Sociology - Knowledge

2302:

the most modern form of the conflict which primitive man must carry on with nature for his bodily existence. The eighteenth century may have called for liberation from all the ties which grew up historically in politics, in religion, in morality, and in economics to permit the original natural virtue of man, which is equal in everyone, to develop without inhibition; the nineteenth century may have sought to promote, in addition to man's freedom, his individuality (which is connected with the division of labor) and his achievements which make him unique and indispensable but which at the same time make him so much the more dependent on the complementary activity of others; Nietzsche may have seen the relentless struggle of the individual as the prerequisite for his full development, while socialism found the same thing in the suppression of all competition – but in each of these the same fundamental motive was at work, namely the resistance of the individual to being leveled, swallowed up in the social-technological mechanism.

2804: 5544:(1994), has argued that the discipline, while arriving from a "distinguished lineage and tradition", is in decline due to deeply ideological theory and a lack of relevance to policy making: "The decomposition of sociology began when this great tradition became subject to ideological thinking, and an inferior tradition surfaced in the wake of totalitarian triumphs." Furthermore: "A problem yet unmentioned is that sociology's malaise has left all the social sciences vulnerable to pure positivism—to an empiricism lacking any theoretical basis. Talented individuals who might, in an earlier time, have gone into sociology are seeking intellectual stimulation in business, law, the natural sciences, and even creative writing; this drains sociology of much needed potential." Horowitz cites the lack of a 'core discipline' as exacerbating the problem. 2712:. Ultimately, "the failure of the Chicago, Columbia, and Wisconsin departments to produce a significant number of graduate students interested in and committed to general theory in the years 1936–45 was to the advantage of the Harvard department." As Parsons began to dominate general theory, his work primarily referenced European sociology—almost entirely omitting citations of both the American tradition of sociocultural-evolution as well as pragmatism. In addition to Parsons' revision of the sociological canon (which included Marshall, Pareto, Weber and Durkheim), the lack of theoretical challenges from other departments nurtured the rise of the Parsonian structural-functionalist movement, which reached its crescendo in the 1950s, but by the 1960s was in rapid decline. 1723:

thinking, the rational calculation which he associated with the Protestant Ethic (more or less what Marx and Engels speak of in terms of those 'icy waves of egotistical calculation'). Together the works of these great classical sociologists suggest what Giddens has recently described as 'a multidimensional view of institutions of modernity' and which emphasises not only capitalism and industrialism as key institutions of modernity, but also 'surveillance' (meaning 'control of information and social supervision') and 'military power' (control of the means of violence in the context of the industrialisation of war).

1746: 3675: 2247:... the meaning to which we refer may be either (a) the meaning actually intended either by an individual agent on a particular historical occasion or by a number of agents on an approximate average in a given set of cases, or (b) the meaning attributed to the agent or agents, as types, in a pure type constructed in the abstract. In neither case is the 'meaning' to be thought of as somehow objectively 'correct' or 'true' by some metaphysical criterion. This is the difference between the empirical sciences of action, such as sociology and history, and any kind of 45: 2278:" (or 'interpretative') method in social science; a systematic process by which an outside observer attempts to relate to a particular cultural group, or indigenous people, on their own terms and from their own point of view. Through the work of Simmel, in particular, sociology acquired a possible character beyond positivist data-collection or grand, deterministic systems of structural law. Relatively isolated from the sociological academy throughout his lifetime, Simmel presented idiosyncratic analyses of modernity more reminiscent of the 2044:, Logical, and Instrumental. None of these are the same as that set forth by Comte, who was unique in advocating such a rigid (and perhaps optimistic) version. While Émile Durkheim rejected much of the detail of Comte's philosophy, he retained and refined its method. Durkheim maintained that the social sciences are a logical continuation of the natural ones into the realm of human activity, and insisted that they should retain the same objectivity, rationalism, and approach to causality. He developed the notion of objective 4160:, known as the "Coleman Report", analysed the performance of over 150,000 students and found that student background and socioeconomic status are much more important in determining educational outcomes than are measured differences in school resources (i.e. per pupil spending). The controversy over "school effects" ignited by that study has continued to this day. The study also found that socially disadvantaged black students profited from schooling in racially mixed classrooms, and thus served as a catalyst for 3910:

diverse field of study that examines the interaction of law with other aspects of society, such as the development of legal institutions and the effect of laws on social change and vice versa. For example, an influential recent work in the field relies on statistical analyses to argue that the increase in incarceration in the US over the last 30 years is due to changes in law and policing and not to an increase in crime; and that this increase has significantly contributed to the persistence of racial

