Law - Knowledge

3543: 1944: 4001: 1172: 1694: 3330: 989: 2474: 1535: 3192: 4473: 4843:«In one of his elaborate orations in the United States Senate Mr. Charles Sumner spoke of "the generous presumption of the common law in favor of the innocence of an accused person;" yet it must be admitted that such a presumption cannot be found in Anglo-Saxon law, where sometimes the presumption seems to have been the other way. And in a very recent case in the Supreme Court of the United States, the case of Coffin, 156 U. S. 432, it is pointed out that this presumption was fully established in the Roman law, and was preserved in the canon law.» 56: 4039: 4628:, who sought to make clear the differences and connections between positive law, which lawyers learn and apply, and other forms of 'law' or social norms that regulate everyday life, generally preventing conflicts from reaching lawyers and courts. Contemporary research in the sociology of law is concerned with the way that law develops outside discrete state jurisdictions, being produced through social interaction in social arenas, and acquiring a diversity of sources of authority in national and transnational communal networks. 2685: 2353: 2975: 16976: 13766: 4688: 1378: 16940: 15054: 13780: 3160: 2576: 15064: 16965: 4632: 3871: 3651: 1554: 1131:. Hart argued law is a system of rules, divided into primary (rules of conduct) and secondary ones (rules addressed to officials to administer primary rules). Secondary rules are further divided into rules of adjudication (to resolve legal disputes), rules of change (allowing laws to be varied) and the rule of recognition (allowing laws to be identified as valid). Two of Hart's students continued the debate: In his book 2749: 16952: 4580:, where a noisy sweetmaker and a quiet doctor were neighbours and went to court to see who should have to move. Coase said that regardless of whether the judge ruled that the sweetmaker had to stop using his machinery, or that the doctor had to put up with it, they could strike a mutually beneficial bargain about who moves that reaches the same outcome of resource distribution. Only the existence of 4021:

is held by people known as beneficiaries. Trustees owe duties to their beneficiaries to take good care of the entrusted property. Another example of a trustee's duty might be to invest property wisely or sell it. This is especially the case for pension funds, the most important form of trust, where investors are trustees for people's savings until retirement. But trusts can also be set up for

4295: 1609:, was chosen to adjudicate. Decisions were not published in any systematic way, so any case law that developed was disguised and almost unrecognised. Each case was to be decided afresh from the laws of the State, which mirrors the (theoretical) unimportance of judges' decisions for future cases in civil law systems today. From 529 to 534 AD the 2184:, which is present in common law legal systems, especially in the US, and argumentative theories that occur in both systems. The latter are different rules (directives) of legal interpretation such as directives of linguistic interpretation, teleological interpretation or systemic interpretation as well as more specific rules, for instance, 5162: 3725:) means that the personal obligation of contract forms separately from the title of property being conferred. When contracts are invalidated for some reason (e.g. a car buyer is so drunk that he lacks legal capacity to contract) the contractual obligation to pay can be invalidated separately from the proprietary title of the car. 8764: 8309: 3978:, is that it is a right good against the world. Obligations, like contracts and torts, are conceptualised as rights good between individuals. The idea of property raises many further philosophical and political issues. Locke argued that our "lives, liberties and estates" are our property because we own our bodies and 3387:, and the state may do nothing except that which is authorised by law. Administrative law is the chief method for people to hold state bodies to account. People (wheresoever allowed) may potentially have prerogative to legally challenge (or sue) an agency, local council, public service, or government ministry for 4020:

than rigid rules. Whereas neither the common law nor civil law systems allow people to split the ownership from the control of one piece of property, equity allows this through an arrangement known as a trust. Trustees control property whereas the beneficial, or equitable, ownership of trust property

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as the primary UN judicial organ) lack the capacity to penalise disobedience. The prevailing manner of enforcing international law is still essentially "self help"; that is the reaction by states to alleged breaches of international obligations by other states. However, a few bodies, such as the WTO,

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in each house. Normally there will be several readings and amendments proposed by the different political factions. If a country has an entrenched constitution, a special majority for changes to the constitution may be required, making changes to the law more difficult. A government usually leads the

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But what, after all, is a law? When I say that the object of laws is always general, I mean that law considers subjects en masse and actions in the abstract, and never a particular person or action. On this view, we at once see that it can no longer be asked whose business it is to make laws, since

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defined his "scientific" approach to law, identifying the "legal rational form" as a type of domination, not attributable to personal authority but to the authority of abstract norms. Formal legal rationality was his term for the key characteristic of the kind of coherent and calculable law that was

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deals with all regulations and technical standards applicable to the safe operation of aircraft, and is an essential part both of pilots' training and pilot's operations. It is framed by national civil aviation acts (or laws), themselves mostly aligned with the recommendations or mandatory standards

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at the expense of private law rights. Due to rapid industrialisation, today China is undergoing a process of reform, at least in terms of economic, if not social and political, rights. A new contract code in 1999 represented a move away from administrative domination. Furthermore, after negotiations

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said that it is obvious that it is impossible to define the word "law" and that it is also equally obvious that the struggle to define that word should not ever be abandoned. It is possible to take the view that there is no need to define the word "law" (e.g. "let's forget about generalities and get

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solution. The idea is that law and regulation are not as important or effective at helping people as lawyers and government planners believe. Coase and others like him wanted a change of approach, to put the burden of proof for positive effects on a government that was intervening in the market, by

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Many Muslim countries have developed similar rules about legal education and the legal profession, but some still allow lawyers with training in traditional Islamic law to practice law before personal status law courts. In China and other developing countries there are not sufficient professionally

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Writing in the early 20th century, Max Weber believed that a definitive feature of a developed state had come to be its bureaucratic support. Weber wrote that the typical characteristics of modern bureaucracy are that officials define its mission, the scope of work is bound by rules, and management

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elements of Sharia law. Since the mid-1940s, efforts have been made, in country after country, to bring Sharia law more into line with modern conditions and conceptions. In modern times, the legal systems of many Muslim countries draw upon both civil and common law traditions as well as Islamic law

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Criminal law, also known as penal law, pertains to crimes and punishment. It thus regulates the definition of and penalties for offences found to have a sufficiently deleterious social impact but, in itself, makes no moral judgment on an offender nor imposes restrictions on society that physically

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It is a real unity of them all in one and the same person, made by covenant of every man with every man, in such manner as if every man should say to every man: I authorise and give up my right of governing myself to this man, or to this assembly of men, on this condition; that thou givest up, thy

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of 1215 also required that the King's entourage of judges hold their courts and judgments at "a certain place" rather than dispensing autocratic justice in unpredictable places about the country. A concentrated and elite group of judges acquired a dominant role in law-making under this system, and

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in a court proceeding emanates from this corollary—in England the function of barrister or advocate is distinguished from legal counselor. As the European Court of Human Rights has stated, the law should be adequately accessible to everyone and people should be able to foresee how the law affects

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lay a basic framework for free trade and commerce across the world's oceans and seas, where outside of a country's zone of control. Shipping companies operate through ordinary principles of commercial law, generalised for a global market. Admiralty law also encompasses specialised issues such as

2549:. One criticism of bicameral systems with two elected chambers is that the upper and lower houses may simply mirror one another. The traditional justification of bicameralism is that an upper chamber acts as a house of review. This can minimise arbitrariness and injustice in governmental action. 1861:

also survives in some church communities. Often the implication of religion for law is unalterability, because the word of God cannot be amended or legislated against by judges or governments. Nonetheless, most religious jurisdictions rely on further human elaboration to provide for thorough and

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are key areas for inquiry in this knowledge field. In the United States, the field is usually called law and society studies; in Europe, it is more often referred to as socio-legal studies. At first, jurists and legal philosophers were suspicious of sociology of law. Kelsen attacked one of its

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Civil law jurisdictions treat contracts differently in a number of respects, with a more interventionist role for the state in both the formation and enforcement of contracts. Compared to common law jurisdictions, civil law systems incorporate more mandatory terms into contracts, allow greater

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Codes became the most influential. In contrast to English common law, which consists of enormous tomes of case law, codes in small books are easy to export and easy for judges to apply. However, today there are signs that civil and common law are converging. EU law is codified in treaties, but

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and others reshaped thinking on the extension of state. Modern military, policing and bureaucratic power over ordinary citizens' daily lives pose special problems for accountability that earlier writers such as Locke or Montesquieu could not have foreseen. The custom and practice of the legal

2451:, such as China, the courts are often regarded as parts of the executive, or subservient to the legislature; governmental institutions and actors exert thus various forms of influence on the judiciary. In Muslim countries, courts often examine whether state laws adhere to the Sharia: the 2649:

Although the role of the executive varies from country to country, usually it will propose the majority of legislation, and propose government agenda. In presidential systems, the executive often has the power to veto legislation. Most executives in both systems are responsible for

5155: 3778:. Having consumed half of it, Donoghue poured the remainder into a tumbler. The decomposing remains of a snail floated out. She claimed to have suffered from shock, fell ill with gastroenteritis and sued the manufacturer for carelessly allowing the drink to be contaminated. The 2206:

noted that the "basic pattern of legal reasoning is reasoning by example"—that is, reasoning by comparing outcomes in cases resolving similar legal questions. In a U.S. Supreme Court case regarding procedural efforts taken by a debt collection company to avoid errors, Justice

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wrote of international law, "one of its primary modern sources is found in the responses of ordinary men and women, and of the non-governmental organizations which many of them support, to the human rights abuses they see on the television screen in their living rooms."

3068:, non-governmental organisations, neighbourhoods, churches, and religious associations. There is no clear legal definition of the civil society, and of the institutions it includes. Most of the institutions and bodies who try to give a list of institutions (such as the 7137:(1927) 43; "Equity is a roguish thing. For law we have a measure... equity is according to the conscience of him that is Chancellor, and as that is longer or narrower, so is equity. 'Tis all one as if they should make the standard for the measure a Chancellor's foot." 3973:

This case is used to support the view of property in common law jurisdictions, that the person who can show the best claim to a piece of property, against any contesting party, is the owner. By contrast, the classic civil law approach to property, propounded by

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was formed so that merchants could trade with common standards of practice rather than with the many splintered facets of local laws. The Law Merchant, a precursor to modern commercial law, emphasised the freedom to contract and alienability of property. As

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As a legal system, Roman law has affected the development of law worldwide. It also forms the basis for the law codes of most countries of continental Europe and has played an important role in the creation of the idea of a common European culture (Stein,

2646:. In presidential systems, the executive acts as both head of state and head of government, and has power to appoint an unelected cabinet. Under a presidential system, the executive branch is separate from the legislature to which it is not accountable. 2561:

process, which can be formed from Members of Parliament (e.g. the UK or Germany). However, in a presidential system, the government is usually formed by an executive and his or her appointed cabinet officials (e.g. the United States or Brazil).

1623:. As one legal historian wrote, "Justinian consciously looked back to the golden age of Roman law and aimed to restore it to the peak it had reached three centuries before." The Justinian Code remained in force in the East until the fall of the 1735:

systems, legislative statutes are typically more detailed, and judicial decisions are shorter and less detailed, because the adjudicator is only writing to decide the single case, rather than to set out reasoning that will guide future courts.

862:; nor whether the prince is above the law, since he is a member of the State; nor whether the law can be unjust, since no one is unjust to himself; nor how we can be both free and subject to the laws, since they are but registers of our wills. 1453:

also adopted the common law system. The eastern Asia legal tradition reflects a unique blend of secular and religious influences. Japan was the first country to begin modernising its legal system along western lines, by importing parts of the

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is a relatively new field dealing with aspects of international law regarding human activities in Earth orbit and outer space. While at first addressing space relations of countries via treaties, increasingly it is addressing areas such as

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Criminal law offences are viewed as offences against not just individual victims, but the community as well. The state, usually with the help of police, takes the lead in prosecution, which is why in common law countries cases are cited as

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The liability for negligence is no doubt based upon a general public sentiment of moral wrongdoing for which the offender must pay. The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law, you must not injure your neighbour; and the

1153:. Raz argues that law is authority, identifiable purely through social sources and without reference to moral reasoning. In his view, any categorisation of rules beyond their role as authoritative instruments in mediation are best left to 2862:. Modern lawyers achieve distinct professional identity through specified legal procedures (e.g. successfully passing a qualifying examination), are required by law to have a special qualification (a legal education earning the student a 3759:

under civil law systems. To have acted tortiously, one must have breached a duty to another person, or infringed some pre-existing legal right. A simple example might be unintentionally hitting someone with a ball. Under the law of

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are often used to determine the guilt of defendants on points of fact: juries cannot change legal rules. Some developed countries still condone capital punishment for criminal activity, but the normal punishment for a crime will be

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concept of "civil society" dates back to Hobbes and Locke. Locke saw civil society as people who have "a common established law and judicature to appeal to, with authority to decide controversies between them." German philosopher

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Natural Law; or The Science of Justice: A Treatise on Natural Law, Natural Justice, Natural Rights, Natural Liberty, and Natural Society; Showing that All Legislation Whatsoever is an Absurdity, a Usurpation, and a Crime. Part

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supply chains across borders, as well as trading with overseas businesses, making the question of which country has jurisdiction even more pressing. Increasing numbers of businesses opt for commercial arbitration under the

1829:, from around 1760, was the first scholar to collect, describe, and teach the common law. But merely in describing, scholars who sought explanations and underlying structures slowly changed the way the law actually worked. 3687:

Consideration indicates the fact that all parties to a contract have exchanged something of value. Some common law systems, including Australia, are moving away from the idea of consideration as a requirement. The idea of

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during the late 12th century, when Henry appointed judges that had authority to create an institutionalised and unified system of law common to the country. The next major step in the evolution of the common law came when

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that as society becomes more complex, the body of civil law concerned primarily with restitution and compensation grows at the expense of criminal laws and penal sanctions. Other notable early legal sociologists included

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ruled that even though the boy could not be said to own the jewel, he should be considered the rightful keeper ("finders keepers") until the original owner is found. In fact the apprentice and the boy both had a right of

3181: 3395:(law, ordinance, policy order). Such challenge vets the ability of actionable authority under the law, and that the government entity observed required procedure. The first specialist administrative court was the 1538:

Colour-coded map of the legal systems around the world, showing civil, common law, religious, customary and mixed legal systems. Common law systems are shaded pink, and civil law systems are shaded blue/turquoise.

2792:). Like the military and police, a legal system's government servants and bodies that make up its bureaucracy carry out the directives of the executive. One of the earliest references to the concept was made by 11590: 3712:

of contracts. They also do not require consideration for a contract to be binding. In France, an ordinary contract is said to form simply on the basis of a "meeting of the minds" or a "concurrence of wills".

1077:. Kelsen believed that although law is separate from morality, it is endowed with "normativity", meaning we ought to obey it. While laws are positive "is" statements (e.g. the fine for reversing on a highway 14153: 13923: 3037:. In post-modern theory, civil society is necessarily a source of law, by being the basis from which people form opinions and lobby for what they believe law should be. As Australian barrister and author 10112: 15555: 15019: 3951:'s boy found a jewel encrusted with precious stones. He took it to a goldsmith to have it valued. The goldsmith's apprentice looked at it, sneakily removed the stones, told the boy it was worth three 3001: 1095: 4359:

became popular and took management of services away from public law, private companies doing the jobs previously controlled by government have been bound by varying degrees of social responsibility.

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and that he would buy it. The boy said he would prefer the jewel back, so the apprentice gave it to him, but without the stones. The boy sued the goldsmith for his apprentice's attempt to cheat him.

2400:. For most European countries the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg can overrule national law, when EU law is relevant. The European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg allows citizens of the 14482: 14387: 3111: 3064:

the law becomes to the people. The most familiar institutions of civil society include economic markets, profit-oriented firms, families, trade unions, hospitals, universities, schools, charities,

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As time went on, many felt that the common law was overly systematised and inflexible, and increasing numbers of citizens petitioned the King to override the common law. On the King's behalf, the

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a precondition for modern political developments and the modern bureaucratic state. Weber saw this law as having developed in parallel with the growth of capitalism. Another leading sociologist,

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Constitutional and administrative law govern the affairs of the state. Constitutional law concerns both the relationships between the executive, legislature and judiciary and the human rights or

3273: 3795:'s question, Who is my neighbour? receives a restricted reply. You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. 8179: 6174:. 1a2ae, 90.4. Translated by J G Dawson. Ed d'Entreves. (Basil Blackwell). Latin: "nihil est aliud qau edam rationis ordinatio ad bonum commune, ab eo qi curam communitatis habet, promulgata". 4996:

According to Malloy, Smith established "a classical liberal philosophy that made individuals the key referential sign while acknowledging that we live not alone but in community with others".(

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was heavily influenced by Greek philosophy, but its detailed rules were developed by professional jurists and were highly sophisticated. Over the centuries between the rise and decline of the

3625: 2820:" aside, public services such as schooling, health care, policing or public transport are considered a crucial state function making public bureaucratic action the locus of government power. 6625: 3302:. These institutions are allowed the ability to enforce legal norms both against or for member states and citizens in a manner which is not possible through public international law. As the 1523:, typical of modern law, result in the sharing of many features traditionally considered typical of either common law or civil law. The third type of legal system is religious law, based on 14507: 13908: 8499: 6941: 15666: 15029: 2545:

system (as in Australia, Germany or the United States) or different voting configuration in a unitary system (as in France). In the UK the upper house is appointed by the government as a

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In general, legal systems can be split between civil law and common law systems. Modern scholars argue that the significance of this distinction has progressively declined. The numerous

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Farah, Paolo (August 2006). "Five Years of China WTO Membership. EU and US Perspectives about China's Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism".

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because he did not accept the primacy of abstract normative principles over concrete political positions and decisions. Therefore, Schmitt advocated a jurisprudence of the exception (

6476: 3764:, the most common form of tort, the injured party could potentially claim compensation for their injuries from the party responsible. The principles of negligence are illustrated by 2929:

who provides on-demand legal research through a library, a commercial service or freelance work. Many people trained in law put their skills to use outside the legal field entirely.

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refers to states that cannot implement or enforce policies; their police and military no longer control security and order and society moves into anarchy, the absence of government.

14943: 7323: 4611:. It is a transdisciplinary and multidisciplinary study focused on the theorisation and empirical study of legal practices and experiences as social phenomena. The institutions of 966:

argues that law is a rational ordering of things, which concern the common good, that is promulgated by whoever is charged with the care of the community. This definition has both

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trade through bilateral contracts on open markets until the costs of transactions mean that using corporations to produce things is more cost-effective. His second major article,

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belong to someone), but the boy's possessory interest was considered better, because it could be shown to be first in time. Possession may be nine-tenths of the law, but not all.

3416:, councils, or committees deal with policy and procedures facilitating elections. These rules settle disputes or enable the translation of the will of the people into functioning 2800:

The real spirit of the laws in France is that bureaucracy of which the late Monsieur de Gournay used to complain so greatly; here the offices, clerks, secretaries, inspectors and

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set minimum standards on the amounts of capital banks must hold, and rules about best practice for investment. This is to insure against the risk of economic crises, such as the

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Kaldor, Mary; Anheier, Helmut; Glasius, Marlies (2003). "Global Civil Society in an Era of Regressive Globalisation". In Kaldor, Mary; Anheier, Helmut; Glasius, Marlies (eds.).

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A corollary of the rule of law is the existence of a legal profession sufficiently autonomous to invoke the authority of the independent judiciary; the right to assistance of a

6878: 14377: 9222: 3852:, which occurs, for example, when a newspaper makes unsupportable allegations that damage a politician's reputation. More infamous are economic torts, which form the basis of 2122:

and custom. The constitutions of certain Muslim states, such as Egypt and Afghanistan, recognise Islam as the religion of the state, obliging legislature to adhere to Sharia.

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on the other hand, as the King's keeper of conscience, could overrule the judge-made law if he thought it equitable to do so. This meant equity came to operate more through

4109: 14392: 14287: 3307: 2085:, judges, a fully articulated legal code, principles of legal interpretation, and coercive penalties, though it lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions. 14477: 5256: 4607:

The sociology of law examines the interaction of law with society and overlaps with jurisprudence, philosophy of law, social theory and more specialised subjects such as

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compared to its European counterparts the English judiciary became highly centralised. In 1297, for instance, while the highest court in France had fifty-one judges, the

14179: 7970:(1669), 1 Mod. Rep. 3, 86 Eng. Rep. 684, where a knight said in a threatening tone to a layperson, "If it were not assize time, I would not take such language from you." 3086:

All legal systems deal with the same basic issues, but jurisdictions categorise and identify their legal topics in different ways. A common distinction is that between "

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Although many scholars argue that "the boundaries between public and private law are becoming blurred", and that this distinction has become mere "folklore" (Bergkamp,

1527:. The specific system that a country is ruled by is often determined by its history, connections with other countries, or its adherence to international standards. The 1409:(c. 100–300 AD) were foundational treatises in India, and comprise texts considered authoritative legal guidance. Manu's central philosophy was tolerance and 15716: 15453: 15203: 14778: 13943: 4499:

presented a philosophical foundation for explaining the relationship between law and economics. The discipline arose partly out of a critique of trade unions and U.S.

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which allows compensation for a loss, but not a particular thing back. Land law forms the basis for most kinds of property law, and is the most complex. It concerns

7617: 2599:, as with Britain, Italy, Germany, India, and Japan, the executive is known as the cabinet, and composed of members of the legislature. The executive is led by the 15600: 15420: 15290: 14983: 14888: 10640:

Haggard, Stephan; Shugart, Matthew Soberg (2001). "Institutions and Public Policy in Presidential Systems". In Haggard, Stephan; McCubbins, Mathew Daniel (eds.).

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Fox, Jonathan; Sandler, Shmuel (1 April 2005). "Separation of Religion and State in the Twenty-First Century: Comparing the Middle East and Western Democracies".

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a legal dispute between private parties should be heard in and which jurisdiction's law should be applied. Today, businesses are increasingly capable of shifting

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codified and consolidated Roman law up until that point, so that what remained was one-twentieth of the mass of legal texts from before. This became known as the

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Civil law jurisdictions recognise custom as "the other source of law"; hence, scholars tend to divide the civil law into the broad categories of "written law" (

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Roeber, A. G. (October 2001). "What the Law Requires Is Written on Their Hearts: Noachic and Natural Law among German-Speakers in Early Modern North America".

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McAuliffe, Karen (21 February 2013). "Precedent at the Court of Justice of the European Union: The Linguistic Aspect". In Michael Freeman; Fiona Smith (eds.).

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Significant to the practice of law in the common law tradition is the legal research to determine the current state of the law. This usually entails exploring

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and public executions to instill communities with fear to maintain control. The first modern police were probably those in 17th-century Paris, in the court of

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The philosophy of law is commonly known as jurisprudence. Normative jurisprudence asks "what should law be?", while analytic jurisprudence asks "what is law?"

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by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a

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is formed. The more people are involved with, concerned by and capable of changing how political power is exercised over their lives, the more acceptable and

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prevent people from committing a crime in the first place. Investigating, apprehending, charging, and trying suspected offenders is regulated by the law of

14382: 14332: 14098: 13988: 11182: 9256: 7586: 4939:, 719) comments on the League of Nations' failure: "It was wrong to say that the League failed. It was rather the member states who had failed the League." 4785: 4409:) of the turn of the 20th century. It is used to control businesses who attempt to use their economic influence to distort market prices at the expense of 9769: 7047: 15320: 15280: 14948: 14923: 14838: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14312: 14078: 14043: 14028: 14013: 13968: 13903: 11848: 10884: 4105: 3334: 2700:

While military organisations have existed as long as government itself, the idea of a standing police force is a relatively modern concept. For example,

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Rottleuthner, Hubert (1984). "Rechtstheoritische Probleme der Sociologie des Rechts. Die Kontroverse zwischen Hans Kelsen und Eugen Ehrlich (1915/17)".

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with one another to create the same allocation of resources, regardless of the way a court might rule in property disputes. Coase used the example of a

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concept" that requires judges to find the best fitting and most just solution to a legal dispute, given their Anglo-American constitutional traditions.

1036:, the founder of a purely rationalistic system of natural law, argued that law arises from both a social impulse—as Aristotle had indicated—and reason. 14452: 14367: 14342: 14033: 7839: 2225:, to legal questions. The use of statistical methods in court cases and law review articles has grown massively in importance in the last few decades. 18860: 15565: 15478: 15410: 15335: 14978: 14863: 14615: 14352: 14322: 14133: 14108: 13953: 13933: 13898: 13883: 11155: 2312: 15448: 6055:

Williams, Glanville. International Law and the Controversy Concerning the Meaning of the Word "Law". Revised version published in Laslett (Editor),

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Equity is a body of rules that developed in England separately from the "common law". The common law was administered by judges and barristers. The

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were polar opposites, within the scheme of his dialectic theory of history. The modern dipole state–civil society was reproduced in the theories of

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the constitution and all other laws. But in common law countries, where matters are not constitutional, the judiciary may also create law under the

1481:'s communists who won control of the mainland in 1949. The current legal infrastructure in the People's Republic of China was heavily influenced by 15711: 15270: 15148: 14868: 14848: 14432: 14357: 14337: 14205: 14196: 14187: 14118: 14073: 14003: 13998: 13948: 13868: 10823: 8330: 6641: 1727:(Latin for "to stand by decisions") means that decisions by higher courts bind lower courts to assure that similar cases reach similar results. In 8487: 6933: 3561:

Examples of crimes include murder, assault, fraud and theft. In exceptional circumstances defences can apply to specific acts, such as killing in

1659:, modernised their legal codes. Both these codes heavily influenced not only the law systems of the countries in continental Europe, but also the 1564:

Civil law is the legal system used in most countries around the world today. In civil law the sources recognised as authoritative are, primarily,

15686: 15275: 14833: 14748: 14302: 14128: 14063: 14018: 13978: 13873: 5497: 4248: 12474: 8540: 1320:, Roman law was rediscovered around the 11th century when medieval legal scholars began to research Roman codes and adapt their concepts to the 17014: 15605: 15595: 15585: 14958: 14918: 14873: 14422: 14183: 14103: 13993: 13973: 13963: 13878: 11965: 3205:

can refer to three things: public international law, private international law or conflict of laws and the law of supranational organisations.

