447:
1906:. Oxford University Press.
1787:Cahiers d'Études Africaines
1425:Aylett, Holly (July 2010).
678:Heritage Day (South Africa)
640:
635:Universal Forum of Cultures
374:Imperialism and colonialism
358:cultural diversity include
239:International legal context
10:
3828:
3078:Cross cultural sensitivity
2745:Resistance through culture
2085:. UNESCO. 15 December 2017
1027:Journal of Economic Growth
377:
344:
220:Journal of Economic Growth
3718:
3690:Transformation of culture
3383:
3303:
3123:Cultural environmentalism
3060:
2800:
2663:
2553:Cross-cultural psychology
2548:Cross-cultural psychiatry
2543:Cross-cultural leadership
2520:
2469:
2455:
2403:Resources in your library
1871:10.1177/08854122211026641
1781:Jinadu, L. Adele (1976).
1694:10.1080/09658419908667119
1264:10.1108/IJIS-04-2020-0042
1147:. BRILL. pp. 21–24.
876:10.1080/18186870903102048
23:37th General Assembly of
3650:Living things in culture
3640:Intercultural competence
3543:Culture and menstruation
3042:Trans-cultural diffusion
2258:10.1177/0010836715574915
2246:Cooperation and Conflict
1443:10.1177/1367877910369975
333:, have registered their
3461:Cultural homogenization
2691:Individualistic culture
2625:Popular culture studies
2610:Intercultural relations
2136:. UNESCO. p. 241.
2061:. UNESCO. p. 143.
1740:Simmons, Caleb (2020).
1084:Crystal, David (2007).
1039:10.1023/A:1024419522867
688:Intercultural relations
575:Google Arts and Culture
315:cultural homogenization
284:preservation of culture
3396:Archaeological culture
3143:Cultural globalization
3012:Organizational culture
2860:Cultural communication
2818:Cultural appropriation
2605:Intercultural learning
2533:Cross-cultural studies
1612:10.1098/rspb.2002.2075
1478:. UNESCO. p. 30.
683:Intercultural dialogue
609:
540:
470:
183:
89:
88:'s cultural diversity.
31:
3665:Participatory culture
3456:Cultural evolutionism
3280:Multiracial democracy
3158:Cultural intelligence
3103:Cultural conservatism
3093:Cultural backwardness
3083:Cultural assimilation
2957:Cultural reproduction
2813:Cultural appreciation
2765:Far-right subcultures
2655:Transcultural nursing
2620:Philosophy of culture
2497:Cultural neuroscience
2477:Cultural anthropology
1799:10.3406/cea.1976.2517
858:Adubra, Edem (2009).
605:
546:Ministers for Culture
534:
501:Governance of culture
467:Henley Passport Index
464:
289:freedom of expression
181:
80:
22:
3660:Oppositional culture
3630:Emotions and culture
3538:Cultural sensibility
3528:Cultural translation
3466:Cultural institution
3446:Cultural determinism
3168:Cultural nationalism
3153:Cultural imperialism
3113:Cultural deprivation
3007:Non-material culture
2640:Sociology of culture
2635:Semiotics of culture
2219:. pp. 108–109.
599:The American lawyer
380:Cultural imperialism
351:linguistic diversity
327:linguistic diversity
297:indigenous knowledge
295:, and protection of
3511:Culture speculation
3506:Cultural relativism
3436:Cultural competence
3326:Cultural Christians
3198:Cultural Revolution
3188:Cultural radicalism
3163:Cultural liberalism
3098:Cultural Bolshevism
3073:Consumer capitalism
3027:Relational mobility
2967:Cultural technology
2875:Cultural dissonance
2792:Culture by location
2755:Alternative culture
2671:Constructed culture
2650:Theology of culture
2590:Cultural psychology
2570:Cultural entomology
1657:LSE Review of Books
1606:(1501): 1645–1653.
1569:"What is the IFCD?"
1404:10.1093/jiel/jgl018
390:forced assimilation
293:freedom of movement
256:World Heritage List
215:Stanford University
3787:Cultural economics
3782:Cultural geography
3670:Permission culture
3603:Disability culture
3583:Children's culture
3451:Cultural diversity
3411:Circuit of culture
3193:Cultural retention
3173:Cultural pessimism
3128:Cultural exception
3118:Cultural diplomacy
3108:Cultural contracts
3068:Colonial mentality
2997:Manuscript culture
2972:Cultural universal
2942:Cultural pluralism
2922:Cultural landscape
2917:Cultural invention
2885:Cultural framework
2787:Vernacular culture
2585:Cultural mediation
2565:Cultural economics
2560:Cultural analytics
2492:Cultural geography
2482:Cultural astronomy
2394:Cultural diversity
2348:. London: Ashgate.
