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56:
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2757:. Each paradigm has its own distinct questions, aims, and interpretations. The choice between paradigms involves setting two or more "portraits" against the world and deciding which likeness is most promising. A paradigm shift occurs when a significant number of observational anomalies arise in the old paradigm and a new paradigm makes sense of them. That is, the choice of a new paradigm is based on observations, even though those observations are made against the background of the old paradigm. For Kuhn, acceptance or rejection of a paradigm is a social process as much as a logical process. Kuhn's position, however, is not one of
2542:
1363:
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1203:
1989:
1822:
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3078:, often in pursuance of other national policy goals such as technological innovation to promote commercial product development, weapons development, health care, and environmental monitoring. Science policy sometimes refers to the act of applying scientific knowledge and consensus to the development of public policies. In accordance with public policy being concerned about the well-being of its citizens, science policy's goal is to consider how science and technology can best serve the public. Public policy can directly affect the funding of
2408:
880:
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2499:, self-consistent model or framework for describing the behaviour of certain natural events. A theory typically describes the behaviour of much broader sets of observations than a hypothesis; commonly, a large number of hypotheses can be logically bound together by a single theory. Thus, a theory is a hypothesis explaining various other hypotheses. In that vein, theories are formulated according to most of the same scientific principles as hypotheses. Scientists may generate a
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expression had overtaken the traditional label "natural philosophy". The persistence of "natural philosophy" in the twentieth century is owing largely to historical references to a past practice (see figure 11). As should now be apparent, this was not simply the substitution of one term by another, but involved the jettisoning of a range of personal qualities relating to the conduct of philosophy and the living of the philosophical life.
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2712:. Popper rejected the way that empiricism describes the connection between theory and observation. He claimed that theories are not generated by observation, but that observation is made in the light of theories, and that the only way theory A can be affected by observation is after theory A were to conflict with observation, but theory B were to survive the observation. Popper proposed replacing verifiability with
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344:
2635:" for cases in which researchers believe, and at a glance, look like they are doing science but lack the honesty to allow their results to be rigorously evaluated. Various types of commercial advertising, ranging from hype to fraud, may fall into these categories. Science has been described as "the most important tool" for separating valid claims from invalid ones.
2266:. The formal sciences share similarities with the other two branches by relying on objective, careful, and systematic study of an area of knowledge. They are, however, different from the empirical sciences as they rely exclusively on deductive reasoning, without the need for empirical evidence, to verify their abstract concepts. The formal sciences are therefore
1668:"scientist"; an increased professionalisation of those studying nature; scientists gaining cultural authority over many dimensions of society; the industrialisation of numerous countries; the thriving of popular science writings; and the emergence of science journals. During the late 19th century, psychology emerged as a separate discipline from philosophy when
2731:, emphasises the utility of theories as instruments for explaining and predicting phenomena. It views scientific theories as black boxes, with only their input (initial conditions) and output (predictions) being relevant. Consequences, theoretical entities, and logical structure are claimed to be things that should be ignored. Close to instrumentalism is
939:. Although the words and concepts of "science" and "nature" were not part of the conceptual landscape at the time, the ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians made contributions that would later find a place in Greek and medieval science: mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. From the 3rd millennium BCE, the ancient Egyptians developed a
3466:...modern science is a discovery as well as an invention. It was a discovery that nature generally acts regularly enough to be described by laws and even by mathematics; and required invention to devise the techniques, abstractions, apparatus, and organization for exhibiting the regularities and securing their law-like descriptions.
1053:, the same words tend to be used to describe the natural "way" in which a plant grows, and the "way" in which, for example, one tribe worships a particular god. For this reason, it is claimed that these men were the first philosophers in the strict sense and the first to clearly distinguish "nature" and "convention".
3266:
Anti-science attitudes often seem to be caused by fear of rejection in social groups. For instance, climate change is perceived as a threat by only 22% of
Americans on the right side of the political spectrum, but by 85% on the left. That is, if someone on the left would not consider climate change
2976:
are usually given to individuals or organisations that have made significant contributions to a discipline. They are often given by prestigious institutions; thus, it is considered a great honour for a scientist receiving them. Since the early
Renaissance, scientists have often been awarded medals,
1127:
method of hypothesis elimination: better hypotheses are found by steadily identifying and eliminating those that lead to contradictions. The
Socratic method searches for general commonly-held truths that shape beliefs and scrutinises them for consistency. Socrates criticised the older type of study
8413:
Abbott, B.P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T.D.; Acernese, F.; Ackley, K.; Adams, C.; Adams, T.; Addesso, P.; Adhikari, R.X.; Adya, V.B.; Affeldt, C.; Afrough, M.; Agarwal, B.; Agathos, M.; Agatsuma, K.; Aggarwal, N.; Aguiar, O.D.; Aiello, L.; Ain, A.; Ajith, P.; Allen, B.; Allen, G.; Allocca, A.; Altin,
6358:
See p. 464: "Schramm sums up achievement in the development of scientific method.", p. 465: "Schramm has demonstrated .. beyond any dispute that Ibn al-Haytham is a major figure in the
Islamic scientific tradition, particularly in the creation of experimental techniques." p. 465: "only when the
2514:
process of the experimental results and conclusions. After the results of an experiment are announced or published, it is normal practice for independent researchers to double-check how the research was performed, and to follow up by performing similar experiments to determine how dependable the
4214:
The changing character of those engaged in scientific endeavors was matched by a new nomenclature for their endeavors. The most conspicuous marker of this change was the replacement of "natural philosophy" by "natural science". In 1800 few had spoken of the "natural sciences" but by 1880 this
2315:
and knowledge to attain practical goals and includes a broad range of disciplines such as engineering and medicine. Engineering is the use of scientific principles to invent, design and build machines, structures and technologies. Science may contribute to the development of new technologies.
2873:
faced considerable discrimination in science, much as they did in other areas of male-dominated societies. For example, women were frequently passed over for job opportunities and denied credit for their work. The achievements of women in science have been attributed to the defiance of their
2638:
There can also be an element of political or ideological bias on all sides of scientific debates. Sometimes, research may be characterised as "bad science", research that may be well-intended but is incorrect, obsolete, incomplete, or over-simplified expositions of scientific ideas. The term
1667:
During the nineteenth century many distinguishing characteristics of contemporary modern science began to take shape. These included the transformation of the life and physical sciences; the frequent use of precision instruments; the emergence of terms such as "biologist", "physicist", and
5409:
5028:
The Nile occupied an important position in
Egyptian culture; it influenced the development of mathematics, geography, and the calendar; Egyptian geometry advanced due to the practice of land measurement "because the overflow of the Nile caused the boundary of each person's land to
1339:
in western Europe flourished, with experiments done by observing, describing, and classifying subjects in nature. In the 13th century, medical teachers and students at
Bologna began opening human bodies, leading to the first anatomy textbook based on human dissection by
2847:
Scientists exhibit a strong curiosity about reality and a desire to apply scientific knowledge for the benefit of health, nations, the environment, or industries. Other motivations include recognition by their peers and prestige. In modern times, many scientists have
1039:, there is no real ancient analogue of a modern scientist. Instead, well-educated, usually upper-class, and almost universally male individuals performed various investigations into nature whenever they could afford the time. Before the invention or discovery of the
1476:
published philosophical arguments in favour of a new type of non-Aristotelian science. Bacon emphasised the importance of experiment over contemplation, questioned the
Aristotelian concepts of formal and final cause, promoted the idea that science should study the
2398:
is the search for solutions to practical problems using this knowledge. Most understanding comes from basic research, though sometimes applied research targets specific practical problems. This leads to technological advances that were not previously imaginable.
1448:
and others challenged the notion that the only function of the eye is perception, and shifted the main focus in optics from the eye to the propagation of light. Kepler is best known, however, for improving
Copernicus' heliocentric model through the discovery of
3023:
through a competitive process in which potential research projects are evaluated and only the most promising receive funding. Such processes, which are run by government, corporations, or foundations, allocate scarce funds. Total research funding in most
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way. This implied a shift in the view of objects: objects were now considered as having no innate goals. Leibniz assumed that different types of things all work according to the same general laws of nature, with no special formal or final causes.
614:
New knowledge in science is advanced by research from scientists who are motivated by curiosity about the world and a desire to solve problems. Contemporary scientific research is highly collaborative and is usually done by teams in academic and
3036:
in scientific and technical fields is carried out by industry, and 20% and 10%, respectively, by universities and government. The government funding proportion in certain fields is higher, and it dominates research in social science and the
6863:
Although it was just one of the many factors in the
Enlightenment, the success of Newtonian physics in providing a mathematical description of an ordered world clearly played a big part in the flowering of this movement in the eighteenth
3961:
The great era of all that is deemed classical in Indian literature, art and science was now dawning. It was this crescendo of creativity and scholarship, as much as ... political achievements of the Guptas, which would make their age so
3165:
The mass media face pressures that can prevent them from accurately depicting competing scientific claims in terms of their credibility within the scientific community as a whole. Determining how much weight to give different sides in a
2362:
and various forms of prediction. However, machines alone rarely advance knowledge as they require human guidance and capacity to reason; and they can introduce bias against certain social groups or sometimes underperform against humans.
3298:, perceived threats to religious beliefs, and fear for business interests. Politicization of science is usually accomplished when scientific information is presented in a way that emphasises the uncertainty associated with the
899:
Science has no single origin. Rather, systematic methods emerged gradually over the course of tens of thousands of years, taking different forms around the world, and few details are known about the very earliest developments.
2776:. Naturalists maintain that a difference should be made between natural and supernatural, and science should be restricted to natural explanations. Methodological naturalism maintains that science requires strict adherence to
3198:
cater to the needs of a much wider readership and provide a non-technical summary of popular areas of research, including notable discoveries and advances in certain fields of research. The science fiction genre, primarily
1566:, which had largely replaced universities as centres of scientific research and development. Societies and academies were the backbones of the maturation of the scientific profession. Another important development was the
12199:
8734:
A "formal science" is an area of study that uses formal systems to generate knowledge such as in
Mathematics and Computer Science. Formal sciences are important subjects because all of quantitative science depends on
6359:
influence of Ibn al-Haytham and others on the mainstream of later medieval physical writings has been seriously investigated can Schramm's claim that Ibn al-Haytham was the true founder of modern physics be evaluated."
4322:
2823:
Scientists are individuals who conduct scientific research to advance knowledge in an area of interest. In modern times, many professional scientists are trained in an academic setting and, upon completion, attain an
5275:
The word φύσις, while first used in connection with a plant in Homer, occurs early in Greek philosophy, and in several senses. Generally, these senses match rather well the current senses in which the English word
2906:, or group of related disciplines. Membership may either be open to all, require possession of scientific credentials, or conferred by election. Most scientific societies are nonprofit organisations, and many are
4503:
2901:
for the communication and promotion of scientific thought and experimentation have existed since the Renaissance. Many scientists belong to a learned society that promotes their respective scientific discipline,
11944:
2573:, began publication in 1665. Since that time the total number of active periodicals has steadily increased. In 1981, one estimate for the number of scientific and technical journals in publication was 11,500.
12359:
3225:
While the scientific method is broadly accepted in the scientific community, some fractions of society reject certain scientific positions or are sceptical about science. Examples are the common notion that
2169:, which emerged in the 16th century by describing and classifying plants, animals, minerals, and other biotic beings. Today, "natural history" suggests observational descriptions aimed at popular audiences.
11775:
3498:
3203:, can transmit the ideas and methods of science to the general public. Recent efforts to intensify or develop links between science and non-scientific disciplines, such as literature or poetry, include the
1105:
835:
In the past, science was a synonym for "knowledge" or "study", in keeping with its Latin origin. A person who conducted scientific research was called a "natural philosopher" or "man of science". In 1834,
3368:
Book I, . pages 372 and 408 disputed Claudius Ptolemy's extramission theory of vision; "Hence, the extramission of rays is superfluous and useless". —A.Mark Smith's translation of the Latin version of
3162:, the curriculum becomes more in depth. Traditional subjects usually included in the curriculum are natural and formal sciences, although recent movements include social and applied science as well.
3068:
in Spain. In commercial research and development, all but the most research-orientated corporations focus more heavily on near-term commercialisation possibilities than research driven by curiosity.
2477:
predictions, which are typically posted before being tested by experimentation. Disproof of a prediction is evidence of progress. Experimentation is especially important in science to help establish
1555:", and he discouraged scientists from pursuing intangible philosophical or spiritual ideas, which he believed contributed little to human happiness beyond "the fume of subtle, sublime or pleasing ".
2219:
in sociology. Due to the limitations of conducting controlled experiments involving large groups of individuals or complex situations, social scientists may adopt other research methods such as the
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11482:
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2608:. The crisis has long-standing roots; the phrase was coined in the early 2010s as part of a growing awareness of the problem. The replication crisis represents an important body of research in
8968:
2559:
communicate and document the results of research carried out in universities and various other research institutions, serving as an archival record of science. The first scientific journals,
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7010:
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as a threat, this person may face contempt and be rejected in that social group. In fact, people may rather deny a scientifically accepted fact than lose or jeopardise their social status.
1150:
of the universe, with the Sun at the centre and all the planets orbiting it. Aristarchus's model was widely rejected because it was believed to violate the laws of physics, while Ptolemy's
1100:
would develop a full natural cosmology based on atomism, and would adopt a "canon" (ruler, standard) which established physical criteria or standards of scientific truth. The Greek doctor
4386:
12309:
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11047:
But he's not a scientist, he's never done scientific research. My definition of a scientist is that you can complete the following sentence: 'he or she has shown that...'," Wilson says.
2503:, an attempt to describe or depict an observation in terms of a logical, physical or mathematical representation, and to generate new hypotheses that can be tested by experimentation.
2685:, a position that explains how general theories can be made from the finite amount of empirical evidence available. Many versions of empiricism exist, with the predominant ones being
11848:
1461:
had made significant contributions to astronomy, physics and engineering. However, he became persecuted after Pope Urban VIII sentenced him for writing about the heliocentric model.
2977:
money, and titles. The Nobel Prize, a widely regarded prestigious award, is awarded annually to those who have achieved scientific advances in the fields of medicine, physics, and
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2506:
While performing experiments to test hypotheses, scientists may have a preference for one outcome over another. Eliminating the bias can be achieved through transparency, careful
7039:
5322:
3306:
have been used to gain more attention for views that have been undermined by scientific evidence. Examples of issues that have involved the politicisation of science include the
3234:
is not a major threat to the US (also held by 40% of Americans, in late 2019 and early 2020). Psychologists have pointed to four factors driving rejection of scientific results:
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disciplines and because of this, there is disagreement on whether they constitute a science. Nevertheless, the formal sciences play an important role in the empirical sciences.
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4283:
2580:. Science has become so pervasive in modern societies that it is considered necessary to communicate the achievements, news, and ambitions of scientists to a wider population.
912:" to label activities in the past that resemble modern science in some but not all features; however, this label has also been criticised as denigrating, or too suggestive of
12786:
4306:
4594:
Carruthers, Peter (2 May 2002). Carruthers, Peter; Stich, Stephen; Siegal, Michael (eds.). "The roots of scientific reasoning: infancy, modularity and the art of tracking".
5912:
2643:" refers to situations such as where researchers have intentionally misrepresented their published data or have purposely given credit for a discovery to the wrong person.
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An area of study or speculation that masquerades as science in an attempt to claim legitimacy that it would not otherwise be able to achieve is sometimes referred to as
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5448:
4244:
9186:
11990:
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A scientist is someone who systematically gathers and uses research and evidence, making a hypothesis and testing it, to gain and share understanding and knowledge.
8910:
Mujumdar, Anshu Gupta; Singh, Tejinder (2016). "Cognitive science and the connection between physics and mathematics". In Aguirre, Anthony; Foster, Brendan (eds.).
4049:
2796:, through discussion and debate within journals and conferences, scientists maintain the quality of research methodology and objectivity when interpreting results.
2231:. Moreover, if quantitative information is available, social scientists may rely on statistical approaches to better understand social relationships and processes.
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The amazing point is that for the first time since the discovery of mathematics, a method has been introduced, the results of which have an intersubjective value!
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and the improvement of all human life. Descartes emphasised individual thought and argued that mathematics rather than geometry should be used to study nature.
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as the empirical method. Popper further claimed that there is actually only one universal method, not specific to science: the negative method of criticism,
1115:' example of applying philosophy to the study of human matters, including human nature, the nature of political communities, and human knowledge itself. The
12711:
9085:
Abraham, Reem Rachel (2004). "Clinically oriented physiology teaching: strategy for developing critical-thinking skills in undergraduate medical students".
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Budd, Paul; Taylor, Timothy (1995). "The Faerie Smith Meets the Bronze Industry: Magic Versus Science in the Interpretation of Prehistoric Metal-Making".
2681:, which holds that knowledge is created by a process involving observation; scientific theories generalise observations. Empiricism generally encompasses
1601:
as a discipline. Ideas on human nature, society, and economics evolved during the Enlightenment. Hume and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed
13702:
3118:(for example, YouTube and Khan Academy), museums, and science magazines and blogs. Scientific literacy is chiefly concerned with an understanding of the
2792:
is a network of interacting scientists who conduct scientific research. The community consists of smaller groups working in scientific fields. By having
2576:
Most scientific journals cover a single scientific field and publish the research within that field; the research is normally expressed in the form of a
2515:
results might be. Taken in its entirety, the scientific method allows for highly creative problem solving while minimising the effects of subjective and
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When a hypothesis proves unsatisfactory it is modified or discarded. If the hypothesis survives testing, it may become adopted into the framework of a
8500:
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8984:
2203:, psychology, and sociology. In the social sciences, there are many competing theoretical perspectives, many of which are extended through competing
1623:, all of whom merged a scientific study of how humans behaved in ancient and primitive cultures with a strong awareness of the determining forces of
14838:
14833:
12523:
6981:
11558:"The French Academy of Sciences, 1666–91: A reassessment of the French Académie royale des sciences under Colbert (1666–83) and Louvois (1683–91)"
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1331:
emerged as the first university in Europe. As such, demand for Latin translation of ancient and scientific texts grew, a major contributor to the
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11534:
5123:
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4370:
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Grant, Edward (2007). "Transformation of medieval natural philosophy from the early period modern period to the end of the nineteenth century".
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1010:. They seem to have studied scientific subjects which had practical or religious applications and had little interest in satisfying curiosity.
