Culture - Knowledge

68: 53: 1886: 982: 219: 1464: 37: 804: 649: 823:, the form of something (though not necessarily its meaning) moves from one culture to another. For example, Western restaurant chains and culinary brands sparked curiosity and fascination to the Chinese as China opened its economy to international trade in the late 20th-century. "Stimulus diffusion" (the sharing of ideas) refers to an element of one culture leading to an invention or propagation in another. "Direct borrowing", on the other hand, tends to refer to technological or tangible diffusion from one culture to another. 1188: 1968: 1291:. Non-material culture refers to the non-physical ideas that individuals have about their culture, including values, belief systems, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions, while material culture is the physical evidence of a culture in the objects and architecture they make or have made. The term tends to be relevant only in archeological and anthropological studies, but it specifically means all material evidence which can be attributed to culture, past or present. 863: 6511: 1387:, wherein researchers pioneered ethnographic strategies for describing and analyzing a variety of cultures around the world. Part of the legacy of the early development of the field lingers in the methods (much of cultural, sociological research is qualitative), in the theories (a variety of critical approaches to sociology are central to current research communities), and in the substantive focus of the field. For instance, relationships between 1778:, who defines culture as the sum of resources available to human beings for making sense of their world and proposes a two-tiered approach, combining the study of texts (all reified meanings in circulation) and cultural practices (all repeatable actions that involve the production, dissemination or transmission of purposes), thus making it possible to re-link anthropological and sociological study of culture with the tradition of textual theory. 1954: 5246: 1801: 1261: 597:, it is "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." Alternatively, in a contemporary variant, "Culture is defined as a social domain that emphasizes the practices, discourses and material expressions, which, over time, express the continuities and discontinuities of social meaning of a life held in common. 1080: 6535: 910: 1938:, President of Blue Shield International, the destruction of cultural assets is also part of psychological warfare. The target of the attack is the identity of the opponent, which is why symbolic cultural assets become a main target. It is also intended to affect the particularly sensitive cultural memory, the growing cultural diversity and the economic basis (such as tourism) of a state, region or municipality. 6523: 1352: 738: 1839:, and answer whether the human mind is independent from culture. For example, people from collectivistic cultures, such as the Japanese, suppress their positive emotions more than their American counterparts. Culture may affect the way that people experience and express emotions. On the other hand, some researchers try to look for differences between people's 1821: 1340:. As a result, there has been a recent influx of quantitative sociologists to the field. Thus, there is now a growing group of sociologists of culture who are, confusingly, not cultural sociologists. These scholars reject the abstracted postmodern aspects of cultural sociology, and instead, look for a theoretical backing in the more scientific vein of 1127:. Just as some critics have argued that the distinction between high and low cultures is an expression of the conflict between European elites and non-elites, other critics have argued that the distinction between civilized and uncivilized people is an expression of the conflict between European colonial powers and their colonial subjects. 241:, and other foragers of the Central African forests, in the 1200s, which is at least 200 years before polyphony developed in Europe. Note the multiple lines of singers and dancers. The motifs are independent, with theme and variation interweaving. This type of music is thought to be the first expression of polyphony in world music. 950:). According to this school of thought, each ethnic group has a distinct worldview that is incommensurable with the worldviews of other groups. Although more inclusive than earlier views, this approach to culture still allowed for distinctions between "civilized" and "primitive" or "tribal" cultures. 4598:

Coye, N. dir. (2011), Lascaux et la conservation en milieu souterrain: actes du symposium international (Paris, 26-27 fév. 2009) = Lascaux and Preservation Issues in Subterranean Environments: Proceedings of the International Symposium (Paris, February 26 and 27), Éditions de la Maison des sciences

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thought of as culture unless referring to the medium of television itself, which may have been selected culturally; however, schoolchildren watching television after school with their friends to "fit in" certainly qualifies since there is no grounded reason for one's participation in this practice.

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who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a state of nature; this opposition was expressed through the contrast between "civilized" and "uncivilized." According to this way of thinking, one could classify some countries and nations as more civilized than others

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Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. Additionally, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to

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has come to mean any innovation that is new and found to be useful to a group of people and expressed in their behavior but which does not exist as a physical object. Humanity is in a global "accelerating culture change period," driven by the expansion of international commerce, the mass media, and

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and UNESCO promote cultural preservation and cultural diversity through declarations and legally-binding conventions or treaties. The aim is not to protect a person's property, but rather to preserve the cultural heritage of humanity, especially in the event of war and armed conflict. According to

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or eating out) in a given culture. It also studies the meanings and uses people attribute to various objects and practices. Specifically, culture involves those meanings and practices held independently of reason. Watching television to view a public perspective on a historical event should not be

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McCrae, Robert R.; Costa, Paul T.; de Lima, Margarida Pedroso; Simões, António; Ostendorf, Fritz; Angleitner, Alois; Marušić, Iris; Bratko, Denis; Caprara, Gian Vittorio; Barbaranelli, Claudio; Chae, Joon-Ho; Piedmont, Ralph L. (1999). "Age differences in personality across the adult life span:

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cultural studies and later American developments of the field, distance themselves from this view. They criticize the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product. The non-Marxist approaches suggest that different ways of consuming cultural artifacts

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posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the basis for perceiving themselves as "person of worth within the world of meaning"—raising themselves above the merely physical aspects of existence, in order to deny the animal insignificance and death that

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of young adults in American society. According to Robert Epstein and Jennifer, "American-style teen turmoil is absent in more than 100 cultures around the world, suggesting that such mayhem is not biologically inevitable. Second, the brain itself changes in response to experiences, raising the

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are trained with distinctive reasoning style. Cultural lenses may also make people view the same outcome of events differently. Westerners are more motivated by their successes than their failures, while East Asians are better motivated by the avoidance of failure. Culture is important for

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In the United States, Lindlof and Taylor write, "cultural studies grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition." The American version of cultural studies initially concerned itself more with understanding the subjective and appropriative side of audience reactions to, and uses of,

1868:, who state that an undeveloped brain is not the main cause of teenagers' turmoils. Some have criticized this understanding of adolescence, classifying it as a relatively recent phenomenon in human history created by modern society, and have been highly critical of what they view as the 957:(1826–1905) argued for "the psychic unity of mankind." He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of "elementary ideas" ( 1941:

Tourism is having an increasing impact on the various forms of culture. On the one hand, this can be physical impact on individual objects or the destruction caused by increasing environmental pollution and, on the other hand, socio-cultural effects on society.