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The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (Edited with Introduction by Talcott Parsons – Translated in English by A. M. Henderson)

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E.g. in England these seven subjects, with EU law substituted for international law, make up a "qualifying law degree". For criticism, see

3542: 3384: 3373: 3310:, European Union law constitutes "a new legal order of international law" for the mutual social and economic benefit of the member states. 2804:

are not appointed to benefit the public interest, indeed the public interest appears to have been established so that offices might exist.

2607:

of the legislature. Because popular elections appoint political parties to govern, the leader of a party can change in between elections.

12389: 8111: 7721: 5629: 2338:, whilst civil society is a term used to refer to the social institutions, communities and partnerships that form law's political basis. 1728: 1414: 8617: 7801: 6587: 17804: 17445: 10488: 9335: 2176:

There are distinguished methods of legal reasoning (applying the law) and methods of interpreting (construing) the law. The former are

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between the political, legislature and executive bodies. Their principle was that no person should be able to usurp all powers of the

920:

One definition is that law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behaviour. In

16319: 11435: 10436:

Fine, Tony F. (2001). "The Globalization of Legal Education in the United States". In Drolshammer, Jens I.; Pfeifer, Michael (eds.).

7980: 6867: 4916: 4484: 4449: 2824:

is composed of career experts who manage top down, communicating through writing and binding public servants' discretion with rules.

2276: 896:

suggested that no such definition could be produced. McCoubrey and White said that the question "what is law?" has no simple answer.

563: 9350: 6845: 1710: 17989: 13747: 12366: 9142: 8738: 7085: 2432:

A judiciary is theoretically bound by the constitution, just as all other government bodies are. In most countries judges may only

8015: 7743: 7648: 6911: 1266:. However, Athens had no legal science or single word for "law", relying instead on the three-way distinction between divine law ( 18597: 17899: 15527: 15100: 14968: 14512: 11307: 11065: 7805: 6281: 5093: 4000: 2727: 2418: 2368:

A judiciary is a number of judges mediating disputes to determine outcome. Most countries have systems of appeal courts, with an

1385:

is the longest written constitution for a country, containing 444 articles, 12 schedules, numerous amendments and 117,369 words.

1231:, by codifying and inscribing it in stone. Hammurabi placed several copies of his law code throughout the kingdom of Babylon as 18018: 13845: 10935: 6351: 6084: 6014: 5246: 3929:

and the statutory systems for land registration. Regulations on the use of personal property fall under intellectual property,

3069: 2054: 1943: 1825:

have always played an important part, both to collect overarching principles from dispersed case law, and to argue for change.

1759:, the law varied shire-to-shire based on disparate tribal customs. The concept of a "common law" developed during the reign of 893: 482: 10219:

Curtin, Deirdre; Wessel, Ramses A. (2005). "A Survey of the Content of Good Governance for some International Organisations".

8968: 8012:"Des Sergents de Ville et Gardiens de la Paix à la Police de Proximité : la Préfecture de Police au Service des Citoyens" 7436: 1171: 1004:

answer was that law is "commands, backed by threat of sanctions, from a sovereign, to whom people have a habit of obedience".

18006: 16221: 16206: 12498: 12378: 12322: 12311: 12222: 12200: 12160: 12132: 12113: 12085: 12053: 12027: 12008: 11806: 11744: 11713: 11694: 11672: 11653: 11625: 11548: 11529: 11506: 11484: 11393: 11337: 11295: 11263: 11171: 11145: 11099: 11075: 11051: 11032: 11013: 10990: 10965: 10909: 10870: 10851: 10803: 10784: 10686: 10668: 10649: 10630: 10608: 10589: 10570: 10535: 10516: 10468: 10445: 10426: 10401: 10329: 10307: 10285: 10266: 10247: 10228: 10209: 10187: 10165: 10043: 10024: 10005: 9986: 9898: 9876: 9855: 9836: 9817: 9798: 9704: 9685: 8934: 7557: 7205: 6470: 4085: 3507:, that a person is guilty of two things. First, the accused must commit an act which is deemed by society to be criminal, or 2452: 1012:, argue that law reflects essentially moral and unchangeable laws of nature. The concept of "natural law" emerged in ancient 190: 11023:

Kaiser, Dagmar (2005). "Leistungsstōrungen". In Staudinger, Julius von; Martinek, Michael; Beckmann, Roland Michael (eds.).

9935: 4964: 4160:

covers marriage and divorce proceedings, the rights of children and rights to property and money in the event of separation.

3539:), and negligence. Negligence does not carry criminal responsibility unless a particular crime provides for its punishment. 3244:. Public international law has a special status as law because there is no international police force, and courts (e.g. the 3159: 2666:. The election of a different executive is therefore capable of revolutionising an entire country's approach to government. 1357:

grew in the 18th and 19th centuries, the Law Merchant was incorporated into countries' local law under new civil codes. The

16216: 16187: 16144: 15768: 14693: 8375:

Zaleski, Pawel (2008). "Tocqueville on Civilian Society. A Romantic Vision of the Dichotomic Structure of Social Reality".

8186: 7680: 1262:, from about the 8th century BC was the first society to be based on broad inclusion of its citizenry, excluding women and 556: 14068: 9654: 9425: 5328: 3298:—seek to follow a similar model. In the EU, sovereign nations have gathered their authority in a system of courts and the 18707: 18617: 15701: 11416: 9930: 7605: 5211: 4745: 4089: 3681: 3014: 2793: 2614:

is apart from the executive, and symbolically enacts laws and acts as representative of the nation. Examples include the

2385: 18732: 7237: 3672:(agreements must be kept). In common law jurisdictions, three key elements to the creation of a contract are necessary: 17007: 7384: 4185:

sprang from the law of trusts, on the principle of separating ownership of property and control. The law of the modern

2373: 1458:, but mostly the German Civil Code. This partly reflected Germany's status as a rising power in the late 19th century. 900:

said that the meaning of the word "law" depends on the context in which that word is used. He said that, for example, "

8229: 1902:

or Five Books of Moses. This contains the basic code of Jewish law, which some Israeli communities choose to use. The

1693: 1397:

represent distinct traditions of law, and have historically had independent schools of legal theory and practice. The

16159: 14538: 14437: 14257: 13173: 12731: 12630: 11943: 10143: 8203: 6722: 6697: 6635: 6581: 6192: 6043: 5933: 5857: 5754: 5472: 3233: 1718: 1635:

used to interpret their own laws. Civil law codifications based closely on Roman law, alongside some influences from

12179:. Washington DC: Center for the Study of Voluntary Organisations and Services, Georgetown University. Archived from 11915: 11447: 9070: 9043: 3832:

Another example of tort might be a neighbour making excessively loud noises with machinery on his property. Under a

1254:

dates back to 1280 BC and takes the form of moral imperatives as recommendations for a good society. The small

18677: 17127: 16956: 13287: 13156: 10545: 8456: 4480: 2883: 2478: 2246: 2059: 1410: 1321: 11999:

Sherif, Adel Omar (2005). "Constitutions of Arab Countries and the Position of Sharia". In Yassari, Nadjma (ed.).

11105: 8424: 1141:

attacked Hart and the positivists for their refusal to treat law as a moral issue. Dworkin argues that law is an "

17633: 17484: 16892: 16264: 16112: 13742: 13089: 12990: 9371: 8685: 8655: 4701: 4142:

concern the rights of foreigners to live and work in a nation-state that is not their own and to acquire or lose

3195: 2164:. Academic opinion is divided on whether it is a separate system from civil law, given major deviations based on 1811: 997: 931: 16980: 11221: 9766: 9253: 4826:) or custom. Yet they tend to dismiss custom as being of slight importance compared to legislation (Georgiadis, 1631:

and Germanic customary law until the Justinian Code was rediscovered in the 11th century, which scholars at the

18834: 18687: 17573: 16849: 16503: 16344: 16139: 15228: 13249: 12883: 11609: 9676:

Akhlaghi, Behrooz (2005). "Iranian Commercial Law and the New Investment Law FIPPA". In Yassari, Nadjma (ed.).

7055: 5574: 5465:

Sharia incorporated: a comparative overview of the legal systems of twelve Muslim countries in past and present

4190: 4093: 4063: 3245: 2957: 2639: 2200: 1779:

had five. This powerful and tight-knit judiciary gave rise to a systematised process of developing common law.

1510: 623: 447: 11871: 10892: 5190:

Revus. Journal for Constitutional Theory and Philosophy of Law / Revija za ustavno teorijo in filozofijo prava

4552:(1937), argued that the reason for the existence of firms (companies, partnerships, etc.) is the existence of 4266:

aims at safeguarding creators and other producers of intellectual goods and services. These are legal rights (

3329: 1040:

believed a moral imperative requires laws "be chosen as though they should hold as universal laws of nature".

18874: 18747: 17969: 17000: 16456: 16312: 14988: 14327: 12602: 10813: 8571: 8062: 4638:, who began his career as a lawyer, and is regarded as one of the founders of sociology and sociology of law 4054:

is the study of a tripartite industrial relationship between worker, employer and trade union. This involves

3893:, refers to everything else; movable objects, such as computers, cars, jewelry or intangible rights, such as 3811: 2996: 2161: 1967: 1807: 1776: 9208: 7831: 3056:

allow people to gather, discuss, criticise and hold to account their governments, from which the basis of a

2910:

trained people to staff the existing judicial systems, and, accordingly, formal standards are more relaxed.

2808:

Cynicism over "officialdom" is still common, and the workings of public servants is typically contrasted to

1149:, on the other hand, defended the positivist outlook and criticised Hart's "soft social thesis" approach in 18906: 18772: 18767: 18461: 17499: 17132: 16797: 16707: 14531: 14250: 13409: 12888: 12215:

Economy and Society, Volume I (Translated and edited by Claus Wittich, Ephraim Fischoff, and Guenther Roth)

8972: 4985: 4097: 3629: 3213: 3137: 2689: 2619: 2123: 1470: 983: 685:

has influenced secular matters and is, as of the 21st century, still in use in some religious communities.

7779: 6570:

Clarke, M. A.; Hooley, R. J. A.; Munday, R. J. C.; Sealy, L. S.; Tettenborn, A. M.; Turner, P. G. (2017).

2052:. The Eastern Catholic Churches, which developed different disciplines and practices, are governed by the 1713:

legal systems, decisions by courts are explicitly acknowledged as "law" on equal footing with legislative

18787: 18782: 18567: 16349: 16170: 15520: 15093: 13404: 10774: 9996:

Campbell, Tom D. (1993). "The Contribution of Legal Studies". In Robert E. Goodin; Philip Pettit (eds.).

8800: 8327: 7835: 3718: 3531:

is enough. Criminal systems of the civil law tradition distinguish between intention in the broad sense (

3524: 3380: 3241: 3225: 2730:. The military and police carry out enforcement at the request of the government or the courts. The term 2623: 2517: 2413: 2271: 2126:, and is governed on the basis of Islamic law. Iran has also witnessed a reiteration of Islamic law into 1989: 1918: 1768:

was forced by his barons to sign a document limiting his authority to pass laws. This "great charter" or

956:

defined law as "the prophecies of what the courts will do in fact, and nothing more pretentious." In his

10817: 3616:. Modern criminal law has been affected considerably by the social sciences, especially with respect to 17452: 17112: 13838: 13379: 12878: 11953: 11818: 11440:"Book XI: Of the Laws Which Establish Political Liberty, with Regard to the Constitution, Chapters 6–7" 9977:

Brody, David C.; Acker, James R.; Logan, Wayne A. (2001). "Introduction to the Study of Criminal Law".

7300: 4562: 4512: 4282: 4077: 3975: 3114:. International, constitutional and administrative law, criminal law, contract, tort, property law and 2426: 2396: 2381: 2005: 1667:

legal traditions. Today, countries that have civil law systems range from Russia and Turkey to most of

514: 421: 17769: 10693:

Harris, Ron (September 1994). "The Bubble Act: Its Passage and Its Effects on Business Organization".

9919:. New York, Chicago, Commerce Clearing House, Loose leaf Service division of the Corporation Trust Co. 9050: 5489: 4193:, passed in the United Kingdom, which provided investors with a simple registration procedure to gain 2816:. In fact private companies, especially large ones, also have bureaucracies. Negative perceptions of " 2134:

has been the call to restore the Sharia, which has generated a vast amount of literature and affected

1655: 1362: 17816: 17759: 17344: 16611: 16339: 16274: 16226: 15494: 15365: 15178: 14442: 13462: 12466: 11183:"Nietzsche in Law's Cathedral: Beyond Reason and Postmodernism – Chapter: Cycles of Economic Thought" 9789:

Auby, Jean-Bernard (2002). "Administrative Law in France". In Stroink, F.A.M.; Seerden, René (eds.).

9249: 8537: 8037: 7678:

Book XI: Of the Laws Which Establish Political Liberty, with Regard to the Constitution, Chapters 6–7

7196:

Ferrari, Silvio (2012). "Chapter 4: Canon Law as a Religious Legal System". In Huxley, Andrew (ed.).

5964: 5520: 4341: 4303: 4263: 3979: 3856:

in some countries by making trade unions liable for strikes, when statute does not provide immunity.

3621: 3441: 3397: 3357: 3303: 3294:. Given the trend of increasing global economic integration, many regional agreements—especially the 2441: 1514: 1371: 1300:, law was adapted to cope with the changing social situations and underwent major codification under 1263: 988: 953: 183: 11957: 4869:

About "cabinet accountability" in both presidential and parliamentary systems, see Shugart–Haggard,

3878:, one of the world's first ever speculations and crashes, led to strict regulation on share trading. 18657: 16944: 16792: 16782: 16579: 16305: 16259: 15908: 15761: 14710: 14686: 14562: 14397: 13257: 13239: 8809: 6035: 4539: 4401:

doctrine. Modern competition law derives from the U.S. anti-cartel and anti-monopoly statutes (the

4368: 4122:

concern the rules that courts must follow as a trial and appeals proceed. Both concern a citizen's

4058:

regulation, and the right to strike. Individual employment law refers to workplace rights, such as

3956: 3952: 3576: 3514: 3445: 3345: 3291: 3256: 3237: 3209: 3151: 3103: 2813: 2473: 2407:

Some countries allow their highest judicial authority to overrule legislation they determine to be

2390: 2193: 2071: 2036: 1739:

Common law originated from England and has been inherited by almost every country once tied to the

1732: 1548: 1494: 892:

There have been several attempts to produce "a universally acceptable definition of law". In 1972,

887: 768: 745: 662: 509: 467: 271: 264: 13591: 12520: 5430:"Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction in the Church of the Province of Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia" 5429: 3249:

have effective systems of binding arbitration and dispute resolution backed up by trade sanctions.

1531:

that jurisdictions adopt as authoritatively binding are the defining features of any legal system.

681:, although on occasion this may be overturned by a higher court or the legislature. Historically, 18637: 18557: 17974: 17563: 17474: 16975: 16754: 16642: 16537: 15590: 15375: 13632: 13419: 12908: 12893: 12442: 11931: 11663:

Rasekh, Mohammad (2005). "Are Islamism and Republicanism Compatible?". In Yassari, Nadjma (ed.).

5969: 5350:

Berman, Harold J. (1983). "Religious Foundations of Law in the West: An Historical Perspective".

4299: 4238: 3633: 3571: 3437: 2991: 2918: 2879: 2720:, although the Paris Prefecture of Police claim they were the world's first uniformed policemen. 2604: 2522:

in Paris. By the principle of representative government people vote for politicians to carry out

2377: 2303: 2001: 1922: 1473:

retains the closest affinity to the codifications from that period, because of the split between

1462: 356: 286: 137: 101: 18371: 12559: 12180: 9955: 7165: 1802:. At first, equity was often criticised as erratic. Over time, courts of equity developed solid 1597:

in the 6th century, which were rediscovered by 11th century Italy. Roman law in the days of the

17964: 17944: 17794: 17464: 17092: 16864: 16584: 16412: 16047: 15513: 15468: 15285: 15086: 13687: 13672: 9756: 8871: 4957: 4720: 4612: 4589: 4548: 4234: 3061: 3057: 3049: 2570: 2501: 2433: 2281: 2040: 1992:, for the government of a Christian organisation or church and its members. It is the internal 1958: 1142: 1081:€500); law tells us what we "should" do. Thus, each legal system can be hypothesised to have a 27: 17831: 16285: 12401: 12397: 11320: 8108: 7802:"Entscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts (Decisions of the Federal Constitutional Court)" 5746: 996:

Definitions of law often raise the question of the extent to which law incorporates morality.

18118: 18073: 17884: 17479: 16787: 16777: 16739: 16712: 16674: 16647: 16557: 16466: 16385: 16375: 16123: 13831: 13791: 13384: 13062: 12873: 11903: 11217: 10380: 8602: 7809: 6571: 5985: 4882:

In these cases sovereignty is eroded, and often warlords acquire excessive powers (Fukuyama,

4673: 4216: 4123: 4055: 3775: 3562: 3554: 3504: 3038: 3030: 2983: 2867: 2753: 2655: 2437: 2077:

Roman Catholic canon law is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements:

1949: 1765: 1632: 1534: 1469:

in the form of six private law codes based mainly on the Japanese model of German law. Today

1382: 1283: 1009: 749: 492: 431: 17934: 12073: 10482: 6904:"Alphabetical Index of the 192 United Nations Member States and Corresponding Legal Systems" 6462: 2130:

after 1979. During the last few decades, one of the fundamental features of the movement of

1016:

concurrently and in connection with the notion of justice, and re-entered the mainstream of

18627: 18507: 18276: 18083: 17924: 17851: 17543: 17504: 17489: 17023: 16734: 16574: 16547: 16542: 16439: 16279: 16254: 16211: 14554: 14273: 13512: 12858: 12390:"The ideal of good government in Luigi Einaudi's Thought and Life: Between Law and Freedom" 10221:

Good Governance and the European Union: Reflections on Concepts, Institutions and Substance

9176: 5818: 5283: 4952: 4531:, and are hostile to state regulation or what they see as restrictions on the operation of 4508: 4337: 3766: 3709: 3673: 3402: 3081: 2891: 2631: 2615: 2596: 2580: 2497: 2444:, whereby the unelected judiciary may not overturn law passed by a democratic legislature. 2357: 2286: 2165: 2127: 2078: 1644: 1619: 497: 176: 20: 18098: 7988: 4913: 4274:) which result from intellectual activity in the industrial, literary and artistic fields. 2192:. There are also many other arguments and cannons of interpretation which altogether make 8: 18817: 18697: 18667: 18587: 18113: 18053: 17374: 17294: 16914: 16908: 16834: 16749: 16694: 16569: 16434: 16380: 16198: 16164: 16129: 15943: 15754: 15392: 15008: 14903: 14679: 14636: 14093: 13667: 12807: 12724: 11463: 6823: 5490:"Religious Legal Systems in Comparative Law: A Guide to Introductory Research – GlobaLex" 4770: 4416: 3889:, sometimes called 'real estate', refers to ownership of land and things attached to it. 3668: 3659: 3299: 3264: 3191: 2717: 2643: 2635: 2627: 2557: 2513: 1979: 1760: 1057: 901: 869: 654: 426: 325: 302: 206: 17861: 12417: 8716: 7077: 2921:

as a sole practitioner, in a government post or in a private corporation as an internal

2319:

took the separation of powers further by having two additional branches of government—a

1601:

and Empire was heavily procedural, and lacked a professional legal class. Instead a lay

18829: 18824: 18807: 18802: 18271: 17779: 17716: 16859: 16424: 16149: 16117: 15918: 15903: 15580: 15350: 14828: 14823: 14718: 14472: 14292: 13918: 13482: 13141: 12995: 12980: 12958: 12702: 12682: 12635: 12625: 12342: 12290: 12282: 12100: 11835: 11794: 11782: 11774: 11582: 11517: 11372: 11205: 11159: 10977: 10955: 10758: 10731: 10718: 10710: 10559: 10413: 10368: 10104: 10069: 9951: 9731: 9272: 9193: 9134: 9106: 7750: 7640: 7522: 7081: 6903: 6239: 6222: 5939: 5898: 5799: 5710: 5693: 5669: 5652: 5548: 5540: 5410: 5375: 5367: 5121: 5074: 4576: 4472: 4398: 4307: 4119: 3943: 3496: 3425: 3324: 3320: 3279: 3268: 3221: 3147: 3107: 2953: 2809: 2600: 2218: 2131: 2118: 2009: 1926: 1826: 1628: 1569: 1489: 1437:

legal tradition, along with Islamic law, were both supplanted by common law when India

1287: 1247:

and translated into various languages, including English, Italian, German, and French.

1127: 1115: 1073: 922: 897: 713: 709: 666: 544: 462: 457: 242: 18261: 11444:

The Spirit of Laws (translated in English by Thomas Nugent, revised by J. V. Prichard)

6273: 4669: 4038: 2850:

is typically overseen by either a government or independent regulating body such as a

1917:

to use religious laws only if they choose. Canon law is only in use by members of the

1403:, probably compiled around 100 AD (although it contains older material), and the 18792: 18737: 18577: 18366: 18028: 17954: 17929: 17731: 17533: 16829: 16824: 16812: 16807: 16679: 16669: 16589: 16532: 16476: 16014: 15997: 15923: 15913: 15865: 15260: 15240: 15143: 15063: 14818: 14768: 14738: 14728: 14158: 13467: 13389: 13227: 12970: 12965: 12918: 12843: 12837: 12677: 12595: 12393: 12374: 12307: 12294: 12218: 12196: 12156: 12128: 12109: 12081: 12074: 12023: 12004: 11939: 11802: 11786: 11740: 11709: 11690: 11668: 11649: 11621: 11614: 11544: 11525: 11502: 11480: 11389: 11364: 11333: 11291: 11259: 11213: 11167: 11141: 11124: 11095: 11071: 11047: 11028: 11009: 11002: 10986: 10961: 10905: 10866: 10847: 10799: 10780: 10762: 10722: 10682: 10664: 10645: 10626: 10604: 10585: 10566: 10531: 10512: 10464: 10456: 10441: 10422: 10397: 10376: 10372: 10325: 10303: 10281: 10262: 10243: 10224: 10205: 10183: 10161: 10139: 10108: 10039: 10020: 10001: 9982: 9913: 9894: 9872: 9851: 9832: 9813: 9794: 9700: 9681: 9126: 7553: 7380: 7201: 6718: 6693: 6631: 6577: 6466: 6188: 6039: 5929: 5890: 5853: 5791: 5750: 5715: 5674: 5468: 5379: 5203: 5113: 5066: 4932: 4760: 4581: 4467: 4426: 4420: 4194: 4163: 4005: 3890: 3849: 3726: 3666:

Contract law concerns enforceable promises, and can be summed up in the Latin phrase

3613: 3449: 3283: 3229: 3202: 3131: 3053: 3045: 2417:, the United States Supreme Court nullified many state statutes that had established 2408: 2401: 2316: 2294: 2100: 2021: 2013: 1849:

Religious law is explicitly based on religious precepts. Examples include the Jewish

1799: 1585: 1520: 1426: 1317: 1279: 1259: 1239:. The most intact copy of these stelae was discovered in the 19th century by British 1236: 1180: 850: 626:

to standard court litigation. The creation of laws themselves may be influenced by a

452: 416: 390: 320: 252: 164: 111: 75: 70: 17846: 12436: 11376: 11283: 11209: 10295: 8183: 6343: 5552: 4648: 3729:

law, rather than contract law, is then used to restore title to the rightful owner.

3360:, have no such document. A "constitution" is simply those laws which constitute the 1340:) were compiled for guidance. In medieval England, royal courts developed a body of 908:" were contexts where the word "law" had two different and irreconcilable meanings. 18911: 18797: 18727: 18497: 18416: 18411: 18336: 18311: 18256: 18246: 18236: 18206: 18186: 18176: 18043: 18038: 17996: 17939: 17736: 17419: 17414: 17389: 17334: 17309: 16844: 16689: 16664: 16471: 16461: 16451: 16081: 15550: 15458: 15255: 15034: 14913: 14908: 14788: 14625: 14570: 13472: 13439: 12938: 12802: 12797: 12762: 12334: 12274: 11863: 11827: 11766: 11754: 11586: 11574: 11403: 11356: 11316: 11197: 10750: 10702: 10618: 10504: 10360: 10197: 10175: 10153: 10096: 10065: 9723: 9118: 8976: 8728: 7545: 7514: 7444: 6835: 6458: 6214: 5973: 5921: 5882: 5742: 5705: 5664: 5621: 5532: 5402: 5359: 5193: 5151: 5105: 5058: 4665: 4602: 4566:(1960), argued that if we lived in a world without transaction costs, people would 4553: 4410: 4101: 4081: 4022: 4017: 3962: 3914: 3875: 3701: 3566: 3477: 3461: 3433: 3252: 3143: 2979: 2937: 2863: 2833: 2701: 2663: 2659: 2542: 2456: 2324: 2262: 1844: 1803: 1624: 1610: 1590: 1450: 1446: 1216: 1207:

speech, social equality and impartiality. By the 22nd century BC, the ancient

1053: 1049: 1013: 967: 772: 591: 116: 55: 18401: 12490: 12038: 9866: 8931: 6021:. Third Edition. Stevens & Sons. London. 1972. Second Impression. 1975. p. 39. 5943: 5873:

Pound, Roscoe (1914). "The End of Law as Developed in Legal Rules and Doctrines".

5733:

Gordley, James (16 November 2006). Reimann, Mathias; Zimmermann, Reinhard (eds.).

3836:

claim the noise could be stopped. Torts can also involve intentional acts such as

1118:), which denied that legal norms could encompass all of the political experience. 1060:, who rejected the principle of equality, and believed that law emanates from the 1056:; that real law is entirely separate from "morality". Kant was also criticised by 775:. Law also raises important and complex issues concerning equality, fairness, and 18854: 18527: 18446: 18406: 18376: 18361: 18326: 18321: 18291: 18266: 18251: 18226: 18211: 18146: 18123: 18108: 18093: 18078: 17949: 17904: 17889: 17879: 17701: 17696: 17553: 17548: 17528: 17516: 16854: 16621: 16616: 16429: 16086: 16076: 16035: 15987: 15838: 15811: 15463: 15380: 15330: 15305: 15163: 14928: 14883: 14853: 14753: 14605: 14590: 14417: 14297: 13958: 13721: 13694: 13682: 13662: 13596: 13574: 13554: 13549: 13529: 13394: 13374: 13369: 13272: 13232: 12943: 12868: 12792: 12777: 12697: 12528: 10770: 10131: 10077: 10053: 9925: 9791:

Administrative Law of the European Union, its Member States and the United States

9773: 9260: 9047: 8938: 8890: 8544: 8431: 8334: 8190: 8115: 7684: 7591: 7172: 7147: 4968: 4961: 4920: 4657: 4557: 4516: 4382: 4348: 4333: 4319: 4198: 4147: 4139: 4135: 4115: 4013: 3894: 3825: 3818: 3700:

latitude for courts to interpret and revise contract terms and impose a stronger

3473: 3388: 3341: 3005: 2851: 2847: 2761: 2448: 2257:, representative parliaments, an accountable executive, the military and police, 2211:

cautioned that "legal reasoning is not a mechanical or strictly linear process".