5110:, or relationships of beliefs, knowledge or prestige. Social networks operate on many levels, from families up to the level of nations, and play a critical role in determining the way problems are solved, organizations are run, and the degree to which individuals succeed in achieving their goals. An underlying theoretical assumption of social network analysis is that groups are not necessarily the building blocks of society: the approach is open to studying less-bounded social systems, from non-local 2567:

another. This approach sees people interacting in countless settings using symbolic communications to accomplish the tasks at hand. Therefore, society is a complex, ever-changing mosaic of subjective meanings. Some critics of this approach argue that it only looks at what is happening in a particular social situation, and disregards the effects that culture, race or gender (i.e. social-historical structures) may have in that situation. Some important sociologists associated with this approach include

2219: 1957: 12975: 11434: 3362:.) Most textbooks on the methodology of social research are written from the quantitative perspective, and the very term "methodology" is often used synonymously with "statistics". Practically all sociology PhD programmes in the United States require training in statistical methods. The work produced by quantitative researchers is also deemed more 'trustworthy' and 'unbiased' by the general public, though this judgment continues to be challenged by antipositivists. 12939: 12231: 3715:"—terms which are similar, though not entirely interchangeable. Sociology of culture is an older term, and considers some topics and objects as more or less "cultural" than others. Conversely, cultural sociology sees all social phenomena as inherently cultural. Sociology of culture often attempts to explain certain cultural phenomena as a product of social processes, while cultural sociology sees culture as a potential explanation of social phenomena. 5118:, social network analysis avoids treating individuals (persons, organizations, states) as discrete units of analysis, it focuses instead on how the structure of ties affects and constitutes individuals and their relationships. In contrast to analyses that assume that socialization into norms determines behaviour, network analysis looks to see the extent to which the structure and composition of ties affect norms. On the other hand, recent research by 1153: 12964: 12281: 11304: 5643: 841: 11332: 11400: 4388: 3400: 3011: 11417: 11383: 3195: 11451: 11366: 4703: 1360: 3562:

implementing, voting for, or objecting to are producing the intended effect. While program evaluation first focuses on this definition, important considerations often include how much the program costs per participant, how the program could be improved, whether the program is worthwhile, whether there are better alternatives, if there are unintended outcomes, and whether the program goals are appropriate and useful.

12267: 5059: 5152:. This area may be described as adhering to "sociological miniaturism", examining whole societies through the study of individual thoughts and emotions as well as behaviour of small groups. One special concern to psychological sociologists is how to explain a variety of demographic, social, and cultural facts in terms of human social interaction. Some of the major topics in this field are social inequality, 12951: 12255: 11349: 1407: 3578: 1464: 5522:, is concerned with the problem of difference and similarity within and between human populations. The discipline arose concomitantly with the expansion of European colonial empires, and its practices and theories have been questioned and reformulated along with processes of decolonization. Such issues have re-emerged as transnational processes have challenged the centrality of the 1564:. While Durkheim rejected much of the detail of Comte's philosophy, he retained and refined its method, maintaining that the social sciences are a logical continuation of the natural ones into the realm of human activity, and insisting that they may retain the same objectivity, rationalism, and approach to causality. Durkheim set up the first European department of sociology at the 3551:, the researcher goes into the field (e.g. a community or a place of work), and participates in the activities of the field for a prolonged period of time in order to acquire a deep understanding of it. Data acquired through these techniques may be analysed either quantitatively or qualitatively. In the observation research, a sociologist might study 4625:, tourism, and the playing of games. The sociology of leisure is closely tied to the sociology of work, as each explores a different side of the work–leisure relationship. More recent studies in the field move away from the work–leisure relationship and focus on the relation between leisure and culture. This area of sociology began with 5252:(class): A person's economic position in a society, based on birth and individual achievement. Weber differs from Marx in that he does not see this as the supreme factor in stratification. Weber noted how managers of corporations or industries control firms they do not own; Marx would have placed such a person in the proletariat. 3535:—acting as reference points because they are tested with regard to the dependent variable, albeit without having been exposed to any independent variables of interest—or receive one or more treatments. Randomization allows the researcher to be sure that any resulting differences between groups are the result of the treatment. 5512:. Traditionally, social anthropologists analyzed non-industrial and non-Western societies, whereas sociologists focused on industrialized societies in the Western world. In recent years, however, social anthropology has expanded its focus to modern Western societies, meaning that the two disciplines increasingly converge. 1389:, Comte's immediate predecessor. But Comte's clear recognition of sociology as a particular science, with a character of its own, justified Durkheim in regarding him as the father or founder of this science, even though Durkheim did not accept the idea of the three states and criticized Comte's approach to sociology. 3108:

individual's intentions and interpretations of the objective. The objective is often considered any public or external action or outcome, on up to society writ large. A primary question for social theorists, then, is how knowledge reproduces along the chain of subjective-objective-subjective, that is to say: how is

3568:: The researcher gathers data using interviews, questionnaires, or similar feedback from a set of people sampled from a particular population of interest. Survey items from an interview or questionnaire may be open-ended or closed-ended. Data from surveys is usually analysed statistically on a computer. 4775:

and environmental sociology, which studies a population's relationship with the surrounding environment and often overlaps with urban or rural sociology. Researchers in this field may study the movement of populations: transportation, migrations, diaspora, etc., which falls into the subfield known as

4712:

Historically, political sociology concerned the relations between political organization and society. A typical research question in this area might be: "Why do so few American citizens choose to vote?" In this respect questions of political opinion formation brought about some of the pioneering uses

4687:

that are more defined and narrower than within civil society. Military sociology also concerns civilian-military relations and interactions between other groups or governmental agencies. Topics include the dominant assumptions held by those in the military, changes in military members' willingness to

3357:

and data. Quantitative methodologies hold the dominant position in sociology, especially in the United States. In the discipline's two most cited journals, quantitative articles have historically outnumbered qualitative ones by a factor of two. (Most articles published in the largest British journal,

1445:

To have given clear and unified answers in familiar empirical terms to those theoretical questions which most occupied men's minds at the time, and to have deduced from them clear practical directives without creating obviously artificial links between the two, was the principal achievement of Marx's

5264:(political party): A person's ability to get their way despite the resistance of others. For example, individuals in state jobs, such as an employee of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, or a member of the United States Congress, may hold little property or status but they still hold immense power. 4801:

Public sociology refers to an approach to the discipline which seeks to transcend the academy in order to engage with wider audiences. It is perhaps best understood as a style of sociology rather than a particular method, theory, or set of political values. This approach is primarily associated with

4494:

and embodiment takes a broad perspective on the idea of "the body" and includes "a wide range of embodied dynamics including human and non-human bodies, morphology, human reproduction, anatomy, body fluids, biotechnology, genetics". This often intersects with health and illness, but also theories of

3909:

The study of law played a significant role in the formation of classical sociology. Durkheim famously described law as the "visible symbol" of social solidarity. The sociology of law refers to both a sub-discipline of sociology and an approach within the field of legal studies. Sociology of law is a

2875:

and his students. This tradition of structuralist thought argues that, rather than semiotics, social structure is networks of patterned social relations. And, rather than Levi-Strauss, this school of thought draws on the notions of structure as theorized by Levi-Strauss' contemporary anthropologist,

2301:

The deepest problems of modern life flow from the attempt of the individual to maintain the independence and individuality of his existence against the sovereign powers of society, against the weight of the historical heritage and the external culture and technique of life. The antagonism represents

1722:

Marx and Engels associated the emergence of modern society above all with the development of capitalism; for Durkheim it was connected in particular with industrialization and the new social division of labor which this brought about; for Weber it had to do with the emergence of a distinctive way of

4982:

The sociology of change and development attempts to understand how societies develop and how they can be changed. This includes studying many different aspects of society, for example demographic trends, political or technological trends, or changes in culture. Within this field, sociologists often

4883:

The sociology of religion concerns the practices, historical backgrounds, developments, universal themes and roles of religion in society. There is particular emphasis on the recurring role of religion in all societies and throughout recorded history. The sociology of religion is distinguished from

4774:

Demographers or sociologists of population study the size, composition and change over time of a given population. Demographers study how these characteristics impact, or are impacted by, various social, economic or political systems. The study of population is also closely related to human ecology

4328:

before they are born. Thus, ten foetuses were analyzed over a period of time using ultrasound techniques. Using kinematic analysis, the results of the experiment were that the twin foetuses would interact with each other for longer periods and more often as the pregnancies went on. Researchers were

4182:

Environmental sociology is the study of human interactions with the natural environment, typically emphasizing human dimensions of environmental problems, social impacts of those problems, and efforts to resolve them. As with other sub-fields of sociology, scholarship in environmental sociology may

2727:

The orthodox consensus terminated in the late 1960s and 1970s as the middle ground shared by otherwise competing perspectives gave way and was replaced by a baffling variety of competing perspectives. This third 'generation' of social theory includes phenomenologically inspired approaches, critical

3352:

Sociologists are often divided into camps of support for particular research techniques. These disputes relate to the epistemological debates at the historical core of social theory. While very different in many aspects, both qualitative and quantitative approaches involve a systematic interaction

1376:

were devoted disciples of the high priest of positivism. But by insisting on the irreducibility of each of his basic sciences to the particular science of sciences which it presupposed in the hierarchy and by emphasizing the nature of sociology as the scientific study of social phenomena Comte put

5453:

are connected to the professional and academic discipline of social work. Both disciplines study social interactions, community and the effect of various systems (i.e. family, school, community, laws, political sphere) on the individual. However, social work is generally more focused on practical

5352:

Often grouped with urban and rural sociology is that of community sociology or the sociology of community. Taking various communities—including online communities—as the unit of analysis, community sociologists study the origin and effects of different associations of people. For instance, German

5160:. In sociology, researchers in this field are the most prominent users of the experimental method (however, unlike their psychological counterparts, they also frequently employ other methodologies). Social psychology looks at social influences, as well as social perception and social interaction. 3126:

How can the sociologist effect in practice this radical doubting which is indispensable for bracketing all the presuppositions inherent in the fact that she is a social being, that she is therefore socialised and led to feel "like a fish in water" within that social world whose structures she has

2492:

The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open

4728:

Contemporary political sociology includes these areas of research, but it has been opened up to wider questions of power and politics. Today political sociologists are as likely to be concerned with how identities are formed that contribute to structural domination by one group over another; the

4407:

Family, gender and sexuality form a broad area of inquiry studied in many sub-fields of sociology. A family is a group of people who are related by kinship ties :- Relations of blood / marriage / civil partnership or adoption. The family unit is one of the most important social institutions

4140:

to the extent to which these trends are intimately related to changing patterns of inequality in modern societies and to the changing experiences of individuals and families the ways in which workers challenge, resist and make their own contributions to the patterning of work and shaping of work

3561:

is a systematic method for collecting, analyzing, and using information to answer questions about projects, policies and programs, particularly about their effectiveness and efficiency. In both the public and private sectors, stakeholders often want to know whether the programs they are funding,

2033:

criticism has also diverged, with many rejecting the scientific method and others only seeking to amend it to reflect 20th-century developments in the philosophy of science. However, positivism (broadly understood as a scientific approach to the study of society) remains dominant in contemporary

5377:

is perceived to be a tighter and more cohesive social entity, due to the presence of a "unity of will". The 'development' or 'health' of a community is also a central concern of community sociologists also engage in development sociology, exemplified by the literature surrounding the concept of

2795:

is a waste of time; (2) good theory has to be good to think with or goes in the trash bin." Despite the aversion to grand theory in the latter half of the 20th century, several new traditions have emerged that propose various syntheses: structuralism, post-structuralism, cultural sociology and

2149:

In the Italian context of development of social sciences and of sociology in particular, there are oppositions to the first foundation of the discipline, sustained by speculative philosophy in accordance with the antiscientific tendencies matured by critique of positivism and evolutionism, so a

2024:

The term has long since ceased to carry this meaning; there are no fewer than twelve distinct epistemologies that are referred to as positivism. Many of these approaches do not self-identify as "positivist", some because they themselves arose in opposition to older forms of positivism, and some