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Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence of Richard Hoggart,

630:. However, some other species have demonstrated similar, though much less complicated, abilities for social learning. It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that are transmitted through social 1873:

question of whether adolescent brain characteristics are the cause of teen tumult or rather the result of lifestyle and experiences." David Moshman has also stated in regards to adolescence that brain research "is crucial for a full picture, but it

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The second covers the variables that represent the "social orientation" of societies, i.e., the attitudes and lifestyles of their members. These variables include gender egalitarianism, institutional collectivism, in-group collectivism, and human

884:: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity." He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Against this intellectual cowardice, Kant urged: " 203:, or repositioning, is the reconstruction of a cultural concept of a society. Cultures are internally affected by both forces encouraging change and forces resisting change. Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies. 791:

involved new practices that produced a shift in gender relations, altering both gender and economic structures. Environmental conditions may also enter as factors. For example, after tropical forests returned at the end of the last

4304:" the application of technology to increase productivity, the affluence generated by it, and the related structural changes in society have contributed to the creation of adolescence in the North American urban-industrial society." 1914: 1918: 1452:, who succeeded Hoggart as Director. Cultural studies in this sense, then, can be viewed as a limited concentration scoped on the intricacies of consumerism, which belongs to a wider culture sometimes referred to as 1834:

Starting in the 1990s, psychological research on culture influence began to grow and challenge the universality assumed in general psychology. Culture psychologists began to try to explore the relationship between

714:, and transformation. In this context, modernization could be viewed as adoption of Enlightenment era beliefs and practices, such as science, rationalism, industry, commerce, democracy, and the notion of progress. 1598:: the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture. Similarly, the discipline widens the concept of culture. Culture, for a cultural-studies researcher, not only includes traditional 559:, 'A cult, especially a religious one.' To be cultural, to have a culture, is to inhabit a place sufficiently intensely to cultivate it—to be responsible for it, to respond to it, to attend to it caringly." 184:

codifies acceptable conduct in society; it serves as a guideline for behavior, dress, language, and demeanor in a situation, which serves as a template for expectations in a social group. Accepting only a

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values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same planet. Sometimes "culture" is also used to describe specific practices within a subgroup of a society, a

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deals with cultural heritage in two ways: it gives people the right to participate in cultural life on the one hand and the right to the protection of their contributions to cultural life on the other.

3052: 2696: 1005:(1822–1888) used the word "culture" to refer to an ideal of individual human refinement, of "the best that has been thought and said in the world." This concept of culture is also comparable to the 1138:(as produced by "the folk," i.e., rural, illiterate, peasants) to honestly express a natural way of life, while classical music seemed superficial and decadent. Equally, this view often portrayed 1657:" (i.e. mass culture). This emerges in the writings of early British cultural-studies scholars and their influences: see the work of (for example) Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, and 1362:

culture that is celebrated by people in more than 22 countries with different nations and religions, at the 1st day of spring. It has been celebrated by diverse communities for over 7,000 years.

894:(1744–1803) argued that human creativity, which necessarily takes unpredictable and highly diverse forms, is as important as human rationality. Moreover, Herder proposed a collective form of 570:... originally meant the cultivation of the soul or mind, acquires most of its later modern meaning in the writings of the 18th-century German thinkers, who were on various levels developing 533:

took over this metaphor in a modern context, meaning something similar, but no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection. His use, and that of many writers after him, "

4367:"The idea of adolescence is today one of our most widely held and deeply imbedded assumptions about the process of human development. Indeed, most of us treat it not as an idea but as a 1169:. According to this theory, religion evolves from more polytheistic to more monotheistic forms. In the process, he redefined culture as a diverse set of activities characteristic of all 2324: 452:

holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material conditions of human life, as humans create the conditions for physical survival, and that the basis of culture is found in

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within different cultures and nations. Cognitive tools may not be accessible or they may function differently cross culture. For example, people who are raised in a culture with an

1735:), which seeks to challenge the notion that those who produce commodities control the meanings that people attribute to them. Feminist cultural analyst, theorist, and art historian 1279:(1858–1918), culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history." As such, culture in the 189:

in a social group can bear risks, just as a single species can wither in the face of environmental change, for lack of functional responses to the change. Thus in military culture,

1214:, and to communicate symbolically encoded experiences socially. American anthropology is organized into four fields, each of which plays an important role in research on culture: 1864:

psychologists to consider when understanding the human mental operation. The notion of the anxious, unstable, and rebellious adolescent has been criticized by experts, such as

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Jaafar, Mastura; Rasoolimanesh, S Mostafa; Ismail, Safura (2017). "Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island".

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field can be defined as the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together shape a people's way of life. Culture can be either of two types,

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focusing on words, artifacts and symbols. Culture has since become an important concept across many branches of sociology, including resolutely scientific fields like

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Although anthropologists worldwide refer to Tylor's definition of culture, in the 20th century "culture" emerged as the central and unifying concept of American

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movements—such as the nationalist struggle to create a "Germany" out of diverse principalities, and the nationalist struggles by ethnic minorities against the

814:, in traditional clothing. Sense of time is dependent on culture. A 1913 photo, but can be difficult to date for a viewer, due to the absence of cultural cues. 492:

hold that cultures cannot easily be objectively ranked or evaluated because any evaluation is necessarily situated within the value system of a given culture.

8258: 3282: 1076:. In other words, the idea of "culture" that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries reflected inequalities within European societies. 4839: 4068:

Cheung, F. M.; Leung, K.; Fan, R. M.; Song, W.S.; Zhang, J. X.; Zhang, H. P. (March 1996). "Development of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory".

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exemplified changing cultural dynamics, not only in music, but fashion and lifestyle. Over a half century after their emergence, they continue to have a

4473:"UNESCO Legal Instruments: Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1999" 193:

is counted a typical behavior for an individual and duty, honor, and loyalty to the social group are counted as virtues or functional responses in the

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Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau, have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and

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covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of

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has different meanings. Still, in this context, it refers to the replacement of traits of one culture with another, such as what happened to certain

1613:, but also everyday meanings and practices. The last two, in fact, have become the main focus of cultural studies. A further and recent approach is 352:, one sense of culture as an attribute of the individual has been the degree to which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication in 1676:

The distinction between American and British strands, however, has faded. Some researchers, especially in early British cultural studies, apply a

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Global communication without universal civilization, vol.1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western

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published a paper in a journal of cultural sociology stating that gravity was a social construct that should be examined hermeneutically. See

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Fernandez, James W.; Hanchett, Suzanne L.; Jeganathan, Pradeep; Nicholas, Ralph W.; Robotham, Donald Keith; Smith, Eric A. (August 31, 2015).

467:, and values of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation. Culture is the set of knowledge acquired over time. In this sense, 6946: 5110: 4497:

Gerold Keusch "Kulturschutz in der Ära der Identitätskriege" In: Truppendienst - Magazin des Österreichischen Bundesheeres, October 24, 2018.

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to study cultural phenomena or cultural texts. In this field researchers often concentrate on how particular phenomena relate to matters of

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states that culture is "the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time."

6546: 1425:. Following nineteenth-century Romantics, they identified culture with consumption goods and leisure activities (such as art, music, film, 3660: 1929:

In the 21st century, the protection of culture has been the focus of increasing activity by national and international organizations. The

7131: 4371:. The concept of adolescence, as generally understood and applied, did not exist before the last two decades of the nineteenth century." 2200: 2724: 2354: 4180: 3730: 779:

Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new

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of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. These critics considered

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Roger O’Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Protection of Cultural Property. Military Manual." UNESCO, 2016, p 73.

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Chigbu, Uchendu Eugene (July 3, 2015). "Repositioning culture for development: women and development in a Nigerian rural community".

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is among influential voices at the turn of the century, contributing to cultural studies from the field of art and psychoanalytical

849:. The transnational flow of culture has played a major role in merging different cultures and sharing thoughts, ideas, and beliefs. 1445: 3800: 4460:

UNESCO Director-General calls for stronger cooperation for heritage protection at the Blue Shield International General Assembly.

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Cultures are internally affected by both forces encouraging change and forces resisting change. These forces are related to both

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by means of getting to know, on all the matters which most concern us, the best which has been thought and said in the world."

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The first group covers the variables that represent the "efficiency orientation" of the societies: performance orientation,

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Velkley, Richard L (2002). "The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy".