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1501:
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2113:. These two branches may be further divided into more specialised disciplines. For example, physical science can be subdivided into physics,
560:) scholarship flourished again. Some Greek manuscripts lost in Western Europe were preserved and expanded upon in the Middle East during the
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3650:
14015:
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3174:
who are knowledgeable about certain scientific issues may be ignorant about other scientific issues that they are suddenly asked to cover.
1184:
for representing numbers likely emerged between the 3rd and 5th centuries CE along Indian trade routes. This numeral system made efficient
8691:
6284:
Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's
2735:, according to which the main criterion for the success of a scientific theory is whether what it says about observable entities is true.
798:
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of science among an increasingly literate population. Enlightenment philosophers turned to a few of their scientific predecessors –
1543:
During this time the declared purpose and value of science became producing wealth and inventions that would improve human lives, in the
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1242:. His criticism served as an inspiration to medieval scholars and Galileo Galilei, who extensively cited his works ten centuries later.
497:
spans the majority of the historical record, with the earliest written records of identifiable predecessors to modern science dating to
466:
and rules, are sometimes described as being sciences as well; however, they are often regarded as a separate field because they rely on
9345:
9033:
7032:
2536:
2473: – fitting with other accepted facts related to an observation or scientific question. This tentative explanation is used to make
1324:, a medical encyclopaedia, is considered to be one of the most important publications in medicine and was used until the 18th century.
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in 1858, which explained how different plants and animals originated and evolved. Their theory was set out in detail in Darwin's book
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1922:
The century saw fundamental changes within science disciplines. Evolution became a unified theory in the early 20th-century when the
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real-world situations, enabling a better understanding of scientific problems than formal mathematics alone can achieve. The use of
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2037:
1277:, these Arabic translations were later improved and developed by Arabic scientists. By the 6th and 7th centuries, the neighbouring
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2434:
way. Scientists usually take for granted a set of basic assumptions that are needed to justify the scientific method: there is an
1966:. The need for mass systematisation of long, intertwined causal chains and large amounts of data led to the rise of the fields of
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13119:
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7909:
Furner, Jonathan (1 June 2003). "Little Book, Big Book: Before and After Little Science, Big Science: A Review Article, Part I".
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5193:
Lehoux, Daryn (2011). "2. Natural Knowledge in the Classical World". In Shank, Michael; Numbers, Ronald; Harrison, Peter (eds.).
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of the planets are longer as their orbs are farther from the centre of motion, which he found not to agree with Ptolemy's model.
12360:"Majority in U.S. Says Public Health Benefits of COVID-19 Restrictions Worth the Costs, Even as Large Shares Also See Downsides"
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de Ridder, Jeroen (2020). "How many scientists does it take to have knowledge?". In McCain, Kevin; Kampourakis, Kostas (eds.).
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and intellectual infrastructure for industrial research by providing tax incentives to those organisations that fund research.
2973:
2458:. Statistics is used to summarise and analyse data, which allows scientists to assess the reliability of experimental results.
2191:
is the study of human behaviour and the functioning of societies. It has many disciplines that include, but are not limited to
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have been known to use legal and economic pressure to influence scientific researchers. Many factors can act as facets of the
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11983:"En espera de una "revolucionaria" noticia sobre Sagitario A*, el agujero negro supermasivo en el corazón de nuestra galaxia"
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2828:, with the highest degree being a doctorate such as a Doctor of Philosophy or PhD. Many scientists pursue careers in various
1903:
greatly increased the number of women scientists, but large gender disparities remained in some fields. The discovery of the
584:
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6062:
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The professionalisation of science, begun in the 19th century, was partly enabled by the creation of national distinguished
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Brugger, E. Christian (2004). "Casebeer, William D. Natural Ethical Facts: Evolution, Connectionism, and Moral Cognition".
9155:
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The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context
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The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context
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The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context
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The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context
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The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context
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The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context
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2082:. Each of these branches comprises various specialised yet overlapping scientific disciplines that often possess their own
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1285:, which is considered by Greek, Syriac, and Persian physicians as the most important medical center of the ancient world.
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that began in the 16th century as new ideas and discoveries departed from previous Greek conceptions and traditions. The
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8497:"Media Advisory: First Results from the Event Horizon Telescope to be Presented on April 10th | Event Horizon Telescope"
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was widely used to publish scholarly arguments, including some that disagreed widely with contemporary ideas of nature.
1423:
by the artists of the Renaissance. This theory uses only three of Aristotle's four causes: formal, material, and final.
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8169:
7132:
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7004:
6963:
6262:
5857:
5316:
4979:
3867:
3773:
2412:
1698:
7856:
7237:
5080:
2523:, the ability to reach a consensus and reproduce results, is fundamental to the creation of all scientific knowledge.
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13809:
13734:
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2332:, which are focused on advancing scientific theories and laws that explain and predict events in the natural world.
1084:
developed a complex number philosophy and contributed significantly to the development of mathematical science. The
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13919:
13837:
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9663:
6466:
2922:, regulating the activities of their members in the public interest, or the collective interest of the membership.
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may require considerable expertise regarding the matter. Few journalists have real scientific knowledge, and even
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suggested a highly stable universe where there could be little loss of resources. However, with the advent of the
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12628:"The Politicization of Scientific Issues: Looking through Galileo's Lens or through the Imaginary Looking Glass"
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6646:
3041:. In less developed nations, the government provides the bulk of the funds for their basic scientific research.
55:
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13653:
12820:
11452:
7754:
7205:
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3332:
1783:. The new theory raised questions that could not easily be answered using Newton's framework. The discovery of
1019:
611:
features of science began to take shape, along with the changing of "natural philosophy" to "natural science".
81:
11693:
8935:
7715:
7661:
6048:
The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional and Intellectual Contexts
5760:. Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences. Vol. 14. New York, NY: Springer New York.
1701:" in 1865, which outlined the principles of biological inheritance, serving as the basis for modern genetics.
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13969:
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13789:
12114:"Who matters to universities? A stakeholder perspective on humanities, arts and social sciences valorisation"
11636:
11508:
11370:
Spanier, Bonnie (1995). "From Molecules to Brains, Normal Science Supports Sexist Beliefs about Difference".
6248:
2958:
2520:
2013:
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1383:
ideas on perception, as well as by contributing to the improvement and development of technology such as the
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15011:
14748:
14578:
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14206:
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13844:
13804:
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7685:
A century of X-rays and radioactivity in medicine: with emphasis on photographic records of the early years
7500:"Gregor Mendel's principles of inheritance form the cornerstone of modern genetics. So just what are they?"
5308:
3311:
3013:
2946:
2891:
2690:
2485:, though in some sciences such as astronomy or geology, a predicted observation might be more appropriate.
2263:
1608:
745:
455:
11059:
2382:. The concept has existed since the ancient Greek period and it became popular again in the 20th century.
1253:, natural phenomena were mainly examined via the Aristotelian approach. The approach includes Aristotle's
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13887:
13784:
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13170:
13155:
10869:
5301:
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Attitudes towards science are often determined by political opinions and goals. Government, business and
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3045:
2954:
2841:
2110:
1904:
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The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe: How to Know What's Really Real in a World Increasingly Full of Fake
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and is capable of being tested for its validity by other researchers working under the same conditions.
1238:, a Byzantine scholar in the 500s, started to question Aristotle's teaching of physics, introducing the
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The Social and Economic Roots of the Scientific Revolution: Texts by Boris Hessen and Henryk Grossmann
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Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity. Emergence (1905) and early interpretation (1905–1911)
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3315:
3291:
3177:
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2773:
2745:"portrait" of the world that is consistent with observations made from its framing. He characterised
2267:
1616:
1528:
1073:
1028:
619:, government agencies, and companies. The practical impact of their work has led to the emergence of
10041:
Science in the Private Interest: Has the Lure of Profits Corrupted the Virtue of Biomedical Research
9957:
4627:
Lombard, Marlize; Gärdenfors, Peter (2017). "Tracking the Evolution of Causal Cognition in Humans".
3302:. Tactics such as shifting conversation, failing to acknowledge facts, and capitalising on doubt of
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is not a major health threat to the US (held by 39% of Americans in August 2021) or the belief that
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9128:
8284:"Human genetics and genomics a decade after the release of the draft sequence of the human genome"
6085:
3420:
3386:, is an open question. The 2nd law of thermodynamics, and the 3rd law of thermodynamics imply the
1983:
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9773:
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as the process of observation and "puzzle solving", which takes place within a paradigm, whereas
2732:
2708:
is a contrasting 20th-century approach to science, first defined by Austrian-British philosopher
2347:
2041:
1997:
1816:
1764:
1646:
1174:
600:
549:
10569:
8231:
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8127:
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From natural philosophy to the sciences : writing the history of nineteenth-century science
2724:, covering all products of the human mind, including science, mathematics, philosophy, and art.
2454:, and laws, because it is used extensively in quantitative modelling, observing, and collecting
2316:
Medicine is the practice of caring for patients by maintaining and restoring health through the
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5085:. Santa Barbara, California, Denver, Colorado, and Oxford, England: ABC-CLIO. pp. 273–76.
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2950:
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in physics. Natural and social sciences that rely heavily on mathematical applications include
2228:
2161:, often overlooked, remain necessary in natural science. Systematic data collection, including
1756:
1717:
1305:
1282:
11584:
10711:
10675:
10609:
10472:
Why people believe weird things: pseudoscience, superstition, and other confusions of our time
9834:
9826:
9429:"Integrating Computer Prediction Methods in Social Science: A Comment on Hofman et al. (2021)"
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7123:
Reading the Principia: The Debate on Newton's Methods for Natural Philosophy from 1687 to 1736
6907:
6713:
6703:
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2604:. In subsequent investigations, the results of many scientific studies have been proven to be
2562:
1257:: material, formal, moving, and final cause. Many Greek classical texts were preserved by the
647:
since the 14th century in the sense of "the state of knowing". The word was borrowed from the
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2507:
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1582:, and Newton principally – as the guides to every physical and social field of the day.
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where the planets and the Sun revolve around the Earth. This was based on a theorem that the
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11945:"How a Prestigious Scientific Organization Came Under Suspicion of Treating Women Unequally"
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1453:. Kepler did not reject Aristotelian metaphysics and described his work as a search for the
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is concerned with policies that affect the conduct of the scientific enterprise, including
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2005:
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operations more accessible and would eventually become standard for mathematics worldwide.
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about the world. Modern science is typically divided into two or three major branches: the
237:
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7484:
The monk in the garden: the lost and found genius of Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics
6483:
Perhaps even as early as 1088 (the date officially set for the founding of the University)
6051:. Cambridge Studies in the History of Science. Cambridge University Press. pp. 7–17.
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of a scientific message may not be appropriately targeted to a recipient's learning style.
951:. Their healing therapies involved drug treatments and the supernatural, such as prayers,
8:
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for the presentation and discussion of new research results and publishing or sponsoring
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is becoming a central feature of computational contributions to science, for example in
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12687:"Scientific Certainty Argumentation Methods (SCAMs): Science and the Politics of Doubt"
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4938:
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4711:
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3248:
hold anti-science attitudes, in part because these groups have often been exploited in
3095:
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3020:
2741:
argued that the process of observation and evaluation takes place within a paradigm, a
2632:
2589:
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2126:
2091:
2033:
2029:
1951:
1927:
1908:
1900:
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1234:
resisted attacks from invaders, they were able to preserve and improve prior learning.
1227:
1207:
932:
892:
863:
794:, meaning "to not know, be unfamiliar with", which may derive from Proto-Indo-European
690:
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561:
528:
based on natural causes, while further advancements, including the introduction of the
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led to a revolution in information technology and the rise of the global internet and
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Many governments have dedicated agencies to support scientific research, such as the
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2612:, which aims to improve the quality of all scientific research while reducing waste.
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or to another form of energy. This realisation led to the development of the laws of
1684:
1656:
1434:
of the Solar System, stating that the planets revolve around the Sun, instead of the
1250:
1239:
1160:, was accepted through the early Renaissance instead. The inventor and mathematician
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for the general public is embedded in the school curriculum, and is supplemented by
2852:
in an area of science and pursue careers in various sectors of the economy, such as
2704:, which holds that knowledge is created by the human intellect, not by observation.
2138:
1896:. Substantial international collaborations were also made, despite armed conflicts.
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9871:
9537:
9440:
9399:
9362:
9354:
9316:
9308:
9259:
9249:
9170:
9094:
8815:
8803:
8478:
8445:
8346:
8305:
8295:
8084:
8080:
7918:
7887:
7840:
7746:
7653:
7542:
7450:
7347:
7335:
7280:
7164:
7148:
6992:
6945:
6785:
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6572:
6341:
5816:
5761:
5249:
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4826:
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4636:
4599:
4540:
3803:
3736:
3728:
3613:
3593:
3242:
3188:
3159:
3075:
2915:
2870:
2857:
2769:
2577:
2547:
2466:
2395:
2343:
2277:
2204:
1959:
1776:
1435:
1362:
1341:
1309:
1266:
1258:
1231:
1202:
962:
used knowledge about the properties of various natural chemicals for manufacturing
901:
569:
358:
290:
195:
136:
71:
11734:
8158:
Futuyma, Douglas J.; Kirkpatrick, Mark (2017). "Chapter 1: Evolutionary Biology".
7065:"Scientific Revolution | Definition, History, Scientists, Inventions, & Facts"
6214:
4707:
3581:
3548:
3390:
if the universe is a closed system, but not necessarily for an expanding universe.
14743:
14588:
14566:
14335:
14250:
14235:
14000:
13626:
13586:
13508:
13463:
13300:
13205:
13190:
13165:
12979:
12959:
12038:
10633:
Godfrey-Smith, Peter (2003o). "Empiricism, naturalism, and scientific realism?".
10470:
10465:
10391:
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9765:
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9072:
8747:
8088:
7687:(Reprint. with minor corr ed.). Bristol: Inst. of Physics Publ. p. 12.
6949:
6699:
6148:
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6046:
5599:
5559:
Touwaide, Alain (2005). Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven; Wallis, Faith (eds.).
5527:
5513:
5302:
5245:
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4442:
4416:
4116:
A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century
3923:
3916:
3894:
A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century
2898:
2849:
2825:
2728:
2721:
2628:
2605:
2541:
2493:
2308:
2196:
2166:
2134:
2102:
2071:
1993:
1931:
1846:
1792:
1768:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1445:
1412:
1289:
1278:
1235:
1226:
deteriorated in Western Europe. During the period, Latin encyclopaedists such as
1169:
1116:
983:
920:
845:
837:
713:
479:
407:
260:
255:
245:
207:
143:
12358:
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Scientific authorities are sometimes seen as inexpert, untrustworthy, or biased.
1748:, in which the free energy of the universe is seen as constantly declining: the
1736:
there was an increased understanding that not all forms of energy have the same
14867:
14801:
14753:
14708:
14501:
14437:
14350:
14310:
14150:
14110:
13677:
13546:
13406:
13045:
12954:
12222:
10905:
Godfrey-Smith, Peter (2003). "Naturalistic philosophy in theory and practice".
10528:
9541:
9497:
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8450:
8415:
8351:
8334:
7331:
7319:
7315:
6634:
5389:
4916:
4831:
4806:
3447:
3370:
3364:
3287:
3255:
Messages from scientists may contradict deeply held existing beliefs or morals.
3231:
3071:
3009:
2875:
2869:
Science has historically been a male-dominated field, with notable exceptions.
2837:
2754:
2713:
2620:
2597:
2593:
2391:
2375:
2259:
2239:
2216:
2188:
2158:
2130:
2079:
2075:
2049:
2025:
1967:
1858:
1854:
1821:
1780:
1745:
1737:
1676:
1660:
1465:
1439:
1384:
1313:
1246:
1129:
1081:
783:
644:
620:
447:
423:
333:
300:
250:
126:
12602:"Revealed: 60% of Americans say oil firms are to blame for the climate crisis"
12574:
12133:
11423:"The Environmental Studies Association of Canada – What is a Learned Society?"
10977:
9770:
Statistics and Scientific Method: An Introduction for Students and Researchers
9445:
9392:"Scientific medicine—fact of fiction? The contribution of science to medicine"
8807:
8300:
7750:
7657:
7634:"Bounded energy exchange as an alternative to the third law of thermodynamics"
7153:"Taxonomy: what's in a name? Doesn't a rose by any other name smell as sweet?"
5820:
5765:
5254:
4545:
4526:
3717:"Thinking and acting scientifically: Indispensable basis of medical education"
3597:
2153:
and more experimental in a methodical way. Still, philosophical perspectives,
2105:
is the study of the physical world. It can be divided into two main branches:
1327:
By the eleventh century most of Europe had become Christian, and in 1088, the
1230:
preserved the majority of general ancient knowledge. In contrast, because the
482:
are disciplines that use scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as
14995:
14613:
14583:
14521:
14322:
14270:
14265:
14175:
13596:
13531:
13503:
13431:
13160:
13075:
12455:
12142:
12098:
12047:
11956:
11885:
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10735:
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10400:
10375:"Meta-research: Evaluation and Improvement of Research Methods and Practices"
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10325:
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10059:
9822:
9549:
9509:
9493:
9182:
9098:
8360:
8013:
7922:
7351:
7339:
6996:
6709:
6397:
6282:
5076:
4995:
4889:
4840:
4674:
4670:
4648:
3605:
3529:
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3245:
3182:
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2938:
2616:
2355:
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2243:
2142:
2122:
1788:
1709:
1694:
1669:
1612:
1590:
1548:
1469:
1431:
1416:
1336:
1316:, better known as Alhazen, used controlled experiments in his optical study.
1270:
1147:
924:
524:, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the
501:
459:
12446:
10190:
10092:
10072:
10024:
9876:
9859:
9747:
8607:
8482:
8335:"Induced pluripotent stem cells: from Nobel Prizes to clinical applications"
6674:(2010). "Greek nature knowledge transplanted and more: Renaissance Europe".
6318:
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3765:
3484:
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2177:
919:
Direct evidence for scientific processes becomes clearer with the advent of
664:
14573:
14432:
14370:
14105:
13641:
13621:
13576:
13551:
13541:
13513:
13443:
13401:
13275:
13229:
13200:
13180:
12782:
12764:
12556:
How Minds Change: The Surprising Science of Belief, Opinion, and Persuasion
12554:
12473:
12420:
Philipp-Muller, Aviva; Lee, Spike W. S.; Petty, Richard E. (26 July 2022).