4537:

The sociology of knowledge is the study of the relationship between human thought and the social context within which it arises, and of the effects prevailing ideas have on societies. The term first came into widespread use in the 1920s, when a number of German-speaking theorists, most notably

2566:

center of sociological research and graduate study." The approach focuses on creating a framework for building a theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals. Society is nothing more than the shared reality that people construct as they interact with one

3107:

The problem of subjectivity and objectivity can be divided into two parts: a concern over the general possibilities of social actions, and the specific problem of social scientific knowledge. In the former, the subjective is often equated (though not necessarily) with the individual, and the

2453:

Functionalist thought, from Comte onwards, has looked particularly towards biology as the science providing the closest and most compatible model for social science. Biology has been taken to provide a guide to conceptualizing the structure and the function of social systems and to analyzing

2469:

Functionalist theories emphasize "cohesive systems" and are often contrasted with "conflict theories", which critique the overarching socio-political system or emphasize the inequality between particular groups. The following quotes from Durkheim and Marx epitomize the political, as well as

1524: 3319:

In terms of sociology, historical sociology is often better positioned to analyse social life as diachronic, while survey research takes a snapshot of social life and is thus better equipped to understand social life as synchronized. Some argue that the synchrony of social structure is a

2474:

To aim for a civilization beyond that made possible by the nexus of the surrounding environment will result in unloosing sickness into the very society we live in. Collective activity cannot be encouraged beyond the point set by the condition of the social organism without undermining

2286:

writers than of Comte or Durkheim, paying particular concern to the forms of, and possibilities for, social individuality. His sociology engaged in a neo-Kantian inquiry into the limits of perception, asking 'What is society?' in a direct allusion to Kant's question 'What is nature?'

3779:

questioned the division between "producers" and "consumers" evident in earlier theory, emphasizing the reciprocity in the production of texts. Cultural Studies aims to examine its subject matter in terms of cultural practices and their relation to power. For example, a study of a

1853:, who is largely credited with introducing both to American audiences. Parsons consolidated the sociological tradition and set the agenda for American sociology at the point of its fastest disciplinary growth. Sociology in the United States was less historically influenced by 2291: 4578:

The sociology of science involves the study of science as a social activity, especially dealing "with the social conditions and effects of science, and with the social structures and processes of scientific activity." Important theorists in the sociology of science include

2425:

and institutions as 'organs' that work towards the proper functioning of the entire 'body' of society. The perspective was implicit in the original sociological positivism of Comte but was theorized in full by Durkheim, again with respect to observable, structural laws.

4440:

also analyses how gender interlocks with race and class to produce and perpetuate social inequalities. "How to account for the differences in definitions of femininity and masculinity and in sex role across different societies and historical periods" is also a concern.

2691:

describes, "we didn't think symbolic interaction was a perspective in sociology; we thought it was sociology." Moreover, philosophical and psychological pragmatism grounded this tradition. After World War II, mainstream sociology shifted to the survey-research of

1611:

to delineate a unique empirical object for the science of sociology to study. Through such studies he posited that sociology would be able to determine whether any given society is healthy or pathological, and seek social reform to negate organic breakdown, or

1477:

was one of the most popular and influential 19th-century sociologists. It is estimated that he sold one million books in his lifetime, far more than any other sociologist at the time. So strong was his influence that many other 19th-century thinkers, including

4155:

The sociology of education is the study of how educational institutions determine social structures, experiences, and other outcomes. It is particularly concerned with the schooling systems of modern industrial societies. A classic 1966 study in this field by

2333:

Accordingly, modern sociological theory predominantly descends from functionalist (Durkheim) and conflict (Marx and Weber) approaches to social structure, as well as from symbolic-interactionist approaches to social interaction, such as micro-level structural

4729:

politics of who knows how and with what authority; and questions of how power is contested in social interactions in such a way as to bring about widespread cultural and social change. Such questions are more likely to be studied qualitatively. The study of

3114:

achieved? While, historically, qualitative methods have attempted to tease out subjective interpretations, quantitative survey methods also attempt to capture individual subjectivities. Qualitative methods take an approach to objective description known as

2945:

Overall, there is a strong consensus regarding the central problems of sociological theory, which are largely inherited from the classical theoretical traditions. This consensus is: how to link, transcend or cope with the following "big three" dichotomies:

3300:. Synchrony slices moments of time for analysis, thus it is an analysis of static social reality. Diachrony, on the other hand, attempts to analyse dynamic sequences. Following Saussure, synchrony would refer to social phenomena as a static concept like a 4408:

found in some form in nearly all known societies. It is the basic unit of social organization and plays a key role in socializing children into the culture of their society. The sociology of the family examines the family, as an institution and unit of

3746:

analysis of words, artefacts and symbols, or ethnographic interviews. However, some sociologists employ historical-comparative or quantitative techniques in the analysis of culture, Weber and Bourdieu for instance. The subfield is sometimes allied with

2109:

but also a rejection of positivism in favour of critical analysis, seeking to supplement the empirical acquisition of "facts" with the elimination of illusions. He maintained that appearances need to be critiqued rather than simply documented. Early

2215:). Tönnies marked a sharp line between the realm of concepts and the reality of social action: the first must be treated axiomatically and in a deductive way ("pure sociology"), whereas the second empirically and inductively ("applied sociology"). 3889:, including both infringements of formally enacted rules (e.g., crime) and informal violations of cultural norms. It is the remit of sociologists to study why these norms exist; how they change over time; and how they are enforced. The concept of 3127:

internalised? How can she prevent the social world itself from carrying out the construction of the object, in a sense, through her, through these unself-conscious operations or operations unaware of themselves of which she is the apparent subject

5283:

have noted the tendency towards an enlarged middle-class in modern Western societies, particularly in relation to the necessity of an educated work force in technological or service-based economies. Perspectives concerning globalization, such as

4550:

through the middle years of the 20th century, the sociology of knowledge tended to remain on the periphery of mainstream sociological thought. It was largely reinvented and applied much more closely to everyday life in the 1960s, particularly by

2185:", or hypothetical simplifications of complex social phenomena. As a non-positivist, however, Weber sought relationships that are not as "historical, invariant, or generalisable" as those pursued by natural scientists. Fellow German sociologist, 2002:

is sought to provide a tested foundation for sociological research based on the assumption that the only authentic knowledge is scientific knowledge, and that such knowledge can only arrive by positive affirmation through scientific methodology.

1603:. By carefully examining suicide statistics in different police districts, he attempted to demonstrate that Catholic communities have a lower suicide rate than that of Protestants, something he attributed to social (as opposed to individual or 3312:, he states that, "in order to show the interdependence of action and structure…we must grasp the time space relations inherent in the constitution of all social interaction." And like structure and agency, time is integral to discussion of 4483:, by contrast, focuses on the inner-workings of the medical profession, its organizations, its institutions and how these can shape knowledge and interactions. In Britain, sociology was introduced into the medical curriculum following the 4688:

fight, military unionization, military professionalism, the increased utilization of women, the military industrial-academic complex, the military's dependence on research, and the institutional and organizational structure of military.

2917:(1986) have both argued that Foucault merely replaces one such system of thought with another. The dialogue between these intellectuals highlights a trend in recent years for certain schools of sociology and philosophy to intersect. The 5534:, and the increasing use of the culture concept outside of the academy and among peoples studied by anthropology. These times are not "business-as-usual" in the academy, in anthropology, or in the world, if ever there were such times. 4094:, which states that economic relations between individuals or firms take place within existing social relations (and are thus structured by these relations as well as the greater social structures of which those relations are a part). 3386:

qualitative methods as part of a 'multi-strategy' design. For instance, a quantitative study may be performed to obtain statistical patterns on a target sample, and then combined with a qualitative interview to determine the play of

1454:, had discussed and mapped, became a precise and concrete study only when the attack of militant Marxism made its conclusions a burning issue, and so made the search for evidence more zealous and the attention to method more intense. 4806:

who contrasted it with professional sociology, a form of academic sociology that is concerned primarily with addressing other professional sociologists. Public sociology is also part of the broader field of science communication or