1246:, which allow a person to make sense of the culture they inhabit, "can blind us to things outsiders pick up immediately." 827:

theory presents a research-based model of why and when individuals and cultures adopt new ideas, practices, and products.

5150: 7355: 4426: 4025: 1107: 834: 6971: 5226: 5135: 5030: 4885: 969:), are local modifications of the elementary ideas. This view paved the way for the modern understanding of culture. 162:

of the individuals in these groups. Culture is often originated from or attributed to a specific region or location.

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Norenzayan, Ara; Heine, Steven J. (September 2005). "Psychological universals: what are they and how can we know?".

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Kim, Uichol (2001). "Culture, science and indigenous psychologies: An integrated analysis." In D. Matsumoto (Ed.),

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Corine Wegener; Marjan Otter (Spring 2008). "Cultural Property at War: Protecting Heritage during Armed Conflict".

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approaches to social science. This type of cultural sociology may be loosely regarded as an approach incorporating

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argues that contemporary definitions of culture fall into three possibilities or mixture of the following three:

1488: 1449: 1414: 1308:('cultural sociology'). Cultural sociology was then reinvented in the English-speaking world as a product of the 1061:, which led to identifying a "culture" among non-elites. This distinction is often characterized as that between 4834: 1570:

and practices of everyday life. These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching

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was the totality of experiences that provide a coherent identity, and sense of common destiny, to a people."

4248: 1042:. As these forms were associated with urban life, "culture" was identified with "civilization" (from Latin: 8507: 8288: 8157: 6339: 5578: 5324: 1697: 1614: 1087:

was one of the first English-speaking scholars to use the term culture in an inclusive and universal sense.

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Heine, Steven J.; Kitayama, Shinobu; Lehman, Darrin R. (2001). "Cultural Differences in Self-Evaluation".

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Baillargeon, Rene (2002). "The Acquisition of Physical Knowledge in Infancy: A Summary in Eight Lessons".

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The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology (as shaped by early theorists like

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Eden Stiffman (May 11, 2015). "Cultural Preservation in Disasters, War Zones. Presents Big Challenges".

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The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with

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Miyahara, Akira. "Toward Theorizing Japanese Communication Competence from a Non-Western Perspective".

1468: 924:(1767–1835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. During the 7734: 4651:

Primitive culture: researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, religion, art, and custom

2017: 1240:, refers to the "lenses" through which a person sees their own culture. Martin Lindstrom asserts that 8358: 8308: 7238: 7086: 7038: 6476: 5909: 5339: 5334: 5329: 3652: 1910: 1795: 1313: 1147: 1824:

Cognitive tools suggest a way for people from certain culture to deal with real-life problems, like

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Petrakis, Panagiotis; Kostis, Pantelis (December 1, 2013). "Economic growth and cultural change".

1633:, and later that of Stuart Hall and others at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the 392:. In common parlance, culture is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic markers used by 67: 8428: 7739: 6247: 5507: 5477: 5411: 5396: 5131: 5062: 4809: 3085: 1716: 1712: 1430: 1219: 1215: 981: 937: 891: 8092: 5173: 5100:, Behavioral Sciences Department, Palomar College, San Marco, California. Retrieved: 2006-07-10. 876:(1724–1804) formulated an individualist definition of "enlightenment" similar to the concept of 772:

and natural events, and are involved in the perpetuation of cultural ideas and practices within

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There are a number of international agreements and national laws relating to the protection of

1618: 1192: 742: 671: 432:, have argued that culture is often used politically as a tool of the elites to manipulate the 360:, or manners. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been used to distinguish 310: 7097: 3370: 3364: 2346: 2186: 1885: 1499:, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed, it began to combine 734:

and endorsed or not endorsed by the symbolic authority of the cultural community in question.

730:, has proposed a model of cultural change based on claims and bids, which are judged by their 8433: 8423: 8318: 7844: 7799: 7302: 6935: 6451: 6369: 6242: 6066: 5944: 5889: 5879: 5869: 5743: 5599: 5551: 5441: 5406: 5283: 5263: 5219: 4752: 3868:(2) (Third ed.). New York: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Cognitive Science: 254–266. 3689: 3683: 2732: 1851:

is also studied to understand how people react when they are confronted with other cultures.

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and others. The main focus of an orthodox Marxist approach concentrates on the production of

1528: 1333: 1317: 1223: 1207:, where it most commonly refers to the universal human capacity to classify and encode human 1182: 1166: 1103: 842: 485: 194: 3722: 2080:"Repositioning culture for development: women and development in a Nigerian rural community" 8438: 8238: 7699: 7091: 7066: 7023: 6446: 6416: 6324: 6314: 6252: 6232: 6161: 5954: 5939: 5899: 5793: 5426: 5421: 4195: 2137: 2032: 1836: 1284: 1255: 1162: 1084: 921: 727: 623: 594: 582: 45: 8037: 7824: 7759: 2803: 1165:(1832–1917) applied these ideas of higher versus lower culture to propose a theory of the 8: 8278: 7839: 7784: 7704: 7646: 7529: 7424: 7154: 7010: 6976: 6941: 6755: 6566: 6307: 6297: 6292: 6222: 6112: 6097: 5984: 5974: 5949: 5884: 5859: 5813: 5753: 5661: 5561: 5541: 5457: 5436: 5376: 4791:

Whorf, Benjamin Lee (1941). "The relation of habitual thought and behavior to language".

2027: 1791: 1669:; for example, American cultural-studies advocates wrote about the liberatory aspects of 1106:, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature." According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the 780: 489: 437: 364:

from less complex societies. Such hierarchical perspectives on culture are also found in

306: 258: 218: 197:. In the practice of religion, analogous attributes can be identified in a social group. 36: 5874: 4207: 4199: 1487:

From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues

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Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict

1902: 1763: 1708: 1638: 1429:, sports, and clothing). They saw patterns of consumption and leisure as determined by 1139: 1124: 1120: 800:, which in turn brought about many cultural innovations and shifts in social dynamics. 753: 746: 731: 631: 294: 8007: 1758:

Petrakis and Kostis (2013) divide cultural background variables into two main groups:

8187: 8087: 8052: 7877: 7854: 7849: 7724: 7340: 7330: 7179: 7164: 7140: 6826: 6809: 6735: 6725: 6677: 6539: 6384: 6277: 6267: 6102: 6039: 6034: 5934: 5924: 5919: 5738: 5733: 5718: 5713: 5698: 5693: 5676: 5666: 5651: 5624: 5614: 5526: 5519: 5502: 5156: 5079: 5040: 5026: 5005: 4963: 4942: 4908: 4881: 4866: 4820: 4735: 4700: 4693: 4654: 4630: 4608: 4321: 4299: 4153: 4116: 4089: 4050: 4042: 3985: 3977: 3928: 3918: 3895: 3887: 3877: 3769: 3759: 3703: 3693: 3622: 3597: 3587: 3564: 3554: 3531: 3521: 3486: 3440: 3430: 3407: 3384: 3374: 3337: 3243: 3233: 3208: 3198: 3175: 3165: 3044: 3034: 3009: 2972: 2928: 2918: 2843: 2784: 2774: 2628: 2616: 2554: 2542: 2507: 2497: 2467: 2457: 2416: 2389: 2316: 2306: 2267: 2240: 2230: 2192: 2167: 2157: 2111: 2099: 2001: 1935: 1898: 1844: 1787: 1701: 1500: 1463: 1345: 1341: 1321: 788: 683: 679: 397: 7957: 7651: 5192: 4893: 4783: 4585: 4165: 3458:"Studying Culture – Reflections and Assessment: An Interview with Richard Hoggart". 1376: 8492: 8443: 8117: 8077: 8067: 8017: 8002: 7992: 7952: 7912: 7902: 7779: 7749: 7709: 7595: 7431: 7409: 7199: 7189: 6893: 6515: 6401: 6354: 6302: 6282: 6257: 6192: 6149: 6107: 6071: 6054: 6044: 6019: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5833: 5788: 5778: 5634: 5619: 5556: 5497: 5462: 5401: 5366: 5361: 5288: 5273: 5212: 5090: 4987: 4779: 4723: 4618: 4573: 4350: 4287: 4203: 4145: 4108: 4077: 4034: 3969: 3869: 3839: 3329: 2608: 2534: 2381: 2091: 2006: 1996: 1919:

Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions

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and to act imaginatively and creatively. This ability arose with the evolution of

8393: 8388: 8152: 8097: 8082: 8062: 8042: 7997: 7972: 7882: 7834: 7819: 7719: 7679: 7570: 7565: 7392: 7280: 7194: 7169: 6898: 6888: 6847: 6799: 6650: 6623: 6491: 6486: 6411: 6272: 6227: 6217: 6144: 6139: 6076: 6049: 6024: 5994: 5989: 5969: 5964: 5748: 5723: 5656: 5514: 5114: 5097: 4861: 4843: 4401:"Are the Brains of Reckless Teens More Mature Than Those of Their Prudent Peers?" 4315: 3753: 2851: 2700: 2682: 2538: 2410: 2095: 1869: 1805: 1752: 1689: 1642: 1610: 1520: 1516: 1496: 1453: 1441: 1437: 1433:, which led them to focus on class relations and the organization of production. 1388: 1325: 1295: 1155: 1112: 723: 691: 667: 663: 563: 544: 453: 445: 429: 413: 381: 334: 186: 120: 4291: 4149: 3973: 3843: 3160:

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3089: 2569: 2385: 1967: 796:, plants suitable for domestication were available, leading to the invention of 783:, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany 8448: 8338: 8268: 8167: 8142: 8012: 7982: 7942: 7907: 7764: 7689: 7674: 7669: 7560: 7550: 7260: 7211: 6781: 6765: 6287: 6212: 6207: 6177: 6156: 6081: 6014: 5838: 5818: 5381: 5298: 5178: 4577: 4038: 3313: 3001: 1981: 1959: 1865: 1748: 1744: 1536: 1440:; that is, on the social meanings of mass-produced consumer and leisure goods. 1337: 1131: 1002: 998: 986: 762: 711: 699: 643: 481: 200: 24: 4341:

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form the economic base of society, which constantly interacts and influences

1685: 1626: 1512: 1504: 1309: 1173:

societies. This view paved the way for the modern understanding of religion.

1099: 1039: 1006: 954: 913: 873: 866: 830: 773: 551:

meant 'place tilled' in Middle English, and the same word goes back to Latin

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249:, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social 8413: 8208: 8182: 8177: 7977: 7962: 7829: 7809: 7789: 7641: 7616: 7575: 7436: 7345: 7335: 7297: 7255: 7218: 7184: 6908: 6876: 6837: 6682: 6608: 6471: 6374: 6344: 6029: 5487: 5386: 5293: 4756: 4549:

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In the United Kingdom, sociologists and other scholars influenced by

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refers to all the ways in which human beings overcome their original

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coordinate international protection and local implementation. The