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12065:
11275:
11127:
11089:
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10310:
9761:
9557:
9413:
9376:
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9273:
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8850:
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8368:
8319:
8096:
7948:
7579:
7464:
7249:
7178:
6671:
6369:
6296:
5533:
5217:
An account of the pre-Socratic use of the concept of φύσις may be found in
5144:
4783:
4656:
3750:
3679:. Newcastle, United Kingdom: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 271–308.
3131:
2665:
in Ptolemaic astronomy was "normal science" within a paradigm, whereas the
2624:
2601:
2455:
2431:
2192:
2146:
2083:
2020:
and turn into any cell type found in the body. With the affirmation of the
2009:
1877:
1803:. In the next year came the discovery of the first subatomic particle, the
1729:
1579:
1514:
1478:
1408:
1400:
1157:
1139:
1077:
1031:, made between 100 BCE to 79 AD, shows many Greek philosophers and scholars
971:
909:
884:
627:
of commercial products, armaments, health care, public infrastructure, and
180:
153:
11610:
10198:
9951:""Heads I win, tails you lose": A Foray Into the Psychology of Philosophy"
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6496:"St. Albertus Magnus | German theologian, scientist, and philosopher"
6200:
789:
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soon played a greater role in knowledge creation and it was not until the
14608:
14305:
14275:
14260:
14125:
14120:
13723:
13631:
13616:
13601:
13581:
13498:
13426:
13243:
13233:
13220:
13185:
13135:
13065:
13018:
12905:
12895:
12735:
12391:"U.S. concern about climate change is rising, but mainly among Democrats"
11818:
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9485:
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3630:
3220:
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2793:
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2709:
2697:
2686:
2682:
2658:
2609:
2511:
2474:
2470:
2443:
2439:
2390:
Scientific research can be labelled as either basic or applied research.
2359:
2328:
of injury or disease. The applied sciences are often contrasted with the
2021:
2008:
was completed in 2003 by identifying and mapping all of the genes of the
1885:
1873:
1869:
1834:
1800:
1796:
1705:
1392:
1380:
1376:
1254:
1104:
established the tradition of systematic medical science and is known as "
1101:
1065:
959:
952:
928:
916:, thinking about those activities only in relation to modern categories.
573:
505:
483:
212:
200:
190:
131:
14965:
12812:
12274:
12257:
12083:. Crease, Robert P. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
11340:
11323:
11307:
11290:
11225:
11208:
11192:
11176:"Many junior scientists need to take a hard look at their job prospects"
11175:
11159:
11142:
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3342:
3146:), and a basic understanding of core scientific fields such as physics,
2653:
2438:
shared by all rational observers; this objective reality is governed by
2407:
1899:
In the late 20th century active recruitment of women and elimination of
940:
807:
676:
14541:
14536:
14481:
14145:
14115:
14097:
13518:
13247:
13238:
13225:
12969:
12932:
10986:
10166:
10139:
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3038:
2903:
2758:
2678:
2447:
2224:
2154:
2045:
1963:
1889:
1826:
1628:
1185:
1161:
1093:
991:
936:
509:
498:
443:
435:
403:
399:
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165:
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14862:
13672:
12685:
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11667:"Two main Science Councils merge to address complex global challenges"
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7880:"Minding the Gap: Working Across Disciplines in Environmental Studies"
7778:"The Surgical Legacy of World War II. Part II: The age of antibiotics"
7292:
6584:
6353:
4715:
3732:
3005:
2374:
involves the combination of two or more disciplines into one, such as
1712:, based on Democritus's original idea of indivisible particles called
1407:
upon a causal chain beginning with sensation, perception, and finally
696:
328:
14718:
14185:
14160:
14039:
13285:
12878:
11916:
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2777:
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1624:
1598:
1594:
1536:
1388:
1274:
1172:
was a Roman writer and polymath, who wrote the seminal encyclopaedia
1135:
1124:
1089:
987:
888:
623:
that seek to influence the scientific enterprise by prioritising the
513:
439:
431:
415:
395:
305:
185:
12738:"Inoculating the Public against Misinformation about Climate Change"
11266:
11241:
11118:
11093:
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7430:
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1912:
1881:
1804:
1651:
1627:. Modern sociology largely originated from this movement. In 1776,
1495:
1404:
1317:
1165:
1152:
1112:
1097:
944:
525:
487:
310:
217:
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10211:
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During this period scientific experimentation became increasingly
1366:
Drawing of the heliocentric model as proposed by the Copernicus's
1111:
A turning point in the history of early philosophical science was
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13003:
12614:
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2716:
as the landmark of scientific theories, replacing induction with
2325:
2251:
1947:
1749:
1672:
founded the first laboratory for psychological research in 1879.
1607:, which was expressed historically in works by authors including
1563:
1458:
1396:
1375:
New developments in optics played a role in the inception of the
1297:
1293:
1211:
1085:
1040:
979:
967:
963:
854:, crediting it to "some ingenious gentleman" (possibly himself).
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8416:"Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger"
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8523:"Scientific Method: Relationships Among Scientific Paradigms"
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in 1949. International scientific organisations, such as the
2255:
1799:
in 1896, Marie Curie then became the first person to win two
1784:
1553:
is the endowment of human life with new inventions and riches
1120:
658:
463:
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curve in economics, crossing over at the optimal equilibrium
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likely played a central role in prehistoric science, as did
12949:
12684:
11730:
9984:"Chapter 23. Deliberate bias: Conflict creates bad science"
9833:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p.
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5562:
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Scientific research is published in a range of literature.
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meaning "knowing", and undisputedly derived from the Latin
587:
into Western Europe from the 10th to 13th century revived "
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Finally, another approach often cited in debates of
2442:; these laws were discovered by means of systematic
2276:, for example, was initially invented to understand
2086:
and expertise. Both natural and social sciences are
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Modern science is commonly divided into three major
1833:
In the first half of the century the development of
1759:
was established in the 19th century by the works of
1128:
of physics as too purely speculative and lacking in
826:
814:
796:
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11611:"The founding of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (1911)"
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2172:
2090:, as their knowledge is based on
1693:, published in 1859. Separately,
1451:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
579:The recovery and assimilation of
14974:
14957:
14940:
14923:
14906:
14889:
14861:
14819:
14818:
14793:
13671:
13659:
12707:10.1111/j.1475-682X.2008.00219.x
12656:
12619:
12593:
12546:
12515:
12480:
12413:
12389:Kennedy, Brian (16 April 2020).
12382:
12351:
12324:
12290:
12227:Australian Studies in Journalism
12214:
12183:
12164:
12072:
12005:
11993:from the original on 13 May 2022
11975:
11963:from the original on 29 May 2022
11936:
11904:
11863:
11851:from the original on 16 May 2022
11833:
11778:from the original on 25 May 2022
11659:
11629:
11603:
11576:
11549:
11505:"Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei"
11497:
11467:
11415:
11388:
11363:
10957:Kornfeld, W; Hewitt, CE (1981).
10931:
10824:
10809:
10776:
10761:
10521:
10490:
10458:
10425:
10366:
10317:
10268:
10205:
10159:
10108:"What is the scientific method?"
10066:
10031:
9998:
9975:
9942:
9754:
9662:Dawkins, Richard (10 May 2006).
9655:
9611:
9584:
9473:
9420:
9295:Davis, Bernard D. (March 2000).
9229:
9204:
9147:
9087:Advances in Physiology Education
9048:
9026:"What is financial mathematics?"
9017:
8991:
8960:
8928:
8837:
8787:
8772:
8740:
8724:from the original on 14 May 2021
8690:. Princeton University WordNet.
8515:
8489:
8466:
8382:O'Luanaigh, C. (14 March 2013).
8326:
8275:
8248:
8215:
8190:
8178:from the original on 31 May 2022
8118:
8057:
8039:Rosser, Sue V. (12 March 2012).
8032:
7985:
7967:
7937:
7902:
7884:Environment & Society Portal
7871:
7810:
7769:
7676:
7471:
7273:The British Journal of Sociology
7264:
7214:
7185:
7112:
7098:(11th ed.). Prentice Hall.
7075:from the original on 18 May 2019
7057:
7025:
6972:
6938:
6899:
6469:from the original on 27 May 2022
5837:from the original on 30 May 2022
5782:from the original on 30 May 2022
5325:from the original on 31 May 2022
5018:from the original on 31 May 2022
4527:"Scientist: The story of a word"
4506:from the original on 31 May 2022
3917:Building Bridges Among the BRICs
3715:Fischer, M.R.; Fabry, G (2014).
3555:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
2394:is the search for knowledge and
1411:of the individual and universal
1379:, both by challenging long-held
868:
538:fall of the Western Roman Empire
342:
327:
54:
13859:Cellular and molecular biology
11892:from the original on 7 May 2021
11870:Innis, Michelle (17 May 2016).
11582:
11399:. Scholarly Societies Project.
11060:"Our definition of a scientist"
10252:. National Science Foundation.
10007:Peer Review: A Critical Inquiry
8941:Journal of Mathematical Physics
8499:. 20 April 2019. Archived from
7798:from the original on 5 May 2021
7096:Brock Biology of Microorganisms
6979:van Horn Melton, James (2001).
6955:Encyclopedia of the Renaissance
6877:"Gottfried Leibniz – Biography"
6869:
6840:
6821:
6796:
6761:
6607:
6514:
6434:
6390:
6247:; Leaman, Oliver, eds. (2001).
6237:
6207:
6185:. Cambridge: University Press.
6174:
6106:
6077:
6005:
5966:
5927:
5676:
5650:
5624:
5601:From Witchcraft to World Health
5591:
5519:
5463:
5416:
5294:
5167:
5111:
5042:"Telling Time in Ancient Egypt"
5034:
4988:
4959:
4931:
4896:
4855:
4798:
4755:
4722:
4687:
4663:
4553:
4471:
4435:
4325:from the original on 5 May 2021
4286:from the original on 5 May 2021
4247:from the original on 5 May 2021
4230:Scientific Research as a Career
4188:
4042:
3910:
3501:from the original on 5 May 2021
3207:resource developed through the
2844:, and nonprofit organisations.
2677:. The most popular position is
1977:
1810:
1640:
1333:Renaissance of the 12th century
558:Renaissance of the 12th century
14032:Science and technology studies
12863:Analytic–synthetic distinction
12501:10.1080/00380237.2008.10571338
11920:(in French). 20 October 2021.
11786:– via oecd-ilibrary.org.
11762:10.1787/sti_scoreboard-2015-en
11395:Parrott, Jim (9 August 2007).
10250:"Science the Endless Frontier"
9433:Social Science Computer Review
9131:. Cambridge University Press.
8999:"What is mathematical biology"
8529:. 7 March 2007. Archived from
7979:Thinking about the Unthinkable
6301:American Philosophical Society
5934:Murphy, Trevor Morgan (2004).
5689:(H. Rackham ed.). 1139b.
4596:The Cognitive Basis of Science
3333:List of scientific occupations
1996:made by separate teams in the
1347:
1224:Greek conceptions of the world
1191:
1020:Science in classical antiquity
908:. Some scholars use the term "
705:There are many hypotheses for
657:, which was borrowed from the
1:
12256:Webb, Sarah (December 2013).
11845:International Science Council
11357:Women's History as Scientists
10791:. London: Routledge. p.
8718:Washington and Lee University
8627:Scientific Method in Practice
8552:Bunge, Mario Augusto (1998).
6614:Goldstein, Bernard R (2016).
6250:History of Islamic Philosophy
6183:The Cambridge history of Iran
5801:Hoffmann, Susanne M. (2017).
4708:10.1080/00438243.1995.9980297
3397:
2959:International Science Council
2864:, and nonprofit environments.
2799:
2583:
2521:Intersubjective verifiability
1992:Four predicted images of the
1304:, where the Islamic study of
625:ethical and moral development
544:(400 to 1000 CE), but in the
14579:Normalization process theory
14136:Philosophy of social science
12198:. Vol. 43, no. 4.
12039:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002712
11374:. Indiana University Press.
11242:"Education: The PhD factory"
11094:"Education: The PhD factory"
10392:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002264
10248:Bush, Vannevar (July 1945).
10044:. Rowman & Littlefield.
10009:. Rowman & Littlefield.
9175:10.1016/0048-7333(94)01001-3
8089:10.1126/science.205.4406.549
6849:Science: A History 1543–2001
6790:10.1016/0083-6656(75)90061-6
6012:Conner, Clifford D. (2005).
5309:Wayne State University Press
4805:Fleck, Robert (March 2021).
4604:10.1017/cbo9780511613517.005
4269:Research Methods for Science
3633:(2019). "Robots and souls".
3312:health effects of pesticides
3014:United States federal budget
2947:National Academy of Sciences
2892:Prussian Academy of Sciences
2691:hypothetico-deductive method
2545:Cover of the first issue of
2264:theoretical computer science
1884:led to competitions between
1675:During the mid-19th century
996:intense interest in medicine
923:in early civilisations like
746:Proto-Indo-European language
634:
456:theoretical computer science
7:
13196:Hypothetico-deductive model
13171:Deductive-nomological model
13156:Constructivist epistemology
11989:(in Spanish). 12 May 2022.
11756:. OECD. 2015. p. 156.
11641:Chinese Academy of Sciences
11613:. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft.
10870:University of Chicago Press
10783:Newton-Smith, W.H. (1994).
10434:"Science and Pseudoscience"
9359:10.1128/MMBR.64.1.1-12.2000
9313:10.1128/MMBR.64.1.1-12.2000
9213:Oxford textbook of medicine
8621:Gauch, Hugh G. Jr. (2003).
8230:. Pergamon Press. pp.
8201:. Reading: Addison–Wesley.
6851:. Allen Lane. p. 241.
6441:Russell, Josiah C. (1959).
5895:Lawson, Russell M. (2004).
5289:History of Greek Philosophy
5221:The Greek Concept of Nature
4998:; Gershoni, Israel (2000).
4739:10.1007/978-94-009-3779-6_4
4731:Rational Changes in Science
3858:Lindberg, David C. (2007).
3808:10.1007/978-94-010-2182-1_2
3321:
3270:
3092:Public awareness of science
3046:National Science Foundation
2955:Chinese Academy of Sciences
2340:computing power to simulate
2055:
1905:cosmic microwave background
1870:larger in scale and funding
1403:each built up a scholastic
1146:was the first to propose a
895:, written in about 1800 BCE
770:, meaning "to incise". The
726:may have its origin in the
530:Hindu–Arabic numeral system
478:as their main methodology.
26:. For a topical guide, see
10:
15028:
14202:construction of technology
13960:Probability and statistics
12640:(5): 34–39. Archived from
12196:Columbia Journalism Review
12018:PLOS Computational Biology
11587:. .nationalacademies.org.
11355:Whaley, Leigh Ann (2003).
11092:; Yahia, Mohammed (2011).
11030:. E.O. Wilson Foundation.
10787:The Rationality of Science
9542:10.1038/s41586-021-03659-0
9297:"Limited scope of science"
9236:Saunders, J. (June 2000).
8352:10.1016/j.jhep.2012.10.026
8197:Miller, Arthur I. (1981).
7886:. RCC Perspectives no. 2.
7683:Mould, Richard F. (1995).
7431:"Darwin's enduring legacy"
7192:Darrigol, Olivier (2000).
6989:Cambridge University Press
6635:10.1177/002182860203300301
6154:Cambridge University Press
6117:. In Zalta, Edward (ed.).
5856:Edwards, C.H. Jr. (1979).
5526:Margotta, Roberto (1968).
5229:"What does 'nature' mean?"
4972:Greenwood Publishing Group
4917:10.1177/007327531205000203
4832:10.1007/s00016-020-00269-7
4145:Cahan, David, ed. (2003).
4052:. Retrieved 6 October 2023
3388:heat death of the universe
3308:global warming controversy
3218:
3116:online pedagogical content
3089:
3048:in the United States, the
2988:
2984:
2943:French Academy of Sciences
2570:Philosophical Transactions
2530:
2059:
1981:
1814:
1787:inspired the discovery of
1704:Early in the 19th century
1644:
1604:A Treatise of Human Nature
1488:
1358:Science in the Renaissance
1351:
1195:
1017:
872:
861:
857:
827:
815:
797:
761:
751:
18:
14789:
14734:Politicization of science
14694:
14480:
14249:
14184:
14096:
14061:
14038:
13730:
13650:
13482:
13384:
13314:
13257:Semantic view of theories
13176:Epistemological anarchism
13128:
13113:dependent and independent
12850:
12626:Goldberg, Jeanne (2017).
12134:10.1007/s10734-009-9265-2
11479:Impact of Social Sciences
10978:10.1109/TSMC.1981.4308575
10940:The Review of Metaphysics
10497:Feynman, Richard (1974).
10038:Krimsky, Sheldon (2003).
9446:10.1177/08944393211049776
9390:McCormick, James (2001).
9075:. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
8420:The Astrophysical Journal
8301:10.1186/1479-7364-5-6-577
8129:Gravitation and Cosmology
7947:; James Schefter (2001).
7785:The Surgical Technologist
7776:Goyotte, Dolores (2017).
7751:10.1080/14786449708621070
7720:(in Polish). p. 113.
7658:10.1016/j.aop.2016.07.031
7238:"Review of James Buchan,
7119:Guicciardini, N. (1999).
6834:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
6450:The Mississippi Quarterly
5821:10.1007/978-3-658-18683-8
5766:10.1007/978-1-4612-4468-4
5423:Pullman, Bernard (1998).
5280:is used, as confirmed by
5255:10.1057/s41599-020-0390-y
4966:Krebs, Robert E. (2004).
4568:Oxford English Dictionary
4546:10.1080/00033796200202722
3764:Sinclair, Marius (1993).
3316:health effects of tobacco
3292:politicisation of science
3066:National Research Council
2968:
2965:for science advancement.
2963:international cooperation
2908:professional associations
2774:methodological naturalism
2372:Interdisciplinary science
2367:Interdisciplinary science
1956:communications satellites
1593:; a new understanding of
1529:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
1517:formed the foundation of
1426:In the sixteenth century
1214:, made in the 6th century
1051:pre-Socratic philosophers
508:from around 3000 to 1200
14141:Philosophy of technology
12999:Intertheoretic reduction
12988:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
12965:Functional contextualism
12669:Journal of Communication
10862:Kuhn, Thomas S. (1970).
10343:10.1177/1745691612465253
10275:Schooler, J. W. (2014).
9949:van Gelder, Tim (1999).
9099:10.1152/advan.00001.2004
8779:Tomalin, Marcus (2006).