2208: 2177: 2153: 2135: 1997: 1783: 1756: 1744: 1698: 1668: 1558: 1506: 1474: 1358: 1133: 1099: 1026: 1017: 958: 944: 674: 658: 587: 504: 411: 395: 335: 7677: 7549: 2684: 2372:

as the ultimate judicial authority. In the United States, this authority is the

2031:

The Catholic Church has the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the

18844: 18752: 18742: 18471: 18346: 18331: 18306: 18301: 18296: 18241: 18216: 18171: 18151: 18013: 17984: 17959: 17914: 17894: 17856: 17811: 17691: 17681: 17538: 17369: 17182: 16969: 16817: 16729: 16724: 16481: 16402: 16397: 16328: 15969: 15953: 15615: 15536: 15370: 15360: 15310: 15223: 15218: 15208: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15168: 15153: 15138: 15133: 15128: 15123: 14953: 14733: 14723: 14620: 14595: 14575: 14427: 14088: 14058: 14048: 14038: 13893: 13798: 13606: 13524: 13113: 13079: 13030: 13015: 12787: 12692: 12672: 12662: 11770: 11723: 11477:

The Athenian Revolution: Essays on Ancient Greek Democracy and Political Theory

11407: 10478: 10317: 9665: 9421: 5850:

Merging law and sociology : beyond the dichotomies in socio-legal research

4780: 4755: 4750: 4740: 4661: 4504: 4476: 4434: 4430: 4253: 4224: 4204: 4129: 3938: 3922: 3841: 3837: 3779: 3714: 3705: 3617: 3609: 3550: 3546: 3453: 3353: 3287: 3026: 2926: 2887: 2875: 2651: 2592: 2546: 2352: 2290: 2203: 2110: 2025: 2020:

varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a

1993: 1740: 1598: 1581: 1528: 1442: 1255: 1244: 1240: 1228: 1138: 1041: 1021: 1001: 992:

Bentham's utilitarian theories remained dominant in law until the 20th century.

963: 935: 934:

said law was "the command of a sovereign, backed by the threat of a sanction";

909: 741: 693:

principles is used as the primary legal system in several countries, including

477: 10754: 10706: 6934:"The Economist explains: What is the difference between common and civil law?" 6840: 5320: 5185: 1906:

is a code of Jewish law that summarizes some of the Talmud's interpretations.

1786:

started giving judgments to do what was equitable in a case. From the time of

18895: 18777: 18607: 18517: 18466: 18436: 18426: 18356: 18351: 18341: 18201: 18191: 18181: 18156: 18023: 18001: 17919: 17826: 17799: 17784: 17726: 17409: 16920: 16876: 16839: 16769: 16744: 16654: 16552: 16498: 16493: 16192: 15610: 15473: 15415: 15355: 15345: 15325: 15315: 15300: 15295: 15245: 15213: 15198: 15173: 15109: 15057: 14998: 14933: 14898: 14813: 14763: 14743: 14600: 14580: 14372: 14362: 14307: 14123: 13854: 13652: 13611: 13497: 13477: 13449: 13399: 13364: 13338: 13333: 13326: 13277: 13217: 13057: 13047: 13005: 12928: 12923: 12853: 12812: 12736: 11616:

Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy

11466:(1887). "Zweite Abhandlung: "Schuld", "schlechtes Gewissen" und Verwandtes". 11360: 11061: 10880: 10339: 9130: 7377:

he Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession: Canonists, Civilians, and Courts

7245: 6662:

For discussion of the composition and dating of these sources, see Olivelle,

6255: 6205:

Taylor, T. W. (January 1896). "The Conception of Morality in Jurisprudence".

5977: 5894: 5795: 5719: 5678: 5207: 5117: 5070: 4856:, 11–12). About the notion of "judicial independence" in China, see Findlay, 4625: 4620: 4528: 4360: 4356: 4323: 4271: 4244: 4212: 4208: 4186: 4151: 3948: 3930: 3886: 3677: 3596: 3465: 3457: 3429: 3349: 3295: 3228:, such as the United Nations (which was established after the failure of the 3022: 2969: 2940:

and legislation. Law practice also involves drafting documents such as court

2899: 2781: 2611: 2527: 2486: 2369: 2298: 2266: 2189: 2168:

ideology, such as subordinating the judiciary to the executive ruling party.

2147: 2032: 1895: 1866:

has some law, and it acts as a source of further law through interpretation,

1838: 1748: 1723: 1714: 1672: 1636: 1485: 1422: 1337: 1301: 1251: 1196: 1166: 1122: 1061: 1037: 927: 905: 846: 760: 682: 529: 519: 330: 160: 96: 80: 15733: 12039:"The Structure of Unjust Enrichment Law: Is Restitution a Right or a Remedy" 11981:

Schermers, Henry G.; Blokker, Niels M. (1995). "Supervision and Sanctions".

11867: 10921:"Economic Ideas and the Labour Market – Chapter: Cycles of Economic Thought" 7363:

Studies in the Civil Law, and its Relation to the Law of England and America

2583:

meetings are composed of representatives of each country's executive branch.

18901: 18757: 18441: 18431: 18421: 18286: 18281: 18221: 18196: 18166: 18161: 18068: 18063: 17909: 17789: 17523: 17459: 17329: 17319: 17314: 17233: 17223: 17167: 17057: 16719: 16659: 16407: 16365: 16247: 16242: 16154: 16019: 16007: 15791: 15575: 15385: 15340: 15265: 15235: 15039: 14893: 14808: 14783: 14773: 14758: 14585: 14347: 14053: 14008: 13938: 13784: 13534: 13502: 13457: 13195: 13190: 13161: 13074: 13052: 13020: 12953: 12933: 12827: 12767: 12757: 12709: 12667: 12645: 12588: 12095: 11368: 11237: 11085:

Karkatsoulis, Panagioti (2004). "Civil Society and New Public Management".

10885:"Chapter XVII: Of the Causes, Generation, and Definition of a Commonwealth" 10389: 6091:. Third Edition. Stevens & Sons. London. 1972. Second Impression. 1975. 5625: 4616: 4543: 4524: 4444: 4394: 4390: 4229: 4073: 4067: 4059: 3991: 3910: 3865: 3804: 3489: 3409: 3361: 3260: 3217: 3182:

Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

2974: 2871: 2757: 2731: 2709: 2705: 2693: 2538: 2531: 2459:

ensures the compatibility of the legislation with the "criteria of Islam".

2320: 2157: 2106: 2082: 2044: 1795: 1688: 1660: 1577: 1482: 1466: 1399: 1390: 1349: 1309: 1297: 1192: 1107: 1033: 859: 717: 698: 650:

in various ways and also serves as a mediator of relations between people.

627: 524: 375: 232: 151: 106: 39: 9062: 9040: 8733: 6008: 4715: 4257: 3799:

This became the basis for the four principles of negligence, namely that:

3717:

has a special approach to contracts, which ties into property law. Their '

2960:

techniques) are also important to legal practice, depending on the field.

16:

System of rules and guidelines, generally backed by governmental authority

18456: 18451: 18386: 18381: 18231: 18103: 18058: 18048: 17841: 17836: 17774: 17711: 17494: 17469: 17394: 17354: 17324: 17299: 17279: 17258: 17238: 17218: 17208: 17177: 17042: 16871: 16759: 16684: 16601: 16520: 16513: 16370: 16096: 16064: 16025: 15870: 15796: 15067: 14843: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14702: 14610: 14317: 13706: 13647: 13637: 13434: 13429: 13267: 13168: 13084: 13043: 13010: 12975: 12898: 12822: 12772: 12687: 11578: 11439: 10839: 10364: 9908: 8464: 7669: 7133: 5958: 4909: 4608: 4532: 4520: 4488: 4406: 4402: 4182: 4143: 4132:

involves which materials are admissible in courts for a case to be built.

3905: 3771: 3748: 3696:, can be used to create obligations during pre-contractual negotiations. 3650: 3118:

are regarded as the "traditional core subjects", although there are many

3095: 3091: 2945: 2859: 2855: 2743: 2482: 2468: 2361: 2308: 2258: 2253:

The main institutions of law in industrialised countries are independent

2214: 2185: 1910: 1787: 1770: 1702: 1664: 1614: 1594: 1589:. Modern civil law systems essentially derive from legal codes issued by 1565: 1438: 1394: 1354: 1333: 1327: 1305: 1111: 1068: 1005: 971: 792: 721: 595: 539: 534: 487: 365: 345: 281: 247: 222: 213: 142: 12365: 11328:

Mattei, Ugo (1997). "The Distinction between Common Law and Civil Law".

11201: 10714: 6824:"Civil Law and Common Law: Two Different Paths Leading to the Same Goal" 5803: 5414: 2874:

degree. Higher academic degrees may also be pursued. Examples include a

2404:

member states to bring cases relating to human rights issues before it.

1377: 18839: 18647: 18547: 18396: 18316: 18088: 17979: 17821: 17764: 17741: 17706: 17655: 17645: 17613: 17558: 17384: 17364: 17289: 17253: 17157: 17142: 17067: 16992: 16925: 16764: 16606: 16564: 16508: 16057: 15982: 15948: 15875: 15860: 15848: 15816: 15777: 14523: 14242: 13770: 13699: 13579: 13517: 13262: 13183: 13178: 13136: 13118: 13106: 13067: 12913: 12903: 12863: 12848: 12832: 12782: 12719: 12714: 12346: 12286: 12245: 12123:

Tamanaha, Brian Z. (2004). "Locke, Montesquieu the Federalist Papers".

11839: 11778: 11682: 11246: 11232: 10257:

Dicey, Albert Venn (2005). "Parliamentary Sovereignty and Federalism".

9760: 9735: 8897: 7540:

Smith, G. B. (1988). "Socialist Legality and the Soviet Legal System".

6226: 5925: 5902: 5544: 5371: 5198: 5125: 5078: 4775: 4693: 4567: 4496: 4483:

professor and the most cited legal scholar, until 2014 ran a blog with

4327: 4220: 4157: 4051: 3853: 3783: 3761: 3509: 3469: 3165: 3094:, and including constitutional, administrative and criminal law), and " 3087: 2949: 2933: 2713: 2575: 2222: 2063: 1899: 1882:. This is mainly contained in a body of law and jurisprudence known as 1752: 1684: 1649: 1602: 1478: 1455: 1405: 1345: 1146: 1125:

attacked Austin for his simplifications and Kelsen for his fictions in

1082: 1045: 949: 764: 753: 705: 686: 670: 615: 607: 11644:

Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich (1997). "Rule of Law and Constitutionalism".

10276:

Dörmann, Knut; Doswald-Beck, Louise; Kolb, Robert (2003). "Appendix".

10082:"The Problem of Social Cost (this online version excludes some parts)" 9138: 7526: 7212:

Divine law... is eternal and cannot be changed by any human authority.

2894:). There are few titles of respect to signify famous lawyers, such as 1580:. Codifications date back millennia, with one early example being the 594:

and as the art of justice. State-enforced laws can be made by a group

18537: 18476: 18033: 17676: 17603: 17588: 17509: 17429: 17424: 17349: 17304: 17284: 17263: 17248: 17228: 17213: 17077: 17037: 16699: 16596: 16525: 16419: 16392: 16041: 16030: 15992: 15885: 13677: 13642: 13584: 13559: 13424: 13321: 13309: 13294: 13282: 13210: 13128: 13101: 12985: 12253: 12232: 12210: 12193:

Re-Examining Progressive Halakhah edited by Walter Jacob, Moshe Zemer

11041: 9743: 5575:"The Public Law-Private Law Distinction in European and American Law" 5406: 5049:

Gibbs, Jack P. (1968). "Definitions of Law and Empirical Questions".

4765: 4643: 4635: 4500: 4438: 4386: 4372: 4352: 4277: 4267: 3995: 3934: 3782:

decided that the manufacturer was liable for Mrs Donoghue's illness.

3655: 3417: 3115: 3034: 2839: 2723: 2588: 2552:

To pass legislation, a majority of the members of a legislature must

2526:

wishes. Although countries like Israel, Greece, Sweden and China are

2505: 2347: 2330: 2067: 2048: 1938: 1879: 1858: 1640: 1524: 1430: 1341: 1293: 1224: 1220: 1176: 1154: 802: 725: 678: 639: 611: 472: 385: 380: 370: 259: 132: 13765: 12338: 12278: 12237: 11831: 11560:"The Role of the State in Contract Law: The Common-Civil Law Divide" 10202:

Law, Culture and Society: Legal Ideas in the Mirror of Social Theory

9727: 7713: 6715:

Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State

6218: 5886: 5609: 5536: 5363: 5109: 5062: 4687: 3385:

the individual can do anything except that which is forbidden by law

18812: 18391: 18128: 17721: 17686: 17660: 17640: 17593: 17404: 17359: 17243: 17147: 17137: 17102: 17072: 16069: 15958: 15880: 15826: 15801: 13726: 13711: 13414: 13299: 13096: 12640: 11067:

Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (Translated by Mary Gregor)

10100: 9748: 9122: 7518: 4852:

E.g., the court president is a political appointee (Jensen–Heller,

4571: 3966:

in the jewel (a technical concept, meaning evidence that something

3926: 3903:

is a right to a specific piece of property, contrasting to a right

3882: 3870: 3845: 3833: 3689: 3645: 3592: 3519: 3500: 3369: 2941: 2914: 2817: 2679: 1914: 1434: 1421:

was established by the Muslim sultanates and empires, most notably

1313: 1212: 1204: 1200: 914: 752:; by contrast, the public-private law divide is less pronounced in 729: 635: 619: 311: 276: 16964: 16297: 9714:

Anderson, J.N.D. (January 1956). "Law Reform in the Middle East".

8603:"The EU as a Model for the African Union: the Limits of Imitation" 7028: 4631: 2587:

The executive in a legal system serves as the centre of political

2537:

In the 'lower house' politicians are elected to represent smaller

1553: 18849: 18762: 17650: 17618: 17608: 17379: 17339: 17172: 17097: 17082: 17062: 16446: 16052: 16002: 15976: 15853: 15806: 15505: 13616: 13564: 13544: 13492: 13304: 13222: 13038: 13000: 12948: 9846:

Beale, Hugh; Tallon, Denis (2002). "English Law: Consideration".

8313:, Chap. VII, Of Political or Civil_Society. Chapter 7, section 87 7505:

Quigley, J. (1989). "Socialist Law and the Civil Law Tradition".

7198:

Religion, Law and Tradition: Comparative Studies in Religious Law

4735: 4315: 3918: 3365: 2922: 2895: 2890:.), and are constituted in office by legal forms of appointment ( 2534:, meaning they have two separately appointed legislative houses. 2335: 2181: 2114: 1903: 1850: 1573: 1184: 939: 776: 737: 647: 643: 599: 227: 15078: 13823: 13810: 12521:

DRAGNET: Search of free legal databases from New York Law School

12001:

The Sharīʻa in the Constitutions of Afghanistan, Iran, and Egypt

11704:

Redfem, Alan (2004). "Regulation of International Arbitration".

11665:

The Sharīʻa in the Constitutions of Afghanistan, Iran, and Egypt

10900:

Jakobs, Lesley A. (2004). "Retrieving Equality of Opportunity".

10741:

Hatzis, Aristides N. (November 2002). "The Nature of the Firm".

9678:

The Sharīʻa in the Constitutions of Afghanistan, Iran, and Egypt

8821: 8819: 8437: 8339: 7937: 7935: 7405: 7321: 7244:. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Archived from 5782:

Bor, Fredric L. (1974). "The nexus between philosophy and law".

3286:, i.e. an internationally accepted legal system, other than the 2756:

were powerful bureaucrats in imperial China (photograph shows a

2748: 2541:. The 'upper house' is usually elected to represent states in a 2105:

Until the 18th century, Sharia law was practiced throughout the

1199:

law, dating as far back as 3000 BC, was based on the concept of

796: 17598: 17399: 17187: 17162: 17152: 17122: 17107: 16091: 15963: 15821: 13716: 13569: 13314: 13205: 13200: 13146: 12817: 11539:

Papachristou, T.K. (1999). "The Sociological Approach of Law".

11162:. In R. A. W. Rhodes; Sarah A. Binder; Bert A. Rockman (eds.). 10461:

Constitutions in Crisis: Political Violence and the Rule of Law

7775: 7440: 7177: 6968: 6956: 5251: 4730: 4169: 4043: 3899: 3792: 3756: 3738: 3605: 3421: 3344:

of individuals against the state. Most jurisdictions, like the

3220:, practice and treaties between sovereign nations, such as the 3065: 2675: 2254: 2094: 1883: 1854: 1791: 1418: 631: 603: 14671: 11496:

Manu's Code of Law: A Critical Edition and Translation of the

11305:

Markovits, I. (December 2007). "The Death of Socialist Law?".

9810:

Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities

9630: 9223:

Taff Vale Railway Co v Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants

7112: 7100: 6059:(1956) p. 134 et seq. The original was published in (1945) 22 2658:

or other officials head a country's public offices, such as a

2217:

is the formal application of quantitative methods, especially

1798:

grew up alongside the rigid common law, and developed its own

618:

jurisdictions. Private individuals may create legally binding

17628: 17117: 17052: 15843: 15746: 13657: 13601: 13507: 13348: 13151: 12650: 12549: 9303: 8816: 8260: 8014:(in French). La Préfecture de Police de Paris. Archived from 7932: 7048:"The World Factbook – Field Listing – Legal system" 4364: 3392: 2490: 2017: 1985: 1891: 1868: 1863: 1232: 1208: 733: 690: 12539: 11912:

The Social Contract (translated in English by G. D. H. Cole)

10511:(First edition in English 2004 ed.). Editions Livanis. 9618: 9279: 8658:

Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen

5653:""Public" and "private" law: definition without distinction" 3110:, while trusts law is dealt with under statutory regimes or 2634:(elected by popular vote). The other important model is the 2236:

right to him, and authorise all his actions in like manner.

1953:, the fundamental collection of canon law for over 750 years 1857:—both of which translate as the "path to follow". Christian 952:

argues law is an "authority" to mediate people's interests.

17623: 17047: 13539: 13487: 13343: 12741: 12657: 12544: 12534: 9535: 9533: 4294: 3752: 3742: 3600: 3099: 2553: 2509: 2421:

schools, finding such statutes to be incompatible with the

1972: 1887: 1874: 724:

deals with legal disputes between parties in areas such as

694: 11980: 11284:"Adam Smith and the Modern Discourse of Law and Economics" 9582: 9520: 9518: 9229: 9023: 9021: 7905: 7417: 4912:' poignant comments attached to a previous version of the 4241:

are examples of codified common law commercial principles.

3513:(guilty act). Second, the accused must have the requisite 2796:, a German author who lived in France. In 1765, he wrote: 2726:

famously argued that the state is that which controls the

1465:

gave way to westernisation towards the final years of the

17192: 16270:

List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field

12575: 12570: 12554: 11475:

Ober, Josiah (1996). "The Nature of Athenian Democracy".

10182:. Edinburgh University Press/ Stanford University Press. 9452: 8160: 7895: 7893: 7854: 7718:

Max Planck Encyclopedia of Comparative Constitutional Law

7488: 7486: 7051: 7016: 6126: 6124: 5020: 5018: 5016: 4982:

Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992

3569:. Another example is in the 19th-century English case of 2903: 1794:

to be appointed as Lord Chancellor, a systematic body of

1235:, for the entire public to see; this became known as the 340: 12565: 11706:

Law and Practice of International Commercial Arbitration

11129:

Friedrich Nietzsche and the Philosophy of Law and Polity

10582:

A People's History of the European Court of Human Rights

10580:

Goldhaber, Michael D. (2007). "Europe's Supreme Court".

10259:

Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution

10015:

Churchill, Winston (1986). "Problems of War and Peace".

9780:

Arnold, Thurman W. (1935). "The Symbols of Government".

9530: 8125: 8123: 7922: 7920: 7459: 7324:"Apostolic Constitution Sacri Canones John Paul II 1990" 6803: 6491: 3774:(intended for the consumption of Donoghue) in a café in 3314: 748:

countries, particularly those with a separate system of

15896: 11236: 10974: 10601:

An Introduction to the Comparative Study of Private Law

10275: 10218: 9606: 9594: 9570: 9515: 9206:

e.g. concerning a British politician and the Iraq War,

9018: 8903: 8836: 8834: 7878: 7393: 7296: 6607: 6605: 6569: 6379: 6094: 4423:

and clauses to directives on airline baggage insurance.

4172:

focuses on the intersection of law and the biosciences.

2066:

during the medieval period through its preservation of

1191:

The history of law links closely to the development of

12580: 12302:

Wilson, William (2003). "Understanding Criminal Law".

12191:

Washofsky, Mark (2002). "Taking Precedent Seriously".

11985:. The Hague/London/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publisher. 9464: 9291: 8909: 8400: 7890: 7866: 7483: 6515: 6141: 6139: 6121: 5013: 4429:

is increasingly important, especially in light of the

3379:

The fundamental constitutional principle, inspired by

3212:

concerns relationships between sovereign nations. The

2440:. The UK, Finland and New Zealand assert the ideal of 2334:

profession is an important part of people's access to

1988:') is a set of ordinances and regulations made by 938:

describes law as an "interpretive concept" to achieve

12265:

Wehberg, Hans (October 1959). "Pacta Sunt Servanda".

11757:(January 1992). "The Justification of Bicameralism". 10621:; Hunt, Alan (2001) . "Max Weber and Eugen Ehrlich". 10599:

Gordley, James R.; von Mehren, Arthur Taylor (2006).

9565:

Rechtstheoritische Probleme der Sociologie des Rechts

9440: 8148: 8120: 8085: 7917: 6690:

Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance

5694:"Public And Private Law: A Private Lawyer's Response" 4389:

law, is an evolving field that traces as far back as

4207:

covers complex contract and property law. The law of

4166:

is the practice of law concerning business and money.