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Oxford. pp. 102–121. 2754:Underhill, James W. (2009). 2539:10.1080/13668803.2014.981506 2527:Community, Work & Family 2351:Cambridge English Dictionary 2096:10.1080/13668803.2014.981506 2084:Community, Work & Family 1615:comparative cultural studies 1249: 1057:movement was an interest in 666:identified 29 ways in which 603:Cambridge English Dictionary 495: 343:intangible cultural heritage 7: 6422:Intercultural communication 5234: 5167: 5035:Keiser, R. Lincoln (1969). 4462:UNESCO, September 13, 2017. 4292:10.1177/0272431694014001002 4150:10.1177/0022022101032004004 3974:10.1037/0033-2909.131.5.763 3844:10.1016/j.socec.2013.02.011 3807:. Oxford University Press. 3586:. London: Allen and Unwin. 3111:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2910:Understanding popular music 2713:, December (Berlin Monthly) 2386:10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001 1945: 1161:In 1870 the anthropologist 10: 8524: 5865:Cross cultural sensitivity 5532:Resistance through culture 5148:Wilson, Edward O. (1998). 4928:Cohen, Anthony P. (1985). 4842:November 18, 2017, at the 4653:. New York: Gordon Press. 4641: 4578:10.1177/146879702761936653 4039:10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.466 3752:du Gay, Paul, ed. (1997). 3402:Williams, Raymond (1983). 3193:Lindström, Martin (2016). 2681:February 28, 2021, at the 2258:Sorrells, Kathryn (2015). 1810:world's largest LGBT event 1785: 1684:, but especially from the 1469:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1402: 1253: 1191:Petroglyphs in modern-day 1180: 718:, building on the work of 641: 71:Germans marching during a 18: 8467: 8371: 8359:Intellectuals and Society 8309:The Culture of Narcissism 8200: 7868: 7660: 7609: 7538: 7452: 7445: 7385: 7147: 7087:Outline of the humanities 7067:Criticism of mass culture 7047: 7039:National Humanities Medal 6992: 6917: 6748: 6596: 6505: 6477:Transformation of culture 6170: 6090: 5910:Cultural environmentalism 5847: 5587: 5450: 5340:Cross-cultural psychology 5335:Cross-cultural psychiatry 5330:Cross-cultural leadership 5307: 5256: 5242: 5113:January 30, 2016, at the 5096:December 4, 2004, at the 5025:New York: HarperCollins. 5014:Hoult, T.F., ed. (1969). 4974:Geertz, Clifford (1957). 4958:Geertz, Clifford (1973). 4903:Bourdieu, Pierre (1977). 4691:Deacon, Terrence (1997). 4386:help.fortroubledteens.com 4113:10.1002/9780470996652.ch3 3727:The Canadian Encyclopedia 3553:. New York: Totem Books. 2710:Berlinische Monatsschrift 2415:. Guilford Publications. 1911:Blue Shield International 1796:Cross-cultural psychology 1641:views, and criticisms of 1479:can be one expression of 1391:, political control, and 902: 657:worldwide cultural impact 637: 8349:The Malaise of Modernity 8299:The History of Sexuality 7398:Catholic social teaching 7072:Educational essentialism 6709:Interdisciplinary fields 6437:Living things in culture 6427:Intercultural competence 6330:Culture and menstruation 5829:Trans-cultural diffusion 5174:The Meaning of "Culture" 4923:Harvard University press 4745:Reinventing Anthropology 4675: 4623:10.1177/1467358415610373 4314:Epstein, Robert (2010). 4082:10.1177/0022022196272003 4026:Developmental Psychology 3913:Myers, David G. (2010). 3322:Sociological Methodology 2879:Arnold, Matthew (1869). 2808:Today in Science History 1635:University of Birmingham 985:British poet and critic 825:Diffusion of innovations 745:opposing the arrival of 608:Terror management theory 511:Tusculanae Disputationes 309:(including practices of 29:Culture (disambiguation) 8429:Philosophy of education 6248:Cultural homogenization 5478:Individualistic culture 5412:Popular culture studies 5397:Intercultural relations 5063:Oxford University Press 4980:American Anthropologist 4953:Twentieth-Century World 4891:Benedict, Ruth (1934). 4833:Arnold, Matthew. 1869. 4808:Bastian, Adolf (2009), 4800:Taylor, Walter (1948). 3862:WIREs Cognitive Science 3657:Purdue University Press 3516:James, Procter (2004). 3086:Oxford University Press 2568:O'Neil, Dennis (2006). 2051:Tylor, Edward. (1871). 1713:relations of production 1707:In a Marxist view, the 1431:relations of production 1338:social network analysis 1220:linguistic anthropology 1216:biological anthropology 1083:British anthropologist 938:Austro-Hungarian Empire 892:Johann Gottfried Herder 853:Early modern discourses 368:distinctions between a 8503:Social constructionism 7368: 7322: 7308: 6860:Liberal arts education 6183:Archaeological culture 5930:Cultural globalization 5799:Organizational culture 5647:Cultural communication 5605:Cultural appropriation 5392:Intercultural learning 5320:Cross-cultural studies 5076:Studying Popular Music 5074:Middleton, R. (1990). 4876:Barzilai, Gad (2003). 3962:Psychological Bulletin 3027:Teslow, Tracy (2016). 2709: 2704: 2347:"Meaning of "culture"" 1894: 1831: 1817: 1621:and cultural studies. 1619:comparative literature 1495:, Tony Jefferson, and 1484: 1421:(1921–1988) developed 1363: 1304: 1268: 1242: 1232: 1200: 1088: 1043: 1011: 990: 965: 959: 946: 917: 896: 886: 878: 870: 815: 750: 660: 591: 547:wrote, "The very word 311:political organization 242: 76: 64: 49: 8434:Philosophy of history 8424:Philosophy of culture 8319:A Conflict of Visions 6936:History of Humanities 6452:Participatory culture 6243:Cultural evolutionism 6067:Multiracial democracy 5945:Cultural intelligence 5890:Cultural conservatism 5880:Cultural backwardness 5870:Cultural assimilation 5744:Cultural reproduction 5600:Cultural appreciation 5552:Far-right subcultures 5442:Transcultural nursing 5407:Philosophy of culture 5284:Cultural neuroscience 5264:Cultural anthropology 4935:Dawkins, R. (1999) . 4649:Tylor, E.B. (1974) . 4320:. Linden Publishing. 3805:Oxford Bibliographies 3425:Berger, John (1972). 3082:UK English Dictionary 2913:. Routledge. p. 2881:"Culture and Anarchy" 2266:. Los Angeles: Sage. 2136:Michael Obert (2013) 1888: 1881:Protection of culture 1823: 1803: 1529:cultural anthropology 1466: 1354: 1334:social stratification 1263: 1224:cultural anthropology 1190: 1183:American anthropology 1167:evolution of religion 1104:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1082: 1065:, namely that of the 993:In the 19th century, 984: 912: 865: 806: 763:Culture repositioning 740: 651: 568: 562:Culture described by 543:In 1986, philosopher 486:cultural anthropology 221: 195:continuum of conflict 70: 55: 39: 8439:Political philosophy 8239:Democracy in America 7092:Renaissance humanism 7024:Master of Humanities 6447:Oppositional culture 6417:Emotions and culture 6325:Cultural sensibility 6315:Cultural translation 6253:Cultural institution 6233:Cultural determinism 5955:Cultural nationalism 5940:Cultural imperialism 5900:Cultural deprivation 5794:Non-material culture 5427:Sociology of culture 5422:Semiotics of culture 5120:Reese, W.L. (1980). 5000:Goodall, J. (1986). 4932:New York: Routledge 4836:Culture and Anarchy. 4815:Anker, Guy (2000) . 4743:Hymes, Dell (1969). 4716:Current Anthropology 3729:. Historica Canada. 3303:for further details. 3092:on January 22, 2020. 2991:McClenon, pp. 528–29 2907:Roy, Shuker (1997). 2138:Song from the Forest 2033:Semiotics of culture 1837:emotions and culture 1454:Western civilization 1285:non-material culture 1256:Sociology of culture 922:Wilhelm von Humboldt 728:Jeffrey C. Alexander 624:behavioral modernity 450:cultural materialism 158:, capabilities, and 46:behavioral modernity 19:For other uses, see 8508:Main topic articles 8279:One-Dimensional Man 7011:Geisteswissenschaft 6977:Teaching Philosophy 6756:Abductive reasoning 6298:Culture speculation 6293:Cultural relativism 6223:Cultural competence 6113:Cultural Christians 5985:Cultural Revolution 5975:Cultural radicalism 5950:Cultural liberalism 5885:Cultural Bolshevism 5860:Consumer capitalism 5814:Relational mobility 5754:Cultural technology 5662:Cultural dissonance 5579:Culture by location 5542:Alternative culture 5458:Constructed culture 5437:Theology of culture 5377:Cultural psychology 5357:Cultural entomology 5155:New York: Vintage. 5089:O'Neil, D. (2006). 4955:, Houghton Mifflin 4941:Oxford Paperbacks. 4895:Patterns of Culture 4682:Barker, C. (2004). 4405:Scientific American 4200:2007SciAm..17...68E 4188:Scientific American 3479:"Cultural hallmark" 2833:Liron, Tal (2003). 2735:on January 23, 2009 2723:Eldridge, Michael. 2576:. Palomar College. 2488:Rein, Raud (2016). 2456:. pp. 252–99. 