2217:Khalili Foundation
2188:Khalili Foundation
1793:(63/64): 603–614.
1682:Language Awareness
713:Social integration
586:Individual choices
569:Cultural platforms
541:
471:
217:published, in the
192:indigenous peoples
184:
134:cultural pluralism
90:
35:Cultural diversity
32:
3797:Cultural concepts
3792:Cultural politics
3769:
3768:
3598:Death and culture
3491:Cultural movement
3481:Cultural literacy
3341:Eastern Orthodoxy
3253:Dominator culture
3248:Deculturalization
3148:Cultural hegemony
3138:Cultural genocide
3133:Cultural feminism
2952:Cultural property
2947:Cultural practice
2932:Cultural leveling
2927:Cultural learning
2912:Cultural industry
2907:Cultural identity
2890:Cultural heritage
2880:Cultural emphasis
2865:Cultural conflict
2838:Cultural behavior
2828:Cultural artifact
2740:Primitive culture
2716:Political culture
2389:Library resources
2374:978-0-7546-2603-9
2325:978-1-4462-0123-7
2226:978-1-3999-1149-8
2197:978-1-3999-1149-8
2168:978-1-137-39763-8
2143:978-92-3-100503-9
2068:978-92-3-100503-9
2041:978-92-3-100256-4
1985:978-92-3-100503-9
1955:978-92-3-100256-4
1726:978-1-137-39763-8
1485:978-92-3-104077-1
1320:978-90-04-15752-1
1231:978-90-04-15752-1
1179:978-0-7506-6546-9
1154:978-90-04-22838-2
1120:978-1-4129-2694-2
1095:978-0-521-01271-3
1008:978-1-60509-409-0
971:(53): 6811–6812.
928:978-1-137-39763-8
860:"Keynote address"
802:978-90-04-15752-1
775:978-1-137-39763-8
750:978-1-137-39763-8
394:forced conversion
355:species diversity
3819:
3807:Multiculturalism
3750:
3749:
3738:
3737:
3726:
3725:
3615:Drinking culture
3568:Culture industry
3516:Cultural tourism
3496:Cultural mulatto
3471:Cultural jet lag
3406:Cannabis culture
3363:Cultural Muslims
3285:Pluriculturalism
3268:Multiculturalism
3258:Interculturalism
3233:Culture minister
3223:Cultural Zionism
3218:Cultural subsidy
3213:Cultural silence
3088:Cultural attaché
3047:Transculturation
3002:Material culture
2992:Interculturality
2848:Cultural capital
2833:Cultural baggage
2770:Youth subculture
2711:Official culture
2676:Dominant culture
2615:Internet culture
2580:Cultural mapping
2575:Cultural history
2502:Cultural studies
2487:Cultural ecology
2461:
2460:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2378:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1939:
1918:
1917:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1761:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1140:
1125:
1124:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1022:
1013:
1012:
992:
981:
980:
956:
945:
939:
933:
932:
913:
907:
906:
904:
903:
855:
849:
848:
846:
845:
839:
824:
813:
807:
806:
786:
780:
779:
761:
755:
754:
735:
703:Multiculturalism
658:Cultural agility
481:or to engage in
418:Artistic freedom
413:Artistic freedom
367:non-governmental
306:established the
3827:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3714:
3705:Western culture
3700:Welfare culture
3625:Eastern culture
3486:Cultural mosaic
3441:Cultural critic
3431:Cultural center
3379:
3353:Cultural Hindus
3299:
3290:Polyculturalism
3263:Monoculturalism
3238:Culture of fear
3208:Cultural safety
3203:Cultural rights
3183:Cultural racism
3178:Cultural policy
3056:
2962:Cultural system
2937:Cultural memory
2870:Cultural cringe
2796:
2728:Popular culture
2659:
2595:Cultural values
2516:
2465:
2451:
2446:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2375:
2359:
2357:Further reading
2354:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2310:
2306:
2297:
2295:
2285:
2281:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2190:. p. 105.
2180:
2176:
2169:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1940:
1921:
1914:
1898:
1894:
1851:
1847:
1838:
1836:
1826:
1822:
1779:
1775:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1713:
1709:
1674:
1670:
1661:
1659:
1649:
1645:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1472:UNESCO (2009).