3941:. An example of a basic case of most property law is 3654:

The famous Carbolic Smoke Ball advertisement to cure

2124:

Saudi Arabia recognises the Quran as its constitution

977: 10033: 9315: 8831: 8572:"Why the African Union wants to be more like the EU" 7749:. Supreme Court of the United States. Archived from 7714:"Chinese Constitutionalism: Five-Power Constitution" 7471: 7352:(New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1984), pg. 70. 7217: 6791: 6779: 6767: 6755: 6743: 6731: 6669: 6602: 6503: 6391: 6157:

Holmes, Oliver Wendell. "The Path of Law" (1897) 10

6066: 5263: 4683: 4584:

may prevent this. So the law ought to pre-empt what

3173:

Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union

1627:. Western Europe, meanwhile, relied on a mix of the 11989: 10526:Georgiadis, Apostolos S. (1997). "Sources of Law". 10457:"Constitutional Dissolution in the Weimar Republic" 10237: 9827:Bayles, Michael D. (1992). "A Critique of Austin". 8782: 7365:(Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1896), pg. 51. 7034: 7004: 6992: 6980: 6539: 6527: 6136: 4538:The most prominent economic analyst of law is 1991 4437:. Environmental protection also serves to penalise 4106:

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

3770:. A friend of Donoghue ordered an opaque bottle of 3420:. Election law addresses issues who is entitled to 3335:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