2028:Recombinant culture 1792:Cultural psychology 977:English Romanticism 490:cultural relativism 438:false consciousness 307:social organization 259:Cultural universals 206:Organizations like 8399:Cultural pessimism 8394:Cultural criticism 7293:National character 7098:Studia Humanitatis 6457:Permission culture 6390:Disability culture 6370:Children's culture 6238:Cultural diversity 6198:Circuit of culture 5980:Cultural retention 5960:Cultural pessimism 5915:Cultural exception 5905:Cultural diplomacy 5895:Cultural contracts 5855:Colonial mentality 5784:Manuscript culture 5759:Cultural universal 5729:Cultural pluralism 5709:Cultural landscape 5704:Cultural invention 5672:Cultural framework 5574:Vernacular culture 5372:Cultural mediation 5352:Cultural economics 5347:Cultural analytics 5279:Cultural geography 5269:Cultural astronomy 5141:White, L. (1949). 4599:de l'homme, 360 p. 2957:Bakhtin 1981, p. 4 2857:on January 2, 2017 2645:(March 20, 2018). 2023:Outline of culture 1903:cultural diversity 1895: 1889:Restoration of an 1832: 1818: 1764:future orientation 1702:cultural artifacts 1525:film/video studies 1485: 1364: 1275:. For sociologist 1269: 1201: 1140:indigenous peoples 1125:cultural evolution 1121:Lewis Henry Morgan 1089: 1001:poet and essayist 991: 918: 871: 858:German Romanticism 816: 774:current structures 754:Cultural invention 751: 747:Captain James Cook 743:Australian natives 732:cognitive adequacy 661: 454:evolved biological 243: 77: 65: 50: 8480: 8479: 8196: 8195: 7341:Spontaneous order 7331:Social alienation 7180:Cultural heritage 7141:Social philosophy 7107: 7106: 6827:General knowledge 6810:Cultural literacy 6744: 6743: 6678:Religious studies 6614:Classical studies 6556: 6555: 6385:Death and culture 6278:Cultural movement 6268:Cultural literacy 6128:Eastern Orthodoxy 6040:Dominator culture 6035:Deculturalization 5935:Cultural hegemony 5925:Cultural genocide 5920:Cultural feminism 5739:Cultural property 5734:Cultural practice 5719:Cultural leveling 5714:Cultural learning 5699:Cultural industry 5694:Cultural identity 5677:Cultural heritage 5667:Cultural emphasis 5652:Cultural conflict 5625:Cultural behavior 5615:Cultural artifact 5527:Primitive culture 5503:Political culture 5161:978-0-679-76867-8 5084:978-0-335-15275-9 5045:978-0-03-080361-1 5010:978-0-674-11649-8 4968:978-0-465-09719-7 4947:978-0-19-288051-2 4913:978-0-521-29164-4 4871:978-0-252-06445-6 4826:978-2-88155-004-1 4706:978-0-3930-3838-5 4660:978-0-87968-091-6 4327:978-1-61035-101-0 4122:978-0-470-99665-2 3924:978-0-0733-7066-8 3915:Social psychology 3883:978-0-3932-6398-5 3765:978-0-7619-5402-6 3699:978-0-7619-2493-7 3593:978-0-04-330391-7 3560:978-1-84046-587-7 3527:978-0-415-26267-5 3436:978-0-563-12244-9 3380:978-0-19-510326-7 3239:978-0-226-75776-6 3204:978-1-250-08068-4 3171:978-0-495-81082-7 3040:978-1-316-60338-3 2978:978-0-19-251193-5 2924:978-0-415-10723-5 2780:978-3-8258-3989-5 2503:978-1-5095-1124-2 2463:978-81-7214-005-2 2422:978-1-4625-1479-3 2395:978-0-12-802247-4 2312:978-1-138-02572-1 2273:978-1-4129-2744-4 2236:978-0-226-85256-0 2163:978-0-13-700161-3 2053:Primitive Culture 2002:Cultural identity 1936:Karl von Habsburg 1899:cultural heritage 1788:Social psychology 1653:critique of the " 1501:political economy 1346:cognitive science 1342:social psychology 1322:cultural analysis 1052: 960:Elementargedanken 789:feminist movement 770:social structures 710:, modernization, 574:'s criticism of " 398:body modification 301:. The concept of 138:, as well as the 8515: 8444:Social criticism 8364: 8354: 8344: 8334: 8324: 8314: 8304: 8294: 8284: 8274: 8264: 8254: 8244: 8234: 8224: 8214: 7450: 7449: 7432:Frankfurt School 7410:Communitarianism 7373: 7327: 7313: 7134: 7127: 7120: 7111: 7110: 6894:Self-realization 6706: 6705: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6560: 6559: 6537: 6536: 6525: 6524: 6513: 6512: 6402:Drinking culture 6355:Culture industry 6303:Cultural tourism 6283:Cultural mulatto 6258:Cultural jet lag 6193:Cannabis culture 6150:Cultural Muslims 6072:Pluriculturalism 6055:Multiculturalism 6045:Interculturalism 6020:Culture minister 6010:Cultural Zionism 6005:Cultural subsidy 6000:Cultural silence 5875:Cultural attaché 5834:Transculturation 5789:Material culture 5779:Interculturality 5635:Cultural capital 5620:Cultural baggage 5557:Youth subculture 5498:Official culture 5463:Dominant culture 5402:Internet culture 5367:Cultural mapping 5362:Cultural history 5289:Cultural studies 5274:Cultural ecology 5248: 5247: 5229: 5222: 5215: 5206: 5205: 5200:What is Culture? 4997: 4995: 4900: 4898: 4830: 4805: 4796: 4787: 4766: 4748: 4739: 4710: 4698: 4687: 4664: 4635: 4634: 4606: 4600: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4546: 4538: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4504: 4498: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4311: 4305: 4303: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4253:Psychology Today 4245: 4239: 4238: 4235:The Conversation 4226: 4220: 4219: 4185: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3944: 3936: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3857: 3848: 3847: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3801:"Julia Kristeva" 3796: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3429:. Peter Smithn. 3422: 3416: 3415: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3310: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3088:. Archived from 3071: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3024: 3018: 3017: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2964: 2958: 2955: 2949: 2936: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2876: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2856: 2850:. Archived from 2841: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2731:. 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Casey 498: 459:When used as a 446:social sciences 444:. In the wider 430:critical theory 382:popular culture 216: 201:Cultural change 121:social behavior 113: 87: 83: 59:and expressive 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8521: 8511: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8474: 8468: 8465: 8464: 8462: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8449:Social science 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8375: 8373: 8369: 8368: 8366: 8365: 8355: 8345: 8339:Gender Trouble 8335: 8325: 8315: 8305: 8295: 8285: 8275: 8269:The Second Sex 8265: 8255: 8245: 8235: 8225: 8215: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8197: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7874: 7872: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7666: 7664: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7613: 7611: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7542: 7540: 7536: 7535: 7533: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7456: 7454: 7447: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7428: 7427: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7395: 7389: 7387: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7365: 7364: 7363: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7319: 7314: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7261:Invisible hand 7258: 7253: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7204: 7203: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7151: 7149: 7145: 7144: 7137: 7136: 7129: 7122: 7114: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7101: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7063: 7062: 7051: 7049: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7015: 7014: 7002: 6996: 6994: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6932: 6927: 6921: 6919: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6885: 6884: 6874: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6857: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6785: 6782:Belles-lettres 6778: 6773: 6768: 6766:Antipositivism 6763: 6758: 6752: 6750: 6746: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6712: 6710: 6703: 6702: 6701: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6648: 6643: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6600: 6598: 6594: 6593: 6586: 6585: 6578: 6571: 6563: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6543: 6531: 6519: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6311: 6310: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6288:Cultural probe 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6213:Cross-cultural 6210: 6208:Coffee culture 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6178:Animal culture 6174: 6172: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6142: 6137: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6100: 6094: 6092: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6082:Transculturism 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6063: 6062: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6015:Culture change 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5839:Visual culture 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5819:Safety culture 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5685: 5684: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5640:Cross-cultural 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5317: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5299:Culture theory 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5253: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5232: 5231: 5224: 5217: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5188: 5187:External links 5185: 5183: 5182: 5179:The New Yorker 5169: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5146: 5139: 5125: 5118: 5104:Reagan, Ronald 5101: 5087: 5072: 5065: 5055: 5048: 5033: 5019: 5012: 4998: 4971: 4956: 4949: 4933: 4926: 4915: 4901: 4888: 4874: 4859:, M.M. (1981) 4854: 4831: 4825: 4812: 4806: 4797: 4788: 4767: 4749: 4740: 4728:10.1086/201036 4722:(4): 395–412. 