5344:". Rural sociology, by contrast, is the analysis of non-metropolitan areas. As agriculture and wilderness tend to be a more prominent social fact in rural regions, rural sociologists often overlap with environmental sociologists. 2071:, and so only resembles older positivism in practice. Since it carries no explicit philosophical commitment, its practitioners may not belong to any particular school of thought. Modern sociology of this type is often credited to 3172:

relates to factors that limit or affect the choices and actions of individuals (e.g. social class, religion, gender, ethnicity, etc.). Discussions over the primacy of either structure or agency relate to the core of sociological

3519:: The researcher isolates a single social process and reproduces it in a laboratory (for example, by creating a situation where unconscious sexist judgements are possible), seeking to determine whether or not certain social 3819:(1992). None of the founding fathers of sociology produced a detailed study of art, but they did develop ideas that were subsequently applied to literature by others. Marx's theory of ideology was directed at literature by 1647:, psychology and philosophy, with theories being appropriated in a variety of different fields. Since its inception, sociological epistemology, methods, and frames of inquiry, have significantly expanded and diverged. 2365:, which applies the logic of Darwinian biological evolution to people and societies. This tradition often aligns with classical functionalism, and was once the dominant theoretical stance in American sociology, from 8501: 2625:

in the context of sociology. This tradition tends to privilege the agency of individual rational actors and assumes that within interactions individuals always seek to maximize their own self-interest. As argued by

5560:

journal, has voiced similar sentiments: "we have lost all coherence as a discipline, we are breaking up into a conglomerate of specialities, each going on its own way and with none too high regard for each other."

3365:

The choice of method often depends largely on what the researcher intends to investigate. For example, a researcher concerned with drawing a statistical generalization across an entire population may administer a

3347:

approach social phenomena through quantifiable evidence, and often rely on statistical analysis of many cases (or across intentionally designed treatments in an experiment) to establish valid and reliable general

4061:

in 1879, later to be coined in the works of Durkheim, Weber, and Simmel between 1890 and 1920. Economic sociology arose as a new approach to the analysis of economic phenomena, emphasizing class relations and

3814:

Sociology of literature, film, and art is a subset of the sociology of culture. This field studies the social production of artistic objects and its social implications. A notable example is Pierre Bourdieu's

1371:

Comte gave a powerful impetus to the development of sociology, an impetus that bore fruit in the later decades of the nineteenth century. To say this is certainly not to claim that French sociologists such as

2982:

Lastly, sociological theory often grapples with the problem of integrating or transcending the divide between micro, meso, and macro-scale social phenomena, which is a subset of all three central problems.

4721:. A major subfield of political sociology developed in relation to such questions, which draws on comparative history to analyse socio-political trends. The field developed from the work of Max Weber and 4284:

Circumstantial evidence supporting the social pre-wiring hypothesis can be revealed when examining newborns' behavior. Newborns, not even hours after birth, have been found to display a preparedness for

3922:

The sociology of communications and information technologies includes "the social aspects of computing, the Internet, new media, computer networks, and other communication and information technologies."

4241:

Human ecology deals with interdisciplinary study of the relationship between humans and their natural, social, and built environments. In addition to Environmental sociology, this field overlaps with

4428:, on the other hand, is a normative sub-field that observes and critiques the cultural categories of gender and sexuality, particularly with respect to power and inequality. The primary concern of 4424:" is also significant. As one of the more basic institutions to which one may apply sociological perspectives, the sociology of the family is a common component on introductory academic curricula. 4001:, which expands the scope of study to address not only the internet but also the impact of the other digital media and devices that have emerged since the first decade of the twenty-first century. 2330:' well-cited survey of sociological theory retroactively labels various theorists as belonging to four theoretical traditions: Functionalism, Conflict, Symbolic Interactionism, and Utilitarianism. 9728: 2454:

processes of evolution via mechanisms of adaptation. Functionalism strongly emphasizes the pre-eminence of the social world over its individual parts (i.e. its constituent actors, human subjects).

5156:, prejudice, aggression, social perception, group behaviour, social change, non-verbal behaviour, socialization, conformity, leadership, and social identity. Social psychology may be taught with 4655:

This subfield of sociology studies, broadly, the dynamics of war, conflict resolution, peace movements, war refugees, conflict resolution and military institutions. As a subset of this subfield,

8547:

Even a local form of sociology must be provided with a social context and described in situ, that is, enmeshed within a set of relationships with other sociologies, disciplines and institutions.