8623:"Science in perspective"
8451:10.3847/2041-8213/aa91c9
8066:"The origin of elements"
7923:10.1177/0961000603352006
7157:Croatian Medical Journal
6997:10.1017/CBO9780511819421
6521:Numbers, Ronald (2009).
6115:"Aristotle on Causality"
3889:"Ancient Egypt to Plato"
3349:
3338:List of years in science
3205:Creative Writing Science
3154:, ecology, geology, and
3104:Dinosaur exhibit in the
3034:research and development
2469:and is expected to seek
2246:. A formal system is an
1825:A computer graph of the
1722:conservation of momentum
1690:On the Origin of Species
1655:The first diagram of an
1535:, now used in a new non-
1531:incorporated terms from
1281:established the medical
941:decimal numbering system
629:environmental protection
566:Byzantine Greek scholars
398:in the form of testable
32:Science (disambiguation)
13755:Artificial intelligence
13484:Philosophers of science
13262:Scientific essentialism
13211:Model-dependent realism
13146:Constructive empiricism
13039:Evidence-based practice
12559:. : Portfolio/Penguin.
12553:McRaney, David (2022).
12447:10.1073/pnas.2120755119
12081:Science policy up close
11669:. UNESCO. 5 July 2018.
10568:: 11–18. Archived from
10191:10.1126/science.7367863
9797:Wilson, Edward (1999).
9774:Oxford University Press
9647:Ausburg, Tanya (2006).
9341:"The scientist's world"
8808:10.1023/a:1020887832028
8753:Encyclopædia Britannica
8483:10.1126/science.aar2149
8064:Penzias, A. A. (2006).
6803:Zagorin, Perez (1998).
6737:van Helden, Al (1995).
6281:Smith, A. Mark (2001).
6219:Encyclopædia Britannica
6113:Falcon, Andrea (2019).
5804:Hipparchs Himmelsglobus
5754:Graßhoff, Gerd (1990).
5237:Palgrave Communications
5219:Naddaf, Gerard (2006).
4872:10.2307/j.ctv11g96cc.16
4573:Oxford University Press
3598:10.1023/A:1020887832028
3553:Encyclopedia Britannica
3122:, units and methods of
3086:Education and awareness
3032:, around two-thirds of
2733:constructive empiricism
2348:artificial intelligence
2042:Event Horizon Telescope
2036:a century before, were
1998:Event Horizon Telescope
1938:and the development of
1817:20th century in science
1647:19th century in science
1076:without relying on the
970:, glass, soap, metals,
935:in around 3000 to 1200
740:
733:
653:
550:Carolingian Renaissance
532:, were made during the
14214:Sociology of knowledge
13985:Structural engineering
13925:Mechanical engineering
13898:Western and South Asia
13567:Alfred North Whitehead
13557:Charles Sanders Peirce
12765:10.1002/gch2.201600008
11289:Kwok, Roberta (2017).
11141:Kwok, Roberta (2017).
9858:Aldrich, John (1995).
9514:Vespignani, Alessandro
9427:Breznau, Nate (2022).
9334:& "Technology" in
9129:"Cambridge Dictionary"
8226:The Old Quantum Theory
7992:Shrum, Wesley (2007).
7738:Philosophical Magazine
7731:Thomson, J.J. (1897).
7607:Rao, Y. V. C. (1997).
7429:Padian, Kevin (2008).
6946:Goddard Bergin, Thomas
6847:Gribbin, John (2002).
6045:Grant, Edward (1996).
5291:), Cambridge UP, 1965.
5145:10.1098/rsta.1974.0007
4811:Physics in Perspective
4680:The Dawn of Everything
3886:Grant, Edward (2007).
3283:
3215:Anti-science attitudes
3108:
3017:
2951:Kaiser Wilhelm Society
2945:in 1666, the American
2931:
2895:
2830:sectors of the economy
2820:
2670:
2561:
2552:
2426:explain the events of
2415:
2229:cross-cultural studies
2195:, economics, history,
2185:
2092:empirical observations
2001:
1970:and computer-assisted
1839:artificial fertilisers
1830:
1757:electromagnetic theory
1718:conservation of energy
1697:presented his paper, "
1664:
1506:
1455:Harmony of the Spheres
1372:
1320:'s compilation of the
1283:Academy of Gondeshapur
1215:
1162:Archimedes of Syracuse
1106:The Father of Medicine
1032:
1029:Plato's Academy mosaic
896:
806:
788:
778:
722:
695:
683:
675:
663:
30:. For other uses, see
14781:Transition management
14771:Technology assessment
14739:Regulation of science
14714:Evidence-based policy
14599:Sociotechnical system
14448:Traditional knowledge
14328:Psychology of science
14301:Mapping controversies
14207:shaping of technology
14166:Social constructivism
14131:Philosophy of science
14088:History of technology
13850:Environmental science
13735:Aerospace engineering
13666:Philosophy portal
13417:Hard and soft science
13412:Faith and rationality
13281:Scientific skepticism
13061:Scientific Revolution
12844:Philosophy of science
10768:Popper, Karl (1972).
10133:Ziman, John (1978c).
10005:Shatz, David (2004).
9877:10.1214/ss/1177009870
9801:. New York: Vintage.
9502:Mullainathan, Sendhil
8844:Bishop, Alan (1991).
8339:Journal of Hepatology
8222:ter Haar, D. (1967).
8125:Weinberg, S. (1972).
7632:Heidrich, M. (2016).
7547:10.1353/sor.2005.0003
7306:Fry, Michael (1992).
6408:. Springer. pp.
5529:The Story of Medicine
4764:Renaissance Quarterly
4525:Ross, Sydney (1962).
4478:Cahan, David (2003).
3922:18 April 2023 at the
3384:shape of the universe
3278:
3250:unethical experiments
3103:
3008:
2991:Science & Society
2937:in 1603, the British
2927:academies of sciences
2889:
2807:
2766:scientific scepticism
2751:revolutionary science
2675:philosophy of science
2667:Copernican Revolution
2656:
2647:Philosophy of science
2641:scientific misconduct
2544:
2533:Scientific literature
2527:Scientific literature
2410:
2336:Computational science
2180:
1991:
1863:environmental studies
1824:
1761:Hans Christian Ørsted
1734:Industrial Revolution
1708:suggested the modern
1681:Alfred Russel Wallace
1654:
1634:The Wealth of Nations
1498:
1421:exploited and studied
1365:
1354:Scientific Revolution
1329:University of Bologna
1312:in the 13th century.
1308:flourished until the
1205:
1027:
1000:medical prescriptions
882:
728:Proto-Italic language
716:, Dutch linguist and
702:, meaning "to know".
649:Anglo-Norman language
617:research institutions
593:Scientific Revolution
546:Medieval renaissances
349:Philosophy portal
281:Science communication
19:For the journal, see
14686:Women in engineering
14532:Financial technology
14512:Digital anthropology
14281:Criticism of science
14194:Actor–network theory
14156:Religion and science
14048:Economics of science
13392:Criticism of science
13267:Scientific formalism
13151:Constructive realism
13056:Scientific pluralism
13029:Problem of induction
12694:Sociological Inquiry
11740:on 15 February 2010.
11507:(in Italian). 2006.
10575:on 28 September 2007
10566:The COPE Report 1999
10499:"Cargo Cult Science"
10135:"Common observation"
9506:Salganik, Matthew J.
9490:Griffiths, Thomas L.
9071:25 June 2006 at the
9005:on 23 September 2018
7498:Miko, Ilona (2008).
7479:Henig, Robin Marantz
6257:. pp. 165–167.
6245:Hossein Nasr, Seyyed
5973:Doody, Aude (2010).
5345:O'Grady, Patricia F.
3328:Criticism of science
3304:scientific consensus
3296:anti-intellectualism
3144:aggregate statistics
3001:Funding and policies
2949:in 1863, the German
2933:Accademia dei Lincei
2929:such as the Italian
2790:scientific community
2784:Scientific community
2743:logically consistent
2706:Critical rationalism
2669:was a paradigm shift
2479:causal relationships
2467:parsimony principles
2282:mathematical physics
2006:Human Genome Project
1972:scientific modelling
1950:. Widespread use of
1936:theory of relativity
1843:environmental issues
1726:conservation of mass
1560:scientific societies
1533:Aristotelian physics
1511:Age of Enlightenment
1509:At the start of the
1485:Age of Enlightenment
1144:Aristarchus of Samos
840:introduced the term
554:Ottonian Renaissance
428:behavioural sciences
238:Scientific integrity
161:Behavioural sciences
15012:Main topic articles
14527:Engineering studies
14497:Cyborg anthropology
14286:Demarcation problem
14171:Social epistemology
13459:Rhetoric of science
13397:Descriptive science
13141:Confirmation holism
13034:Scientific evidence
12994:Inductive reasoning
12923:Demarcation problem
12757:2017GloCh...100008V
12438:2022PNAS..11920755P
12432:(30): e2120755119.
12395:Pew Research Center
12300:(21 January 2016).
12275:10.1038/nj7478-177a
12030:2012PLSCB...8E2712F
11341:10.1038/nj7677-549a
11308:10.1038/nj7677-549a
11258:2011Natur.472..276C
11226:10.1038/nj7677-549a
11193:10.1038/nj7677-549a
11160:10.1038/nj7677-549a
11110:2011Natur.472..276C
11062:. Science Council.
11025:"Eusocial climbers"
10816:Votsis, I. (2004).
10770:Objective Knowledge
10559:"Coping with fraud"
10293:2014Natur.515....9S
10183:1980Sci...208..369Z
9864:Statistical Science
9766:Chetwynd, Amanda G.
9534:2021Natur.595..181H
8936:"About the Journal"
8442:2017ApJ...848L..12A
7898:on 21 January 2022.
7837:2008NatGe...1..636E
7712:Estreicher, Tadeusz
7650:2016AnPhy.373..665H
7487:. pp. 134–138.
7447:2008Natur.451..632P
6782:1975VA.....17..201G
6770:Vistas in Astronomy
6743:The Galileo Project
6418:2008ehst.book.....S
5813:2017hihi.book.....H
5604:. London, England:
5435:1998ahht.book.....P
5137:1974RSPTA.276...21A
4939:Rochberg, Francesca
4823:2021PhP....23...25F
4571:(Online ed.).
3300:scientific evidence
3209:Royal Literary Fund
3201:speculative fiction
3195:Scientific American
3026:developed countries
2920:professional bodies
2563:Journal des sçavans
2557:Scientific journals
2508:experimental design
2483:correlation fallacy
2386:Scientific research
2250:used for inferring
2062:Branches of science
2030:gravitational waves
1952:integrated circuits
1851:ocean acidification
1773:James Clerk Maxwell
1519:classical mechanics
1428:Nicolaus Copernicus
1292:was established in
1182:Positional notation
1037:classical antiquity
1014:Classical antiquity
1008:Third Dynasty of Ur
893:Pythagorean triples
885:Plimpton 322 tablet
534:Golden Age of India
522:classical antiquity
468:deductive reasoning
454:, mathematics, and
446:and societies. The
422:), which study the
14807:History of science
14724:Funding of science
14594:Skunkworks project
14291:Double hermeneutic
14076:History of science
13678:Science portal
13607:Carl Gustav Hempel
13562:Wilhelm Windelband
13449:Questionable cause
13272:Scientific realism
13093:Underdetermination
12928:Empirical evidence
12918:Creative synthesis
12665:Druckman, James N.
12633:Skeptical Inquirer
12489:Sociological Focus
11878:The New York Times
11564:on 18 January 2012
9670:on 19 January 2012
9255:10.1136/mh.26.1.18
8533:on 1 November 2016
6991:. pp. 82–83.
5686:Nicomachean Ethics
4905:History of Science
4641:10.4436/JASS.95006
3284:
3282:by political party
3109:
3096:Science journalism
3062:Max Planck Society
3018:
2896:
2821:
2727:Another approach,
2671:
2661:, the addition of
2633:cargo cult science
2590:replication crisis
2553:
2463:thought experiment
2416:
2380:cognitive sciences
2311:is the use of the
2248:abstract structure
2213:conflict theorists
2186:
2127:natural philosophy
2088:empirical sciences
2034:general relativity
2002:
1928:classical genetics
1901:sex discrimination
1831:
1765:André-Marie Ampère
1665:
1507:
1432:heliocentric model
1373:
1228:Isidore of Seville
1216:
1208:Vienna Dioscurides
1206:The first page of
1148:heliocentric model
1123:'s dialogues is a
1058:Greek philosophers
1033:
947:, and developed a
933:history of science
897:
864:History of science
832:meaning "to cut".
691:present participle
589:natural philosophy
562:Islamic Golden Age
518:natural philosophy
495:history of science
476:empirical evidence
334:Science portal
28:Outline of science
14849:
14848:
14776:Technology policy
14507:Dematerialization
14316:black swan events
13998:
13997:
13980:Scientific naming
13970:Quantum computing
13800:Computer hardware
13795:Clinical research
13790:Civil engineering
13685:
13684:
13527:
13526:
13439:Normative science
13296:Uniformitarianism
13051:Scientific method
12945:Explanatory power
12745:Global Challenges
12644:on 16 August 2018
12566:978-0-593-19029-6
12339:on 6 January 2009
12331:Petrucci, Mario.
12090:978-0-674-41709-0
11381:978-0-253-20968-9
11334:(7677): 549–552.
11252:(7343): 276–279.
10924:978-0-226-30062-7
10879:978-0-226-45804-5
10802:978-0-7100-0913-5
10754:978-0-226-30062-7
10721:978-0-226-30062-7
10685:978-0-226-30062-7
10652:978-0-226-30062-7
10619:978-0-226-30062-7
10483:978-0-7167-3090-3
10223:978-0-8247-8297-9
10152:978-0-521-22087-3
10084:978-0-521-00886-0
10051:978-0-7425-1479-9
10016:978-0-7425-1434-8
9935:978-1-4020-3769-6
9910:978-1-4020-3769-6
9844:978-0-19-922689-4
9808:978-0-679-76867-8
9776:. pp. 1, 2.
9739:978-0-415-27844-7
9703:978-0-521-29925-1
9633:978-0-471-32788-2
9528:(7866): 181–188.
9480:Hofman, Jake M.;
9222:978-0-19-874669-0
8980:978-0-19-049459-9
8948:on 3 October 2006
8921:978-3-319-27494-2
8896:978-0-7658-0413-6
8859:978-0-7923-1270-3
8688:"Natural History"
8673:978-0-226-62088-6
8636:978-0-521-01708-4
8599:978-0-415-27844-7
8563:978-0-7658-0413-6
8386:(Press release).
8241:978-0-08-012101-7
8208:978-0-201-04679-3
8144:978-0-471-92567-5
8050:978-0-8147-7645-2
8005:978-0-262-28358-8
7824:Nature Geoscience
7694:978-0-7503-0224-1
7638:Annals of Physics
7618:978-81-7371-048-3
7586:. Edward Arnold.
7441:(7179): 632–634.
7415:978-1-138-65242-2
7390:978-0-226-31783-0
7365:978-0-415-06164-3
7328:James M. Buchanan
7324:Franco Modigliani
6919:978-1-4020-9604-4
6858:978-0-7139-9503-9
6832:. Cambridge, MA:
6814:978-0-691-00966-7
6739:"Pope Urban VIII"
6685:978-90-8964-239-4
6534:978-0-674-03327-6
6427:978-1-4020-4559-2
6383:978-90-8964-239-4
6310:978-0-87169-914-5
6192:978-0-521-20093-6
6167:978-0-521-68957-1
6058:978-0-521-56762-6
5986:978-1-139-48453-4
5947:978-0-19-926288-5
5908:978-1-85109-539-1
5869:978-0-387-94313-8
5830:978-3-658-18682-1
5775:978-1-4612-8788-9
5728:978-1-4214-1776-9
5572:978-0-415-96930-7
5532:. New York City:
5511:(fl. 1st c. BCE)
5483:978-0-08-101107-2
5444:978-0-19-515040-7
5405:978-0-674-53918-1
5360:978-0-7546-0533-1
5287:(volume 2 of his
5204:978-0-226-31783-0
5092:978-1-57607-966-9
5077:McIntosh, Jane R.
5011:978-1-55587-672-2
4952:978-0-226-31783-0
4881:978-0-8223-4936-5
4748:978-94-010-8181-8
4696:World Archaeology
4613:978-0-521-81229-0
4579:(Subscription or
4532:Annals of Science
4464:978-90-04-16797-1
4382:978-1-138-40741-1
4355:978-0-226-48205-7
4318:978-1-138-57016-0
4279:978-0-521-14584-8
4240:978-1-4398-6965-9
4209:978-0-226-18451-7
4181:978-0-226-31783-0
4156:978-0-226-08928-7
4131:978-0-521-68957-1
4098:978-0-226-48205-7
4073:978-0-19-956741-6
4035:978-0-226-48205-7
4010:978-0-226-48205-7
3985:978-0-226-48205-7
3956:978-0-87113-800-2
3903:978-0-521-68957-1
3817:978-94-010-2184-5
3733:10.3205/zma000916
3686:978-1-4438-1946-6
3646:978-0-691-19138-6
3494:978-0-367-56298-4
3461:978-0-19-511229-0
3430:978-0-679-76867-8
3362:Ibn al-Haytham's
3189:Science & Vie
3178:Science magazines
3168:scientific debate
3120:scientific method
3112:Science education
3080:capital equipment
3012:as percentage of
2961:, are devoted to
2953:in 1911, and the
2916:academic journals
2899:Learned societies
2882:Learned societies
2631:coined the term "
2551:, 4 November 1869
2517:confirmation bias
2510:, and a thorough
2490:scientific theory
2436:objective reality
2422:, which seeks to
2420:scientific method
2403:Scientific method
2313:scientific method
2221:historical method
2205:research programs
2201:political science
2182:Supply and demand
2163:discovery science
1940:quantum mechanics
1911:in favour of the
1894:nuclear arms race
1685:natural selection
1657:evolutionary tree
1621:William Robertson
1322:Canon of Medicine
1251:early Middle Ages
1240:theory of impetus
1119:as documented by
1074:natural phenomena
1062:Thales of Miletus
1049:or nature by the
998:and the earliest
976:animal physiology
906:religious rituals
643:has been used in
603:that many of the
597:scientific method
585:Islamic inquiries
542:Early Middle Ages
472:scientific method
383:
382:
296:Scientific method
286:Science education
227:
226:
15019:
14987:
14979:
14978:
14977:
14970:
14969:from Wikiversity
14962:
14961:
14960:
14953:
14945:
14944:
14943:
14936:
14928:
14927:
14926:
14919:
14911:
14910:
14909:
14902:
14894:
14893:
14892:
14882:
14866:
14865:
14857:
14822:
14821:
14797:
14749:Right to science
14729:Horizon scanning
14704:Academic freedom
14604:Technical change
14465:Women in science
14460:Unity of science
14241:Strong programme
14025:
14018:
14011:
14002:
14001:
13805:Computer science
13712:
13705:
13698:
13689:
13688:
13676:
13675:
13664:
13663:
13662:
13637:Bas van Fraassen
13592:Hans Reichenbach
13572:Bertrand Russell
13489:
13488:
13315:Philosophy of...