4711: 4705: 4688: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4665: 4659: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4617:(2): 123–134. 4601: 4591: 4572:(2): 183–201. 4556: 4551:Wiener Zeitung 4525: 4499: 4490: 4464: 4452: 4443: 4417: 4391: 4373: 4355:10.2307/349302 4349:(4): 632–638. 4333: 4326: 4306: 4266: 4255:. June 9, 2016 4240: 4221: 4171: 4144:(4): 434–443. 4128: 4121: 4095: 4076:(2): 181–199. 4060: 4014: 3995: 3968:(5): 763–784. 3952: 3923: 3905: 3882: 3849: 3822: 3791: 3764: 3744: 3713: 3698: 3674: 3644: 3607: 3592: 3574: 3559: 3541: 3526: 3508: 3469: 3450: 3435: 3427:Ways of seeing 3417: 3394: 3379: 3355: 3334:10.2307/271027 3305: 3265: 3238: 3218: 3203: 3185: 3170: 3152: 3126: 3109:Britannica.com 3095: 3075:"anthropology" 3066: 3039: 3019: 3008:(in Italian). 2993: 2984: 2977: 2959: 2950: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2923: 2898: 2868: 2825: 2794: 2779: 2773:. Lit Verlag. 2761: 2746: 2715: 2687: 2668: 2634: 2607:(5393): 1446. 2591: 2574:Culture Change 2560: 2517: 2502: 2477: 2462: 2440: 2421: 2401: 2394: 2368: 2338: 2311: 2291: 2279: 2272: 2250: 2235: 2214: 2177: 2162: 2141: 2129: 2090:(3): 334–350. 2070: 2057: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1982:Animal culture 1978: 1977: 1963: 1960:Society portal 1947: 1944: 1882: 1879: 1866:Robert Epstein 1783: 1780: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1749:Julia Kristeva 1745:psychoanalysis 1537:museum studies 1403:Main article: 1400: 1397: 1368: 1365: 1302:used the term 1296:Weimar Germany 1254:Main article: 1251: 1248: 1181:Main article: 1178: 1175: 1132:sophistication 1003:Matthew Arnold 987:Matthew Arnold 978: 975: 966:Völkergedanken 947:Weltanschauung 928:, scholars in 859: 856: 854: 851: 712:indigenization 682:, revivalism, 674:, renovation, 644:Culture change 642:Main article: 639: 636: 527:teleologically 497: 494: 482:counterculture 456:dispositions. 412:refers to the 372:of the social 345:of a society. 215: 212: 25:Tissue culture 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8520: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8473: 8470: 8469: 8466: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8454:Social theory 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8376: 8374: 8370: 8361: 8360: 8356: 8351: 8350: 8346: 8341: 8340: 8336: 8331: 8330: 8326: 8321: 8320: 8316: 8311: 8310: 8306: 8301: 8300: 8296: 8291: 8290: 8286: 8281: 8280: 8276: 8271: 8270: 8266: 8261: 8260: 8256: 8251: 8250: 8246: 8241: 8240: 8236: 8231: 8230: 8226: 8221: 8220: 8216: 8211: 8210: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8199: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8108:Radhakrishnan 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7869:20th and 21st 7867: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7661:18th and 19th 7659: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7608: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7537: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7451: 7448: 7444: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7375: 7372: 7371: 7366: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7326: 7325: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7312: 7311: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7241: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7213: 7210: 7209: 7208: 7205: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7135: 7130: 7128: 7123: 7121: 7116: 7115: 7112: 7100: 7099: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7061: 7058: 7057: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7046: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7013: 7012: 7008: 7007: 7006: 7005:Human science 7003: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6937: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6916: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6855: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6790: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6747: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6721:Environmental 6719: 6717: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6707: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6625: 6624:Language arts 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6584: 6579: 6577: 6572: 6570: 6565: 6564: 6561: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6542: 6541: 6532: 6530: 6529: 6520: 6518: 6517: 6508: 6507: 6504: 6498: 6497:Youth culture 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6482:Urban culture 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6467:Remix culture 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6442:Media culture 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6432:Languaculture 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6360:Culture shock 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6320:Cultural turn 6318: 6316: 6313: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6188:Bennett scale 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6118:Protestantism 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6061: 6060:Biculturalism 6058: 6057: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5824:Technoculture 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5804:Print culture 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5769:Enculturation 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5689:Cultural icon 5687: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5630:Cultural bias 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5610:Cultural area 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5595:Acculturation 5593: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5569:Super culture 5567: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5513: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5483:Legal culture 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5432:Sound culture 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5225: 5223: 5218: 5216: 5211: 5210: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5191: 5190: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5152: 5147: 5144: 5140: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5109: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5070: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5032: 5031:0-06-271543-7 5028: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4934: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4921:, Cambridge, 4920: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4896: 4889: 4887: 4886:0-472-11315-1 4883: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4697: 4696: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4679: 4662: 4656: 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Thompson 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1607:social groups 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1513:social theory 1510: 1506: 1505:communication 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1406: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1314:structuralist 1311: 1310:cultural turn 1306: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1247: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1144:noble savages 1141: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1123:'s theory of 1122: 1118: 1115:'s theory of 1114: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1100:Thomas