2028:; these canons formed the foundation of canon law. 1647:. Then, in the 19th century, both France, with the 1223:statements ("if … then ..."). Around 1760 BC, 1106:) instructing us to obey. Kelsen's major opponent, 1071:continued the positivist tradition in his book the 665:jurisdictions, a legislature or other central body 12437:Opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States 12099: 11958:"Zu welcher Classe von Rechten gehört der Besitz?" 11613: 11468:Zur Genealogie der Moral – Eine Streitschrift 11288:Adam Smith and the Philosophy of Law and Economics 11001: 10976: 10677:Hamilton, Michael S., and George W. Spiro (2008). 10558: 10412: 9912: 9389: 8248: 7590:, 130 S.Ct. 1605, 1614, 559 U.S. 573, 587 (2010), 6551: 6187:. Second Edition. 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The most influential proponents, such as 3282:is the first and so far the only example of a 2327:to manage the employment of public officials. 622:, including arbitration agreements that adopt 17008: 16313: 16135:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 15762: 15738: 15521: 15094: 14687: 14539: 14258: 13839: 12596: 12555:British and Irish Legal Information Institute 11164:The Oxford Handbook of Political Institutions 10414:"'Independence' and the Judiciary in the PRC" 9950: 7266: 6317:Friedrich Nietzsche and the Philosophy of Law 5918:Justice and Injustice in Law and Legal Theory 5183: 4786:Translating "law" to other European languages 3352:, have a single codified constitution with a 3216:for public international law development are 2035:, predating the evolution of modern European 1433:and various scholars of Islam. In India, the 1052:problem. Bentham and Austin argued for law's 564: 184: 17514: 14660:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 12576:Southern African Legal Information Institute 11889: 11846: 11739:. Continuum International Publishing Group. 11538: 11084: 10659:Hallaq, Wael Bahjat (2005). "Introduction". 10617: 10544: 9636: 9624: 8616:(2). Miami – Florida European Union Center. 8443: 8345: 7832:"Jurisprudence, publications, documentation" 7411: 7379:. University of Chicago Press. p. 116. 6828:Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 5916:Sarat, Austin; Kearns, Thomas, eds. (1996). 5610:"Public Law, Private Law, and Legal Science" 5247:"Is Law an Art or a Science?: A Bit of Both" 4958:A.C. 532, 1932 S.C. (H.L.) 31, All ER Rep 1 3612:, state supervision (such as probation), or 3224:. Public international law can be formed by 26:"Legal" redirects here. For other uses, see 17450: 12571:Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute 12141: 11735:Richardson, W.E.J. (2004). "Introduction". 11515: 11434: 11123: 10975:Jensen, Eric G.; Heller, Thomas C. (2003). 10794:Hazard, Geoffrey C.; Dondi, Angelo (2004). 10793: 10548:(1975). "Characteristics of Modern Islam". 10056:(November 1937). "The Nature of the Firm". 10034:Clarke, Paul A. B.; Linzey, Andrew (1996). 9845: 9188: 9186: 8803:'s seminal treatise of 1763–1764 is titled 8721:International Journal of Constitutional Law 8485: 8277: 8275: 8266: 8166: 6692:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 62–63. 5915: 4084:. These are laid down in codes such as the 3786:took a distinctly moral approach and said: 3168:has original text related to this article: 2496:Prominent examples of legislatures are the 1415:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent 1325: 881: 708:concerns government and society, including 586:is a set of rules that are created and are 17015: 17001: 16320: 16306: 15769: 15755: 15528: 15514: 15101: 15087: 14694: 14680: 14546: 14532: 14265: 14251: 13846: 13832: 12603: 12589: 11734: 11722: 11643: 11634: 11557: 10530:(in Greek). Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publishers. 10525: 10390:"Criminal Responsibility and Criminal Law" 10238:Demirgüç-Kunt, Asli; Levine, Ross (2001). 10196: 10174: 10152: 10036:Dictionary of Ethics, Theology and Society 9600: 9588: 9576: 9524: 9336:Bristol and West Building Society v Mothew 9027: 8715:Chalmers, D.; Barroso, L. 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In the 19th century in England, and in 17022: 14553: 14272: 13748:History of the American legal profession 12550:Australasian Legal Information Institute 12540:Commonwealth Legal Information Institute 12367:World Intellectual Property Organization 12150: 12122: 12022:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 11902: 11516:Olson, David M.; Norton, Philip (1996). 11493: 11346: 11254:Luban, David (2001). "Law's Blindfold". 10953: 10928:Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal 10681:, 4th ed. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc. 10661:The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law 10503: 10294: 10240:Financial Structures and Economic Growth 9995: 9889:Bergkamp, Lucas (2001). "Introduction". 9888: 9807: 9784:. New Haven: Yale University Press: 379. 9713: 9675: 9539: 9285: 9183: 8969:"The States Parties to the Rome Statute" 8272: 7711: 7465: 7399: 6100: 6030:Mc Coubrey, Hilaire and White, Nigel D. 5572: 5094:"Toward a Comparative Definition of Law" 4960:). See the original text of the case in 4630: 4471: 4293: 4285:, property, liability, and other issues. 4037: 3999: 3869: 3649: 3549:(standing in glass booth at left) being 3541: 3328: 3190: 3119: 2973: 2747: 2683: 2574: 2472: 2351: 1942: 1692: 1678: 1552: 1533: 1376: 1170: 987: 930:argued that law is a "system of rules"; 598:or by a single legislator, resulting in 18598:Reflections on the Revolution in France 12566:New Zealand Legal Information Institute 12264: 12101:"Early Horizons of Justice in the West" 12017: 11952: 11930: 11728:Max Weber on Law and Economy in Society 11518:"Legislatures in Democratic Transition" 11308:Annual Review of Law and Social Science 11272: 11256:Conflict of Interest in the Professions 11138:A Short History of Western Legal Theory 10999: 10863:Living Law: Reconsidering Eugen Ehrlich 10860: 10410: 10387: 10338: 10316: 10000:. 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However, for so called " 2728:monopoly on the legitimate use of force 18894: 12320: 12301: 12169: 11998: 11847:Rottleuthner, Hubert (December 1989). 11815: 11759:International Political Science Review 11703: 11662: 11646:The GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement System 11383: 11327: 11281: 11022: 10918: 10899: 10879: 10838: 10740: 10692: 10658: 10477: 9864: 9826: 9779: 9694: 9446: 9351:Nestlé v National Westminster Bank plc 9321: 9235: 9093:The Structure of Unjust Enrichment Law 8915: 8840: 8569: 8535:The GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement System 8406: 8091: 7911: 7899: 7638: 7477: 7423: 7303:from the original on 28 September 2011 7288: 7269:Gender in History: Global Perspectives 7088:from the original on 10 September 2014 7022: 6687: 6611: 6451:"Egyptian Law, Saite to Roman Periods" 6397: 6341: 6204: 6072: 6015:Dennis Lloyd, Baron Lloyd of Hampstead 5739:The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law 5691: 5650: 5607: 5349: 5318: 5269: 5184:Núñez Vaquero, Álvaro (10 June 2013). 5036: 4028: 3885:law governs ownership and possession. 3704:, but are also more likely to enforce 3070:European Economic and Social Committee 2902:, to indicate a person who obtained a 2669: 2152:Socialist law is the legal systems in 2055:Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches 1557:First page of the 1804 edition of the 624:alternative ways of resolving disputes 483:Forum (alternative dispute resolution) 16996: 16301: 16222:National Endowment for the Humanities 16207:Humanities, arts, and social sciences 15750: 15737: 15509: 15082: 14675: 14527: 14246: 13827: 13814: 12584: 12501:from the original on 26 December 2005 12424:from the original on 10 November 2006 12387: 12371:Introduction to Intellectual Property 12353:from the original on 12 February 2020 12321:Willis, Hugh Evander (January 1926). 12252: 12231: 12209: 12142:Théodoridés, Aristide (1999). 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Another example is the 1477:'s nationalists, who fled there, and 1187:, also revered as the god of justice. 657:, with their differences analysed in 16951: 16217:Moscow University for the Humanities 16188:Arts and Humanities Research Council 16145:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 12560:Canadian Legal Information Institute 12059:from the original on 19 January 2012 11990:Sealy, L.S.; Hooley, R.J.A. (2003). 11474: 11450:from the original on 18 January 2009 11422:from the original on 6 December 2006 11060: 10729: 10454: 10435: 10353:Legal Issues of Economic Integration 10118:from the original on 4 November 2018 9868:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law 9812:. The University of Michigan Press. 9788: 9662:Oxford Encyclopedia of Legal History 9073:from the original on 9 December 2006 8852:Dennis J. 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In medieval England during the 1721:. The "doctrine of precedent", or 1308:. Although codes were replaced by 1286:innovations in the development of 1067:In 1934, the Austrian philosopher 1044:and his student Austin, following 978:Connection to morality and justice 744:. This distinction is stronger in 14: 18923: 15108: 13853: 13815: 12732:Restitution and unjust enrichment 12545:Asian Legal Information Institute 12535:World Legal Information Institute 12514: 12388:Paolo, Silvestri (11 June 2014). 12173:Civil Society and Good Governance 11567:Yale Journal of International Law 10954:Jary, David; Jary, Julia (1995). 10552:(in Greek). Athens: Poreuthentes. 10419:Law, Capitalism and Power in Asia 10417:. 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Especially since 3817:the harm would not have occurred 3234:International Labour Organisation 3090:" (a term related closely to the 3072:) exclude the political parties. 2772:derives from the French word for 2109:in a non-codified form, with the 1984:'a straight measuring rod; a 18678:The Open Society and Its Enemies 16974: 16963: 16950: 16939: 16938: 15062: 15053: 15052: 14388:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 14154:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 13924:Democratic Republic of the Congo 13779: 13778: 13764: 12477:from the original on 2 July 2017 12146:. Routledge (UK). 0-415-18589-0. 12046:Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 11332:. University of Michigan Press. 11094:(in Greek). Athens: I. 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Wiley Blackwell. p. 37. 6688:Chapra, Muhammad Umer (2014). 6244:The World's Legal Philosophies 5238: 5186:"Five Models of Legal Science" 5177: 5144: 5085: 5042: 4457:Intersection with other fields 4441:within domestic legal systems. 4191:Joint Stock Companies Act 1856 4094:European Court of Human Rights 3246:International Court of Justice 3232:to prevent World War II), the 2737: 2462: 2323:for auditing oversight and an 2201:United States Attorney General 1821:In developing the common law, 1511:List of national legal systems 448:Alternative dispute resolution 1: 18875:Category:Political philosophy 18748:Critique of political economy 12108:. Stanford University Press. 12076:Roman Law in European History 11639:. Cambridge University Press. 11388:. London: Sweet and Maxwell. 11330:Comparative Law and Economics 11273:Mallory, J.P. (1997). "Law". 10985:. Stanford University Press. 10798:. Stanford University Press. 10561:Legal Traditions of the World 10550:Islam – A General Survey 10261:. 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The 1973: 1932: 1542: 1183:by the Mesopotamian sun god 984:Rule according to higher law 782: 630:, written or tacit, and the 7: 18783:Justification for the state 18568:Two Treatises of Government 12471:Online Etymology Dictionary 12106:Human Law and Human Justice 11954:Savigny, Friedrich Carl von 11914:(in French). Archived from 11730:. Harvard University Press. 11689:. Oxford University Press. 11637:The State and Civil Society 11282:Malloy, Robin Paul (1994). 11258:. Oxford University Press. 11243:Two Treatises of Government 11166:. Oxford University Press. 11140:. Oxford University Press. 11046:. Oxford University Press. 10861:Hertogh, Marc, ed. (2009). 10776:The Constitution of Liberty 10565:. Oxford University Press. 10484:The Red Lily (Le lys rouge) 10463:. Oxford University Press. 10160:. Oxford University Press. 8359:The State and Civil Society 8232:. Collins Dictionary. n.d. 8230:"American English: Esquire" 8206:. Collins Dictionary. n.d. 8067:Online Etymology Dictionary 7550:10.1007/978-1-349-19172-7_7 7236:Boudinhon, Auguste (1910). 6630:. Oxford University Press. 6457:. Oxford University Press. 5467:. Leiden University Press. 5352:Journal of Law and Religion 4679: 4270:, trademarks, patents, and 3242:International Monetary Fund 3226:international organisations 2624:Queen of the United Kingdom 2414:Brown v. Board of Education 2272:Two Treatises of Government 2269:itself. John Locke, in his 2016:, interpreted and at times 1370:precedent laid down by the 1243:, and has since been fully 1121:Later in the 20th century, 1050:"is" and what "ought to be" 653:Legal systems vary between 602:; by the executive through 10: 18928: 17453:Bellum omnium contra omnes 13410:International legal theory 12889:International slavery laws 12884:International human rights 12879:International criminal law 12418:"House of Lords Judgments" 12037:Smith, Stephen A. (2003). 11994:. LexisNexis Butterworths. 11908:"Book II: Chapter 6 (Law)" 11819:William and Mary Quarterly 11771:10.1177/019251219201300107 11558:Pargendler, Maria (2018). 11494:Olivelle, Patrick (2005). 11025:Eckpfeiler Des Zivilrechts 10934:(1): 43–78. Archived from 10736:. Oxford University Press. 10557:Glenn, H. Patrick (2000). 10302:. The Free Press reprint. 10019:. Houghton Mifflin Books. 9653:Ahmad, Ahmad Atif (2009). 9510:The Problem of Social Cost 9497:The Problem of Social Cost 9484:The Problem of Social Cost 8204:"British English: Esquire" 7981:"History of Police Forces" 7942:Haggard & Shugart 2001 7375:A. Brundag, James (2010). 5784:Journal of Legal Education 4832:Taking Precedent Seriously 4600: 4563:The Problem of Social Cost 4465: 4199:separate legal personality 3989: 3976:Friedrich Carl von Savigny 3863: 3803:Stevenson owed Donoghue a 3736: 3643: 3487: 3318: 3259:countries, concerns which 3141: 3135: 3129: 3098:" (which covers contract, 3079: 2967: 2831: 2741: 2673: 2568: 2466: 2427:United States Constitution 2382:the Supreme Court of India 2345: 2162:People's Republic of China 2145: 2098: 2092: 2006:Oriental Orthodox Churches 1962: 1936: 1842: 1836: 1682: 1546: 1504: 1164: 1160: 981: 885: 844: 515:Peace and conflict studies 422:Mutual assured destruction 63:Foundations and Philosophy 25: 18: 18870: 18720: 18489: 18137: 17870: 17750: 17669: 17581: 17572: 17438: 17272: 17201: 17030: 16934: 16901: 16885: 16632: 16358: 16335: 16275:Outline of the humanities 16255:Criticism of mass culture 16235: 16227:National Humanities Medal 16180: 16105: 15936: 15784: 15744: 15739:Links to related articles 15647: 15624: 15543: 15487: 15439: 15401: 15116: 15048: 15007: 14967: 14709: 14634: 14561: 14488:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 14406: 14280: 14167: 14142: 13861: 13821: 13758: 13735: 13625: 13463:Administration of justice 13448: 13357: 13248: 13127: 13029: 12750: 12618: 12562:(archived 4 October 2006) 11635:Pelczynski, A.Z. (1984). 10707:10.1017/S0022050700015059 9891:Liability and Environment 9259:22 September 2017 at the 9250:Hunter v Canary Wharf Ltd 9105:Lee, R. W. (April 1918). 8805:On Crimes and Punishments 8189:16 September 2006 at the 8114:14 September 2014 at the 7712:Caldwell, Ernest (2016). 7242:The Catholic Encyclopedia 7200:. Routledge. p. 51. 6841:10.26686/vuwlr.v32i3.5873 6185:Textbook on Jurisprudence 6032:Textbook on Jurisprudence 5965:Oxford English Dictionary 5488:Raisch, Marylin Johnson. 5092:Akers, Ronald L. (1965). 4897:Liability and Environment 4716:Resources in your library 4619:, dispute processing and 4342:Wall Street Crash of 1929 4304:Wall Street Crash of 1929 4264:Intellectual property law 4042:A trade union protest by 3848:. A better known tort is 3517:to do a criminal act, or 3405:assumed power in France. 3308:Van Gend en Loos decision 3304:European Court of Justice 3112:international conventions 2892:being admitted to the bar 2504:in Washington, D.C., the 2442:parliamentary sovereignty 2199:Law professor and former 1576:passed by government—and 1515:Comparative legal history 1372:European Court of Justice 1215:had formulated the first 673:systems, judges may make 667:codifies and consolidates 125:Methodological background 18658:The Revolt of the Masses 16260:Educational essentialism 15897:Interdisciplinary fields 15702:Northern Mariana Islands 14769:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 14508:Turks and Caicos Islands 13909:Central African Republic 13240:Basic structure doctrine 13090:Natural and legal rights 12971:Public international law 12527:3 September 2013 at the 12170:Warren, Mark E. (1999). 12018:Simpson, A.W.B. (1984). 11932:Salazar, Philippe-Joseph 11181:Linarelli, John (2004). 11088:The State in Transitions 10844:The Concept of Injustice 10546:Giannoulatos, Anastasios 10388:Feinman, Jay M. (2006). 9883:Roman ars boni et aequi. 9625:Gurvitch & Hunt 2001 9422:"The Becker-Posner Blog" 8937:28 February 2005 at the 8854:Textbook of Criminal Law 8810:Dei delitti e delle pene 8418:Kaldor–Anheier–Glasius, 7985:History.com Encyclopedia 7806:Bundesverfassungsgericht 7151:(1818) 2 Swans. 402, 414 6910:. University of Ottawa. 6822:Pejovic, Caslav (2001). 6344:"The Pure Theory of Law" 6304:Zur Genealogie der Moral 6207:The Philosophical Review 6085:Baron Lloyd of Hampstead 6036:Blackstone Press Limited 6004:Book II: Chapter 6 (Law) 5284:"The Judge as Law-maker" 5161:. A. Williams & Co. 5051:Law & Society Review 4967:16 February 2007 at the 4791: 4302:trading floor after the 4146:. Both also involve the 3957:Lord Chief Justice Pratt 3751:are grouped together as 3292:World Trade Organization 3274:New York Convention 1958 3238:World Trade Organisation 3210:Public international law 3152:Public international law 3010:bürgerliche Gesellschaft 2704:'s system of travelling 2479:House of Representatives 2391:Bundesverfassungsgericht 2194:statutory interpretation 2072:presumption of innocence 1990:ecclesiastical authority 1872:(reasoning by analogy), 1653:, and Germany, with the 1549:Civil law (legal system) 1495:World Trade Organization 1020:through the writings of 888:Analytical jurisprudence 882:Analytical jurisprudence 510:Non-aggression principle 468:Conflict style inventory 272:Nonviolent Communication 18638:The Communist Manifesto 17564:Tyranny of the majority 17475:Consent of the governed 16538:international relations 15667:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 15030:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 13420:Principle of typicality 12894:International trade law 12610: 12151:VerSteeg, Russ (2002). 11868:10.3406/dreso.1989.1026 11799:Crimes Against Humanity 11708:. Sweet & Maxwell. 10983:Beyond Common Knowledge 10755:10.1023/A:1020749518104 10138:. Beaux Arts Editions. 9829:Hart's Legal Philosophy 9695:Albrow, Martin (1970). 9046:11 January 2007 at the 8929:R v Dudley and Stephens 8395:Crimes Against Humanity 8267:Hazard & Dondi 2004 8167:Hazard & Dondi 2004 8109:Bureaucratic Management 7683:3 February 2007 at the 7604:Heise, Michael (1999). 7348:Friedman, Lawrence M., 6875:Federal Judicial Center 6455:Oxford Handbooks Online 6342:Marmor, Andrei (1934). 5970:Oxford University Press 5282:Mason, Anthony (1996). 4300:New York Stock Exchange 4283:space commercialisation 4239:Uniform Commercial Code 3982:with our surroundings. 3807:to provide safe drinks; 3634:crimes against humanity 3572:R v Dudley and Stephens 3505:beyond reasonable doubt 2880:Master of Legal Studies 2313:Five Power Constitution 2002:Eastern Orthodox Church 1923:Eastern Orthodox Church 1814:, the two systems were 1656:Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch 1463:traditional Chinese law 1344:which later became the 867:Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 827:while its plural meant 822:something laid or fixed 813: 807: 797: 357:International relations 287:Speaking truth to power 102:Judicial interpretation 17515: 17465:Clash of civilizations 17451: 16865:Quantum social science 16048:Liberal arts education 15159:Bosnia and Herzegovina 14438:British Virgin Islands 14274:Law of North America 12239:Politics as a Vocation 11962:Das Recht des Besitzes 11904:Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 11361:10.1093/medlaw/3.3.251 11160:"Public Bureaucracies" 11000:Johnson, Alan (1995). 10455:Finn, John E. (1991). 10411:Findlay, Marc (1999). 10278:Elements of War Crimes 9865:Berger, Adolf (1953). 9808:Barzilai, Gad (2003). 9772:8 October 2008 at the 9757:Frederic George Kenyon 9655:"Lawyers: Islamic Law" 9553:Fundamental Principles 8894:, 392 U.S. 514 (1968). 8875:, 370 U.S. 660 (1962). 8872:Robinson v. California 8765:Chapter 9, section 124 8430:17 August 2007 at the 8038:Politics as a Vocation 5978:10.1093/OED/4864419306 5848:Banakar, Reza (2003). 5626:10.5131/ajcl.2007.0023 4639: 4549:The Nature of the Firm 4492: 4311: 4235:Sale of Goods Act 1979 4047: 4009: 3879: 3797: 3663: 3558: 3337: 3199: 3058:deliberative democracy 3050:freedom of association 3009: 2987: 2806: 2765: 2697: 2584: 2571:Executive (government) 2493: 2365: 2282:The Spirit of the Laws 2238: 2041:1983 Code of Canon Law 1954: 1706: 1561: 1539: 1429:, compiled by emperor 1386: 1326: 1324:, giving birth to the 1188: 1103: 993: 864: 28:Legal (disambiguation) 17480:Divine right of kings 16902:Other categorizations 16755:International studies 16740:History of technology 16675:Communication studies 16558:public administration 16124:History of Humanities 15650:and other territories 14555:Law of South America 14378:Saint Kitts and Nevis 14069:São Tomé and Príncipe 13929:Republic of the Congo 13415:Principle of legality 13174:Delegated legislation 12874:Intellectual property 12323:"A Definition of Law" 12306:. Pearson Education. 12072:Stein, Peter (1999). 11436:Montesquieu, Baron de 11384:McGhee, John (2000). 11027:. Walter de Gruyter. 10730:Hart, H.L.A. (1961). 10038:. London: Routledge. 9765:See original text in 9750:Athenian Constitution 9716:International Affairs 9563:, 109, Rottleuthner, 9409:Intellectual Property 8688:Flaminio Costa v ENEL 7778:. The Supreme Court. 7610:Pepperdine Law Review 6713:Jackson, Roy (2010). 5825:. Liberty Fund, Inc. 5698:The Modern Law Review 5657:The Modern Law Review 5579:Journal of Public Law 5319:Devins, Neal (2008). 4914:Notice to Law Schools 4674:William Graham Sumner 4634: 4495:In the 18th century, 4475: 4297: 4124:right to a fair trial 4056:collective bargaining 4041: 4003: 3873: 3788: 3719:abstraction principle 3653: 3555:Israeli Supreme Court 3545: 3472:, and issues such as 3468:, election disputes, 3414:Elections commissions 3332: 3194: 3136:Further information: 3039:Geoffrey Robertson QC 3031:Alexis de Tocqueville 2984:civil rights movement 2977: 2868:Bachelor of Civil Law 2798: 2751: 2687: 2578: 2530:, most countries are 2476: 2438:doctrine of precedent 2394:; and in France, the 2355: 2293:, in contrast to the 2233: 2099:Further information: 2070:doctrine such as the 1950:Corpus Juris Canonici 1946: 1696: 1679:Common law and equity 1633:University of Bologna 1556: 1537: 1383:Constitution of India 1380: 1219:, which consisted of 1174: 1010:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 991: 954:Oliver Wendell Holmes 858:they are acts of the 855: 750:administrative courts 432:Nuclear proliferation 18628:Democracy in America 18007:political philosophy 17990:political philosophy 17805:political philosophy 17634:political philosophy 17544:Separation of powers 17505:Night-watchman state 17490:Monopoly on violence 17024:Political philosophy 16735:Historical sociology 16280:Renaissance humanism 16212:Master of Humanities 14944:United Arab Emirates 13633:Barristers' chambers 13575:Legal representation 13513:Justice of the peace 12859:Financial regulation 12404:on 25 February 2022. 12153:Law in Ancient Egypt 11579:10.2139/ssrn.2848886 11464:Nietzsche, Friedrich 11136:Kelly, J.M. (1992). 10895:on 27 November 2010. 10365:10.54648/LEIE2006016 9540:Jary & Jary 1995 9377:on 10 September 2008 9177:Donoghue v Stevenson 9012:Austotel v Franklins 8956:Criminal Legislation 8869:, p. 205 about 8543:23 July 2011 at the 8420:Global Civil Society 8333:1 April 2007 at the 6877:. INPROL. May 2009. 6438:Law in ancient Egypt 6422:Théodoridés. "law". 6170:Aquinas, St Thomas. 5395:Comparative Politics 4984:; c.f. in the U.S., 4953:Donoghue v Stevenson 4919:20 June 2009 at the 4871:Presidential Systems 4858:Judiciary in the PRC 4558:Rational individuals 4338:financial regulation 3767:Donoghue v Stevenson 3710:specific performance 3694:culpa in contrahendo 3674:offer and acceptance 3599:) v ...". Also, lay 3082:List of areas of law 3021:Hegel believed that 2992:Classical republican 2982:during the American 2632:President of Austria 2616:President of Germany 2597:parliamentary system 2498:Houses of Parliament 2423:Fourteenth Amendment 2376:; in Australia, the 2358:Israel Supreme Court 2287:separation of powers 2277:Baron de Montesquieu 1747:, the U.S. state of 1620:Corpus Juris Civilis 1572:in constitutions or 1445:. Malaysia, Brunei, 1258:city-state, ancient 1151:The Authority of Law 811:. The singular form 498:Paradox of tolerance 21:Law (disambiguation) 19:For other uses, see 18907:Main topic articles 18818:Right-wing politics 18698:A Theory of Justice 18668:The Road to Serfdom 18588:The Social Contract 17295:Christian democracy 16915:Geisteswissenschaft 16909:Behavioral sciences 16835:Political sociology 16750:Information science 16695:Development studies 16199:Geisteswissenschaft 16165:Teaching Philosophy 15944:Abductive reasoning 15402:States with limited 14971:limited recognition 14393:Trinidad and Tobago 14288:Antigua and Barbuda 14144:States with limited 13668:Election commission 13380:Expressive function 12909:Landlord–tenant law 12808:Consumer protection 12327:Virginia Law Review 12186:on 29 October 2008. 11918:on 22 February 2008 11877:on 28 November 2006 11795:Robertson, Geoffrey 11610:Patterson, James T. 11524:. Frank Cass (UK). 11498:Manava-Dharmasastra 11202:10.2139/ssrn.421040 10679:The Dynamics of Law 9952:Blackstone, William 9924:Bix, Brian (2022). 9850:. Hart Publishing. 9461:, pp. 386–405. 9288:, pp. 251–274. 9238:, pp. 610–627. 9107:"Torts and Delicts" 9015:(1989) 16 NSWLR 582 8999:Pacta Sunt Servanda 8761:The Second Treatise 8734:10.1093/icon/mou003 8641:Schermers–Blokker, 8520:Schermers-Blokker, 8467:on 18 February 2010 8457:"History of the UN" 8446:, pp. 282–283. 8348:, pp. 277–278. 8143:Economy and Society 7991:on 29 December 2006 7968:Tuberville v Savage 7914:, pp. 115–116. 7812:on 21 November 2006 7426:, pp. 157–158. 7414:, pp. 274–275. 7361:William Wirt Howe, 7171:5 July 2011 at the 7058:on 26 December 2018 7025:, pp. 253–263. 6812:, pp. 263–304. 6388:, pp. 170–171. 6000:The Social Contract 5968:(Online ed.). 5819:"Law and Economics" 4771:Public interest law 4613:social construction 4201:of the corporation. 4150:and the problem of 4098:U.S. Bill of Rights 4092:(which founded the 4029:Further disciplines 4023:charitable purposes 3723:Abstraktionsprinzip 3669:pacta sunt servanda 3660:unilateral contract 3401:set up in 1799, as 3300:European Parliament 3120:further disciplines 2670:Military and police 2636:presidential system 2558:bill (proposed law) 2519:Assemblée nationale 2514:Parlamento Italiano 2477:The Chamber of the 2419:racially segregated 2156:such as the former 1806:, especially under 1058:Friedrich Nietzsche 942:in his text titled 902:early customary law 870:The Social Contract 427:Nuclear disarmament 326:Conflict escalation 303:Conflict management 207:Conflict resolution 18830:Political violence 18825:Political theology 18808:Left-wing politics 18803:Political spectrum 16970:Society portal 16457:auxiliary sciences 16286:Studia Humanitatis 14328:Dominican Republic 13626:Legal institutions 13493:Lawsuit/Litigation 13483:Dispute resolution 13288:Catholic canon law 12996:State of emergency 12959:Will and testament 12683:Law of obligations 12636:Constitutional law 12626:Administrative law 12447:Law.com Dictionary 12420:. House of Lords. 12195:. Berghahn Books. 12125:On the Rule of Law 11349:Medical Law Review 11125:Kazantzakis, Nikos 10733:The Concept of Law 10223:. Intersentia nv. 9273:Armory v Delamirie 9197:(1879) 11 Ch D 852 9194:Sturges v Bridgman 9041:§ 311 Abs. II 8945:, 212–217, 229–237 8884:See e.g. Feinman, 8777:On the Rule of Law 7674:The Spirit of Laws 7587:Jerman v. Carlisle 7082:Fordham University 6664:Manu's Code of Law 6306:, Second Essay, 11 6274:"Legal Positivism" 6240:Fritz Berolzheimer 6159:Harvard Law Review 6034:. Second Edition. 5944:10.3998/mpub.10283 5926:10.3998/mpub.10283 5875:Harvard Law Review 5428:Cox, Noel (2001). 5199:10.4000/revus.2449 4640: 4577:Sturges v Bridgman 4511:and the so-called 4493: 4487:winning economist 4399:restraint of trade 4312: 4308:banking regulation 4290:Law and regulation 4120:criminal procedure 4048: 4010: 3944:Armory v Delamirie 3880: 3874:A painting of the 3702:duty of good faith 3664: 3559: 3497:criminal procedure 3426:voter registration 3356:. A few, like the 3338: 3325:Constitutional law 3321:Administrative law 3306:noted in its 1963 3280:European Union law 3222:Geneva Conventions 3200: 3148:European Union law 3108:law of obligations 3102:and property). In 2988: 2956:skills (including 2954:dispute resolution 2810:private enterprise 2766: 2698: 2601:head of government 2585: 2494: 2411:. For example, in 2388:; in Germany, the 2366: 2356:Six judges of the 2285:, advocated for a 2261:organisation, the 2229:Legal institutions 2132:Islamic resurgence 2010:Anglican Communion 1996:law governing the 1955: 1927:Anglican Communion 1827:William Blackstone 1707: 1562: 1540: 1490:administrative law 1387: 1227:further developed 1189: 1128:The Concept of Law 1116:state of emergency 1074:Pure Theory of Law 994: 923:The Concept of Law 898:Glanville Williams 714:administrative law 710:constitutional law 545:Track II diplomacy 493:Prisoner's dilemma 463:Conflict continuum 458:Conflict avoidance 243:Dispute resolution 18889: 18888: 18883: 18882: 18793:Philosophy of law 18738:Conflict theories 18578:The Spirit of Law 18485: 18484: 17534:Original position 16990: 16989: 16830:Political economy 16825:Political ecology 16680:Community studies 16670:Cognitive science 16633:Interdisciplinary 16533:Political science 16295: 16294: 16015:General knowledge 15998:Cultural literacy 15932: 15931: 15866:Religious studies 15802:Classical studies 15731: 15730: 15725: 15724: 15717:Wallis and Futuna 15625:Associated states 15503: 15502: 15076: 15075: 15013:other territories 14669: 14668: 14641:other territories 14521: 14520: 14410:other territories 14240: 14239: 14171:other territories 13944:Equatorial Guinea 13808: 13807: 13468:Constitutionalism 13390:Law and economics 13228:Act of parliament 12966:Product liability 12919:Legal archaeology 12844:Environmental law 12838:Entertainment law 12678:International law 12380:978-90-411-0938-5 12313:978-0-582-47301-0 12224:978-0-520-03500-3 12202:978-1-57181-404-3 12162:978-0-89089-978-6 12134:978-0-521-60465-9 12115:978-0-8047-0215-7 12087:978-0-521-64372-6 12029:978-0-226-75942-5 12010:978-3-16-148787-3 11808:978-0-14-102463-9 11755:Riker, William H. 11746:978-0-567-08158-2 11715:978-0-421-86240-1 11696:978-0-19-825493-5 11674:978-3-16-148787-3 11655:978-90-411-0933-0 11627:978-0-19-515632-4 11550:978-960-15-0106-2 11531:978-0-7146-4261-1 11508:978-0-19-517146-4 11486:978-0-691-00190-6 11404:Mises, Ludwig von 11395:978-0-421-85260-0 11339:978-0-472-06649-0 11297:978-0-7923-2796-7 11265:978-0-19-512863-5 11173:978-0-19-927569-4 11158:(November 2006). 