13098:Unity of science
12891:Commensurability
12837:
12830:
12823:
12814:
12813:
12802:
12801:
12799:
12797:
12791:
12776:
12742:
12733:
12727:
12726:
12724:
12722:
12716:
12709:
12691:
12682:
12673:
12672:
12660:
12654:
12653:
12651:
12649:
12623:
12617:
12616:
12597:
12591:
12590:
12588:
12586:
12550:
12544:
12543:
12541:
12539:
12519:
12513:
12512:
12484:
12478:
12477:
12467:
12449:
12417:
12411:
12410:
12408:
12406:
12386:
12380:
12379:
12377:
12375:
12355:
12349:
12348:
12346:
12344:
12335:. Archived from
12328:
12322:
12321:
12319:
12317:
12294:
12288:
12287:
12277:
12253:
12247:
12246:
12244:
12242:
12218:
12212:
12211:
12209:
12207:
12187:
12181:
12180:
12179:on 21 June 2010.
12168:
12162:
12161:
12159:
12157:
12151:
12136:
12121:Higher Education
12118:
12109:
12103:
12102:
12076:
12070:
12069:
12059:
12041:
12009:
12003:
12002:
12000:
11998:
11979:
11973:
11972:
11970:
11968:
11940:
11934:
11933:
11931:
11929:
11908:
11902:
11901:
11899:
11897:
11875:
11867:
11861:
11860:
11858:
11856:
11837:
11831:
11830:
11794:
11788:
11787:
11785:
11783:
11748:
11742:
11741:
11739:
11733:. Archived from
11728:
11720:
11714:
11713:
11711:
11709:
11689:
11683:
11682:
11680:
11678:
11663:
11657:
11656:
11654:
11652:
11633:
11627:
11626:
11624:
11622:
11607:
11601:
11600:
11598:
11596:
11580:
11574:
11573:
11571:
11569:
11560:. Archived from
11553:
11547:
11546:
11544:
11542:
11527:
11521:
11520:
11518:
11516:
11501:
11495:
11494:
11492:
11490:
11471:
11465:
11464:
11462:
11460:
11451:. Archived from
11445:
11439:
11438:
11436:
11434:
11425:. Archived from
11419:
11413:
11412:
11410:
11408:
11392:
11386:
11385:
11367:
11361:
11360:
11352:
11346:
11345:
11343:
11319:
11313:
11312:
11310:
11286:
11280:
11279:
11269:
11237:
11231:
11230:
11228:
11219:(7677): 549–52.
11204:
11198:
11197:
11195:
11171:
11165:
11164:
11162:
11138:
11132:
11131:
11121:
11104:(7343): 276–79.
11085:
11079:
11078:
11073:
11071:
11056:
11050:
11049:
11044:
11042:
11036:
11029:
11021:
11015:
11014:
11012:
11010:
11004:
10989:
10963:
10954:
10948:
10947:
10935:
10929:
10928:
10912:
10902:
10896:
10895:
10893:
10891:
10868:(2nd ed.).
10859:
10853:
10852:
10850:
10848:
10828:
10822:
10821:
10813:
10807:
10806:
10790:
10780:
10774:
10773:
10765:
10759:
10758:
10742:
10732:
10726:
10725:
10709:
10699:
10690:
10689:
10673:
10663:
10657:
10656:
10640:
10630:
10624:
10623:
10607:
10597:
10588:
10587:
10582:
10580:
10574:
10563:
10555:
10549:
10548:
10525:
10519:
10518:
10516:
10514:
10494:
10488:
10487:
10475:
10462:
10456:
10455:
10453:
10451:
10429:
10423:
10422:
10412:
10394:
10385:(10): –1002264.
10370:
10364:
10363:
10345:
10321:
10315:
10314:
10304:
10272:
10266:
10265:
10263:
10261:
10245:
10236:
10235:
10209:
10203:
10202:
10177:(4442): 369–71.
10163:
10157:
10156:
10130:
10124:
10123:
10121:
10119:
10103:
10097:
10096:
10070:
10064:
10063:
10035:
10029:
10028:
10002:
9996:
9995:
9994:on 19 June 2010.
9979:
9973:
9972:
9970:
9968:
9962:
9955:
9946:
9940:
9939:
9921:
9915:
9914:
9896:
9890:
9889:
9879:
9855:
9849:
9848:
9819:
9813:
9812:
9794:
9788:
9787:
9762:Diggle, Peter J.
9758:
9752:
9751:
9727:
9717:
9711:
9710:
9689:
9680:
9679:
9677:
9675:
9659:
9653:
9652:
9644:
9638:
9637:
9625:
9618:Moody G (2004).
9615:
9609:
9608:
9588:
9582:
9581:
9579:
9577:
9488:; Garip, Filiz;
9482:Watts, Duncan J.
9477:
9471:
9470:
9468:
9466:
9448:
9424:
9418:
9417:
9407:
9387:
9381:
9380:
9370:
9333:
9324:
9292:
9286:
9285:
9267:
9257:
9233:
9227:
9226:
9208:
9202:
9201:
9199:
9197:
9191:
9160:
9151:
9145:
9144:
9142:
9140:
9125:
9119:
9118:
9082:
9076:
9063:
9052:
9046:
9045:
9043:
9041:
9021:
9015:
9014:
9012:
9010:
8995:
8989:
8988:
8987:on 10 June 2021.
8983:. Archived from
8964:
8958:
8957:
8955:
8953:
8944:. Archived from
8932:
8926:
8925:
8907:
8901:
8900:
8882:
8876:
8875:
8873:
8871:
8841:
8835:
8834:
8826:
8820:
8819:
8791:
8785:
8784:
8776:
8770:
8769:
8767:
8765:
8744:
8738:
8737:
8731:
8729:
8710:
8704:
8703:
8701:
8699:
8684:
8678:
8677:
8659:
8653:
8652:
8650:
8648:
8618:
8612:
8611:
8587:
8577:
8568:
8567:
8549:
8543:
8542:
8540:
8538:
8519:
8513:
8512:
8510:
8508:
8503:on 20 April 2019
8493:
8487:
8486:
8470:
8464:
8463:
8453:
8435:
8410:
8404:
8403:
8401:
8399:
8379:
8373:
8372:
8354:
8330:
8324:
8323:
8313:
8303:
8279:
8273:
8272:
8252:
8246:
8245:
8229:
8219:
8213:
8212:
8194:
8188:
8187:
8185:
8183:
8155:
8149:
8148:
8132:
8122:
8116:
8115:
8113:
8111:
8105:
8081:Nobel Foundation
8070:
8061:
8055:
8054:
8036:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8025:
7989:
7983:
7982:
7981:. Horizon Press.
7971:
7965:
7964:
7941:
7935:
7934:
7906:
7900:
7899:
7894:. Archived from
7892:10.5282/rcc/6313
7875:
7869:
7868:
7866:
7864:
7855:. Archived from
7814:
7808:
7807:
7805:
7803:
7797:
7782:
7773:
7767:
7766:
7764:
7762:
7745:(269): 293–316.
7728:
7722:
7721:
7708:
7699:
7698:
7680:
7674:
7673:
7671:
7669:
7629:
7623:
7622:
7604:
7598:
7597:
7576:
7567:
7566:
7530:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7519:
7504:Nature Education
7495:
7489:
7488:
7475:
7469:
7468:
7458:
7426:
7420:
7419:
7401:
7395:
7394:
7376:
7370:
7369:
7348:Wassily Leontief
7336:Theodore Schultz
7313:
7303:
7297:
7296:
7268:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7257:
7248:. Archived from
7233:
7227:
7226:
7218:
7212:
7211:
7199:
7189:
7183:
7182:
7172:
7145:
7139:
7138:
7126:
7116:
7110:
7109:
7091:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7080:
7061:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7050:
7044:
7037:
7029:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7018:
6986:
6976:
6970:
6969:
6950:Speake, Jennifer
6942:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6931:
6903:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6892:
6873:
6867:
6866:
6844:
6838:
6837:
6825:
6819:
6818:
6800:
6794:
6793:
6765:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6754:
6734:
6728:
6727:
6700:Koestler, Arthur
6696:
6690:
6689:
6672:Cohen, H. Floris
6668:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6657:
6652:on 12 April 2020
6651:
6645:. Archived from
6620:
6611:
6605:
6604:
6560:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6518:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6492:
6486:
6485:
6476:
6474:
6446:
6438:
6432:
6431:
6407:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6370:Cohen, H. Floris
6366:
6360:
6357:
6329:
6323:
6322:
6290:Kitāb al-Manāẓir
6278:
6269:
6268:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6215:"Bayt al-Hikmah"
6211:
6205:
6204:
6178:
6172:
6171:
6151:
6141:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6130:
6110:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6042:
6036:
6035:
6009:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5998:
5970:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5931:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5798:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5751:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5712:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5658:"Plato, Apology"
5654:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5632:"Plato, Apology"
5628:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5523:
5517:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5386:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5298:
5292:
5286:
5282:Guthrie, W.K.C.
5274:
5272:
5270:
5264:
5257:
5233:
5224:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5073:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5025:
5023:
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4957:
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4853:
4852:
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4753:
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4667:
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4660:
4624:
4618:
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4564:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4443:Vaan, Michiel de
4439:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4302:
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4295:
4293:
4291:
4263:
4257:
4256:
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4252:
4224:
4218:
4217:
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4185:
4167:
4161:
4160:
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4136:
4135:
4119:
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4103:
4102:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4059:
4053:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4021:
4015:
4014:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3942:India: A history
3933:
3927:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3891:
3883:
3874:
3873:
3855:
3830:
3829:
3795:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3744:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3672:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3627:
3618:
3617:
3578:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3549:"Social Science"
3544:
3535:
3534:
3526:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3478:
3469:
3468:
3444:
3435:
3434:
3418:
3408:
3391:
3380:
3374:
3360:
3160:formal education
3076:research funding
3064:in Germany, and
2936:
2871:Women in science
2850:advanced degrees
2770:creation science
2578:scientific paper
2566:
2396:applied research
2344:machine learning
2111:physical science
1960:mobile computing
1924:modern synthesis
1917:Georges Lemaître
1777:Oliver Heaviside
1738:energy qualities
1436:geocentric model
1342:Mondino de Luzzi
1310:Mongol invasions
1259:Byzantine empire
1232:Byzantine Empire
1092:and his student
830:
829:
822:
821:
811:
802:
801:
793:
781:
768:
767:
758:
757:
743:
736:
725:
718:Indo-Europeanist
711:
700:
688:
680:
668:
656:
621:science policies
570:Byzantine Empire
480:Applied sciences
408:natural sciences
375:
368:
361:
347:
346:
345:
332:
331:
291:Research funding
208:Applied sciences
144:Natural sciences
121:
120:
58:
39:
38:
15027:
15026:
15022:
15021:
15020:
15018:
15017:
15016:
14992:
14991:
14990:
14986:from Wikivoyage
14980:
14975:
14973:
14963:
14958:
14956:
14946:
14941:
14939:
14929:
14924:
14922:
14912:
14907:
14905:
14895:
14890:
14888:
14885:
14881:sister projects
14878:at Knowledge's
14872:
14860:
14852:
14850:
14845:
14785:
14744:Research ethics
14690:
14589:Reverse salient
14483:
14476:
14252:
14245:
14236:Sociotechnology
14180:
14092:
14057:
14034:
14029:
13999:
13994:
13893:Hebrew toponyms
13888:Arabic toponyms
13726:
13716:
13686:
13681:
13670:
13660:
13658:
13646:
13627:Paul Feyerabend
13587:Michael Polanyi
13523:
13509:Galileo Galilei
13478:
13464:Science studies
13380:
13310:
13301:Verificationism
13206:Instrumentalism
13191:Foundationalism
13166:Conventionalism
13124:
12960:Feminist method
12846:
12841:
12811:
12806:
12805:
12795:
12793:
12789:
12740:
12734:
12730:
12720:
12718:
12714:
12689:
12683:
12676:
12661:
12657:
12647:
12645:
12624:
12620:
12598:
12594:
12584:
12582:
12567:
12551:
12547:
12537:
12535:
12520:
12516:
12485:
12481:
12418:
12414:
12404:
12402:
12387:
12383:
12373:
12371:
12356:
12352:
12342:
12340:
12329:
12325:
12315:
12313:
12295:
12291:
12268:(7478): 177–9.
12254:
12250:
12240:
12238:
12219:
12215:
12205:
12203:
12188:
12184:
12169:
12165:
12155:
12153:
12149:
12116:
12110:
12106:
12091:
12077:
12073:
12024:(9): e1002712.
12010:
12006:
11996:
11994:
11981:
11980:
11976:
11966:
11964:
11941:
11937:
11927:
11925:
11910:
11909:
11905:
11895:
11893:
11868:
11864:
11854:
11852:
11839:
11838:
11834:
11795:
11791:
11781:
11779:
11772:
11750:
11749:
11745:
11737:
11726:
11722:
11721:
11717:
11707:
11705:
11690:
11686:
11676:
11674:
11665:
11664:
11660:
11650:
11648:
11635:
11634:
11630:
11620:
11618:
11609:
11608:
11604:
11594:
11592:
11581:
11577:
11567:
11565:
11554:
11550:
11540:
11538:
11529:
11528:
11524:
11514:
11512:
11503:
11502:
11498:
11488:
11486:
11473:
11472:
11468:
11458:
11456:
11447:
11446:
11442:
11432:
11430:
11421:
11420:
11416:
11406:
11404:
11393:
11389:
11382:
11368:
11364:
11353:
11349:
11320:
11316:
11287:
11283:
11267:10.1038/472276a
11238:
11234:
11205:
11201:
11172:
11168:
11139:
11135:
11119:10.1038/472276a
11086:
11082:
11069:
11067:
11058:
11057:
11053:
11040:
11038:
11034:
11027:
11023:
11022:
11018:
11008:
11006:
11002:
10961:
10955:
10951:
10936:
10932:
10925:
10903:
10899:
10889:
10887:
10880:
10872:. p. 206.
10860:
10856:
10846:
10844:
10829:
10825:
10814:
10810:
10803:
10781:
10777:
10766:
10762:
10755:
10733:
10729:
10722:
10700:
10693:
10686:
10664:
10660:
10653:
10631:
10627:
10620:
10598:
10591:
10578:
10576:
10572:
10561:
10557:
10556:
10552:
10545:
10529:Novella, Steven
10526:
10522:
10512:
10510:
10509:on 4 March 2005
10495:
10491:
10484:
10463:
10459:
10449:
10447:
10430:
10426:
10371:
10367:
10322:
10318:
10302:10.1038/515009a
10273:
10269:
10259:
10257:
10246:
10239:
10224:
10210:
10206:
10164:
10160:
10153:
10131:
10127:
10117:
10115:
10114:on 8 April 2008
10104:
10100:
10085:
10071:
10067:
10052:
10036:
10032:
10017:
10003:
9999:
9980:
9976:
9966:
9964:
9963:on 9 April 2008
9960:
9953:
9947:
9943:
9936:
9922:
9918:
9911:
9897:
9893:
9856:
9852:
9845:
9820:
9816:
9809:
9795:
9791:
9784:
9759:
9755:
9740:
9718:
9714:
9704:
9690:
9683:
9673:
9671:
9660:
9656:
9645:
9641:
9634:
9616:
9612:
9589:
9585:
9575:
9573:
9498:Margetts, Helen
9478:
9474:
9464:
9462:
9425:
9421:
9388:
9384:
9293:
9289:
9234:
9230:
9223:
9209:
9205:
9195:
9193:
9189:
9163:Research Policy
9158:
9152:
9148:
9138:
9136:
9127:
9126:
9122:
9083:
9079:
9073:Wayback Machine
9065:Pre-publication
9062:. Edward Elgar.
9053:
9049:
9039:
9037:
9022:
9018:
9008:
9006:
8997:
8996:
8992:
8981:
8965:
8961:
8951:
8949:
8934:
8933:
8929:
8922:
8908:
8904:
8897:
8883:
8879:
8869:
8867:
8860:
8842:
8838:
8827:
8823:
8792:
8788:
8777:
8773:
8763:
8761:
8748:"formal system"
8746:
8745:
8741:
8727:
8725:
8712:
8711:
8707:
8697:
8695:
8686:
8685:
8681:
8674:
8660:
8656:
8646:
8644:
8637:
8619:
8615:
8600:
8578:
8571:
8564:
8550:
8546:
8536:
8534:
8521:
8520:
8516:
8506:
8504:
8495:
8494:
8490:
8471:
8467:
8411:
8407:
8397:
8395:
8380:
8376:
8331:
8327:
8280:
8276:
8253:
8249:
8242:
8220:
8216:
8209:
8195:
8191:
8181:
8179:
8172:
8156:
8152:
8145:
8123:
8119:
8109:
8107:
8103:
8068:
8062:
8058:
8051:
8037:
8033:
8023:
8021:
8006:
7990:
7986:
7972:
7968:
7961:
7942:
7938:
7907:
7903:
7876:
7872:
7862:
7860:
7859:on 23 July 2010
7845:10.1038/ngeo325
7831:(10): 636–639.
7815:
7811:
7801:
7799:
7795:
7780:
7774:
7770:
7760:
7758:
7729:
7725:
7709:
7702:
7695:
7681:
7677:
7667:
7665:
7630:
7626:
7619:
7605:
7601:
7594:
7577:
7570:
7535:Social Research
7531:
7527:
7517:
7515:
7496:
7492:
7476:
7472:
7456:10.1038/451632a
7427:
7423:
7416:
7402:
7398:
7391:
7377:
7373:
7366:
7304:
7300:
7269:
7265:
7255:
7253:
7234:
7230:
7219:
7215:
7208:
7190:
7186:
7146:
7142:
7135:
7117:
7113:
7106:
7092:
7088:
7078:
7076:
7063:
7062:
7058:
7048:
7046:
7042:
7035:
7031:
7030:
7026:
7016:
7014:
7007:
6977:
6973:
6966:
6952:, eds. (1987).