1470:
1466:
1423:
1419:
1384:
1380:
1371:
1369:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1290:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1216:
1209:
1204:on 7 July 2014.
1192:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1141:
1128:
1121:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1082:
1078:
1069:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1023:
1016:
1009:
993:
984:
957:
948:
940:
936:
929:
914:
910:
901:
899:
856:
852:
843:
841:
837:
822:
814:
810:
803:
787:
783:
776:
762:
758:
751:
736:
732:
727:
722:
708:Social cohesion
668:Cultural safety
643:
614:
601:Juliette Passer
588:
571:
558:2005 Convention
554:
529:
512:social security
503:
459:
430:free expression
415:
382:
376:
347:
241:
176:
75:
73:Characteristics
17:
12:
11:
5:
3825:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3756:
3744:
3732:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3501:Cultural probe
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3426:Cross-cultural
3423:
3421:Coffee culture
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3391:Animal culture
3387:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3295:Transculturism
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3228:Culture change
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3052:Visual culture
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3032:Safety culture
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2853:Cross-cultural
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2512:Culture theory
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2445:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:External links
2381:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2331:
2324:
2304:
2293:United Nations
2279:
2232:
2225:
2203:
2196:
2174:
2167:
2149:
2142:
2122:
2096:
2074:
2067:
2047:
2040:
2020:
1991:
1984:
1961:
1954:
1919:
1912:
1892:
1845:
1820:
1773:
1752:(2): 191–195.
1732:
1725:
1707:
1668:
1643:
1586:
1560:
1533:(3): 312–327.
1513:
1491:
1484:
1464:
1417:
1398:(3): 553–574.
1378:
1362:United Nations
1349:
1326:
1319:
1299:
1270:
1257:(3): 323–343.
1237:
1230:
1207:
1185:
1178:
1160:
1153:
1126:
1119:
1101:
1094:
1086:Language death
1076:
1052:
1033:(2): 195–222.
1014:
1007:
982:
946:
934:
927:
908:
850:
808:
801:
781:
774:
756:
749:
729:
728:
726:
723:
721:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
644:
642:
639:
637:in Barcelona.
613:
610:
587:
584:
570:
567:
553:
550:
528:
525:
502:
499:
495:film festivals
458:
455:
414:
411:
378:Main article:
375:
372:
346:
343:
331:European Union
240:
237:
204:language death
175:
174:Quantification
172:
125:
124:
118:
112:
106:
100:
74:
71:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3824:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3711:
3710:Youth culture
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3695:Urban culture
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3680:Remix culture
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3655:Media culture
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3645:Languaculture
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3573:Culture shock
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3533:Cultural turn
3531:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3401:Bennett scale
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3331:Protestantism
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3273:Biculturalism
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3037:Technoculture
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3017:Print culture
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:Enculturation
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:Cultural icon
2900:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:Cultural bias
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2823:Cultural area
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:Acculturation
2806:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:Super culture
2780:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:Legal culture
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2645:Sound culture
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2438:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2376:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2344:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2308:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2170:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2126:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2084:
2078:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2024:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1968:
1966:
1957:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1915:
1913:9780199231690
1909:
1905:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1501:
1495:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1212:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1156:
1150:
1146:
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1137:
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1133:
1131:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1010:
1004:
1000:
999:
991:
989:
987:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
955:
953:
951:
943:
938:
930:
924:
920:
912:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
870:(1): 96–101.