11147:978-0-19-876244-7 11111:on 17 August 2007 11101:978-960-08-0333-4 11077:978-0-521-62695-8 11053:978-0-19-926655-5 11034:978-3-8059-1019-4 11015:978-1-55786-116-0 10992:978-0-8047-4803-2 10967:978-0-00-470804-1 10960:. HarperCollins. 10911:978-0-521-53021-7 10872:978-1-84113-898-5 10853:978-0-415-52441-4 10805:978-0-8047-4882-7 10786:978-0-226-32084-7 10687:978-0-7656-2086-6 10670:978-0-521-00580-7 10651:978-0-521-77485-7 10632:978-0-7658-0704-5 10619:Gurvitch, Georges 10610:978-0-521-68185-8 10591:978-0-8135-3983-6 10572:978-0-19-876575-2 10537:978-960-232-715-9 10518:978-960-14-1159-0 10505:Fukuyama, Francis 10470:978-0-19-505738-6 10447:978-90-411-1620-8 10428:978-0-415-19742-7 10403:978-0-19-517957-6 10331:978-0-674-51836-0 10309:978-0-684-83638-6 10287:978-0-521-81852-0 10268:978-1-4021-8555-7 10249:978-0-262-54179-4 10230:978-90-5095-381-8 10211:978-0-7546-2511-7 10198:Cotterrell, Roger 10189:978-0-7486-1339-7 10176:Cotterrell, Roger 10167:978-0-406-51770-8 10154:Cotterrell, Roger 10045:978-0-415-06212-1 10026:978-0-395-41058-5 10017:The Hinge of Fate 10007:978-0-631-19951-9 9988:978-0-8342-1083-7 9900:978-90-411-1645-1 9878:978-0-87169-432-4 9857:978-1-84113-237-2 9838:978-0-7923-1981-8 9819:978-0-472-11315-6 9800:978-90-5095-251-4 9706:978-0-333-11262-5 9687:978-3-16-148787-3 9671:on 26 March 2009. 9639:, pp. 81–82. 9637:Papachristou 1999 9039:e.g. in Germany, 8856:(London: 2012), 2 8444:Karkatsoulis 2004 8346:Karkatsoulis 2004 8269:, pp. 22–23. 7887:, pp. 37–82. 7836:Cour de cassation 7559:978-0-333-45919-5 7447:on 30 August 2006 7412:Giannoulatos 1975 7299:. CanonLaw.info. 7207:978-1-136-13250-6 6644:on 1 January 2020 6472:978-0-19-993539-0 5984:(Subscription or 5434:Deakin Law Review 5152:Spooner, Lysander 4998:Law and Economics 4937:The Hinge of Fate 4933:Winston Churchill 4830:, 19; Washofsky, 4761:Political science 4702:Library resources 4582:transaction costs 4554:transaction costs 4509:Oliver Williamson 4468:Law and economics 4427:Environmental law 4421:contractual terms 4306:, before tougher 4217:bills of exchange 4195:limited liability 4164:Transactional law 4064:health and safety 4006:Court of Chancery 3986:Equity and trusts 3915:rental agreements 3895:stocks and shares 3891:Personal property 3814:his duty of care; 3733:Torts and delicts 3727:Unjust enrichment 3658:was held to be a 3614:community service 3478:electoral silence 3450:electronic voting 3391:of the offending 3284:supranational law 3230:League of Nations 3203:International law 3132:International law 3126:International law 3054:individual rights 3046:Freedom of speech 2938:legal periodicals 2768:The etymology of 2652:foreign relations 2628:hereditary office 2402:Council of Europe 2397:Cour de Cassation 2384:; in the UK, the 2360:sitting at their 2317:Republic of China 2101:Sources of Sharia 1983: 1971: 1823:academic writings 1800:Court of Chancery 1521:legal transplants 1427:Fatawa-e-Alamgiri 1366:develops through 1318:Early Middle Ages 1280:Ancient Greek law 1270:), human decree ( 851:Philosophy of law 841:Philosophy of law 801:, comes from the 769:economic analysis 677:case law through 581: 580: 453:Anti-war movement 417:Nuclear blackmail 321:Communal violence 201: 200: 165:judicial opinions 112:Law and economics 18919: 18798:Political ethics 18788:Machiavellianism 18728:Authoritarianism 18713: 18703: 18693: 18683: 18673: 18663: 18653: 18643: 18633: 18623: 18613: 18603: 18593: 18583: 18573: 18563: 18553: 18543: 18533: 18523: 18513: 18503: 17579: 17578: 17520: 17456: 17446:Balance of power 17420:Social democracy 17415:Social Darwinism 17390:Multiculturalism 17335:Environmentalism 17310:Communitarianism 17017: 17010: 17003: 16994: 16993: 16978: 16968: 16967: 16954: 16953: 16942: 16941: 16845:Regional science 16690:Cultural studies 16665:Business studies 16322: 16315: 16308: 16299: 16298: 16082:Self-realization 15894: 15893: 15771: 15764: 15757: 15748: 15747: 15735: 15734: 15707:Pitcairn Islands 15677:French Polynesia 15662:Christmas Island 15591:Papua New Guinea 15571:Marshall Islands 15544:Sovereign states 15530: 15523: 15516: 15507: 15506: 15440:Dependencies and 15376:Northern Ireland 15117:Sovereign states 15103: 15096: 15089: 15080: 15079: 15066: 15056: 15055: 15025:Christmas Island 14711:Sovereign states 14696: 14689: 14682: 14673: 14672: 14661: 14649:Falkland Islands 14563:Sovereign states 14548: 14541: 14534: 14525: 14524: 14478:Saint Barthélemy 14408:Dependencies and 14281:Sovereign states 14267: 14260: 14253: 14244: 14243: 14232: 14231:(United Kingdom) 14227:Tristan da Cunha 14223:Ascension Island 14215: 14202: 14193: 14169:Dependencies and 13862:Sovereign states 13848: 13841: 13834: 13825: 13824: 13812: 13811: 13783: 13782: 13781: 13769: 13768: 13592:Question of fact 13473:Criminal justice 12803:Construction law 12798:Conflict of laws 12763:Agricultural law 12605: 12598: 12591: 12582: 12581: 12510: 12508: 12506: 12486: 12484: 12482: 12462: 12460: 12458: 12433: 12431: 12429: 12405: 12400:. Archived from 12384: 12362: 12360: 12358: 12317: 12298: 12261: 12249: 12243: 12228: 12206: 12187: 12185: 12178: 12166: 12147: 12138: 12119: 12103: 12091: 12079: 12068: 12066: 12064: 12058: 12052:(2): 1037–1062. 12043: 12033: 12014: 12003:. Mohr Siebeck. 11995: 11986: 11977: 11975: 11973: 11949: 11927: 11925: 11923: 11899: 11886: 11884: 11882: 11876: 11870:. Archived from 11856:Droit et Société 11853: 11843: 11822:. Third Series. 11812: 11790: 11750: 11737:Hammurabi's Laws 11731: 11719: 11700: 11678: 11667:. Mohr Siebeck. 11659: 11640: 11631: 11619: 11605: 11603: 11601: 11595: 11564: 11554: 11541:Sociology of Law 11535: 11512: 11490: 11471: 11459: 11457: 11455: 11431: 11429: 11427: 11421: 11414: 11399: 11380: 11343: 11324: 11301: 11278: 11269: 11250: 11240: 11228: 11227:on 9 March 2019. 11226: 11220:. Archived from 11187: 11177: 11151: 11132: 11127:(1998) . "Law". 11120: 11118: 11116: 11110: 11104:. Archived from 11093: 11081: 11057: 11038: 11019: 11007: 10996: 10980: 10971: 10950: 10948: 10946: 10940: 10925: 10915: 10896: 10891:. Archived from 10876: 10857: 10835: 10833: 10831: 10809: 10790: 10771:Hayek, Friedrich 10766: 10737: 10726: 10674: 10655: 10636: 10623:Sociology of Law 10614: 10595: 10576: 10564: 10553: 10541: 10522: 10500: 10498: 10496: 10474: 10451: 10432: 10416: 10407: 10384: 10347: 10335: 10313: 10291: 10272: 10253: 10234: 10215: 10193: 10171: 10149: 10132:Cohen, Morris L. 10127: 10125: 10123: 10117: 10086: 10080:(October 1960). 10078:Coase, Ronald H. 10073: 10054:Coase, Ronald H. 10049: 10030: 10011: 9992: 9973: 9971: 9969: 9947: 9945: 9943: 9920: 9918: 9904: 9885: 9861: 9842: 9823: 9804: 9785: 9764: 9755:. Translated by 9754: 9739: 9710: 9691: 9680:. Mohr Siebeck. 9672: 9670: 9659: 9640: 9634: 9628: 9622: 9616: 9610: 9604: 9598: 9592: 9586: 9580: 9574: 9568: 9559:, Rottleuthner, 9549: 9543: 9537: 9528: 9522: 9513: 9506: 9500: 9493: 9487: 9480: 9474: 9473:, pp. 1–44. 9468: 9462: 9456: 9450: 9444: 9438: 9437: 9435: 9433: 9418: 9412: 9405: 9399: 9393: 9387: 9386: 9384: 9382: 9376: 9369: 9361: 9355: 9347: 9341: 9339: 9331: 9325: 9319: 9313: 9307: 9301: 9295: 9289: 9283: 9277: 9269: 9263: 9245: 9239: 9233: 9227: 9219: 9213: 9204: 9198: 9190: 9181: 9173: 9167: 9161: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9150: 9111:Yale Law Journal 9102: 9096: 9089: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9078: 9059: 9053: 9037: 9031: 9025: 9016: 9008: 9002: 8995: 8989: 8988: 8986: 8984: 8975:. Archived from 8965: 8959: 8952: 8946: 8925: 8919: 8913: 8907: 8901: 8895: 8888:, 260–261 about 8882: 8876: 8863: 8857: 8850: 8844: 8838: 8829: 8823: 8814: 8798: 8792: 8786: 8780: 8773: 8767: 8757: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8746: 8736: 8712: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8701: 8682: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8671: 8652: 8646: 8639: 8633: 8632: 8630: 8628: 8622: 8607: 8598: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8567: 8561: 8554: 8548: 8531: 8525: 8518: 8512: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8483: 8477: 8476: 8474: 8472: 8463:. Archived from 8453: 8447: 8441: 8435: 8416: 8410: 8404: 8398: 8391: 8385: 8384: 8372: 8366: 8361:, 1–13; Warren, 8355: 8349: 8343: 8337: 8320: 8314: 8305: 8299: 8292: 8286: 8279: 8270: 8264: 8258: 8252: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8226: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8215: 8200: 8194: 8193:Case no. 6538/74 8176: 8170: 8164: 8158: 8152: 8146: 8139: 8133: 8127: 8118: 8101: 8095: 8089: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8059: 8053: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8023: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7987:. Archived from 7977: 7971: 7964: 7958: 7951: 7945: 7939: 7930: 7924: 7915: 7909: 7903: 7897: 7888: 7882: 7876: 7870: 7864: 7858: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7847: 7828: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7817: 7808:. Archived from 7798: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7787: 7772: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7761: 7755: 7748: 7740: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7709: 7703: 7693: 7687: 7667: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7636: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7601: 7595: 7583: 7577: 7572:Edward H. Levi, 7570: 7564: 7563: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7502: 7496: 7490: 7481: 7475: 7469: 7463: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7443:. Archived from 7433: 7427: 7421: 7415: 7409: 7403: 7397: 7391: 7390: 7372: 7366: 7359: 7353: 7346: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7335: 7319: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7295:Peters, Edward. 7292: 7286: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7264: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7248:on 31 March 2019 7233: 7227: 7221: 7215: 7214: 7193: 7187: 7181: 7175: 7158: 7152: 7144: 7138: 7128: 7122: 7116: 7110: 7104: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7074: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7054:. Archived from 7044: 7038: 7032: 7026: 7020: 7014: 7008: 7002: 6996: 6990: 6984: 6978: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6940:. 17 July 2013. 6930: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6900: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6883: 6872: 6864: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6843: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6795: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6747: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6728: 6710: 6704: 6703: 6685: 6679: 6673: 6667: 6660: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6640:. Archived from 6621: 6615: 6609: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6446: 6440: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6339: 6333: 6326: 6320: 6313: 6307: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6269: 6263: 6253: 6247: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6202: 6196: 6181: 6175: 6172:Summa Theologica 6168: 6162: 6155: 6149: 6148:, pp. 3–36. 6143: 6134: 6128: 6119: 6113: 6104: 6098: 6092: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6064: 6053: 6047: 6028: 6022: 6012: 6006: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5981: 5961: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5713: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5672: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5531:(6): 1423–1428. 5516: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5407:10.2307/20072892 5390: 5384: 5383: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5299: 5288: 5279: 5273: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5201: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5001: 4994: 4988: 4978: 4972: 4949: 4940: 4930: 4924: 4906: 4900: 4893: 4887: 4880: 4874: 4867: 4861: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4835: 4824:ius non-scriptum 4816: 4810: 4802: 4696: 4691: 4690: 4666:Georges Gurvitch 4603:Sociology of law 4411:consumer welfare 4397:and the English 4393:decrees against 4177:Law and commerce 4102:Treaty of Lisbon 4082:human rights law 3876:South Sea Bubble 3824:his act was the 3537:dolus eventualis 3525:strict liability 3515:malicious intent 3462:election systems 3434:campaign finance 3412:. It along with 3253:Conflict of laws 3162: 3144:Conflict of laws 3004: 2980:Washington, D.C. 2948:, contracts, or 2934:case-law reports 2927:legal researcher 2864:Bachelor of Laws 2834:Legal profession 2828:Legal profession 2702:Medieval England 2688:Officers of the 2664:defence ministry 2660:foreign ministry 2516:in Rome and the 2457:Guardian Council 2449:communist states 2409:unconstitutional 2325:Examination Yuan 2263:legal profession 2249: 2166:Marxist–Leninist 2154:communist states 2128:its legal system 1978: 1976: 1966: 1964: 1878:(consensus) and 1845:Law and religion 1812:1937 in the U.S. 1625:Byzantine Empire 1348:. A Europe-wide 1331: 1282:contained major 1197:Ancient Egyptian 1179:is revealed the 1098: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1014:Greek philosophy 874: 836: 833: 830: 826: 823: 820: 816: 810: 800: 573: 566: 559: 203: 202: 193: 186: 179: 117:Sociology of law 58: 35: 34: 18927: 18926: 18922: 18921: 18920: 18918: 18917: 18916: 18892: 18891: 18890: 18885: 18884: 18879: 18866: 18855:Totalitarianism 18716: 18711: 18701: 18691: 18681: 18671: 18661: 18651: 18641: 18631: 18621: 18611: 18601: 18591: 18581: 18571: 18561: 18551: 18541: 18531: 18528:Treatise on Law 18521: 18511: 18501: 18481: 18139: 18133: 17872: 17866: 17752: 17746: 17665: 17568: 17554:State of nature 17549:Social contract 17529:Ordered liberty 17517:Noblesse oblige 17434: 17268: 17197: 17026: 17021: 16991: 16986: 16962: 16930: 16897: 16881: 16855:Science studies 16639:Administration 16628: 16354: 16331: 16329:Social sciences 16326: 16296: 16291: 16231: 16176: 16101: 16087:Self-reflection 16077:Moral character 16036:Human condition 15988:Critical theory 15928: 15892: 15839:Performing arts 15780: 15775: 15740: 15732: 15727: 15726: 15721: 15649: 15643: 15626: 15620: 15601:Solomon Islands 15539: 15537:Law of Oceania 15534: 15504: 15499: 15483: 15441: 15435: 15421:Northern Cyprus 15403: 15397: 15291:North Macedonia 15112: 15107: 15077: 15072: 15044: 15012: 15003: 14984:Northern Cyprus 14970: 14963: 14705: 14700: 14670: 14665: 14659: 14642: 14640: 14630: 14557: 14552: 14522: 14517: 14411: 14409: 14402: 14276: 14271: 14241: 14236: 14235: 14230: 14213: 14200: 14191: 14172: 14170: 14163: 14147: 14145: 14138: 13857: 13852: 13817: 13809: 13804: 13777: 13763: 13754: 13731: 13722:Political party 13695:Legal education 13683:Law enforcement 13663:Court of equity 13621: 13597:Question of law 13550:Practice of law 13530:Judicial review 13444: 13395:Legal formalism 13375:Comparative law 13370:Contract theory 13353: 13273:Legal pluralism 13244: 13233:Act of Congress 13157:Executive order 13123: 13025: 12944:Nationality law 12869:Immigration law 12793:Competition law 12746: 12614: 12609: 12529:Wayback Machine 12517: 12504: 12502: 12489: 12480: 12478: 12465: 12456: 12454: 12441: 12427: 12425: 12416: 12413: 12411:Further reading 12408: 12381: 12356: 12354: 12339:10.2307/1065717 12314: 12279:10.2307/2195750 12225: 12203: 12183: 12176: 12163: 12135: 12116: 12088: 12062: 12060: 12056: 12041: 12030: 12011: 11971: 11969: 11946: 11921: 11919: 11880: 11878: 11874: 11851: 11832:10.2307/2674504 11809: 11747: 11716: 11697: 11675: 11656: 11628: 11599: 11597: 11593: 11562: 11551: 11532: 11509: 11487: 11453: 11451: 11425: 11423: 11419: 11412: 11396: 11340: 11298: 11266: 11224: 11185: 11174: 11148: 11114: 11112: 11108: 11102: 11091: 11078: 11054: 11035: 11016: 10993: 10968: 10944: 10942: 10941:on 14 June 2007 10938: 10923: 10912: 10873: 10854: 10829: 10827: 10806: 10787: 10671: 10652: 10633: 10611: 10592: 10573: 10538: 10519: 10494: 10492: 10479:France, Anatole 10471: 10448: 10429: 10404: 10332: 10318:Dworkin, Ronald 10310: 10296:Durkheim, Émile 10288: 10269: 10250: 10231: 10212: 10190: 10168: 10146: 10121: 10119: 10115: 10084: 10064:(16): 386–405. 10046: 10027: 10008: 9989: 9967: 9965: 9941: 9939: 9901: 9879: 9858: 9839: 9820: 9801: 9793:. Intersentia. 9774:Wayback Machine 9767:Perseus program 9728:10.2307/2607811 9707: 9688: 9668: 9657: 9648: 9643: 9635: 9631: 9623: 9619: 9611: 9607: 9601:Cotterrell 1999 9599: 9595: 9589:Rheinstein 1954 9587: 9583: 9577:Cotterrell 2006 9575: 9571: 9550: 9546: 9538: 9531: 9525:Cotterrell 1992 9523: 9516: 9507: 9503: 9494: 9490: 9481: 9477: 9469: 9465: 9457: 9453: 9445: 9441: 9431: 9429: 9420: 9419: 9415: 9406: 9402: 9394: 9390: 9380: 9378: 9374: 9367: 9363: 9362: 9358: 9348: 9344: 9333: 9332: 9328: 9320: 9316: 9308: 9304: 9296: 9292: 9284: 9280: 9270: 9266: 9261:Wayback Machine 9246: 9242: 9234: 9230: 9220: 9216: 9205: 9201: 9191: 9184: 9174: 9170: 9162: 9158: 9148: 9146: 9103: 9099: 9090: 9086: 9076: 9074: 9061: 9060: 9056: 9048:Wayback Machine 9038: 9034: 9028:Pargendler 2018 9026: 9019: 9009: 9005: 8996: 8992: 8982: 8980: 8979:on 23 June 2011 8967: 8966: 8962: 8953: 8949: 8941:, see Simpson, 8939:Wayback Machine 8926: 8922: 8914: 8910: 8902: 8898: 8891:Powell v. Texas 8883: 8879: 8864: 8860: 8851: 8847: 8839: 8832: 8824: 8817: 8801:Cesare Beccaria 8799: 8795: 8787: 8783: 8774: 8770: 8758: 8754: 8744: 8742: 8713: 8709: 8699: 8697: 8684: 8683: 8679: 8669: 8667: 8654: 8653: 8649: 8640: 8636: 8626: 8624: 8620: 8605: 8599: 8595: 8585: 8583: 8568: 8564: 8555: 8551: 8545:Wayback Machine 8532: 8528: 8519: 8515: 8505: 8503: 8484: 8480: 8470: 8468: 8455: 8454: 8450: 8442: 8438: 8432:Wayback Machine 8417: 8413: 8409:, pp. 5–6. 8405: 8401: 8392: 8388: 8373: 8369: 8356: 8352: 8344: 8340: 8335:Wayback Machine 8321: 8317: 8310:Second Treatise 8306: 8302: 8293: 8289: 8280: 8273: 8265: 8261: 8253: 8249: 8239: 8237: 8228: 8227: 8223: 8213: 8211: 8202: 8201: 8197: 8191:Wayback Machine 8177: 8173: 8165: 8161: 8153: 8149: 8140: 8136: 8128: 8121: 8116:Wayback Machine 8102: 8098: 8090: 8086: 8076: 8074: 8061: 8060: 8056: 8047: 8043: 8035: 8031: 8021: 8019: 8010: 8008: 8004: 7994: 7992: 7979: 7978: 7974: 7965: 7961: 7952: 7948: 7940: 7933: 7925: 7918: 7910: 7906: 7898: 7891: 7883: 7879: 7871: 7867: 7863:, pp. 1–2. 7859: 7855: 7845: 7843: 7830: 7829: 7825: 7815: 7813: 7800: 7799: 7795: 7785: 7783: 7774: 7773: 7769: 7759: 7757: 7753: 7746: 7742: 7741: 7737: 7727: 7725: 7710: 7706: 7695:Thomas Hobbes, 7694: 7690: 7685:Wayback Machine 7668: 7664: 7654: 7652: 7637: 7633: 7623: 7621: 7602: 7598: 7584: 7580: 7576:(2013), p. 1-2. 7571: 7567: 7560: 7542:Soviet Politics 7538: 7534: 7503: 7499: 7491: 7484: 7476: 7472: 7464: 7460: 7450: 7448: 7435: 7434: 7430: 7422: 7418: 7410: 7406: 7398: 7394: 7387: 7373: 7369: 7360: 7356: 7347: 7343: 7333: 7331: 7320: 7316: 7306: 7304: 7293: 7289: 7281:Raymond Wacks, 7280: 7276: 7265: 7261: 7251: 7249: 7234: 7230: 7222: 7218: 7208: 7194: 7190: 7182: 7178: 7173:Wayback Machine 7159: 7155: 7148:Gee v Pritchard 7145: 7141: 7129: 7125: 7117: 7113: 7105: 7101: 7091: 7089: 7076: 7075: 7071: 7061: 7059: 7046: 7045: 7041: 7033: 7029: 7021: 7017: 7009: 7005: 6997: 6993: 6985: 6981: 6973: 6969: 6961: 6957: 6947: 6945: 6932: 6931: 6927: 6917: 6915: 6902: 6901: 6897: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6870: 6866: 6865: 6861: 6851: 6849: 6820: 6816: 6808: 6804: 6796: 6792: 6784: 6780: 6772: 6768: 6760: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6736: 6732: 6725: 6711: 6707: 6700: 6686: 6682: 6674: 6670: 6661: 6657: 6647: 6645: 6638: 6622: 6618: 6610: 6603: 6593: 6591: 6584: 6568: 6564: 6556: 6552: 6544: 6540: 6532: 6528: 6520: 6516: 6512:, pp. 5–6. 6508: 6504: 6498:Richardson 2004 6496: 6492: 6482: 6480: 6473: 6447: 6443: 6435: 6431: 6420: 6416: 6408: 6404: 6396: 6392: 6384: 6380: 6371: 6367: 6357: 6355: 6340: 6336: 6327: 6323: 6314: 6310: 6301: 6297: 6287: 6285: 6272:Green, Leslie. 6270: 6266: 6262:, 42 (par. 434) 6254: 6250: 6238: 6234: 6219:10.2307/2176104 6203: 6199: 6182: 6178: 6169: 6165: 6156: 6152: 6144: 6137: 6129: 6122: 6114: 6107: 6099: 6095: 6083: 6079: 6071: 6067: 6054: 6050: 6029: 6025: 6013: 6009: 5997: 5993: 5983: 5955: 5951: 5936: 5914: 5910: 5887:10.2307/1325958 5871: 5867: 5860: 5846: 5842: 5832: 5830: 5817:Rubin, Paul H. 5815: 5811: 5780: 5776: 5766: 5764: 5757: 5731: 5727: 5690: 5686: 5649: 5645: 5635: 5633: 5606: 5602: 5592: 5590: 5571: 5567: 5557: 5555: 5537:10.2307/3311976 5517: 5513: 5503: 5501: 5486: 5482: 5475: 5461: 5457: 5447: 5445: 5426: 5422: 5391: 5387: 5364:10.2307/1051071 5348: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5317: 5313: 5303: 5301: 5297: 5286: 5280: 5276: 5268: 5264: 5243: 5239: 5231: 5227: 5217: 5215: 5182: 5178: 5168: 5166: 5149: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5110:10.2307/1141239 5090: 5086: 5063:10.2307/3052897 5047: 5043: 5035: 5031: 5023: 5014: 5010: 5005: 5004: 4995: 4991: 4979: 4975: 4969:Wayback Machine 4950: 4943: 4931: 4927: 4921:Wayback Machine 4907: 4903: 4894: 4890: 4881: 4877: 4868: 4864: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4838: 4817: 4813: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4727: 4726: 4725: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4692: 4685: 4682: 4672:in Europe, and 4670:Leon Petrażycki 4658:Hugo Sinzheimer 4605: 4599: 4517:Milton Friedman 4470: 4464: 4459: 4383:Competition law 4351:and utilities. 4349:public services 4320:value added tax 4189:began with the 4148:right of asylum 4140:nationality law 4136:Immigration law 4116:Civil procedure 4046:while on strike 4034:Law and society 4031: 4014:Lord Chancellor 3998: 3990:Main articles: 3988: 3868: 3862: 3826:proximate cause 3821:his breach; and 3745: 3737:Main articles: 3735: 3706:penalty clauses 3648: 3642: 3492: 3486: 3474:electoral fraud 3454:voting machines 3389:judicial review 3342:civil liberties 3327: 3319:Main articles: 3317: 3189: 3188: 3187: 3186: 3177: 3163: 3154: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3084: 3078: 3052:and many other 3000: 2972: 2966: 2852:bar association 2848:practice of law 2836: 2830: 2762:mandarin square 2746: 2740: 2706:criminal courts 2682: 2674:Main articles: 2672: 2638:, found in the 2573: 2567: 2547:house of review 2512:in Moscow, the 2508:in Berlin, the 2500:in London, the 2471: 2465: 2350: 2344: 2251: 2241:Thomas Hobbes, 2240: 2231: 2178:legal syllogism 2174: 2150: 2144: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2062:influenced the 1998:Catholic Church 1941: 1935: 1919:Catholic Church 1847: 1841: 1835: 1788:Sir Thomas More 1784:Lord Chancellor 1757:Norman conquest 1743:(except Malta, 1699:John of England 1691: 1683:Main articles: 1681: 1629:Theodosian Code 1586:Codex Hammurabi 1559:Napoleonic Code 1551: 1545: 1517: 1507:Comparative law 1505:Main articles: 1503: 1475:Chiang Kai-shek 1264:enslaved people 1237:Codex Hammurabi 1169: 1163: 1094: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1027:Treatise on Law 1018:Western culture 1006:Natural lawyers 986: 980: 959:Treatise on Law 894:Baron Hampstead 890: 884: 876: 866: 853: 845:Main articles: 843: 834: 831: 828: 824: 821: 818: 785: 756:jurisdictions. 659:comparative law 577: 505:Liaison officer 412:Nuclear warfare 396:Multilateralism 336:Just war theory 197: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 18925: 18915: 18914: 18909: 18904: 18887: 18886: 18881: 18880: 18878: 18877: 18871: 18868: 18867: 18865: 18864: 18857: 18852: 18847: 18845:Social justice 18842: 18837: 18832: 18827: 18822: 18821: 18820: 18815: 18810: 18800: 18795: 18790: 18785: 18780: 18775: 18770: 18765: 18760: 18755: 18753:Egalitarianism 18750: 18745: 18743:Contractualism 18740: 18735: 18730: 18724: 18722: 18718: 18717: 18715: 18714: 18704: 18694: 18684: 18674: 18664: 18654: 18644: 18634: 18624: 18614: 18604: 18594: 18584: 18574: 18564: 18554: 18544: 18534: 18524: 18514: 18504: 18493: 18491: 18487: 18486: 18483: 18482: 18480: 18479: 18474: 18469: 18464: 18459: 18454: 18449: 18444: 18439: 18434: 18429: 18424: 18419: 18414: 18409: 18404: 18399: 18394: 18389: 18384: 18379: 18374: 18369: 18364: 18359: 18354: 18349: 18344: 18339: 18334: 18329: 18324: 18319: 18314: 18309: 18304: 18299: 18294: 18289: 18284: 18279: 18274: 18269: 18264: 18259: 18254: 18249: 18244: 18239: 18234: 18229: 18224: 18219: 18214: 18209: 18204: 18199: 18194: 18189: 18184: 18179: 18174: 18169: 18164: 18159: 18154: 18149: 18143: 18141: 18135: 18134: 18132: 18131: 18126: 18121: 18116: 18111: 18106: 18101: 18096: 18091: 18086: 18081: 18076: 18071: 18066: 18061: 18056: 18051: 18046: 18041: 18036: 18031: 18026: 18021: 18016: 18011: 18010: 18009: 17999: 17994: 17993: 17992: 17982: 17977: 17972: 17967: 17962: 17957: 17952: 17947: 17942: 17937: 17932: 17927: 17922: 17917: 17912: 17907: 17902: 17897: 17892: 17887: 17882: 17876: 17874: 17868: 17867: 17865: 17864: 17859: 17854: 17849: 17844: 17839: 17834: 17829: 17824: 17819: 17814: 17809: 17808: 17807: 17797: 17792: 17787: 17782: 17777: 17772: 17767: 17762: 17756: 17754: 17748: 17747: 17745: 17744: 17739: 17734: 17729: 17724: 17719: 17714: 17709: 17704: 17699: 17694: 17689: 17684: 17679: 17673: 17671: 17667: 17666: 17664: 17663: 17658: 17653: 17648: 17643: 17638: 17637: 17636: 17626: 17621: 17616: 17611: 17606: 17601: 17596: 17591: 17585: 17583: 17576: 17570: 17569: 17567: 17566: 17561: 17556: 17551: 17546: 17541: 17539:Overton window 17536: 17531: 17526: 17521: 17512: 17507: 17502: 17497: 17492: 17487: 17482: 17477: 17472: 17467: 17462: 17457: 17448: 17442: 17440: 17436: 17435: 17433: 17432: 17427: 17422: 17417: 17412: 17407: 17402: 17397: 17392: 17387: 17382: 17377: 17372: 17370:Libertarianism 17367: 17362: 17357: 17352: 17347: 17342: 17337: 17332: 17327: 17322: 17317: 17312: 17307: 17302: 17297: 17292: 17287: 17282: 17276: 17274: 17270: 17269: 17267: 17266: 17261: 17256: 17251: 17246: 17241: 17236: 17231: 17226: 17221: 17216: 17211: 17205: 17203: 17199: 17198: 17196: 17195: 17190: 17185: 17180: 17175: 17170: 17165: 17160: 17155: 17150: 17145: 17140: 17135: 17130: 17125: 17120: 17115: 17110: 17105: 17100: 17095: 17090: 17085: 17080: 17075: 17070: 17065: 17060: 17055: 17050: 17045: 17040: 17034: 17032: 17028: 17027: 17020: 17019: 17012: 17005: 16997: 16988: 16987: 16985: 16984: 16972: 16960: 16948: 16935: 16932: 16931: 16929: 16928: 16923: 16918: 16911: 16905: 16903: 16899: 16898: 16896: 16895: 16889: 16887: 16883: 16882: 16880: 16879: 16874: 16869: 16868: 16867: 16862: 16852: 16847: 16842: 16837: 16832: 16827: 16822: 16821: 16820: 16815: 16810: 16802: 16801: 16800: 16798:social science 16795: 16790: 16785: 16780: 16772: 16767: 16762: 16757: 16752: 16747: 16742: 16737: 16732: 16730:Global studies 16727: 16725:Gender studies 16722: 16717: 16716: 16715: 16710: 16708:social science 16704:Environmental 16702: 16697: 16692: 16687: 16682: 16677: 16672: 16667: 16662: 16657: 16652: 16651: 16650: 16645: 16636: 16634: 16630: 16629: 16627: 16626: 16625: 16624: 16619: 16614: 16609: 16604: 16594: 16593: 16592: 16587: 16582: 16577: 16572: 16562: 16561: 16560: 16555: 16550: 16545: 16540: 16530: 16529: 16528: 16518: 16517: 16516: 16511: 16506: 16501: 16496: 16486: 16485: 16484: 16479: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16454: 16444: 16443: 16442: 16437: 16432: 16427: 16417: 16416: 16415: 16410: 16405: 16403:macroeconomics 16400: 16398:microeconomics 16390: 16389: 16388: 16383: 16378: 16373: 16362: 16360: 16356: 16355: 16353: 16352: 16347: 16342: 16336: 16333: 16332: 16325: 16324: 16317: 16310: 16302: 16293: 16292: 16290: 16289: 16282: 16277: 16272: 16267: 16262: 16257: 16252: 16251: 16250: 16239: 16237: 16233: 16232: 16230: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16209: 16204: 16203: 16202: 16190: 16184: 16182: 16178: 16177: 16175: 16174: 16167: 16162: 16157: 16152: 16147: 16142: 16137: 16132: 16127: 16120: 16115: 16109: 16107: 16103: 16102: 16100: 16099: 16094: 16089: 16084: 16079: 16074: 16073: 16072: 16062: 16061: 16060: 16055: 16045: 16038: 16033: 16028: 16022: 16017: 16012: 16011: 16010: 16000: 15995: 15990: 15985: 15980: 15973: 15970:Belles-lettres 15966: 15961: 15956: 15954:Antipositivism 15951: 15946: 15940: 15938: 15934: 15933: 15930: 15929: 15927: 15926: 15921: 15916: 15911: 15906: 15900: 15898: 15891: 15890: 15889: 15888: 15883: 15878: 15868: 15863: 15858: 15857: 15856: 15851: 15846: 15836: 15831: 15830: 15829: 15824: 15819: 15809: 15804: 15799: 15794: 15788: 15786: 15782: 15781: 15774: 15773: 15766: 15759: 15751: 15745: 15742: 15741: 15729: 15728: 15723: 15722: 15720: 15719: 15714: 15709: 15704: 15699: 15697:Norfolk Island 15694: 15689: 15684: 15679: 15674: 15669: 15664: 15659: 15657:American Samoa 15653: 15651: 15645: 15644: 15642: 15641: 15636: 15630: 15628: 15627:of New Zealand 15622: 15621: 15619: 15618: 15613: 15608: 15603: 15598: 15593: 15588: 15583: 15578: 15573: 15568: 15563: 15558: 15553: 15547: 15545: 15541: 15540: 15533: 15532: 15525: 15518: 15510: 15501: 15500: 15498: 15497: 15495:European Union 15491: 15489: 15488:Other entities 15485: 15484: 15482: 15481: 15476: 15471: 15466: 15461: 15456: 15451: 15445: 15443: 15442:other entities 15437: 15436: 15434: 15433: 15428: 15423: 15418: 15413: 15407: 15405: 15399: 15398: 15396: 15395: 15390: 15389: 15388: 15383: 15378: 15373: 15366:United Kingdom 15363: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15338: 15333: 15328: 15323: 15318: 15313: 15308: 15303: 15298: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15278: 15273: 15268: 15263: 15258: 15253: 15248: 15243: 15238: 15233: 15231: 15226: 15221: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15201: 15196: 15191: 15186: 15181: 15179:Czech Republic 15176: 15171: 15166: 15161: 15156: 15151: 15146: 15141: 15136: 15131: 15126: 15120: 15118: 15114: 15113: 15106: 15105: 15098: 15091: 15083: 15074: 15073: 15071: 15070: 15060: 15049: 15046: 15045: 15043: 15042: 15037: 15032: 15027: 15022: 15016: 15014: 15005: 15004: 15002: 15001: 14996: 14991: 14986: 14981: 14975: 14973: 14965: 14964: 14962: 14961: 14956: 14951: 14946: 14941: 14936: 14931: 14926: 14921: 14916: 14911: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14891: 14886: 14881: 14876: 14871: 14866: 14861: 14856: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14831: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14715: 14713: 14707: 14706: 14699: 14698: 14691: 14684: 14676: 14667: 14666: 14664: 14663: 14656: 14651: 14645: 14643: 14635: 14632: 14631: 14629: 14628: 14623: 14618: 14613: 14608: 14603: 14598: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14567: 14565: 14559: 14558: 14551: 14550: 14543: 14536: 14528: 14519: 14518: 14516: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14498:Sint Eustatius 14495: 14490: 14485: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14443:Cayman Islands 14440: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14420: 14414: 14412: 14407: 14404: 14403: 14401: 14400: 14395: 14390: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14350: 14345: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14284: 14282: 14278: 14277: 14270: 14269: 14262: 14255: 14247: 14238: 14237: 14234: 14233: 14216: 14203: 14194: 14180:Canary Islands 14176: 14175: 14173: 14168: 14165: 14164: 14162: 14161: 14156: 14150: 14148: 14143: 14140: 14139: 14137: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13956: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13865: 13863: 13859: 13858: 13855:Law of Africa 13851: 13850: 13843: 13836: 13828: 13822: 13819: 13818: 13806: 13805: 13803: 13802: 13795: 13788: 13774: 13771:Law portal 13759: 13756: 13755: 13753: 13752: 13751: 13750: 13739: 13737: 13733: 13732: 13730: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13703: 13702: 13692: 13691: 13690: 13680: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13660: 13655: 13650: 13645: 13640: 13635: 13629: 13627: 13623: 13622: 13620: 13619: 13614: 13609: 13607:Trial advocacy 13604: 13599: 13594: 13589: 13588: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13547: 13542: 13537: 13532: 13527: 13522: 13521: 13520: 13515: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13485: 13480: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13454: 13452: 13446: 13445: 13443: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13422: 13417: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13397: 13392: 13387: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13361: 13359: 13355: 13354: 13352: 13351: 13346: 13341: 13336: 13331: 13330: 13329: 13319: 13318: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13291: 13290: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13254: 13252: 13246: 13245: 13243: 13242: 13237: 13236: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13215: 13214: 13213: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13187: 13186: 13181: 13176: 13166: 13165: 13164: 13159: 13154: 13144: 13139: 13137:Ballot measure 13133: 13131: 13125: 13124: 13122: 13121: 13116: 13114:Legal treatise 13111: 13110: 13109: 13104: 13094: 13093: 13092: 13082: 13080:Letters patent 13077: 13072: 13071: 13070: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13041: 13035: 13033: 13031:Sources of law 13027: 13026: 13024: 13023: 13018: 13016:Unenforced law 13013: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12962: 12961: 12956: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12788:Commercial law 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12754: 12752: 12748: 12747: 12745: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12728: 12727: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12706: 12705: 12700: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12665: 12660: 12655: 12654: 12653: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12622: 12620: 12616: 12615: 12608: 12607: 12600: 12593: 12585: 12579: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12516: 12515:External links 12513: 12512: 12511: 12487: 12463: 12439: 12434: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12406: 12385: 12379: 12363: 12333:(3): 203–214. 