6943:
6939:
6929:
6927:
6920:
6904:
6900:
6890:
6888:
6875:
6874:
6870:
6859:
6845:
6841:
6826:
6822:
6815:
6801:
6797:
6766:
6762:
6752:
6750:
6735:
6731:
6724:
6697:
6693:
6686:
6669:
6665:
6655:
6653:
6649:
6618:
6612:
6608:
6561:
6554:
6544:
6542:
6535:
6519:
6515:
6505:
6503:
6494:
6493:
6489:
6472:
6470:
6439:
6435:
6428:
6395:
6391:
6384:
6367:
6363:
6330:
6326:
6311:
6279:
6272:
6265:
6242:
6238:
6228:
6226:
6213:
6212:
6208:
6193:
6179:
6175:
6168:
6142:
6138:
6128:
6126:
6111:
6107:
6097:
6095:
6082:
6078:
6068:
6066:
6059:
6043:
6039:
6024:
6010:
6006:
5996:
5994:
5987:
5971:
5967:
5957:
5955:
5948:
5932:
5928:
5918:
5916:
5909:
5893:
5889:
5879:
5877:
5870:
5854:
5850:
5840:
5838:
5831:
5799:
5795:
5785:
5783:
5776:
5752:
5748:
5738:
5736:
5729:
5713:
5706:
5696:
5694:
5681:
5677:
5667:
5665:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5641:
5639:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5615:
5613:
5596:
5592:
5582:
5580:
5573:
5557:
5553:
5543:
5541:
5524:
5520:
5514:De rerum natura
5507:
5503:
5493:
5491:
5484:
5468:
5464:
5454:
5452:
5445:
5421:
5417:
5406:
5392:(1 June 1972).
5390:Burkert, Walter
5387:
5380:
5370:
5368:
5361:
5342:
5338:
5328:
5326:
5319:
5299:
5295:
5268:
5266:
5262:
5246:Springer Nature
5231:
5216:
5212:
5205:
5191:
5187:
5172:
5168:
5131:(1257): 21–42.
5116:
5112:
5102:
5100:
5093:
5074:
5065:
5055:
5053:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5021:
5019:
5012:
4993:
4989:
4982:
4974:. p. 127.
4964:
4960:
4953:
4936:
4932:
4901:
4897:
4882:
4860:
4856:
4803:
4799:
4760:
4756:
4749:
4727:
4723:
4692:
4688:
4668:
4664:
4635:(95): 219–234.
4625:
4621:
4614:
4592:
4588:
4578:
4558:
4554:
4523:
4519:
4509:
4507:
4492:
4476:
4472:
4465:
4457:. p. 545.
4440:
4436:
4426:
4424:
4417:Merriam-Webster
4407:
4406:
4402:
4392:
4390:
4383:
4367:
4363:
4356:
4342:
4338:
4328:
4326:
4319:
4303:
4299:
4289:
4287:
4280:
4264:
4260:
4250:
4248:
4241:
4225:
4221:
4210:
4196:Harrison, Peter
4193:
4189:
4182:
4168:
4164:
4157:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4110:
4106:
4099:
4085:
4081:
4074:
4060:
4056:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4022:
4018:
4011:
3997:
3993:
3986:
3972:
3968:
3957:
3934:
3930:
3924:Wayback Machine
3915:
3911:
3904:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3856:
3833:
3818:
3796:
3789:
3779:
3777:
3762:
3758:
3713:
3709:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3673:
3666:
3656:
3654:
3647:
3628:
3621:
3579:
3572:
3562:
3560:
3545:
3538:
3527:
3514:
3504:
3502:
3495:
3479:
3472:
3462:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3381:
3377:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3324:
3288:advocacy groups
3273:
3223:
3217:
3098:
3090:Main articles:
3088:
3060:in France, the
3003:
2998:
2987:
2971:
2884:
2876:domestic sphere
2826:academic degree
2802:
2786:
2729:instrumentalism
2722:trial and error
2649:
2629:Richard Feynman
2586:
2539:
2531:Main articles:
2529:
2413:ongoing process
2405:
2388:
2369:
2309:Applied science
2306:
2304:Applied science
2237:
2217:interactionists
2197:human geography
2175:
2167:natural history
2159:presuppositions
2103:Natural science
2100:
2098:Natural science
2072:natural science
2064:
2058:
2032:, predicted by
1994:M87* black hole
1986:
1980:
1932:Albert Einstein
1847:ozone depletion
1819:
1813:
1793:Henri Becquerel
1769:Michael Faraday
1649:
1643:
1505:by Isaac Newton
1493:
1487:
1446:Johannes Kepler
1440:orbital periods
1360:
1352:Main articles:
1350:
1306:Aristotelianism
1290:House of Wisdom
1279:Sassanid Empire
1236:John Philoponus
1200:
1194:
1175:Natural History
1170:Pliny the Elder
1117:Socratic method
1086:theory of atoms
1022:
1016:
955:, and rituals.
921:writing systems
877:
871:
866:
860:
846:Mary Somerville
844:in a review of
838:William Whewell
819:
765:
755:
714:Michiel de Vaan
709:
671:noun derivative
637:
470:instead of the
458:), which study
448:formal sciences
442:), which study
379:
343:
341:
326:
321:
320:
276:
275:
266:
265:
261:Research ethics
256:Logical fallacy
246:Reproducibility
241:
240:
229:
228:
181:Anthropological
127:Formal sciences
118:
117:
101:
77:Article indexes
63:
62:
61:
60:
59:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
15025:
15015:
15014:
15009:
15004:
14989:
14988:
14971:
14954:
14952:from Wikibooks
14937:
14935:from Wikiquote
14920:
14903:
14874:
14871:
14870:
14847:
14846:
14844:
14843:
14842:
14841:
14836:
14831:
14816:
14815:
14814:
14809:
14804:
14790:
14787:
14786:
14784:
14783:
14778:
14773:
14768:
14767:
14766:
14761:
14754:Science policy
14751:
14746:
14741:
14736:
14731:
14726:
14721:
14716:
14711:
14709:Digital divide
14706:
14700:
14698:
14692:
14691:
14689:
14688:
14683:
14682:
14681:
14676:
14671:
14666:
14661:
14653:
14652:
14651:
14646:
14641:
14636:
14631:
14625:Technological
14623:
14622:
14621:
14611:
14606:
14601:
14596:
14591:
14586:
14581:
14576:
14571:
14570:
14569:
14564:
14559:
14554:
14549:
14539:
14534:
14529:
14524:
14519:
14514:
14509:
14504:
14502:Design studies
14499:
14494:
14488:
14486:
14478:
14477:
14475:
14474:
14473:
14472:
14462:
14457:
14456:
14455:
14445:
14440:
14438:Scientometrics
14435:
14430:
14429:
14428:
14423:
14418:
14413:
14408:
14403:
14398:
14393:
14388:
14383:
14375:
14374:
14373:
14368:
14363:
14358:
14353:
14348:
14343:
14338:
14330:
14325:
14320:
14319:
14318:
14311:Paradigm shift
14308:
14303:
14298:
14293:
14288:
14283:
14278:
14273:
14268:
14263:
14257:
14255:
14247:
14246:
14244:
14243:
14238:
14233:
14228:
14223:
14222:
14221:
14211:
14210:
14209:
14204:
14196:
14190:
14188:
14182:
14181:
14179:
14178:
14173:
14168:
14163:
14158:
14153:
14151:Postpositivism
14148:
14143:
14138:
14133:
14128:
14123:
14118:
14113:
14111:Antipositivism
14108:
14102:
14100:
14094:
14093:
14091:
14090:
14085:
14084:
14083:
14081:and technology
14073:
14067:
14065:
14059:
14058:
14056:
14055:
14050:
14044:
14042:
14036:
14035:
14028:
14027:
14020:
14013:
14005:
13996:
13995:
13993:
13992:
13987:
13982:
13977:
13972:
13967:
13962:
13957:
13952:
13947:
13945:Nanotechnology
13942:
13937:
13932:
13927:
13922:
13917:
13915:Machine vision
13912:
13907:
13902:
13901:
13900:
13895:
13890:
13885:
13880:
13872:
13871:
13870:
13865:
13857:
13852:
13847:
13842:
13841:
13840:
13835:
13827:
13822:
13817:
13812:
13807:
13802:
13797:
13792:
13787:
13782:
13777:
13772:
13767:
13762:
13757:
13752:
13747:
13742:
13737:
13731:
13728:
13727:
13718:Glossaries of
13715:
13714:
13707:
13700:
13692:
13683:
13682:
13680:
13668:
13656:
13651:
13648:
13647:
13645:
13644:
13639:
13634:
13629:
13624:
13619:
13614:
13612:W. V. O. Quine
13609:
13604:
13599:
13594:
13589:
13584:
13579:
13574:
13569:
13564:
13559:
13554:
13549:
13547:Rudolf Steiner
13544:
13539:
13537:Henri Poincaré
13534:
13528:
13525:
13524:
13522:
13521:
13516:
13511:
13506:
13501:
13495:
13493:
13486:
13480:
13479:
13477:
13476:
13471:
13466:
13461:
13456:
13451:
13446:
13441:
13436:
13435:
13434:
13424:
13419:
13414:
13409:
13407:Exact sciences
13404:
13399:
13394:
13388:
13386:
13385:Related topics
13382:
13381:
13379:
13378:
13377:
13376:
13371:
13366:
13361:
13356:
13351:
13344:Social science
13341:
13340:
13339:
13337:Space and time
13329:
13324:
13318:
13316:
13312:
13311:
13309:
13308:
13303:
13298:
13293:
13288:
13283:
13278:
13269:
13264:
13259:
13250:
13241:
13236:
13223:
13218:
13213:
13208:
13203:
13198:
13193:
13188:
13183:
13178:
13173:
13168:
13163:
13158:
13153:
13148:
13143:
13138:
13132:
13130:
13126:
13125:
13123:
13122:
13117:
13116:
13115:
13110:
13100:
13095:
13090:
13089:
13088:
13083:
13078:
13068:
13063:
13058:
13053:
13048:
13046:Scientific law
13043:
13042:
13041:
13031:
13026:
13021:
13016:
13011:
13006:
13001:
12996:
12991:
12984:
12983:
12982:
12977:
12967:
12962:
12957:
12955:Falsifiability
12952:
12947:
12942:
12941:
12940:
12930:
12925:
12920:
12915:
12914:
12913:
12903:
12898:
12893:
12888:
12887:
12886:
12884:Mill's Methods
12876:
12865:
12860:
12854:
12852:
12848:
12847:
12840:
12839:
12832:
12825:
12817:
12810:
12809:External links
12807:
12804:
12803:
12728:
12674:
12663:Bolsen, Toby;
12655:
12618:
12592:
12565:
12545:
12514:
12495:(4): 337–357.
12479:
12412:
12381:
12350:
12323:
12289:
12248:
12213:
12182:
12163:
12127:(5): 567–588.
12104:
12089:
12071:
12004:
11974:
11935:
11903:
11862:
11832:
11811:10.1086/351711
11789:
11771:978-9264239784
11770:
11743:
11715:
11684:
11658:
11637:"Introduction"
11628:
11602:
11575:
11556:Meynell, G.G.
11548:
11522:
11496:
11466:
11455:on 3 June 2014
11440:
11429:on 29 May 2013
11414:
11387:
11380:
11362:
11347:
11314:
11281:
11232:
11199:
11166:
11133:
11080:
11051:
11016:
10949:
10930:
10923:
10897:
10878:
10854:
10823:
10808:
10801:
10775:
10760:
10753:
10727:
10720:
10691:
10684:
10658:
10651:
10625:
10618:
10589:
10550:
10544:978-1473696419
10543:
10520:
10489:
10482:
10457:
10424:
10365:
10336:(6): 528–530.
10316:
10267:
10237:
10222:
10204:
10158:
10151:
10125:
10098:
10083:
10065:
10050:
10030:
10015:
9997:
9974:
9941:
9934:
9916:
9909:
9891:
9870:(4): 364–376.
9850:
9843:
9823:Fara, Patricia
9814:
9807:
9789:
9783:978-0199543182
9782:
9753:
9738:
9712:
9702:
9681:
9654:
9639:
9632:
9610:
9599:(2): 121–128.
9583:
9510:Vazire, Simine
9494:Kleinberg, Jon
9472:
9439:(3): 844–853.
9419:
9382:
9339:(March 2000).
9337:Davis, Bernard
9287:
9228:
9221:
9203:
9169:(5): 477–486.
9146:
9120:
9077:
9047:
9030:+Plus Magazine
9016:
8990:
8979:
8959:
8927:
8920:
8902:
8895:
8877:
8858:
8836:
8821:
8786:
8771:
8739:
8705:
8679:
8672:
8654:
8635:
8613:
8598:
8569:
8562:
8544:
8514:
8488:
8465:
8405:
8374:
8345:(3): 625–629.
8325:
8294:(6): 577–622.
8288:Human Genomics
8274:
8247:
8240:
8214:
8207:
8189:
8171:978-1605356051
8170:
8150:
8143:
8117:
8056:
8049:
8031:
8004:
7984:
7966:
7959:
7936:
7917:(2): 115–125.
7901:
7870:
7809:
7768:
7733:"Cathode Rays"
7723:
7700:
7693:
7675:
7624:
7617:
7599:
7592:
7568:
7541:(1): 125–158.
7525:
7490:
7470:
7421:
7414:
7396:
7389:
7371:
7364:
7332:Maurice Allais
7320:Lawrence Klein
7316:Paul Samuelson
7298:
7285:10.2307/588406
7279:(2): 164–180.
7263:
7252:on 6 June 2011
7228:
7213:
7206:
7184:
7163:(2): 268–270.
7140:
7134:978-0521640664
7133:
7111:
7105:978-0131443297
7104:
7086:
7056:
7024:
7006:978-0511819421
7005:
6971:
6965:978-0816013159
6964:
6937:
6918:
6898:
6868:
6857:
6839:
6820:
6813:
6795:
6776:(1): 201–218.
6760:
6729:
6722:
6691:
6684:
6663:
6606:
6577:10.1086/352843
6552:
6533:
6513:
6487:
6457:(4): 168–188.
6433:
6426:
6400:, ed. (2006).
6398:Selin, Helaine
6389:
6382:
6361:
6346:10.1086/349914
6324:
6309:
6270:
6264:978-0415259347
6263:
6236:
6206:
6191:
6173:
6166:
6136:
6105:
6076:
6057:
6037:
6022:
6004:
5985:
5965:
5946:
5926:
5907:
5887:
5868:
5848:
5829:
5793:
5774:
5746:
5727:
5704:
5675:
5660:. p. 27.
5649:
5634:. p. 17.
5623:
5590:
5571:
5551:
5518:
5501:
5482:
5462:
5443:
5415:
5404:
5378:
5359:
5336:
5318:978-0814319024
5317:
5293:
5210:
5203:
5185:
5166:
5110:
5091:
5063:
5033:
5010:
4996:Erlich, Ḥaggai
4987:
4981:978-0313324338
4980:
4958:
4951:
4930:
4911:(2): 197–211.
4895:
4880:
4854:
4797:
4776:10.1086/599864
4770:(2): 345–375.
4754:
4747:
4721:
4702:(1): 133–143.
4686:
4683:. p. 248.
4675:Wengrow, David
4671:Graeber, David
4662:
4619:
4612:
4586:
4552:
4517:
4490:
4470:
4463:
4434:
4400:
4381:
4361:
4354:
4336:
4317:
4297:
4278:
4258:
4239:
4219:
4208:
4187:
4180:
4162:
4155:
4137:
4130:
4104:
4097:
4079:
4072:
4054:
4041:
4034:
4016:
4009:
3991:
3984:
3966:
3955:
3928:
3909:
3902:
3875:
3869:978-0226482057
3868:
3831:
3816:
3787:
3756:
3707:
3692:
3685:
3664:
3645:
3619:
3582:Löwe, Benedikt
3570:
3536:
3512:
3493:
3470:
3460:
3448:Heilbron, J.L.
3436:
3429:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3375:
3371:Ibn al-Haytham
3365:Book of Optics
3354:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3323:
3320:
3272:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3256:
3253:
3239:
3232:climate change
3219:Main article:
3216:
3213:
3172:beat reporters
3142:observations,
3087:
3084:
3072:Science policy
3056:in Australia,
3052:in Argentina,
3010:Budget of NASA
3002:
2999:
2986:
2983:
2974:Science awards
2970:
2967:
2883:
2880:
2801:
2798:
2785:
2782:
2755:paradigm shift
2747:normal science
2714:falsifiability
2648:
2645:
2621:fringe science
2594:methodological
2592:is an ongoing
2585:
2582:
2528:
2525:
2404:
2401:
2392:Basic research
2387:
2384:
2376:bioinformatics
2368:
2365:
2360:topic modeling
2356:random forests
2330:basic sciences
2305:
2302:
2260:systems theory
2244:formal systems
2240:Formal science
2236:
2235:Formal science
2233:
2209:functionalists
2189:Social science
2174:
2173:Social science
2171:
2131:Ancient Greece
2129:that began in
2099:
2096:
2080:formal science
2076:social science
2060:Main article:
2057:
2054:
2050:accretion disc
2038:first observed
2026:Standard Model
2000:collaboration.