869:
865:
861:
854:
836:
832:
828:
821:
820:
812:
804:
798:
794:
793:
785:
777:
771:
767:
760:
752:
746:
742:
734:
730:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
645:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
608:
604:
602:
597:
594:
583:
580:
576:
566:
563:
559:
549:
547:
538:
533:
524:
521:
517:
513:
509:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
468:
463:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
410:
408:
405:and the 1989
404:
399:
398:privatisation
395:
391:
386:
381:
371:
368:
363:
361:
356:
352:
342:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
319:globalization
316:
311:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
285:
281:
276:
274:
270:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
200:David Crystal
195:
193:
189:
180:
171:
169:
165:
161:
160:John Cavanagh
157:
153:
148:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
122:
121:multicultural
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:participatory
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
93:
87:
83:
79:
70:
67:
63:
62:protectionism
59:
55:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
30:
26:
21:
3758:
3751:
3739:
3727:
3675:Rape culture
3620:Drug culture
3608:Deaf culture
3593:Cyberculture
3563:Culture hero
3476:Cultural lag
3450:
3416:Civilization
3316:Christianity
3022:Protoculture
2706:Microculture
2686:High culture
2681:Folk culture
2630:Postcritique
2393:
2364:
2341:
2334:
2314:
2307:
2296:. Retrieved
2292:
2282:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2212:
2206:
2183:
2177:
2158:
2152:
2132:
2125:
2113:. Retrieved
2099:
2087:. Retrieved
2077:
2057:
2050:
2030:
2023:
2011:. Retrieved
1974:
1944:
1902:
1895:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1837:. Retrieved
1833:
1823:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1716:
1710:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1660:. Retrieved
1656:
1646:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1577:. Retrieved
1563:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1504:. Retrieved
1494:
1474:
1467:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1370:. Retrieved
1361:
1352:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1309:
1302:
1291:. Retrieved
1282:
1273:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1220:
1202:the original
1197:
1188:
1169:
1163:
1144:
1110:
1104:
1085:
1079:
1068:. Retrieved
1064:
1055:
1030:
1026:
997:
968:
964:
937:
918:
911:
900:. Retrieved
867:
863:
853:
842:. Retrieved
818:
811:
791:
784:
765:
759:
740:
733:
618:Porto Alegre
615:
606:
598:
589:
572:
555:
542:
508:labor unions
504:
475:Global South
472:
439:surveillance
426:surveillance
416:
383:
364:
348:
339:
335:ratification
317:by economic
312:
301:
277:
249:
242:
218:
211:James Fearon
208:
196:
185:
164:Jerry Mander
152:biodiversity
149:
141:anthropology
138:
126:
120:
114:
108:
102:
96:
91:
51:
34:
33:
3753:WikiProject
3685:Tea culture
3588:Culturalism
3558:Culture gap
3521:Pop-culture
3321:Catholicism
3243:Culture war
2701:Low culture
2600:Culturomics
2507:Culturology
1346:(53): 6815.
944:, Article 1
693:Melting pot
385:Colonialism
225:ethnicities
82:Harmony Day
39:monoculture
3776:Categories
2750:Subculture
2528:Bioculture
2298:2023-04-14
2252:(3): 412.
2215:. London:
2186:. London:
2115:31 October
2013:2 November
1839:2023-11-28
1834:Britannica
1662:2023-08-04
1571:. UNESCO.
1437:(4): 364.
1372:2022-05-20
1293:2022-05-04
1070:2023-11-28
902:2023-05-22
844:2023-05-22
831:1289758860
725:References
718:Subculture
698:Mondialogo
631:Culture 21
483:networking
451:defamation
422:censorship
58:free trade
54:censorship
47:traditions
3578:Culturgen
3346:Mormonism
3304:Religions
2977:Cultureme
2895:Destroyed
2521:Subfields
2274:143306286
2266:0010-8367
1887:237728337
1879:0885-4122
1865:(1): 18.
1807:0008-0055
1768:0048-721X
1702:0965-8416
1688:(2): 76.
1620:0962-8452
1555:149625996
1547:1028-6632
1459:145001430
1451:1367-8779
1412:1464-3758
1047:152680631
892:214653220
884:1818-6874
627:Agenda 21
623:Barcelona
579:Europeana
537:biennales
491:biennales
479:residency
447:blasphemy
360:migration
233:religions
229:languages
209:In 2003,
168:gene pool
86:Australia
27:in 2013,
3729:Category
3311:Buddhism
3061:Politics
2470:Sciences
2109:Archived
2007:Archived
1746:Religion
1638:12204124
1579:25 April
1573:Archived
1502:. UNESCO
1366:Archived
1287:Archived
896:Archived
835:Archived
641:See also
443:trolling
115:heritage
103:artistic
97:economic
43:cultures
3760:Changes
3741:Commons
3384:Related
3375:Sikhism
3370:Judaism
2801:Aspects
2463:Outline
2449:Culture
1815:4391483
1629:1691086
977:4012212
345:Factors
3802:UNESCO
2760:Fandom
2391:about
2371:
2322:
2272:
2264:
2223:
2194:
2165:
2140:
2089:10 May
2065:
2038:
1982:
1952:
1910:
1885:
1877:
1813:
1805:
1766:
1723:
1700:
1636:
1626:
1618:
1553:
1545:
1506:15 May
1482:
1457:
1449:
1410:
1317:
1228:
1176:
1151:
1117:
1092:
1045:
1005:
975:
925:
890:
882:
829:
799:
772:
747:
441:, and
245:UNESCO
231:, and
156:UNESCO
130:UNESCO
25:UNESCO
3358:Islam
2733:Urban
2721:Civic
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