12318: 12312: 12299: 12273:(4): 775–786. 12262: 12250: 12229: 12223: 12207: 12201: 12188: 12167: 12161: 12148: 12139: 12133: 12120: 12114: 12092: 12086: 12069: 12034: 12028: 12015: 12009: 11996: 11992:Commercial Law 11987: 11978: 11950: 11944: 11928: 11900: 11887: 11844: 11826:(4): 883–912. 11813: 11807: 11791: 11765:(1): 101–116. 11751: 11745: 11732: 11724:Rheinstein, M. 11720: 11714: 11701: 11695: 11679: 11673: 11660: 11654: 11641: 11632: 11626: 11606: 11573:(1): 143–189. 11555: 11549: 11536: 11530: 11513: 11507: 11491: 11485: 11472: 11460: 11432: 11400: 11394: 11386:Snell's Equity 11381: 11355:(3): 251–274. 11344: 11338: 11325: 11302: 11296: 11279: 11270: 11264: 11251: 11229: 11178: 11172: 11152: 11146: 11133: 11121: 11100: 11082: 11076: 11062:Kant, Immanuel 11058: 11052: 11039: 11033: 11020: 11014: 11008:. Blackwells. 10997: 10991: 10978:"Introduction" 10972: 10966: 10951: 10916: 10910: 10897: 10881:Hobbes, Thomas 10877: 10871: 10858: 10852: 10836: 10810: 10804: 10791: 10785: 10767: 10749:(3): 253–263. 10738: 10727: 10701:(3): 610–627. 10690: 10675: 10669: 10656: 10650: 10637: 10631: 10615: 10609: 10596: 10590: 10577: 10571: 10554: 10542: 10536: 10523: 10517: 10509:State-Building 10501: 10475: 10469: 10452: 10446: 10433: 10427: 10408: 10402: 10385: 10359:(3): 263–304. 10348: 10340:Ehrlich, Eugen 10336: 10330: 10314: 10308: 10292: 10286: 10273: 10267: 10254: 10248: 10235: 10229: 10216: 10210: 10194: 10188: 10172: 10166: 10150: 10144: 10128: 10101:10.1086/466560 10074: 10050: 10044: 10031: 10025: 10012: 10006: 9993: 9987: 9974: 9948: 9921: 9905: 9899: 9886: 9877: 9862: 9856: 9843: 9837: 9824: 9818: 9805: 9799: 9786: 9777: 9740: 9711: 9705: 9692: 9686: 9673: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9641: 9629: 9627:, p. 142. 9617: 9615:, p. 156. 9605: 9593: 9591:, p. 336. 9581: 9569: 9544: 9542:, p. 636. 9529: 9514: 9501: 9488: 9475: 9463: 9451: 9439: 9413: 9400: 9388: 9356: 9342: 9326: 9314: 9312:, Section 123. 9302: 9290: 9278: 9264: 9240: 9228: 9214: 9199: 9182: 9168: 9164:Bolton v Stone 9156: 9123:10.2307/786478 9117:(6): 721–730. 9097: 9084: 9054: 9032: 9017: 9003: 8990: 8960: 8947: 8920: 8918:, p. 333. 8908: 8906:, p. 491. 8896: 8877: 8858: 8845: 8830: 8815: 8793: 8781: 8768: 8752: 8727:(1): 105–134. 8707: 8677: 8647: 8634: 8593: 8562: 8549: 8526: 8513: 8478: 8448: 8436: 8411: 8399: 8386: 8367: 8350: 8338: 8315: 8300: 8287: 8271: 8259: 8247: 8221: 8195: 8171: 8159: 8157:, p. 371. 8147: 8134: 8132:, p. 367. 8119: 8096: 8084: 8054: 8041: 8029: 8002: 7972: 7959: 7946: 7931: 7929:, p. 101. 7916: 7904: 7902:, p. 158. 7889: 7877: 7873:Patterson 2001 7865: 7861:Goldhaber 2007 7853: 7823: 7793: 7767: 7756:on 6 July 2017 7735: 7704: 7688: 7662: 7631: 7616:(4): 807–834. 7596: 7578: 7565: 7558: 7532: 7519:10.2307/840224 7513:(4): 781–808. 7497: 7493:Markovits 2007 7482: 7470: 7468:, p. 127. 7458: 7437:"Saudi Arabia" 7428: 7416: 7404: 7392: 7386:978-0226077598 7385: 7367: 7354: 7341: 7314: 7287: 7274: 7259: 7228: 7226:, p. 159. 7216: 7206: 7188: 7176: 7153: 7139: 7132:Table Talk of 7123: 7111: 7099: 7069: 7039: 7037:, p. 204. 7027: 7015: 7003: 6991: 6979: 6967: 6955: 6925: 6895: 6859: 6814: 6802: 6800:, p. 309. 6790: 6788:, p. 307. 6778: 6776:, p. 305. 6766: 6764:, p. 304. 6754: 6752:, p. 287. 6742: 6740:, p. 273. 6730: 6723: 6705: 6698: 6680: 6678:, p. 276. 6668: 6655: 6636: 6616: 6601: 6582: 6573:Commercial Law 6562: 6550: 6538: 6536:, p. 121. 6526: 6524:, p. 346. 6514: 6502: 6490: 6471: 6441: 6429: 6414: 6402: 6390: 6378: 6365: 6334: 6321: 6308: 6295: 6264: 6256:Kant, Immanuel 6248: 6232: 6197: 6176: 6163: 6150: 6135: 6133:, p. 410. 6120: 6105: 6103:, p. 184. 6093: 6077: 6065: 6048: 6023: 6007: 5991: 5949: 5934: 5908: 5881:(3): 195–234. 5865: 5858: 5840: 5809: 5790:(4): 539–543. 5774: 5755: 5725: 5704:(5): 558–583. 5684: 5663:(3): 241–265. 5643: 5600: 5565: 5511: 5480: 5473: 5455: 5420: 5385: 5342: 5311: 5274: 5272:, p. 525. 5262: 5237: 5225: 5176: 5143: 5104:(3): 301–306. 5084: 5057:(3): 429–446. 5041: 5029: 5025:Robertson 2006 5011: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5002: 4989: 4973: 4941: 4925: 4901: 4888: 4884:State-Building 4875: 4862: 4845: 4836: 4811: 4809:, 2, 104–107). 4796: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4783: 4781:Sources of law 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4756:Outline of law 4753: 4751:Legal treatise 4748: 4743: 4741:Law dictionary 4738: 4733: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4681: 4678: 4662:Theodor Geiger 4649:Émile Durkheim 4601:Main article: 4598: 4595: 4513:Chicago School 4505:Richard Posner 4477:Richard Posner 4466:Main article: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4453: 4442: 4435:climate change 4431:Kyoto Protocol 4424: 4414: 4380: 4345: 4331: 4310:was introduced 4292: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4275: 4272:related rights 4261: 4258:maritime liens 4242: 4225:bankruptcy law 4205:Commercial law 4202: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4133: 4127: 4113: 4071: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4027: 3987: 3984: 3980:mix our labour 3939:commercial law 3864:Main article: 3861: 3858: 3830: 3829: 3822: 3815: 3808: 3780:House of Lords 3734: 3731: 3644:Main article: 3641: 3638: 3622:rehabilitation 3565:, or pleading 3547:Adolf Eichmann 3533:dolus directus 3488:Main article: 3485: 3482: 3464:and formulas, 3460:of elections, 3398:Conseil d'État 3358:United Kingdom 3354:bill of rights 3316: 3313: 3312: 3311: 3288:United Nations 3277: 3250: 3240:(WTO), or the 3178: 3169: 3164: 3157: 3156: 3155: 3130:Main article: 3127: 3124: 3077: 3074: 3066:debating clubs 2968:Main article: 2965: 2962: 2888:Doctor of Laws 2876:Master of Laws 2832:Main article: 2829: 2826: 2794:Baron de Grimm 2760:official with 2742:Main article: 2739: 2736: 2671: 2668: 2618:(appointed by 2569:Main article: 2566: 2563: 2539:constituencies 2467:Main article: 2464: 2461: 2346:Main article: 2343: 2340: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2204:Edward H. Levi 2173: 2170: 2146:Main article: 2143: 2140: 2136:world politics 2111:Ottoman Empire 2093:Main article: 2090: 2087: 2026:church council 1994:ecclesiastical 1937:Main article: 1934: 1931: 1837:Main article: 1834: 1831: 1741:British Empire 1717:and executive 1680: 1677: 1637:religious laws 1599:Roman Republic 1547:Main article: 1544: 1541: 1502: 1499: 1443:British Empire 1284:constitutional 1274:) and custom ( 1245:transliterated 1241:Assyriologists 1229:Babylonian law 1225:King Hammurabi 1165:Main article: 1162: 1159: 1139:Ronald Dworkin 1042:Jeremy Bentham 1024:, notably his 1022:Thomas Aquinas 979: 976: 964:Thomas Aquinas 936:Ronald Dworkin 910:Thurman Arnold 886:Main article: 883: 880: 854: 842: 839: 791:, attested in 784: 781: 742:commercial law 579: 578: 576: 575: 568: 561: 553: 550: 549: 548: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 501: 500: 495: 485: 480: 478:Family therapy 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 442: 441: 437: 436: 435: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 406: 405: 401: 400: 399: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 360: 359: 353: 352: 351: 350: 349: 348: 338: 333: 328: 323: 315: 314: 308: 307: 306: 305: 297: 296: 292: 291: 290: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 268: 267: 265:Party-directed 257: 256: 255: 250: 245: 235: 230: 225: 217: 216: 210: 209: 199: 198: 196: 195: 188: 181: 173: 170: 169: 168: 167: 155: 154: 148: 147: 146: 145: 140: 135: 127: 126: 122: 121: 120: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 91: 90: 86: 85: 84: 83: 78: 73: 65: 64: 60: 59: 51: 50: 44: 43: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18924: 18913: 18910: 18908: 18905: 18903: 18900: 18899: 18897: 18876: 18873: 18872: 18869: 18863: 18862: 18858: 18856: 18853: 18851: 18848: 18846: 18843: 18841: 18838: 18836: 18833: 18831: 18828: 18826: 18823: 18819: 18816: 18814: 18811: 18809: 18806: 18805: 18804: 18801: 18799: 18796: 18794: 18791: 18789: 18786: 18784: 18781: 18779: 18778:Jurisprudence 18776: 18774: 18771: 18769: 18766: 18764: 18761: 18759: 18756: 18754: 18751: 18749: 18746: 18744: 18741: 18739: 18736: 18734: 18731: 18729: 18726: 18725: 18723: 18719: 18710: 18709: 18705: 18700: 18699: 18695: 18690: 18689: 18685: 18680: 18679: 18675: 18670: 18669: 18665: 18660: 18659: 18655: 18650: 18649: 18645: 18640: 18639: 18635: 18630: 18629: 18625: 18620: 18619: 18615: 18610: 18609: 18608:Rights of Man 18605: 18600: 18599: 18595: 18590: 18589: 18585: 18580: 18579: 18575: 18570: 18569: 18565: 18560: 18559: 18555: 18550: 18549: 18545: 18540: 18539: 18535: 18530: 18529: 18525: 18520: 18519: 18518:De re publica 18515: 18510: 18509: 18505: 18500: 18499: 18495: 18494: 18492: 18488: 18478: 18475: 18473: 18470: 18468: 18465: 18463: 18460: 18458: 18455: 18453: 18450: 18448: 18445: 18443: 18440: 18438: 18435: 18433: 18430: 18428: 18425: 18423: 18420: 18418: 18415: 18413: 18410: 18408: 18405: 18403: 18400: 18398: 18395: 18393: 18390: 18388: 18385: 18383: 18380: 18378: 18375: 18373: 18370: 18368: 18365: 18363: 18360: 18358: 18355: 18353: 18350: 18348: 18345: 18343: 18340: 18338: 18335: 18333: 18330: 18328: 18325: 18323: 18320: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18310: 18308: 18305: 18303: 18300: 18298: 18295: 18293: 18290: 18288: 18285: 18283: 18280: 18278: 18275: 18273: 18270: 18268: 18265: 18263: 18260: 18258: 18255: 18253: 18250: 18248: 18245: 18243: 18240: 18238: 18235: 18233: 18230: 18228: 18225: 18223: 18220: 18218: 18215: 18213: 18210: 18208: 18205: 18203: 18200: 18198: 18195: 18193: 18190: 18188: 18185: 18183: 18180: 18178: 18175: 18173: 18170: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18160: 18158: 18155: 18153: 18150: 18148: 18145: 18144: 18142: 18138:20th and 21st 18136: 18130: 18127: 18125: 18122: 18120: 18117: 18115: 18112: 18110: 18107: 18105: 18102: 18100: 18097: 18095: 18092: 18090: 18087: 18085: 18082: 18080: 18077: 18075: 18072: 18070: 18067: 18065: 18062: 18060: 18057: 18055: 18052: 18050: 18047: 18045: 18042: 18040: 18037: 18035: 18032: 18030: 18027: 18025: 18022: 18020: 18017: 18015: 18012: 18008: 18005: 18004: 18003: 18000: 17998: 17995: 17991: 17988: 17987: 17986: 17983: 17981: 17978: 17976: 17973: 17971: 17968: 17966: 17963: 17961: 17958: 17956: 17953: 17951: 17948: 17946: 17943: 17941: 17938: 17936: 17933: 17931: 17928: 17926: 17923: 17921: 17918: 17916: 17913: 17911: 17908: 17906: 17903: 17901: 17898: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17888: 17886: 17883: 17881: 17878: 17877: 17875: 17871:18th and 19th 17869: 17863: 17860: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17843: 17840: 17838: 17835: 17833: 17830: 17828: 17825: 17823: 17820: 17818: 17815: 17813: 17810: 17806: 17803: 17802: 17801: 17798: 17796: 17793: 17791: 17788: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17757: 17755: 17749: 17743: 17740: 17738: 17735: 17733: 17730: 17728: 17727:Nizam al-Mulk 17725: 17723: 17720: 17718: 17715: 17713: 17710: 17708: 17705: 17703: 17700: 17698: 17695: 17693: 17690: 17688: 17685: 17683: 17680: 17678: 17675: 17674: 17672: 17668: 17662: 17659: 17657: 17654: 17652: 17649: 17647: 17644: 17642: 17639: 17635: 17632: 17631: 17630: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17620: 17617: 17615: 17612: 17610: 17607: 17605: 17602: 17600: 17597: 17595: 17592: 17590: 17587: 17586: 17584: 17580: 17577: 17575: 17571: 17565: 17562: 17560: 17557: 17555: 17552: 17550: 17547: 17545: 17542: 17540: 17537: 17535: 17532: 17530: 17527: 17525: 17522: 17519: 17518: 17513: 17511: 17508: 17506: 17503: 17501: 17498: 17496: 17493: 17491: 17488: 17486: 17483: 17481: 17478: 17476: 17473: 17471: 17468: 17466: 17463: 17461: 17458: 17455: 17454: 17449: 17447: 17444: 17443: 17441: 17437: 17431: 17428: 17426: 17423: 17421: 17418: 17416: 17413: 17411: 17410:Republicanism 17408: 17406: 17403: 17401: 17398: 17396: 17393: 17391: 17388: 17386: 17383: 17381: 17378: 17376: 17373: 17371: 17368: 17366: 17363: 17361: 17358: 17356: 17353: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17338: 17336: 17333: 17331: 17328: 17326: 17323: 17321: 17318: 17316: 17313: 17311: 17308: 17306: 17303: 17301: 17298: 17296: 17293: 17291: 17288: 17286: 17283: 17281: 17278: 17277: 17275: 17271: 17265: 17262: 17260: 17257: 17255: 17252: 17250: 17247: 17245: 17242: 17240: 17237: 17235: 17232: 17230: 17227: 17225: 17222: 17220: 17217: 17215: 17212: 17210: 17207: 17206: 17204: 17200: 17194: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17184: 17181: 17179: 17176: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17154: 17151: 17149: 17146: 17144: 17141: 17139: 17136: 17134: 17131: 17129: 17126: 17124: 17121: 17119: 17116: 17114: 17111: 17109: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17089: 17086: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17074: 17071: 17069: 17066: 17064: 17061: 17059: 17056: 17054: 17051: 17049: 17046: 17044: 17041: 17039: 17036: 17035: 17033: 17029: 17025: 17018: 17013: 17011: 17006: 17004: 16999: 16998: 16995: 16983: 16982: 16977: 16973: 16971: 16966: 16961: 16959: 16958: 16949: 16947: 16946: 16937: 16936: 16933: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16921:Human science 16919: 16917: 16916: 16912: 16910: 16907: 16906: 16904: 16900: 16894: 16891: 16890: 16888: 16884: 16878: 16877:Vegan studies 16875: 16873: 16870: 16866: 16863: 16861: 16858: 16857: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16846: 16843: 16841: 16840:Public health 16838: 16836: 16833: 16831: 16828: 16826: 16823: 16819: 16816: 16814: 16811: 16809: 16806: 16805: 16803: 16799: 16796: 16794: 16791: 16789: 16786: 16784: 16781: 16779: 16776: 16775: 16774:Philosophies 16773: 16771: 16770:Media studies 16768: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16758: 16756: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16746: 16745:Human ecology 16743: 16741: 16738: 16736: 16733: 16731: 16728: 16726: 16723: 16721: 16718: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16706: 16705: 16703: 16701: 16698: 16696: 16693: 16691: 16688: 16686: 16683: 16681: 16678: 16676: 16673: 16671: 16668: 16666: 16663: 16661: 16658: 16656: 16655:Anthrozoology 16653: 16649: 16646: 16644: 16641: 16640: 16638: 16637: 16635: 16631: 16623: 16620: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16608: 16605: 16603: 16600: 16599: 16598: 16595: 16591: 16588: 16586: 16583: 16581: 16580:developmental 16578: 16576: 16573: 16571: 16568: 16567: 16566: 16563: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16553:public policy 16551: 16549: 16546: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16536: 16535: 16534: 16531: 16527: 16524: 16523: 16522: 16519: 16515: 16512: 16510: 16507: 16505: 16504:legal systems 16502: 16500: 16499:legal history 16497: 16495: 16494:jurisprudence 16492: 16491: 16490: 16487: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16449: 16448: 16445: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16422: 16421: 16418: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16404: 16401: 16399: 16396: 16395: 16394: 16391: 16387: 16384: 16382: 16379: 16377: 16374: 16372: 16369: 16368: 16367: 16364: 16363: 16361: 16357: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16337: 16334: 16330: 16323: 16318: 16316: 16311: 16309: 16304: 16303: 16300: 16288: 16287: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16249: 16246: 16245: 16244: 16241: 16240: 16238: 16234: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16201: 16200: 16196: 16195: 16194: 16193:Human science 16191: 16189: 16186: 16185: 16183: 16179: 16173: 16172: 16168: 16166: 16163: 16161: 16158: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16143: 16141: 16138: 16136: 16133: 16131: 16128: 16126: 16125: 16121: 16119: 16116: 16114: 16111: 16110: 16108: 16104: 16098: 16095: 16093: 16090: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16080: 16078: 16075: 16071: 16068: 16067: 16066: 16063: 16059: 16056: 16054: 16051: 16050: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16043: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16009: 16006: 16005: 16004: 16001: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15981: 15979: 15978: 15974: 15972: 15971: 15967: 15965: 15962: 15960: 15957: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15947: 15945: 15942: 15941: 15939: 15935: 15925: 15922: 15920: 15917: 15915: 15912: 15910: 15909:Environmental 15907: 15905: 15902: 15901: 15899: 15895: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15873: 15872: 15869: 15867: 15864: 15862: 15859: 15855: 15852: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15841: 15840: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15815: 15814: 15813: 15812:Language arts 15810: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15800: 15798: 15795: 15793: 15790: 15789: 15787: 15783: 15779: 15772: 15767: 15765: 15760: 15758: 15753: 15752: 15749: 15743: 15736: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15692:New Caledonia 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15672:Easter Island 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15654: 15652: 15646: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15632: 15631: 15629: 15623: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15577: 15574: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15548: 15546: 15542: 15538: 15531: 15526: 15524: 15519: 15517: 15512: 15511: 15508: 15496: 15493: 15492: 15490: 15486: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15462: 15460: 15457: 15455: 15454:Faroe Islands 15452: 15450: 15447: 15446: 15444: 15438: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15426:South Ossetia 15424: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15412: 15409: 15408: 15406: 15400: 15394: 15391: 15387: 15384: 15382: 15379: 15377: 15374: 15372: 15369: 15368: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15329: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15297: 15294: 15292: 15289: 15287: 15284: 15282: 15279: 15277: 15274: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15251:Liechtenstein 15249: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15234: 15232: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15192: 15190: 15187: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15165: 15162: 15160: 15157: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15122: 15121: 15119: 15115: 15111: 15110:Law in Europe 15104: 15099: 15097: 15092: 15090: 15085: 15084: 15081: 15069: 15065: 15061: 15059: 15051: 15050: 15047: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15017: 15015: 15010: 15006: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14994:South Ossetia 14992: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14977: 14976: 14974: 14972: 14966: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14872: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14716: 14714: 14712: 14708: 14704: 14697: 14692: 14690: 14685: 14683: 14678: 14677: 14674: 14662: 14657: 14655: 14654:French Guiana 14652: 14650: 14647: 14646: 14644: 14638: 14633: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14614: 14612: 14609: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14568: 14566: 14564: 14560: 14556: 14549: 14544: 14542: 14537: 14535: 14530: 14529: 14526: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14415: 14413: 14405: 14399: 14398:United States 14396: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14285: 14283: 14279: 14275: 14268: 14263: 14261: 14256: 14254: 14249: 14248: 14245: 14228: 14224: 14220: 14217: 14211: 14207: 14204: 14198: 14195: 14189: 14185: 14181: 14178: 14177: 14174: 14166: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14151: 14149: 14141: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13984:Guinea-Bissau 13982: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13866: 13864: 13860: 13856: 13849: 13844: 13842: 13837: 13835: 13830: 13829: 13826: 13820: 13816:Law by region 13813: 13801: 13800: 13796: 13794: 13793: 13789: 13787: 13786: 13775: 13773: 13772: 13767: 13761: 13760: 13757: 13749: 13746: 13745: 13744: 13741: 13740: 13738: 13734: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13701: 13698: 13697: 13696: 13693: 13689: 13686: 13685: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13653:Civil society 13651: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13630: 13628: 13624: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13612:Trier of fact 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13552: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13533: 13531: 13528: 13526: 13523: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13510: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13498:Legal opinion 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13478:Court-martial 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13455: 13453: 13451: 13450:Jurisprudence 13447: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13362: 13360: 13356: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13339:Statutory law 13337: 13335: 13334:Socialist law 13332: 13328: 13327:Byzantine law 13325: 13324: 13323: 13320: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13289: 13286: 13285: 13284: 13281: 13280: 13279: 13278:Religious law 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13255: 13253: 13251: 13250:Legal systems 13247: 13241: 13238: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13220: 13219: 13218:Statutory law 13216: 13212: 13209: 13208: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13172: 13171: 13170: 13167: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13149: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13134: 13132: 13130: 13126: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13099: 13098: 13095: 13091: 13088: 13087: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13069: 13066: 13065: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13048:Statutory law 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13036: 13034: 13032: 13028: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13006:Transport law 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12951: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12924:Legal fiction 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12854:Financial law 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12813:Corporate law 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12755: 12753: 12749: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12737:Statutory law 12735: 12733: 12730: 12726: 12723: 12722: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12695: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12652: 12649: 12648: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12623: 12621: 12619:Core subjects 12617: 12613: 12606: 12601: 12599: 12594: 12592: 12587: 12586: 12583: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12530: 12526: 12522: 12519: 12518: 12500: 12496: 12492: 12488: 12476: 12472: 12468: 12464: 12452: 12448: 12444: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12423: 12419: 12415: 12414: 12403: 12399: 12395: 12391: 12386: 12382: 12376: 12372: 12368: 12364: 12352: 12348: 12344: 12340: 12336: 12332: 12328: 12324: 12319: 12315: 12309: 12305: 12300: 12296: 12292: 12288: 12284: 12280: 12276: 12272: 12268: 12263: 12259: 12255: 12251: 12247: 12242: 12240: 12234: 12230: 12226: 12220: 12216: 12212: 12208: 12204: 12198: 12194: 12189: 12182: 12175: 12174: 12168: 12164: 12158: 12154: 12149: 12145: 12140: 12136: 12130: 12126: 12121: 12117: 12111: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12096:Stone, Julius 12093: 12089: 12083: 12078: 12077: 12070: 12055: 12051: 12047: 12040: 12035: 12031: 12025: 12021: 12016: 12012: 12006: 12002: 11997: 11993: 11988: 11984: 11979: 11967: 11964:(in German). 11963: 11959: 11955: 11951: 11947: 11945:9781485133148 11941: 11937: 11933: 11929: 11917: 11913: 11909: 11905: 11901: 11897: 11894:(in German). 11893: 11892:Rechtstheorie 11888: 11873: 11869: 11865: 11861: 11858:(in French). 11857: 11850: 11845: 11841: 11837: 11833: 11829: 11825: 11821: 11820: 11814: 11810: 11804: 11800: 11796: 11792: 11788: 11784: 11780: 11776: 11772: 11768: 11764: 11760: 11756: 11752: 11748: 11742: 11738: 11733: 11729: 11725: 11721: 11717: 11711: 11707: 11702: 11698: 11692: 11688: 11684: 11680: 11676: 11670: 11666: 11661: 11657: 11651: 11647: 11642: 11638: 11633: 11629: 11623: 11618: 11617: 11611: 11607: 11592: 11588: 11584: 11580: 11576: 11572: 11568: 11561: 11556: 11552: 11546: 11542: 11537: 11533: 11527: 11523: 11519: 11514: 11510: 11504: 11500: 11497: 11492: 11488: 11482: 11478: 11473: 11469: 11465: 11461: 11449: 11445: 11441: 11437: 11433: 11418: 11411: 11410: 11405: 11401: 11397: 11391: 11387: 11382: 11378: 11374: 11370: 11366: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11345: 11341: 11335: 11331: 11326: 11322: 11318: 11314: 11310: 11309: 11303: 11299: 11293: 11289: 11285: 11280: 11276: 11271: 11267: 11261: 11257: 11252: 11248: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11230: 11223: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11207: 11203: 11199: 11195: 11191: 11184: 11179: 11175: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11153: 11149: 11143: 11139: 11134: 11130: 11126: 11122: 11107: 11103: 11097: 11090: 11089: 11083: 11079: 11073: 11069: 11068: 11063: 11059: 11055: 11049: 11045: 11040: 11036: 11030: 11026: 11021: 11017: 11011: 11006: 11005: 10998: 10994: 10988: 10984: 10979: 10973: 10969: 10963: 10959: 10958: 10952: 10937: 10933: 10929: 10922: 10917: 10913: 10907: 10903: 10898: 10894: 10890: 10886: 10882: 10878: 10874: 10868: 10864: 10859: 10855: 10849: 10846:. Routledge. 10845: 10841: 10837: 10825: 10822:(in German). 10821: 10820: 10815: 10811: 10807: 10801: 10797: 10792: 10788: 10782: 10778: 10777: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10739: 10735: 10734: 10728: 10724: 10720: 10716: 10712: 10708: 10704: 10700: 10696: 10691: 10688: 10684: 10680: 10676: 10672: 10666: 10662: 10657: 10653: 10647: 10643: 10638: 10634: 10628: 10624: 10620: 10616: 10612: 10606: 10602: 10597: 10593: 10587: 10583: 10578: 10574: 10568: 10563: 10562: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10543: 10539: 10533: 10529: 10524: 10520: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10490: 10486: 10485: 10480: 10476: 10472: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10453: 10449: 10443: 10439: 10434: 10430: 10424: 10421:. Routledge. 10420: 10415: 10409: 10405: 10399: 10395: 10391: 10386: 10382: 10378: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10327: 10323: 10319: 10315: 10311: 10305: 10301: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10283: 10279: 10274: 10270: 10264: 10260: 10255: 10251: 10245: 10242:. MIT Press. 10241: 10236: 10232: 10226: 10222: 10217: 10213: 10207: 10203: 10199: 10195: 10191: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10173: 10169: 10163: 10159: 10155: 10151: 10147: 10145:9780883633120 10141: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10114: 10110: 10106: 10102: 10098: 10094: 10090: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10067: 10063: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10041: 10037: 10032: 10028: 10022: 10018: 10013: 10009: 10003: 9999: 9994: 9990: 9984: 9980: 9975: 9963: 9959: 9958: 9953: 9949: 9937: 9933: 9932: 9927: 9926:"John Austin" 9922: 9917: 9916: 9910: 9906: 9902: 9896: 9892: 9887: 9884: 9880: 9874: 9870: 9869: 9863: 9859: 9853: 9849: 9844: 9840: 9834: 9830: 9825: 9821: 9815: 9811: 9806: 9802: 9796: 9792: 9787: 9783: 9778: 9775: 9771: 9768: 9762: 9758: 9753: 9751: 9745: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9712: 9708: 9702: 9698: 9693: 9689: 9683: 9679: 9674: 9667: 9663: 9656: 9651: 9650: 9638: 9633: 9626: 9621: 9614: 9609: 9602: 9597: 9590: 9585: 9578: 9573: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9548: 9541: 9536: 9534: 9526: 9521: 9519: 9511: 9505: 9498: 9492: 9485: 9479: 9472: 9467: 9460: 9455: 9449:, p. 53. 