1982:Main article:
1979:
1976:
1968:systems theory
1888:, such as the
1859:climate change
1855:eutrophication
1815:Main article:
1812:
1809:
1781:Heinrich Hertz
1746:thermodynamics
1716:. The laws of
1677:Charles Darwin
1661:Charles Darwin
1645:Main article:
1642:
1639:
1568:popularisation
1554:
1489:Main article:
1486:
1483:
1479:laws of nature
1474:René Descartes
1466:printing press
1385:camera obscura
1349:
1346:
1335:. Renaissance
1314:Ibn al-Haytham
1247:late antiquity
1196:Main article:
1193:
1190:
1130:self-criticism
1018:Main article:
1015:
1012:
873:Main article:
870:
867:
862:Main article:
859:
856:
817:
784:back-formation
763:
753:
651:as the suffix
645:Middle English
636:
633:
526:physical world
460:formal systems
424:physical world
381:
380:
378:
377:
370:
363:
355:
352:
351:
323:
322:
319:
318:
313:
308:
303:
301:Science policy
298:
293:
288:
283:
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273:
272:
271:
268:
267:
264:
263:
258:
253:
251:Cognitive bias
248:
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231:
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220:
215:
205:
204:
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191:Criminological
188:
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158:
157:
156:
151:
141:
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134:
119:
108:
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99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
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68:
65:
64:
53:
52:
51:
50:
49:
46:
45:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15024:
15013:
15010:
15008:
15005:
15003:
15000:
14999:
14997:
14985:
14984:
14983:Travel guides
14972:
14968:
14967:
14955:
14951:
14950:
14938:
14934:
14933:
14921:
14918:from Wikinews
14917:
14916:
14904:
14900:
14899:
14887:
14886:
14883:
14877:
14869:
14864:
14859:
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14827:
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14825:
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14808:
14805:
14803:
14800:
14799:
14796:
14792:
14791:
14788:
14782:
14779:
14777:
14774:
14772:
14769:
14765:
14762:
14760:
14757:
14756:
14755:
14752:
14750:
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14735:
14732:
14730:
14727:
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14707:
14705:
14702:
14701:
14699:
14697:
14693:
14687:
14684:
14680:
14677:
14675:
14672:
14670:
14667:
14665:
14662:
14660:
14657:
14656:
14654:
14650:
14647:
14645:
14642:
14640:
14637:
14635:
14632:
14630:
14627:
14626:
14624:
14620:
14617:
14616:
14615:
14614:Technoscience
14612:
14610:
14607:
14605:
14602:
14600:
14597:
14595:
14592:
14590:
14587:
14585:
14584:Media studies
14582:
14580:
14577:
14575:
14572:
14568:
14565:
14563:
14560:
14558:
14555:
14553:
14550:
14548:
14545:
14544:
14543:
14540:
14538:
14535:
14533:
14530:
14528:
14525:
14523:
14522:Early adopter
14520:
14518:
14515:
14513:
14510:
14508:
14505:
14503:
14500:
14498:
14495:
14493:
14492:Co-production
14490:
14489:
14487:
14485:
14479:
14471:
14468:
14467:
14466:
14463:
14461:
14458:
14454:
14451:
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14449:
14446:
14444:
14441:
14439:
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14434:
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14417:
14414:
14412:
14409:
14407:
14404:
14402:
14399:
14397:
14394:
14392:
14389:
14387:
14384:
14382:
14379:
14378:
14376:
14372:
14369:
14367:
14364:
14362:
14359:
14357:
14354:
14352:
14349:
14347:
14344:
14342:
14341:communication
14339:
14337:
14334:
14333:
14331:
14329:
14326:
14324:
14323:Pseudoscience
14321:
14317:
14314:
14313:
14312:
14309:
14307:
14304:
14302:
14299:
14297:
14294:
14292:
14289:
14287:
14284:
14282:
14279:
14277:
14274:
14272:
14271:Boundary-work
14269:
14267:
14266:Bibliometrics
14264:
14262:
14259:
14258:
14256:
14254:
14248:
14242:
14239:
14237:
14234:
14232:
14229:
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14224:
14220:
14217:
14216:
14215:
14212:
14208:
14205:
14203:
14200:
14199:
14197:
14195:
14192:
14191:
14189:
14187:
14183:
14177:
14176:Transhumanism
14174:
14172:
14169:
14167:
14164:
14162:
14159:
14157:
14154:
14152:
14149:
14147:
14144:
14142:
14139:
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14134:
14132:
14129:
14127:
14124:
14122:
14119:
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14107:
14104:
14103:
14101:
14099:
14095:
14089:
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14082:
14079:
14078:
14077:
14074:
14072:
14069:
14068:
14066:
14064:
14060:
14054:
14051:
14049:
14046:
14045:
14043:
14041:
14037:
14033:
14026:
14021:
14019:
14014:
14012:
14007:
14006:
14003:
13991:
13988:
13986:
13983:
13981:
13978:
13976:
13973:
13971:
13968:
13966:
13963:
13961:
13958:
13956:
13953:
13951:
13948:
13946:
13943:
13941:
13938:
13936:
13933:
13931:
13928:
13926:
13923:
13921:
13918:
13916:
13913:
13911:
13908:
13906:
13903:
13899:
13896:
13894:
13891:
13889:
13886:
13884:
13881:
13879:
13876:
13875:
13873:
13869:
13866:
13864:
13861:
13860:
13858:
13856:
13853:
13851:
13848:
13846:
13843:
13839:
13836:
13834:
13831:
13830:
13828:
13826:
13823:
13821:
13818:
13816:
13813:
13811:
13808:
13806:
13803:
13801:
13798:
13796:
13793:
13791:
13788:
13786:
13783:
13781:
13778:
13776:
13773:
13771:
13768:
13766:
13763:
13761:
13758:
13756:
13753:
13751:
13748:
13746:
13743:
13741:
13738:
13736:
13733:
13732:
13729:
13725:
13721:
13713:
13708:
13706:
13701:
13699:
13694:
13693:
13690:
13679:
13674:
13669:
13667:
13657:
13655:
13652:
13649:
13643:
13640:
13638:
13635:
13633:
13630:
13628:
13625:
13623:
13620:
13618:
13615:
13613:
13610:
13608:
13605:
13603:
13600:
13598:
13597:Rudolf Carnap
13595:
13593:
13590:
13588:
13585:
13583:
13580:
13578:
13575:
13573:
13570:
13568:
13565:
13563:
13560:
13558:
13555:
13553:
13550:
13548:
13545:
13543:
13540:
13538:
13535:
13533:
13532:Auguste Comte
13530:
13529:
13520:
13517:
13515:
13512:
13510:
13507:
13505:
13504:Francis Bacon
13502:
13500:
13497:
13496:
13494:
13490:
13487:
13485:
13481:
13475:
13472:
13470:
13467:
13465:
13462:
13460:
13457:
13455:
13452:
13450:
13447:
13445:
13442:
13440:
13437:
13433:
13432:Pseudoscience
13430:
13429:
13428:
13425:
13423:
13420:
13418:
13415:
13413:
13410:
13408:
13405:
13403:
13400:
13398:
13395:
13393:
13390:
13389:
13387:
13383:
13375:
13372:
13370:
13367:
13365:
13362:
13360:
13357:
13355:
13352:
13350:
13347:
13346:
13345:
13342:
13338:
13335:
13334:
13333:
13330:
13328:
13325:
13323:
13320:
13319:
13317:
13313:
13307:
13304:
13302:
13299:
13297:
13294:
13292:
13291:Structuralism
13289:
13287:
13284:
13282:
13279:
13277:
13273:
13270:
13268:
13265:
13263:
13260:
13258:
13254:
13253:Received view
13251:
13249:
13245:
13242:
13240:
13237:
13235:
13231:
13227:
13224:
13222:
13219:
13217:
13214:
13212:
13209:
13207:
13204:
13202:
13199:
13197:
13194:
13192:
13189:
13187:
13184:
13182:
13179:
13177:
13174:
13172:
13169:
13167:
13164:
13162:
13161:Contextualism
13159:
13157:
13154:
13152:
13149:
13147:
13144:
13142:
13139:
13137:
13134:
13133:
13131:
13127:
13121:
13118:
13114:
13111:
13109:
13106:
13105:
13104:
13101:
13099:
13096:
13094:
13091:
13087:
13084:
13082:
13079:
13077:
13074:
13073:
13072:
13069:
13067:
13064:
13062:
13059:
13057:
13054:
13052:
13049:
13047:
13044:
13040:
13037:
13036:
13035:
13032:
13030:
13027:
13025:
13022:
13020:
13017:
13015:
13012:
13010:
13007:
13005:
13002:
13000:
12997:
12995:
12992:
12990:
12989:
12985:
12981:
12978:
12976:
12973:
12972:
12971:
12968:
12966:
12963:
12961:
12958:
12956:
12953:
12951:
12948:
12946:
12943:
12939:
12936:
12935:
12934:
12931:
12929:
12926:
12924:
12921:
12919:
12916:
12912:
12909:
12908:
12907:
12904:
12902:
12899:
12897:
12894:
12892:
12889:
12885:
12882:
12881:
12880:
12877:
12875:
12874:
12870:
12866:
12864:
12861:
12859:
12856:
12855:
12853:
12849:
12845:
12838:
12833:
12831:
12826:
12824:
12819:
12818:
12815:
12788:
12784:
12780:
12775:
12770:
12766:
12762:
12758:
12754:
12750:
12746:
12739:
12732:
12713:
12708:
12703:
12699:
12695:
12688:
12681:
12679:
12670:
12666:
12659:
12643:
12639:
12635:
12634:
12629:
12622:
12615:
12611:
12607:
12603:
12596:
12580:
12576:
12572:
12568:
12562:
12558:
12557:
12549:
12533:
12529:
12525:
12518:
12510:
12506:
12502:
12498:
12494:
12490:
12483:
12475:
12471:
12466:
12461:
12457:
12453:
12448:
12443:
12439:
12435:
12431:
12427:
12423:
12416:
12400:
12396:
12392:
12385:
12369:
12365:
12361:
12354:
12338:
12334:
12327:
12311:
12307:
12303:
12299:
12293:
12285:
12281:
12276:
12271:
12267:
12263:
12259:
12252:
12236:
12232:
12228:
12224:
12217:
12201:
12197:
12193:
12186:
12178:
12174:
12167:
12148:
12144:
12140:
12135:
12130:
12126:
12122:
12115:
12108:
12100:
12096:
12092:
12086:
12082:
12075:
12067:
12063:
12058:
12053:
12049:
12045:
12040:
12035:
12031:
12027:
12023:
12019:
12015:
12008:
11992:
11988:
11984:
11978:
11962:
11958:
11954:
11950:
11946:
11939:
11923:
11919:
11918:
11913:
11907:
11891:
11887:
11883:
11879:
11874:
11866:
11850:
11846:
11842:
11836:
11828:
11824:
11820:
11816:
11812:
11808:
11805:(241): 4–26.
11804:
11800:
11793:
11777:
11773:
11767:
11763:
11759:
11755:
11754:
11747:
11736:
11732:
11725:
11719:
11703:
11699:
11695:
11688:
11672:
11668:
11662:
11646:
11642:
11638:
11632:
11616:
11612:
11606:
11590:
11586:
11579:
11563:
11559:
11552:
11536:
11532:
11526:
11510:
11506:
11500:
11484:
11480:
11476:
11470:
11454:
11450:
11444:
11428:
11424:
11418:
11402:
11398:
11391:
11383:
11377:
11373:
11366:
11358:
11351:
11342:
11337:
11333:
11329:
11325:
11318:
11309:
11304:
11300:
11296:
11292:
11285:
11277:
11273:
11268:
11263:
11259:
11255:
11251:
11247:
11243:
11236:
11227:
11222:
11218:
11214:
11210:
11203:
11194:
11189:
11185:
11181:
11177:
11170:
11161:
11156:
11152:
11148:
11144:
11137:
11129:
11125:
11120:
11115:
11111:
11107:
11103:
11099:
11095:
11091:
11090:Nayar, Anjali
11084:
11077:
11065:
11061:
11055:
11048:
11033:
11026:
11020:
11001:
10997:
10993:
10988:
10983:
10979:
10975:
10971:
10967:
10960:
10953:
10945:
10941:
10934:
10926:
10920:
10916:
10911:
10910:
10901:
10885:
10881:
10875:
10871:
10867:
10866:
10858:
10842:
10838:
10834:
10833:"Thomas Kuhn"
10827:
10819:
10812:
10804:
10798:
10794:
10789:
10788:
10779:
10771:
10764:
10756:
10750:
10746:
10741:
10740:
10731:
10723:
10717:
10713:
10708:
10707:
10698:
10696:
10687:
10681:
10677:
10672:
10671:
10662:
10654:
10648:
10644:
10639:
10638:
10629:
10621:
10615:
10611:
10606:
10605:
10596:
10594:
10586:
10571:
10567:
10560:
10554:
10546:
10540:
10536:
10535:
10530:
10524:
10508:
10504:
10500:
10493:
10485:
10479:
10474:
10473:
10467:
10461:
10445:
10441:
10440:
10435:
10428:
10420:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10402:
10398:
10393:
10388:
10384:
10380:
10376:
10369:
10361:
10357:
10353:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10335:
10331:
10327:
10320:
10312:
10308:
10303:
10298:
10294:
10290:
10286:
10282:
10278:
10271:
10255:
10251:
10244:
10242:
10233:
10229:
10225:
10219:
10216:. CRC Press.
10215:
10208:
10200:
10196:
10192:
10188:
10184:
10180:
10176:
10172:
10168:
10162:
10154:
10148:
10144:
10140:
10136:
10129:
10113:
10109:
10102:
10094:
10090:
10086:
10080:
10076:
10069:
10061:
10057:
10053:
10047:
10043:
10042:
10034:
10026:
10022:
10018:
10012:
10008:
10001:
9993:
9989:
9985:
9978:
9959:
9952:
9945:
9937:
9931:
9927:
9920:
9912:
9906:
9902:
9895:
9887:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9869:
9865:
9861:
9854:
9846:
9840:
9836:
9832:
9828:
9824:
9818:
9810:
9804:
9800:
9793:
9785:
9779:
9775:
9771:
9767:
9763:
9757:
9749:
9745:
9741:
9735:
9731:
9726:
9725:
9716:
9709:
9705:
9699:
9695:
9688:
9686:
9669:
9665:
9658:
9650:
9643:
9635:
9629:
9624:
9623:
9614:
9606:
9602:
9598:
9594:
9587:
9571:
9567:
9563:
9559:
9555:
9551:
9547:
9543:
9539:
9535:
9531:
9527:
9523:
9519:
9516:(July 2021).
9515:
9511:
9507:
9503:
9499:
9495:
9491:
9487:
9483:
9476:
9460:
9456:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9438:
9434:
9430:
9423:
9415:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9397:
9393:
9386:
9378:
9374:
9369:
9364:
9360:
9356:
9352:
9348:
9347:
9342:
9338:
9332:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9314:
9310:
9306:
9302:
9298:
9291:
9283:
9279:
9275:
9271:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9247:
9243:
9239:
9232:
9224:
9218:
9214:
9207:
9188:
9184:
9180:
9176:
9172:
9168:
9164:
9157:
9150:
9134:
9130:
9124:
9116:
9112:
9108:
9104:
9100:
9096:
9093:(3): 102–04.
9092:
9088:
9081:
9074:
9070:
9066:
9061:
9057:
9051:
9035:
9031:
9027:
9020:
9004:
9000:
8994:
8986:
8982:
8976:
8972:
8971:
8963:
8947:
8943:
8942:
8937:
8931:
8923:
8917:
8913:
8906:
8898:
8892:
8888:
8881:
8865:
8861:
8855:
8851:
8847:
8840:
8832:
8825:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8801:
8797:
8790:
8782:
8775:
8759:
8755:
8754:
8749:
8743:
8736:
8723:
8719:
8715:
8709:
8693:
8689:
8683:
8675:
8669:
8665:
8658:
8642:
8638:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8617:
8609:
8605:
8601:
8595:
8591:
8586:
8585:
8576:
8574:
8565:
8559:
8555:
8548:
8532:
8528:
8527:Seed Magazine
8524:
8518:
8502:
8498:
8492:
8484:
8480:
8476:
8469:
8461:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8443:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8425:
8421:
8417:
8409:
8393:
8389:
8385:
8378:
8370:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8344:
8340:
8336:
8329:
8321:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8278:
8270:
8266:
8263:(4): 407–26.
8262:
8258:
8251:
8243:
8237:
8233:
8228:
8227:
8218:
8210:
8204:
8200:
8193:
8177:
8173:
8167:
8163:
8162:
8154:
8146:
8140:
8136:
8131:
8130:
8121:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8086:
8082:
8078:
8074:
8067:
8060:
8052:
8046:
8042:
8035:
8019:
8015:
8011:
8007:
8001:
7997:
7996:
7988:
7980:
7976:
7970:
7962:
7960:0-525-94571-7
7956:
7952:
7951:
7946:
7940:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7920:
7916:
7912:
7905:
7897:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7881:
7874:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7825:
7820:
7813:
7794:
7790:
7786:
7779:
7772:
7756:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7739:
7734:
7727:
7719:
7718:
7713:
7707:
7705:
7696:
7690:
7686:
7679:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7628:
7620:
7614:
7610:
7603:
7595:
7593:0-7131-2789-9
7589:
7585:
7581:
7580:Reichl, Linda
7575:
7573:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7536:
7529:
7513:
7509:
7505:
7501:
7494:
7486:
7485:
7480:
7474:
7466:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7425:
7417:
7411:
7407:
7400:
7392:
7386:
7382:
7375:
7367:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7352:Jan Tinbergen
7349:
7345:
7341:
7340:Richard Stone
7337:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7312:
7311:
7302:
7294:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7267:
7251:
7247:
7246:New Statesman
7243:
7241:
7232:
7224:
7217:
7209:
7203:
7198:
7197:
7188:
7180:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7144:
7136:
7130:
7125:
7124:
7115:
7107:
7101:
7097:
7090:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7060:
7041:
7034:
7028:
7012:
7008:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6985:
6984:
6975:
6967:
6961:
6957:
6956:
6951:
6947:
6941:
6925:
6921:
6915:
6911:
6910:
6902:
6886:
6882:
6881:Maths History
6878:
6872:
6865:
6860:
6854:
6850:
6843:
6835:
6831:
6824:
6816:
6810:
6806:
6805:Francis Bacon
6799:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6771:
6764:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6733:
6725:
6723:0-14-019246-8
6719:
6715:
6711:
6710:Penguin Books
6707:
6706:
6701:
6695:
6687:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6667:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6629:(3): 219–35.
6628:
6624:
6617:
6610:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6571:(4): 568–89.
6570:
6566:
6559:
6557:
6540:
6536:
6530:
6526:
6525:
6517:
6501:
6497:
6491:
6484:
6480:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6451:
6445:
6437:
6429:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6406:
6405:
6399:
6393:
6385:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6365:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6340:(4): 463–65.