Hobbes 1098: 1094: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1045: 1041: 1040:haute cuisine 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1022:In practice, 1020: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 988: 983: 974: 972: 967: 961: 956: 955:Adolf Bastian 951: 948: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 915: 914:Adolf Bastian 911: 907: 898: 893: 888: 882: 881: 875: 874:Immanuel Kant 868: 867:Johann Herder 864: 850: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 831:Acculturation 828: 826: 822: 813: 809: 805: 801: 799: 795: 790: 786: 782: 777: 775: 771: 766: 764: 760: 755: 748: 744: 739: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 702:, borrowing, 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 658: 654: 650: 645: 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 616: 614: 609: 605: 604: 598: 596: 590: 588: 584: 583:Enlightenment 580: 577: 573: 567: 565: 560: 558: 554: 550: 546: 541: 540: 538: 532: 528: 524: 521: 517: 513: 512: 507: 503: 502:ancient Roman 493: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 470: 466: 462: 457: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 436:and create a 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 418:mass mediated 415: 414:mass-produced 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 394:ethnic groups 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 362:civilizations 359: 355: 351: 346: 344: 341:comprise the 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 211: 209: 204: 202: 198: 196: 192: 188: 183: 182:cultural norm 178: 176: 175:socialization 172: 171:enculturation 169:processes of 168: 163: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 117: 108: 81: 74: 69: 62: 58: 54: 47: 43: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 8357: 8347: 8337: 8327: 8317: 8307: 8297: 8287: 8277: 8267: 8257: 8247: 8237: 8227: 8217: 8207: 7627:Guicciardini 7610:Early modern 7446:Philosophers 7420:Conservatism 7415:Confucianism 7403:Distributism 7336:Social norms 7324:Sittlichkeit 7310:Ressentiment 7256:Institutions 7234:Human nature 7206: 7096: 7060:Philistinism 7055:Antihumanism 7009: 6981: 6967:Nova Religio 6934: 6852: 6832:Hermeneutics 6814: 6787: 6780: 6604:Anthropology 6545: 6538: 6526: 6514: 6462:Rape culture 6407:Drug culture 6395:Deaf culture 6380:Cyberculture 6350:Culture hero 6263:Cultural lag 6203:Civilization 6103:Christianity 5809:Protoculture 5493:Microculture 5473:High culture 5468:Folk culture 5417:Postcritique 5235: 5193: 5177: 5149: 5142: 5134:, issued on 5121: 5075: 5068: 5058: 5051: 5036: 5022: 5015: 5001: 4983: 4979: 4962:. New York. 4959: 4952: 4936: 4929: 4918: 4904: 4894: 4877: 4860: 4835: 4816: 4801: 4792: 4775: 4771: 4761: 4757:Szeman, Imre 4744: 4719: 4715: 4694: 4683: 4650: 4614: 4610: 4604: 4594: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4550: 4542: 4534: 4528: 4518:December 13, 4516:. Retrieved 4502: 4493: 4483:September 1, 4481:. Retrieved 4467: 4459: 4455: 4446: 4436:November 20, 4434:. Retrieved 4430: 4420: 4408:. Retrieved 4404: 4394: 4385: 4376: 4368: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4316: 4309: 4283: 4279: 4269: 4259:February 19, 4257:. Retrieved 4252: 4243: 4234: 4224: 4194:(2): 68–75. 4191: 4187: 4174: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4104: 4098: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4030: 4024: 4017: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3914: 3908: 3865: 3861: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3813:. Retrieved 3804: 3794: 3782:. Retrieved 3754: 3747: 3735:. Retrieved 3726: 3716: 3684: 3677: 3665:. Retrieved 3656: 3647: 3637:September 1, 3635:. Retrieved 3617: 3610: 3583: 3577: 3550: 3544: 3517: 3511: 3499:. 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Retrieved 2087: 2083: 2073: 2065: 2064:Jackson, Y. 2060: 2052: 2047: 1987:Anthropology 1974:World portal 1940: 1928: 1896: 1853:LGBT culture 1833: 1825: 1773: 1770:orientation. 1757: 1732: 1728: 1726: 1706: 1675: 1667:mass culture 1663: 1647:mass culture 1623: 1600:high culture 1577: 1565: 1557:social class 1521:media theory 1493:Dick Hebdige 1486: 1481:high culture 1435: 1408: 1393:social class 1385:anthropology 1370: 1300:Alfred Weber 1293: 1281:sociological 1277:Georg Simmel 1270: 1243:Kulturbrille 1233:Kulturbrille 1212:symbolically 1205:anthropology 1202: 1177:Anthropology 1163:Edward Tylor 1160: 1129: 1097:philosophers 1090: 1085:Edward Tylor 1070:social group 1063:high culture 1023: 1021: 992: 952: 926:Romantic era 919: 872: 843:assimilation 839:colonization 829: 817: 778: 767: 752: 676:reconception 662: 617: 613:Homo sapiens 612: 601: 599: 592: 587:civilization 569: 561: 556: 552: 548: 542: 534: 520:agricultural 515: 509: 499: 458: 410:Mass culture 386:folk culture 370:high culture 356:, sciences, 347: 315:institutions 283:technologies 247:anthropology 244: 205: 199: 179: 164: 125:institutions 79: 78: 73:folk culture 33: 21:Cell culture 8414:Historicism 8243:(1835–1840) 8209:De Officiis 7933:de Beauvoir 7903:Baudrillard 7855:Vivekananda 7845:Tocqueville 7760:Kierkegaard 7576:Ibn Khaldun 7546:Alpharabius 7437:Personalism 7346:Stewardship 7303:Reification 7298:Natural law 7219:Familialism 7185:Culturalism 6909:Work of art 6877:Metaphysics 6838:Historicism 6683:Visual arts 6609:Archaeology 6597:Disciplines 6540:WikiProject 6472:Tea culture 6375:Culturalism 6345:Culture gap 6308:Pop-culture 6108:Catholicism 6030:Culture war 5488:Low culture 5387:Culturomics 5294:Culturology 4753:James, Paul 4286:(1): 6–23. 3667:October 30, 3518:Stuart Hall 3501:October 30, 3289:October 28, 3145:October 30, 3119:October 30, 2861:October 30, 2584:October 29, 1741:art history 1688:Marxism of 1659:Paul Gilroy 1588:photographs 1582:, but also 1549:nationality 1541:art history 1489:Paul Willis 1450:Stuart Hall 1415:Stuart Hall 1230:. The term 1228:archaeology 1209:experiences 1154:systems of 1074:low culture 1009:concept of 934:nationalist 887:Sapere Aude 798:agriculture 785:ideological 720:Umberto Eco 704:eclecticism 653:The Beatles 632:interaction 478:bro culture 434:proletariat 378:low culture 366:class-based 313:and social 223:Pygmy music 214:Description 187:monoculture 75:celebration 8487:Categories 8419:Humanities 8379:Agnotology 8038:Kołakowski 7601:Ibn Tufayl 7581:Maimonides 7525:Thucydides 7520:Tertullian 7475:Lactantius 7370:Volksgeist 7351:Traditions 7165:Convention 6870:Quadrivium 6795:Creativity 6761:Aesthetics 6688:Filmmaking 6673:Philosophy 6629:Literature 6590:Humanities 5537:Subculture 5315:Bioculture 4851:Macmillan. 4778:: 509–29. 4410:October 5, 3838:: 147–57. 3737:October 7, 3297:Alan Sokal 3295:Physicist 2842:(Thesis). 2287:Tylor 1974 2188:Tusculanes 2039:References 2012:Culture 21 1786:See also: 1782:Psychology 1596:hairstyles 1572:television 1533:philosophy 1477:Visual art 1318:postmodern 1238:Franz Boas 1197:Azerbaijan 1152:capitalist 1136:folk music 1017:perfection 971:Franz Boas 708:syncretism 684:revolution 680:innovation 678:, reform, 672:involution 595:E.B. Tylor 579:liberalism 474:subculture 465:traditions 461:count noun 350:humanities 327:literature 323:philosophy 287:tool usage 227:polyphonic 8459:Sociology 8409:Historism 8118:Santayana 8088:Oakeshott 8058:MacIntyre 8043:Kropotkin 8018:Heidegger 7871:centuries 7785:Nietzsche 7750:Jefferson 7735:Helvétius 7700:Condorcet 7663:centuries 7647:Montaigne 7470:Confucius 7460:Augustine 7377:Worldview 7271:Modernity 7244:Formation 6942:Humanitas 6854:Humanitas 6843:Historism 6805:Criticism 6698:Sculpture 6365:Culturgen 6133:Mormonism 6091:Religions 5764:Cultureme 5682:Destroyed 5308:Subfields 4986:: 32–54. 4736:144502900 4631:157784805 4300:145165641 4158:0022-0221 4090:145134209 4047:1939-0599 3982:0033-2909 3941:cite book 3933:667213323 3892:911004797 3774:949857570 3723:"Marxism" 3708:780825710 3627:872436352 3602:883364628 3569:937991291 3536:318376213 3491:0261-3077 3445:780459348 3412:906396817 3389:611127754 3342:0081-1750 3248:951272809 3213:921994909 3180:731048150 3049:980557304 3014:641869481 2933:245910934 2789:977343058 2697:‹See Tfd› 2629:128522781 2621:0036-8075 2555:144448501 2547:1366-8803 2512:944339574 2321:942553107 2197:457735057 2172:652430995 2154:Sociology 2112:144448501 2104:1366-8803 1857:tolerance 1814:tolerance 1776:Rein Raud 1639:left-wing 1559:, and/or 1553:ethnicity 1509:sociology 1473:Manhattan 1458:globalism 1250:Sociology 1148:authentic 1146:" living 995:humanists 953:In 1860, 942:worldview 821:diffusion 716:Rein Raud 696:diffusion 537:barbarism 518:using an 496:Etymology 484:. 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