9448: 9443: 9427: 9423: 9417: 9410: 9404: 9397: 9392: 9373: 9366: 9360: 9353: 9352: 9346: 9338: 9337: 9330: 9323: 9318: 9311: 9306: 9300:, p. 25. 9299: 9294: 9287: 9286:Matthews 1995 9282: 9275: 9274: 9268: 9262: 9258: 9255: 9252: 9251: 9244: 9237: 9232: 9225: 9224: 9218: 9211: 9210: 9203: 9196: 9195: 9189: 9187: 9179: 9178: 9172: 9165: 9160: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9101: 9094: 9088: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9058: 9052: 9049: 9045: 9042: 9036: 9029: 9024: 9022: 9014: 9013: 9007: 9000: 8994: 8978: 8974: 8970: 8964: 8957: 8951: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8933: 8932:14 QBD 273 DC 8930: 8924: 8917: 8912: 8905: 8900: 8893: 8892: 8887: 8881: 8874: 8873: 8868: 8862: 8855: 8849: 8842: 8837: 8835: 8827: 8822: 8820: 8812: 8811: 8806: 8802: 8797: 8791:, p. 75. 8790: 8785: 8778: 8772: 8766: 8762: 8756: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8711: 8695: 8691: 8689: 8681: 8665: 8661: 8659: 8651: 8644: 8638: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8604: 8597: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8566: 8559: 8553: 8546: 8542: 8539: 8536: 8530: 8523: 8517: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8482: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8452: 8445: 8440: 8434: 8433: 8429: 8426: 8421: 8415: 8408: 8403: 8396: 8390: 8382: 8378: 8371: 8364: 8363:Civil Society 8360: 8357:(Pelczynski, 8354: 8347: 8342: 8336: 8332: 8329: 8325: 8319: 8312: 8311: 8304: 8297: 8296:Civil Society 8291: 8284: 8278: 8276: 8268: 8263: 8256: 8251: 8235: 8231: 8225: 8209: 8205: 8199: 8192: 8188: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8175: 8168: 8163: 8156: 8151: 8144: 8138: 8131: 8126: 8124: 8117: 8113: 8110: 8106: 8100: 8094:, p. 16. 8093: 8088: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8063:"bureaucracy" 8058: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8018:on 6 May 2008 8017: 8013: 8006: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7976: 7969: 7963: 7956: 7950: 7944:, p. 71. 7943: 7938: 7936: 7928: 7923: 7921: 7913: 7908: 7901: 7896: 7894: 7886: 7881: 7874: 7869: 7862: 7857: 7841: 7837: 7834:(in French). 7833: 7827: 7811: 7807: 7804:(in German). 7803: 7797: 7781: 7777: 7771: 7752: 7745: 7739: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7708: 7702: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7682: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7666: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7635: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7600: 7593: 7589: 7588: 7582: 7575: 7569: 7561: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7536: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7501: 7494: 7489: 7487: 7479: 7474: 7467: 7466:Akhlaghi 2005 7462: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7432: 7425: 7420: 7413: 7408: 7402:, p. 43. 7401: 7400:Anderson 1956 7396: 7388: 7382: 7378: 7371: 7364: 7358: 7351: 7345: 7329: 7325: 7318: 7302: 7298: 7291: 7284: 7278: 7270: 7263: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7232: 7225: 7220: 7213: 7209: 7203: 7199: 7192: 7186:, p. 17. 7185: 7180: 7174: 7170: 7167: 7163: 7157: 7150: 7149: 7143: 7136: 7135: 7130:Pollock (ed) 7127: 7120: 7115: 7108: 7103: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7078:"Magna Carta" 7073: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7043: 7036: 7031: 7024: 7019: 7013:, p. 43. 7012: 7007: 7001:, p. 35. 7000: 6995: 6989:, p. 32. 6988: 6983: 6977:, p. 21. 6976: 6971: 6965:, p. 18. 6964: 6959: 6943: 6939: 6938:The Economist 6935: 6929: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6899: 6880: 6876: 6869: 6863: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6818: 6811: 6806: 6799: 6794: 6787: 6782: 6775: 6770: 6763: 6758: 6751: 6746: 6739: 6734: 6726: 6724:9781136950360 6720: 6717:. Routledge. 6716: 6709: 6701: 6699:9781783475728 6695: 6691: 6684: 6677: 6672: 6665: 6659: 6643: 6639: 6637:9780199673667 6633: 6629: 6628: 6620: 6614:, p. 71. 6613: 6608: 6606: 6589: 6585: 6583:9780199692088 6579: 6575: 6574: 6566: 6559: 6554: 6548:, p. 39. 6547: 6542: 6535: 6530: 6523: 6518: 6511: 6506: 6500:, p. 11. 6499: 6494: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6425: 6418: 6412:, p. 37. 6411: 6406: 6400:, p. 21. 6399: 6394: 6387: 6382: 6375: 6369: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6338: 6331: 6325: 6318: 6315:Kazantzakis, 6312: 6305: 6299: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6268: 6261: 6257: 6252: 6245: 6241: 6236: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6201: 6194: 6193:1-85431-582-X 6190: 6186: 6180: 6173: 6167: 6160: 6154: 6147: 6142: 6140: 6132: 6127: 6125: 6117: 6112: 6110: 6102: 6101:Campbell 1993 6097: 6090: 6086: 6081: 6075:, p. 36. 6074: 6069: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6045: 6044:1-85431-582-X 6041: 6037: 6033: 6027: 6020: 6016: 6011: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5960: 5953: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5935:9780472096251 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5912: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5869: 5861: 5859:1-931255-13-X 5855: 5851: 5844: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5813: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5778: 5762: 5758: 5756:9780199296064 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5729: 5721: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5688: 5680: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5647: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5604: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5569: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5515: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5484: 5476: 5474:9789087280574 5470: 5466: 5459: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5424: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5389: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5315: 5296: 5292: 5285: 5278: 5271: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5241: 5234: 5229: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5192:(19): 53–81. 5191: 5187: 5180: 5164: 5160: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5088: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5038: 5033: 5027:, p. 90. 5026: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5012: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4970: 4966: 4963: 4962:UK Law Online 4959: 4955: 4954: 4948: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4929: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4911: 4905: 4898: 4892: 4885: 4879: 4872: 4866: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4840: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4808: 4801: 4797: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4695: 4689: 4684: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4642:Around 1900, 4637: 4633: 4629: 4627: 4626:Eugen Ehrlich 4622: 4621:legal culture 4618: 4614: 4610: 4604: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4529:privatisation 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4451: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4357:privatisation 4354: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4324:corporate tax 4321: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4245:Admiralty law 4243: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4213:insurance law 4210: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4033: 4032: 4026: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3964: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3949:chimney sweep 3946: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3907: 3902: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3887:Real property 3884: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3802: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3794: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3678:consideration 3675: 3671: 3670: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3527:" crimes, an 3526: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3491: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3466:vote counting 3463: 3459: 3458:accessibility 3455: 3451: 3447: 3446:apportionment 3443: 3442:redistricting 3439: 3438:party funding 3435: 3431: 3430:ballot access 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3383:, holds that 3382: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3346:United States 3343: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3296:African Union 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3176: 3175: 3174: 3167: 3161: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3023:civil society 3019: 3017: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2970:Civil society 2964:Civil society 2961: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2944:, persuasive 2943: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2900:Doctor of law 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2841: 2835: 2825: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2812:motivated by 2811: 2805: 2803: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2782:Ancient Greek 2779: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2640:United States 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2612:head of state 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2562: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2492: 2488: 2487:National Diet 2484: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2392: 2387: 2386:Supreme Court 2383: 2379: 2375: 2374:Supreme Court 2371: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2339: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2300: 2299:Thomas Hobbes 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2267:civil society 2264: 2260: 2256: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2237: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2210: 2205: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2190:mischief rule 2187: 2183: 2179: 2172:Legal methods 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2149: 2148:Socialist law 2142:Socialist law 2139: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2033:western world 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1960: 1959:Ancient Greek 1952: 1951: 1945: 1940: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1896:Old Testament 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1839:Religious law 1833:Religious law 1830: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1725: 1724:stare decisis 1720: 1716: 1712: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1676: 1674: 1673:Latin America 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1645:Enlightenment 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1570:codifications 1567: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1536: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1501:Legal systems 1498: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1486:Socialist law 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1471:Taiwanese law 1468: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1423:Mughal Empire 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1329: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1302:Theodosius II 1299: 1295: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1252:Old Testament 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1167:Legal history 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1123:H. L. A. Hart 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1062:will to power 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1038:Immanuel Kant 1035: 1031: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 990: 985: 975: 973: 969: 965: 962: 960: 955: 951: 947: 946: 941: 937: 933: 929: 928:H. L. A. Hart 926: 924: 918: 916: 911: 907: 906:municipal law 903: 899: 895: 889: 879: 875: 872: 871: 863: 861: 852: 848: 847:Jurisprudence 838: 815: 809: 804: 799: 794: 790: 780: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 761:legal history 757: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 683:religious law 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 655:jurisdictions 651: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 614:, usually in 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 574: 569: 567: 562: 560: 555: 554: 552: 551: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 530:Peacebuilding 528: 526: 523: 521: 520:Peace process 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 499: 496: 494: 491: 490: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 445: 444: 443: 439: 438: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 409: 408: 407: 403: 402: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 363: 362: 361: 358: 355: 354: 347: 344: 343: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 331:De-escalation 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 318: 317: 316: 313: 310: 309: 304: 301: 300: 299: 298: 294: 293: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 266: 263: 262: 261: 258: 254: 253:Collaborative 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 240: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 220: 219: 218: 215: 212: 211: 208: 205: 204: 194: 189: 187: 182: 180: 175: 174: 172: 171: 166: 162: 159: 158: 157: 156: 153: 150: 149: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 130: 129: 128: 124: 123: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 97:Jurisprudence 95: 94: 93: 92: 88: 87: 82: 79: 77: 74: 72: 69: 68: 67: 66: 62: 61: 57: 53: 52: 49: 46: 45: 41: 37: 36: 33: 29: 22: 18859: 18758:Elite theory 18706: 18696: 18686: 18676: 18666: 18656: 18646: 18636: 18626: 18616: 18606: 18596: 18586: 18576: 18566: 18556: 18546: 18536: 18526: 18516: 18506: 18496: 17795:Guicciardini 17751:Early modern 17574:Philosophers 17524:Open society 17460:Body politic 17330:Distributism 17320:Conservatism 17315:Confucianism 17234:Gerontocracy 17224:Dictatorship 17178:Sovereignty‎ 17168:Ruling class 17087: 17058:Emancipation 17043:Citizenship‎ 16979: 16955: 16943: 16913: 16720:Food studies 16660:Area studies 16488: 16413:mathematical 16408:econometrics 16366:Anthropology 16284: 16248:Philistinism 16243:Antihumanism 16197: 16169: 16155:Nova Religio 16122: 16040: 16020:Hermeneutics 15975: 15968: 15833: 15792:Anthropology 15648:Dependencies 15634:Cook Islands 15431:Transnistria 15393:Vatican City 15009:Dependencies 14939:Turkmenistan 14904:Saudi Arabia 14703:Law of Asia 14637:Dependencies 14503:Sint Maarten 14483:Saint Martin 14219:Saint Helena 14190: 14094:South Africa 14084:Sierra Leone 13889:Burkina Faso 13797: 13790: 13776: 13762: 13535:Jurisdiction 13503:Legal remedy 13458:Adjudication 13358:Legal theory 13196:Ratification 13191:Promulgation 13162:Proclamation 13142:Codification 13075:Human rights 13063:Divine right 13053:Constitution 13021:Women in law 12939:Military law 12934:Marriage law 12929:Maritime law 12828:Election law 12768:Aviation law 12758:Abortion law 12710:Property law 12646:Criminal law 12611: 12503:. Retrieved 12494: 12479:. Retrieved 12470: 12455:. Retrieved 12446: 12426:. Retrieved 12402:the original 12370: 12355:. Retrieved 12330: 12326: 12304:Criminal Law 12303: 12270: 12266: 12257: 12244:– via 12238: 12214: 12192: 12181:the original 12172: 12152: 12143: 12124: 12105: 12075: 12061:. Retrieved 12049: 12045: 12019: 12000: 11991: 11982: 11970:. Retrieved 11961: 11935: 11920:. Retrieved 11916:the original 11911: 11895: 11891: 11879:. Retrieved 11872:the original 11859: 11855: 11823: 11817: 11798: 11762: 11758: 11736: 11727: 11705: 11686: 11664: 11645: 11636: 11615: 11598:. Retrieved 11570: 11566: 11540: 11521: 11499: 11495: 11476: 11470:(in German). 11467: 11452:. Retrieved 11443: 11424:. Retrieved 11408: 11385: 11352: 11348: 11329: 11312: 11306: 11290:. Springer. 11287: 11274: 11255: 11245:– via 11242: 11222:the original 11193: 11189: 11163: 11137: 11128: 11113:. Retrieved 11106:the original 11087: 11066: 11043: 11024: 11003: 10982: 10956: 10943:. Retrieved 10936:the original 10931: 10927: 10901: 10893:the original 10888: 10862: 10843: 10840:Heinze, Eric 10828:. Retrieved 10818: 10814:Hegel, Georg 10796:Legal Ethics 10795: 10775: 10746: 10742: 10732: 10698: 10694: 10678: 10660: 10641: 10622: 10600: 10581: 10560: 10549: 10527: 10508: 10493:. Retrieved 10483: 10460: 10437: 10418: 10393: 10356: 10352: 10343: 10322:Law's Empire 10321: 10299: 10277: 10258: 10239: 10220: 10201: 10179: 10157: 10135: 10120:. Retrieved 10092: 10088: 10061: 10057: 10035: 10016: 9997: 9979:Criminal Law 9978: 9966:. Retrieved 9956: 9940:. Retrieved 9929: 9914: 9909:Berle, Adolf 9890: 9882: 9867: 9848:Contract Law 9847: 9831:. Springer. 9828: 9809: 9790: 9781: 9759:– via 9749: 9722:(1): 43–51. 9719: 9715: 9696: 9677: 9666:the original 9661: 9646:Bibliography 9632: 9620: 9613:Johnson 1995 9608: 9596: 9584: 9572: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9547: 9509: 9504: 9496: 9491: 9483: 9478: 9466: 9454: 9442: 9430:. Retrieved 9416: 9408: 9403: 9391: 9379:. 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Retrieved 6277: 6267: 6259: 6251: 6243: 6235: 6213:(1): 36–50. 6210: 6206: 6200: 6184: 6179: 6171: 6166: 6158: 6153: 6131:Dworkin 1986 6096: 6088: 6080: 6068: 6056: 6051: 6031: 6026: 6018: 6010: 5999: 5994: 5963: 5952: 5917: 5911: 5878: 5874: 5868: 5849: 5843: 5831:. Retrieved 5822: 5812: 5787: 5783: 5777: 5765:. Retrieved 5738: 5728: 5701: 5697: 5687: 5660: 5656: 5646: 5634:. Retrieved 5617: 5613: 5603: 5591:. Retrieved 5582: 5578: 5568: 5556:. Retrieved 5528: 5524: 5514: 5502:. Retrieved 5493: 5483: 5464: 5458: 5446:. Retrieved 5437: 5433: 5423: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5355: 5351: 5345: 5333:. Retrieved 5324: 5314: 5302:. Retrieved 5290: 5277: 5265: 5250: 5240: 5228: 5216:. Retrieved 5189: 5179: 5167:. Retrieved 5156: 5146: 5134:. 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In 652: 628:constitution 583: 582: 525:Peace treaty 376:Brinkmanship 237: 233:Conciliation 152:Legal debate 138:Prescriptive 107:Positive law 89:Legal theory 47: 32: 18632:(1835–1840) 18512:(c. 350 BC) 18502:(c. 375 BC) 18119:Tocqueville 18084:Saint-Simon 18049:Montesquieu 17900:Bolingbroke 17832:Machiavelli 17712:Ibn Khaldun 17677:Alpharabius 17670:Middle Ages 17495:Natural law 17470:Common good 17395:Nationalism 17355:Imperialism 17325:Corporatism 17300:Colonialism 17280:Agrarianism 17259:Technocracy 17239:Meritocracy 17219:Bureaucracy 17209:Aristocracy 16981:Wikiversity 16872:Social work 16760:Linguistics 16685:Criminology 16602:criminology 16585:personality 16543:comparative 16521:Linguistics 16514:private law 16371:archaeology 16097:Work of art 16065:Metaphysics 16026:Historicism 15871:Visual arts 15797:Archaeology 15785:Disciplines 15581:New Zealand 15469:Isle of Man 15404:recognition 15351:Switzerland 15286:Netherlands 15068:Asia portal 14969:States with 14889:Philippines 14829:South Korea 14824:North Korea 14719:Afghanistan 14473:Puerto Rico 14383:Saint Lucia 14333:El Salvador 14146:recognition 14099:South Sudan 13989:Ivory Coast 13707:Legislature 13638:Bureaucracy 13435:Rule of man 13430:Rule of law 13405:Libertarian 13268:Chinese law 13169:Legislation 13119:Regulations 13107:Law reports 13085:Natural law 12981:Reparations 12976:Refugee law 12899:Jurimetrics 12840:(Media law) 12778:Banking law 12773:Amnesty law 12751:Disciplines 12688:Private law 12457:10 February 12428:10 November 11881:10 February 11862:: 101–120. 11801:. Penguin. 11683:Raz, Joseph 11426:10 November 11409:Bureaucracy 11315:: 233–253. 11233:Locke, John 11196:: 413–457. 11115:2 September 10945:12 February 10495:11 February 10204:. Ashgate. 9954:(1765–69). 9555:, Hertogh, 9447:Jakoby 2005 9381:1 September 9322:McGhee 2000 9236:Harris 1994 9180:AC 532, 580 8983:10 February 8916:Kaiser 2005 8841:Wilson 2003 8700:1 September 8692:. Eur-Lex. 8662:. Eur-Lex. 8471:1 September 8407:Jakobs 2004 8393:Robertson, 8105:Bureaucracy 8092:Albrow 1970 8077:2 September 7995:10 December 7912:Rasekh 2005 7900:Sherif 2005 7846:11 February 7816:10 November 7786:12 November 7760:10 November 7670:Montesquieu 7645:ERIC POSNER 7624:18 December 7478:Hallaq 2005 7451:2 September 7424:Sherif 2005 7297:"Home Page" 7238:"Canon Law" 7134:John Selden 7092:10 November 7023:Hatzis 2002 6852:31 December 6612:Mattei 1997 6594:10 December 6398:Bayles 1992 6328:Linarelli, 6302:Nietzsche, 6288:10 December 6161:457 at 461. 6073:Arnold 1935 5833:31 December 5767:31 December 5741:: 752–774. 5504:31 December 5448:31 December 5335:31 December 5304:31 December 5270:Berger 1953 5218:31 December 5169:31 December 5037:Willis 1926 4980:In the UK, 4910:Peter Birks 4886:, 166–167). 4609:criminology 4574:case named 4540:Nobel Prize 4521:Gary Becker 4489:Gary Becker 4485:Nobel Prize 4407:Clayton Act 4403:Sherman Act 4334:Banking law 4237:and the US 4183:Company law 4144:citizenship 4126:or hearing. 3931:company law 3906:in personam 3772:ginger beer 3587:v ..." or " 3470:referendums 3418:democracies 3333:The French 3096:private law 2978:A march in 2860:law society 2856:bar council 2770:bureaucracy 2744:Bureaucracy 2738:Bureaucracy 2714:show trials 2630:), and the 2483:lower house 2469:Legislature 2463:Legislature 2309:Sun Yat-sen 2219:probability 2215:Jurimetrics 2186:golden rule 2018:adjudicated 1957:Canon law ( 1911:Israeli law 1771:Magna Carta 1719:regulations 1703:Magna Carta 1615:Justinian I 1595:Justinian I 1566:legislation 1461:Similarly, 1439:became part 1355:nationalism 1328:jus commune 1316:during the 1306:Justinian I 1112:rule of law 1069:Hans Kelsen 1002:utilitarian 998:John Austin 932:John Austin 793:Old English 722:private law 608:regulations 596:legislature 588:enforceable 540:Rule of man 535:Peacemaking 488:Game theory 366:Appeasement 282:Negotiation 248:Rule of law 223:Arbitration 214:Nonviolence 143:Jurimetrics 18896:Categories 18840:Separatism 18648:On Liberty 18548:The Prince 18277:Huntington 17780:Campanella 17707:al-Ghazali 17656:Thucydides 17614:Lactantius 17559:Statolatry 17385:Monarchism 17365:Liberalism 17290:Capitalism 17273:Ideologies 17254:Plutocracy 17202:Government 17158:Revolution 17143:Propaganda 17093:Legitimacy 17068:Government 16926:Humanities 16860:historical 16793:psychology 16765:Management 16607:demography 16565:Psychology 16548:philosophy 16509:public law 16440:integrated 16058:Quadrivium 15983:Creativity 15949:Aesthetics 15876:Filmmaking 15861:Philosophy 15817:Literature 15778:Humanities 15321:San Marino 15281:Montenegro 15261:Luxembourg 15241:Kazakhstan 15144:Azerbaijan 14949:Uzbekistan 14924:Tajikistan 14839:Kyrgyzstan 14819:Kazakhstan 14739:Bangladesh 14729:Azerbaijan 14468:Montserrat 14463:Martinique 14458:Guadeloupe 14313:Costa Rica 14201:(Portugal) 14159:Somaliland 14079:Seychelles 14044:Mozambique 14029:Mauritania 14014:Madagascar 13969:The Gambia 13904:Cape Verde 13700:Law school 13580:Prosecutor 13518:Magistrate 13305:Jewish law 13263:Common law 13184:Rulemaking 13179:Regulation 13129:Law making 13068:Divine law 13044:Legal code 12991:Sports law 12914:Law of war 12864:Health law 12849:Family law 12833:Energy law 12783:Bankruptcy 12720:Punishment 12715:Public law 12505:9 February 12481:9 February 12254:Weber, Max 12246:Wikisource 12233:Weber, Max 12211:Weber, Max 12063:9 February 11972:11 October 11922:8 November 11898:: 521–551. 11454:14 January 11247:Wikisource 11156:Kettl, Don 10122:4 November 9761:Wikisource 9557:Living Law 9512:, VIII, 23 9471:Coase 1960 9459:Coase 1937 9396:Berle 1932 9354:1 WLR 1260 9310:Locke 1689 9077:5 December 9067:dejure.org 8775:Tamanaha, 8670:19 January 8255:Ahmad 2009 8155:Kettl 2006 8130:Kettl 2006 8022:24 January 7966:See, e.g. 7927:Riker 1992 7885:Dicey 2005 7224:Glenn 2000 7062:13 October 7011:Stein 1999 6999:Stein 1999 6987:Stein 1999 6834:(3): 817. 6810:Farah 2006 6798:Glenn 2000 6786:Glenn 2000 6774:Glenn 2000 6762:Glenn 2000 6750:Glenn 2000 6738:Glenn 2000 6676:Glenn 2000 6558:Stein 1999 6546:Kelly 1992 6510:Kelly 1992 6436:VerSteeg, 6358:9 February 5998:Rousseau, 5988:required.) 5440:(2): 262. 5401:(3): 317. 5233:Cohen 1992 5008:References 4776:Social law 4694:Law portal 4624:founders, 4497:Adam Smith 4379:countries. 4328:income tax 4268:copyrights 4221:insolvency 4197:under the 4158:Family law 4104:makes the 4096:) and the 4052:Labour law 4018:principles 3963:possession 3897:. A right 3854:labour law 3850:defamation 3784:Lord Atkin 3762:negligence 3618:sentencing 3585:The People 3529:actus reus 3510:actus reus 3381:John Locke 3374:convention 3166:Wikisource 3142:See also: 3088:public law 3080:See also: 3062:legitimate 2802:intendants 2780:) and the 2605:confidence 2528:unicameral 2378:High Court 2370:apex court 2297:theory of 2295:absolutist 2223:statistics 2196:possible. 2089:Sharia law 2064:common law 2014:legislated 1900:Pentateuch 1843:See also: 1808:Lord Eldon 1804:principles 1711:common law 1685:Common law 1650:Code Civil 1603:magistrate 1582:Babylonian 1525:scriptures 1479:Mao Zedong 1406:Manusmriti 1359:Napoleonic 1346:common law 1205:rhetorical 1147:Joseph Raz 1087:basic norm 1054:positivism 1046:David Hume 982:See also: 974:elements. 972:naturalist 968:positivist 950:Joseph Raz 765:philosophy 754:common law 706:public law 687:Sharia law 671:common law 616:common law 391:Deterrence 76:Philosophy 71:Definition 18558:Leviathan 18538:Monarchia 18532:(c. 1274) 18367:Oakeshott 18312:Mansfield 18307:Luxemburg 18292:Kropotkin 18187:Bernstein 18140:centuries 18054:Nietzsche 17997:Jefferson 17925:Condorcet 17873:centuries 17852:Pufendorf 17717:Marsilius 17604:Confucius 17589:Aristotle 17582:Antiquity 17510:Noble lie 17430:Third Way 17425:Socialism 17350:Feudalism 17305:Communism 17285:Anarchism 17264:Theocracy 17249:Oligarchy 17229:Democracy 17214:Autocracy 17128:Pluralism 17113:Obedience 17078:Hierarchy 17038:Authority 16804:Planning 16783:economics 16700:Education 16597:Sociology 16575:cognitive 16526:semiotics 16477:political 16435:technical 16420:Geography 16393:Economics 16130:Humanitas 16042:Humanitas 16031:Historism 15993:Criticism 15886:Sculpture 15551:Australia 15459:Gibraltar 15256:Lithuania 15035:Hong Kong 14989:Palestine 14914:Sri Lanka 14909:Singapore 14789:Indonesia 14626:Venezuela 14571:Argentina 14453:Greenland 14368:Nicaragua 14343:Guatemala 14034:Mauritius 13678:Judiciary 13673:Executive 13648:The bench 13585:Solicitor 13560:Barrister 13440:Sociology 13425:Pseudolaw 13365:Anarchist 13322:Roman law 13310:Parsi law 13295:Hindu law 13283:Canon law 13258:Civil law 13211:Concordat 13102:Precedent 13011:Trust law 12986:Space law 12823:Drugs law 12693:Procedure 12631:Civil law 12357:3 January 12295:147466309 11787:154483653 11600:3 January 11406:(1962) . 11064:(1998) . 10889:Leviathan 10830:9 January 10763:142679220 10723:154429555 10373:153128973 10342:(2002) . 10109:222331226 10058:Economica 9744:Aristotle 9551:Ehrlich, 9212:EWHC 2786 9149:1 January 9131:0044-0094 8997:Wehberg, 8865:See e.g. 8789:Auby 2002 8745:1 January 8656:"C-26/62 8627:1 January 8586:1 January 8524:, 900–901 8506:3 January 8326:, 3, II, 7728:8 January 7697:Leviathan 7655:16 August 7592:Sotomayor 6948:1 January 6918:1 January 6908:JuriGlobe 6888:1 January 6648:1 January 6534:Ober 1996 6483:3 January 6386:Finn 1991 6246:, 115–116 5959:"law, n." 5895:0017-811X 5796:0022-2208 5720:1468-2230 5679:1468-2230 5636:3 January 5593:3 January 5558:3 January 5380:146933872 5208:1581-7652 5136:3 January 5118:0022-0205 5071:0023-9216 4873:, 67 etc. 4860:, 282–284 4766:Pseudolaw 4644:Max Weber 4636:Max Weber 4597:Sociology 4590:efficient 4501:antitrust 4462:Economics 4439:polluters 4387:antitrust 4369:telecomms 4353:Water law 4278:Space law 4233:. The UK 4152:stateless 3996:Trust law 3953:halfpence 3927:easements 3923:covenants 3911:mortgages 3656:influenza 3577:necessity 3257:civil law 3104:civil law 3035:Karl Marx 3002:‹See Tfd› 2942:pleadings 2840:barrister 2784:for word 2764:visible). 2754:mandarins 2724:Max Weber 2718:Louis XIV 2656:Ministers 2589:authority 2565:Executive 2532:bicameral 2506:Bundestag 2434:interpret 2348:Judiciary 2342:Judiciary 2331:Max Weber 2304:Leviathan 2243:Leviathan 2209:Sotomayor 2119:codifying 2068:Roman law 2049:sui juris 2037:civil law 1968:romanized 1939:Canon law 1933:Canon law 1915:litigants 1898:, in the 1880:precedent 1859:canon law 1766:King John 1749:Louisiana 1733:civil law 1641:canon law 1611:Byzantine 1591:Byzantine 1543:Civil law 1451:Hong Kong 1447:Singapore 1431:Aurangzeb 1411:pluralism 1342:precedent 1322:canon law 1294:Roman law 1288:democracy 1221:casuistic 1177:Hammurabi 1155:sociology 1104:Grundnorm 1096:‹See Tfd› 803:Old Norse 787:The word 783:Etymology 773:sociology 746:civil law 726:contracts 689:based on 679:precedent 663:civil law 640:economics 620:contracts 612:precedent 473:Democracy 386:Diplomacy 381:Ceasefire 371:Armistice 295:Workplace 260:Mediation 133:Normative 18813:Centrism 18508:Politics 18498:Republic 18467:Voegelin 18447:Spengler 18432:Shariati 18407:Rothbard 18362:Nussbaum 18262:Habermas 18237:Fukuyama 18227:Foucault 18152:Ambedkar 18129:Voltaire 18099:de Staël 18074:Rousseau 17955:Franklin 17930:Constant 17890:Beccaria 17722:Muhammad 17702:Gelasius 17687:Averroes 17661:Xenophon 17641:Polybius 17594:Chanakya 17439:Concepts 17405:Populism 17375:Localism 17360:Islamism 17345:Feminism 17244:Monarchy 17148:Property 17138:Progress 17103:Monopoly 17073:Hegemony 16945:Category 16813:regional 16808:land use 16643:business 16612:internet 16570:abnormal 16472:military 16462:economic 16452:cultural 16425:physical 16386:physical 16376:cultural 16181:Academia 16150:Leonardo 16118:Daedalus 16106:Journals 16070:Ontology 15959:The arts 15881:Painting 15827:Rhetoric 15566:Kiribati 15479:Svalbard 15464:Guernsey 15411:Abkhazia 15381:Scotland 15336:Slovenia 15331:Slovakia 15306:Portugal 15164:Bulgaria 15058:Category 14979:Abkhazia 14929:Thailand 14884:Pakistan 14864:Mongolia 14859:Maldives 14854:Malaysia 14754:Cambodia 14616:Suriname 14606:Paraguay 14591:Colombia 14418:Anguilla 14353:Honduras 14323:Dominica 14298:Barbados 14225: / 14221: / 14214:(France) 14208: / 14186: / 14182: / 14134:Zimbabwe 14109:Tanzania 13959:Ethiopia 13954:Eswatini 13934:Djibouti 13899:Cameroon 13884:Botswana 13785:Category 13727:Tribunal 13712:Military 13555:Attorney 13525:Judgment 13385:Feminist 13300:Jain law 13097:Case law 12818:Cyberlaw 12725:Corporal 12703:Criminal 12673:Evidence 12663:Doctrine 12641:Contract 12525:Archived 12499:Archived 12475:Archived 12451:Archived 12422:Archived 12351:Archived 12256:(1964). 12235:(1919). 12098:(1965). 12054:Archived 11966:Archived 11956:(1803). 11938:. 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