6339:
6335:
6328:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6293:
6289:
6286:De Aspectibus
6285:
6277:
6275:
6266:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6240:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6210:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6188:
6184:
6177:
6169:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6150:
6149:
6140:
6124:
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960:Mesopotamians
956:
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926:
925:Ancient Egypt
922:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
894:
890:
886:
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869:Early history
865:
855:
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852:
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673:of the Latin
672:
667:
666:
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650:
646:
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630:
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612:
610:
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605:institutional
602:
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166:Psychological
164:
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154:Life sciences
152:
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145:
142:
138:
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14964:
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14901:from Commons
14896:
14875:
14829:Associations
14664:criticism of
14574:Leapfrogging
14557:linear model
14443:Team science
14433:Scientocracy
14356:Neo-colonial
14106:Anthropocene
13829:Engineering
13780:Cell biology
13750:Architecture
13719:
13642:Larry Laudan
13622:Imre Lakatos
13577:Otto Neurath
13552:Karl Pearson
13542:Pierre Duhem
13514:Isaac Newton
13444:Protoscience
13402:Epistemology
13276:Anti-realism
13274: /
13255: /
13246: /
13232: /
13230:Reductionism
13228: /
13201:Inductionism
13181:Evolutionism
12986:
12873:a posteriori
12872:
12868:
12794:. Retrieved
12748:
12744:
12731:
12719:. Retrieved
12697:
12693:
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12658:
12646:. Retrieved
12642:the original
12637:
12631:
12621:
12613:
12606:The Guardian
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12583:. Retrieved
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12536:. Retrieved
12527:
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12337:the original
12326:
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12305:
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12239:. Retrieved
12230:
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11995:. Retrieved
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11735:the original
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11619:. Retrieved
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11539:. Retrieved
11525:
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11499:
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11427:the original
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10972:(1): 24–33.
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10437:
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9723:
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9672:. Retrieved
9668:the original
9657:
9648:
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9613:
9596:
9592:
9586:
9576:25 September
9574:. Retrieved
9525:
9521:
9486:Athey, Susan
9475:
9463:. Retrieved
9436:
9432:
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9350:
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9166:
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9123:
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9029:
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9003:the original
8993:
8985:the original
8969:
8962:
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8946:the original
8939:
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8849:
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8717:
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8682:
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8626:
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8547:
8535:. Retrieved
8531:the original
8526:
8517:
8507:21 September
8505:. Retrieved
8501:the original
8491:
8474:
8468:
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8377:
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8160:
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8076:
8072:
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8034:
8022:. Retrieved
7994:
7987:
7978:
7975:Kahn, Herman
7969:
7949:
7945:Kraft, Chris
7939:
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7883:
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7857:the original
7828:
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7788:
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7742:
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7507:
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7250:the original
7245:
7239:
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7156:
7149:Calisher, CH
7143:
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7068:
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7047:. Retrieved
7027:
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6982:
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6908:
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6880:
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6742:
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6647:the original
6626:
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6564:
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6523:
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6490:
6482:
6477:– via
6471:. Retrieved
6454:
6448:
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6373:
6364:
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6297:Philadelphia
6291:
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6218:
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6118:
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6086:
6079:
6067:. Retrieved
6047:
6040:
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5975:
5968:
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5936:
5929:
5917:. Retrieved
5897:
5890:
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5858:
5851:
5839:. Retrieved
5803:
5796:
5784:. Retrieved
5756:
5749:
5737:. Retrieved
5717:
5697:22 September
5695:. Retrieved
5685:
5678:
5666:. Retrieved
5652:
5640:. Retrieved
5626:
5614:. Retrieved
5600:
5593:
5581:. Retrieved
5561:
5554:
5542:. Retrieved
5534:Golden Press
5528:
5521:
5512:
5504:
5492:. Retrieved
5472:
5465:
5453:. Retrieved
5425:
5418:
5394:
5369:. Retrieved
5349:
5339:
5327:. Retrieved
5303:
5296:
5288:
5283:
5277:
5267:. Retrieved
5241:
5235:
5220:
5213:
5194:
5188:
5179:
5175:
5169:
5128:
5122:
5119:Aaboe, Asger
5113:
5101:. Retrieved
5081:
5054:. Retrieved
5045:
5036:
5027:
5020:. Retrieved
5000:
4990:
4967:
4961:
4942:
4933:
4908:
4904:
4898:
4863:
4857:
4817:(1): 25–48.
4814:
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4800:
4767:
4763:
4757:
4730:
4724:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4678:
4665:
4632:
4628:
4622:
4595:
4589:
4566:
4555:
4539:(2): 65–85.
4536:
4530:
4520:
4508:. Retrieved
4480:
4473:
4450:
4437:
4425:. Retrieved
4412:
4403:
4391:. Retrieved
4371:
4364:
4345:
4339:
4327:. Retrieved
4307:
4300:
4288:. Retrieved
4268:
4261:
4249:. Retrieved
4229:
4222:
4213:
4199:
4190:
4171:
4165:
4146:
4140:
4115:
4107:
4088:
4082:
4063:
4057:
4044:
4025:
4019:
4000:
3994:
3975:
3969:
3960:
3941:
3931:
3912:
3893:
3859:
3799:
3778:. Retrieved
3769:
3759:
3727:(2): Doc24.
3724:
3720:
3710:
3701:
3695:
3676:
3655:. Retrieved
3635:
3631:Rucker, Rudy
3589:
3585:
3561:. Retrieved
3552:
3530:
3503:. Retrieved
3483:
3465:
3451:
3414:
3406:
3378:
3363:
3358:
3285:
3265:
3259:
3243:marginalised
3224:
3204:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3176:
3164:
3140:quantitative
3132:correlations
3110:
3070:
3043:
3019:
2972:
2924:
2897:
2868:
2865:
2846:
2822:
2815:in 1903 and
2787:
2763:
2750:
2746:
2737:
2726:
2695:
2672:
2650:
2637:
2627:. Physicist
2625:junk science
2614:
2606:unrepeatable
2587:
2575:
2568:
2567:followed by
2554:
2546:
2505:
2487:
2460:
2456:measurements
2440:natural laws
2432:reproducible
2417:
2389:
2370:
2334:
2307:
2268:
2238:
2225:case studies
2207:such as the
2193:anthropology
2187:
2165:, succeeded
2151:mathematical
2107:life science
2101:
2084:nomenclature
2065:
2012:. The first
2010:human genome
2003:
1978:21st century
1962:, including
1921:
1898:
1878:World War II
1867:
1832:
1811:20th century
1801:Nobel Prizes
1754:
1730:steam engine
1713:
1703:
1688:
1674:
1666:
1641:19th century
1632:
1602:
1584:
1557:
1542:
1537:teleological
1522:
1515:Isaac Newton
1508:
1500:
1463:
1444:
1425:
1409:apperception
1401:John Peckham
1381:metaphysical
1374:
1367:
1326:
1287:
1273:. Under the
1271:Monophysites
1244:
1217:
1180:
1173:
1158:Solar System
1151:
1140:teleological
1134:
1110:
1082:Pythagoreans
1078:supernatural
1055:
1044:
1034:
1002:appeared in
972:lime plaster
958:The ancient
957:
953:incantations
918:
910:protoscience
898:
849:
841:
834:
825:
813:
795:
771:
749:
706:
704:
693:
640:
638:
613:
609:professional
601:19th century
578:
492:
462:governed by
387:
386:
384:
337:
186:Sociological
132:Mathematical
42:
36:
21:
15007:Observation
14674:theories of
14659:and society
14655:Technology
14649:transitions
14639:determinism
14634:convergence
14609:Technocracy
14391:controversy
14377:Scientific
14361:post-normal
14306:Metascience
14276:Consilience
14261:Antiscience
14126:Neo-Luddism
14121:Fuzzy logic
13950:Ornithology
13935:Meteorology
13920:Mathematics
13910:Ichthyology
13745:Archaeology
13740:Agriculture
13724:engineering
13632:Ian Hacking
13617:Thomas Kuhn
13602:Karl Popper
13582:C. D. Broad
13499:Roger Bacon
13427:Non-science
13369:Linguistics
13349:Archaeology
13244:Rationalism
13234:Determinism
13221:Physicalism
13186:Fallibilism
13136:Coherentism
13066:Testability
13019:Observation
13014:Objectivity
12975:alternative
12906:Correlation
12896:Consilience
12585:5 September
12538:5 September
12298:Wilde, Fran
12241:20 February
12206:20 February
11949:Der Spiegel
11708:3 September
11301:: 419–421.
11186:: 549–552.
11070:7 September
11041:3 September
10987:1721.1/5693
10287:(7525): 9.
10167:Ziman, J.M.
9827:"Decisions"
9398:(80): 3–6.
9353:(1): 1–12.
9307:(1): 1–12.
9242:Med Humanit
9056:Varian, Hal
8647:3 September
7791:: 257–264.
7761:24 February
7644:: 665–681.
7344:James Tobin
6156:. pp.
5683:Aristotle.
5544:18 November
5029:disappear."
4562:"scientist"
4050:Pages 80–81
3780:7 September
3221:Antiscience
3156:computation
3136:qualitative
3124:measurement
2912:conferences
2809:Marie Curie
2794:peer review
2739:Thomas Kuhn
2710:Karl Popper
2698:rationalism
2687:Bayesianism
2683:inductivism
2610:metascience
2512:peer review
2475:falsifiable
2471:consilience
2444:observation
2424:objectively
2155:conjectures
2022:Higgs boson
1964:smartphones
1946:, time and
1874:World War I
1835:antibiotics
1797:Marie Curie
1706:John Dalton
1617:John Millar
1393:Roger Bacon
1377:Renaissance
1348:Renaissance
1255:four causes
1218:Due to the
1192:Middle Ages
1102:Hippocrates
1066:Anaximander
1006:during the
929:Mesopotamia
889:Babylonians
828:*sḱʰeh2(i)-
581:Greek works
574:Renaissance
540:during the
506:Mesopotamia
484:engineering
444:individuals
404:predictions
274:Instruments
213:Engineering
14996:Categories
14932:Quotations
14812:Technology
14764:science of
14759:history of
14644:revolution
14552:disruptive
14542:Innovation
14537:Hype cycle
14482:Technology
14453:ecological
14426:skepticism
14416:misconduct
14401:enterprise
14219:scientific
14146:Positivism
14116:Empiricism
14098:Philosophy
13965:Psychiatry
13874:Geography
13845:Entomology
13519:David Hume
13492:Precursors
13374:Psychology
13354:Economics
13248:Empiricism
13239:Pragmatism
13226:Positivism
13216:Naturalism
13086:scientific
12970:Hypothesis
12933:Experiment
12671:(65): 746.
12575:1322437138
11677:21 October
11568:13 October
11541:7 December
11489:22 January
11153:: 419–21.
10847:26 October
10513:4 November
10260:4 November
9674:5 February
9196:14 October
8698:21 October
8537:4 November
8433:1710.05833
8426:(2): L12.
8083:: 549–54.
7863:22 October
7510:(1): 134.
7207:0198505949
7079:29 January
7069:Britannica
7049:29 January
6753:3 November
6712:. p.
6708:. London:
6506:27 October
6229:3 November
6069:9 November
5997:20 October
5958:20 October
5919:20 October
5880:20 October
5739:20 October
5668:1 November
5642:1 November
5583:20 October
5494:20 October
5455:20 October
5371:20 October
5182:(1): 7–18.
5103:20 October
4583:required.)
4427:16 October
3937:Keay, John
3398:References
3128:empiricism
3039:humanities
2904:profession
2862:government
2842:government
2800:Scientists
2759:relativism
2679:empiricism
2584:Challenges
2448:hypotheses
2318:prevention
2046:black hole
2018:stem cells
1915:theory of
1890:Space Race
1880:, and the
1827:ozone hole
1631:published
1629:Adam Smith
1267:Nestorians
1210:depicts a
1186:arithmetic
1094:Democritus
1070:Anaximenes
1056:The early
992:divinatory
914:presentism
499:Bronze Age
436:psychology
426:; and the
400:hypotheses
392:systematic
316:Technology
201:Linguistic
97:Philosophy
92:Literature
82:Glossaries
14966:Resources
14949:Textbooks
14719:Factor 10
14547:diffusion
14386:consensus
14381:community
14346:education
14186:Sociology
14161:Scientism
14040:Economics
13820:Economics
13785:Chemistry
13760:Astronomy
13359:Geography
13327:Chemistry
13286:Scientism
13081:ladenness
12901:Construct
12879:Causality
12796:25 August
12648:16 August
12509:144645723
12456:0027-8424
12233:: 41–60.
12156:16 August
12143:0018-1560
12099:875999943
12048:1553-734X
11957:2195-1349
11917:Le Figaro
11886:0362-4331
10466:Shermer M
10401:1545-7885
10232:232950234
10060:185926306
9566:235697917
9550:1476-4687
9465:16 August
9455:248334446
9183:0048-7333
8952:3 October
8460:217162243
8398:9 October
8361:1600-0641
8161:Evolution
8110:4 October
8014:166143348
7802:8 January
7563:141350239
7356:Routledge
6702:(1990) .
6643:118351058
6255:Routledge
6129:3 October
5616:23 August
5606:Macmillan
5509:Lucretius
5269:16 August
5161:122508567
5022:9 January
4925:141599452
4890:700406626
4849:253597172
4841:1422-6944
4649:1827-4765
4409:"science"
3826:110332727
3606:0039-7857
3148:chemistry
2979:chemistry
2817:Chemistry
2778:empirical
2702:Descartes
2663:epicycles
2326:treatment
2322:diagnosis
2298:economics
2286:chemistry
2139:Descartes
2119:astronomy
2115:chemistry
1625:modernity
1599:chemistry
1595:magnetism
1564:academies
1389:telescope
1275:Caliphate
1136:Aristotle
1125:dialectic
1096:. Later,
1090:Leucippus
988:astrology
984:behaviour
842:scientist
804:in Latin
776:proposed
639:The word
635:Etymology
514:astronomy
440:sociology
432:economics
416:chemistry
396:knowledge
306:Scientist
176:Political
24:(journal)
14839:Scholars
14834:Journals
14824:Category
14798:Portals
14679:transfer
14669:dynamics
14619:feminist
14421:priority
14406:literacy
14366:rhetoric
14332:Science
14296:Logology
13990:Virology
13975:Robotics
13940:Mycology
13930:Medicine
13775:Calculus
13654:Category
13306:Vitalism
13129:Theories
13103:Variable
13024:Paradigm
12911:function
12869:A priori
12858:Analysis
12851:Concepts
12787:Archived
12783:31565263
12751:(2): 1.
12721:12 April
12712:Archived
12700:: 2–38.
12610:Archived
12579:Archived
12532:Archived
12474:35858405
12405:4 August
12399:Archived
12374:4 August
12368:Archived
12343:27 April
12310:Archived
12284:24312943
12235:Archived
12200:Archived
12147:Archived
12066:23028299
11991:Archived
11961:Archived
11922:Archived
11890:Archived
11849:Archived
11827:32956693
11776:Archived
11702:Archived
11671:Archived
11645:Archived
11615:Archived
11595:12 March
11589:Archived
11535:Archived
11509:Archived
11483:Archived
11401:Archived
11276:21512548
11128:21512548
11064:Archived
11032:Archived
11000:Archived
10884:Archived
10841:Archived
10531:(2018).
10468:(1997).
10444:Archived
10419:26431313
10360:26361121
10352:26168108
10311:25373639
10254:Archived
10118:28 March
10093:47791316
10025:54989960
9967:28 March
9825:(2009).
9768:(2011).
9748:59377149
9605:23767672
9570:Archived
9558:34194044
9459:Archived
9414:19790950
9377:10704471
9331:10704471
9282:73306806
9274:12484313
9187:Archived
9139:25 March
9133:Archived
9115:21610124
9107:15319191
9069:Archived
9034:Archived
8870:24 March
8864:Archived
8802:: 5–11.
8796:Synthese
8758:Archived
8722:Archived
8692:Archived
8641:Archived
8608:59377149
8392:Archived
8369:23131523
8320:22155605
8176:Archived
8101:Archived
8097:17729659
8079:(4406).
8018:Archived
7977:(1962).
7931:34844169
7853:94880859
7793:Archived
7755:Archived
7662:Archived
7582:(1980).
7555:40972005
7512:Archived
7481:(2000).
7465:18256649
7256:27 April
7179:17436393
7151:(2007).
7073:Archived
7040:Archived
7011:Archived
6924:Archived
6885:Archived
6747:Archived
6656:12 April
6601:27806323
6545:27 March
6539:Archived
6500:Archived
6467:Archived
6463:26473232
6319:47168716
6292:, 2 vols
6223:Archived
6123:Archived
6092:Archived
6063:Archived
6032:62164511
5991:Archived
5952:Archived
5913:Archived
5874:Archived
5835:Archived
5780:Archived
5733:Archived
5691:Archived
5662:Archived
5636:Archived
5610:Archived
5577:Archived
5538:Archived
5488:Archived
5449:Archived
5410:Archived
5365:Archived
5347:(2016).
5323:Archived
5260:Archived
5097:Archived
5079:(2005).
5050:Archived
5016:Archived
4792:43643053
4784:19750597
4677:(2021).
4657:28489015
4504:Archived
4500:51330464
4445:(2008).
4421:Archived
4387:Archived
4323:Archived
4284:Archived
4245:Archived
4198:(2015).
3939:(2000).
3920:Archived
3774:Archived
3751:24872859
3651:Archived
3586:Synthese
3557:Archived
3499:Archived
3322:See also
3294:such as
3271:Politics
3260:delivery
3228:COVID-19
3180:such as
2858:industry
2854:academia
2838:industry
2834:academia
2832:such as
2689:and the
2497:reasoned
2452:theories
2338:applies
2274:Calculus
2269:a priori
2252:theorems
2068:branches
2056:Branches
1913:Big Bang
1882:Cold War
1845:such as
1805:electron
1732:and the
1659:made by
1587:taxonomy
1405:ontology
1387:and the
1318:Avicenna
1269:and the
1249:and the
1166:calculus
1153:Almagest
1113:Socrates
1098:Epicurus
1004:Sumerian
949:calendar
945:geometry
891:records
848:'s book
665:scientia
556:and the
488:medicine
311:Research
218:Medicine
196:Military
171:Economic
149:Physical
137:Computer
72:Category
15002:Science
14876:Science
14868:Science
14802:Science
14484:studies
14396:dissent
14336:citizen
14253:studies
14251:Science
14198:Social
14063:History
13955:Physics
13905:Geology
13815:Ecology
13765:Biology
13720:science
13364:History
13332:Physics
13322:Biology
13120:more...
13108:control
13004:Inquiry
12774:6607159
12753:Bibcode
12465:9335320
12434:Bibcode
12316:4 April
12306:Tor.com
12057:3459878
12026:Bibcode
11987:ELMUNDO
11254:Bibcode
11106:Bibcode
10996:1322857
10579:21 July
10410:4592065
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