2558:—is a sociological approach that places emphasis on subjective meanings and the empirical unfolding of social processes, generally accessed through micro-analysis. This tradition emerged in the 3341:

emphasize understanding of social phenomena through direct observation, communication with participants, or analysis of texts, and may stress contextual and subjective accuracy over generality.

8352: 5839: 4183:

be at one or multiple levels of analysis, from global (e.g. world-systems) to local, societal to individual. Attention is paid also to the processes by which environmental problems become

10473: 1788:

and Sumner. Ward's 1,200-page book was used as core material in many early American sociology courses. In 1890, the oldest continuing American course in the modern tradition began at the

5438:

or anthroposociology is the dominant constituent of anthropology throughout the United Kingdom and Commonwealth and much of Europe (France in particular), where it is distinguished from

2796:

systems theory. Some sociologists have called for a return to 'grand theory' to combat the rise of scientific and pragmatist influences within the tradition of sociological thought (see

2441:. It is in the latter's specific usage that the prefix "structural" emerged. Classical functionalist theory is generally united by its tendency towards biological analogy and notions of 1437:. Marx rejected Comtean positivism but in attempting to develop a "science of society" nevertheless came to be recognized as a founder of sociology as the word gained wider meaning. For 5310:

Urban sociology involves the analysis of social life and human interaction in metropolitan areas. It is a discipline seeking to provide advice for planning and policy making. After the

4253:. In turn, visual sociology—which is concerned with all visual dimensions of social life—overlaps with media studies in that it uses photography, film and other technologies of media. 9437:

Castiello, Umberto; Becchio, Cristina; Zoia, Stefania; Nelini, Cristian; Sartori, Luisa; Blason, Laura; D'Ottavio, Giuseppina; Bulgheroni, Maria; Gallese, Vittorio (7 October 2010).

2445:, in that the basic form of society would increase in complexity and those forms of social organization that promoted solidarity would eventually overcome social disorganization. As 3626:

and artificial intelligence. By the same token, some of the approaches that originated in computational sociology have been imported into the natural sciences, such as measures of

3320:

methodological perspective rather than an ontological claim. Nonetheless, the problem for theory is how to integrate the two manners of recording and thinking about social data.

6440: 3872: 10557: 3722:, culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history." While early theorists such as 5454:

strategies to alleviate social dysfunctions; sociology in general provides a thorough examination of the root causes of these problems. For example, a sociologist might study

10973: 4930: 4507:

A subfield of the sociology of health and illness that overlaps with cultural sociology is the study of death, dying and bereavement, sometimes referred to broadly as the

9705: 3523:

can cause, or depend upon, other variables (for instance, seeing if people's feelings about traditional gender roles can be manipulated by the activation of contrasting

1441:, even though Marx did not consider himself to be a sociologist, he may be regarded as the "true father" of modern sociology, "in so far as anyone can claim the title." 3547:: Using data from the senses, the researcher records information about social phenomenon or behaviour. Observation techniques may or may not feature participation. In 4261:

Social pre-wiring deals with the study of fetal social behavior and social interactions in a multi-fetal environment. Specifically, social pre-wiring refers to the

10497: 7096: 3890: 2761:

While some conflict approaches also gained popularity in the United States, the mainstream of the discipline instead shifted to a variety of empirically oriented

2667:

by the context or organizational setting. The utilitarian perspective in sociology was, most notably, revitalized in the late 20th century by the work of former

998:. Recent studies have added socio-technical aspects of the digital divide as a new focus. As all spheres of human activity are affected by the interplay between 5570:

published a list of 'The most cited authors of books in the Humanities' (including philosophy and psychology). Seven of the top ten are listed as sociologists:

6234: 3177:(i.e. "what is the social world made of?", "what is a cause in the social world, and what is an effect?"). A perennial question within this debate is that of " 2417:" by the classical theorists—with respect to the whole as well as the necessary function of the whole's constituent elements. A common analogy (popularized by 4436:

and the systematic oppression of women apparent in many societies, both at the level of small-scale interaction and in terms of the broader social structure.

14140: 3650:, have entered the vocabulary of computational sociology. A practical and well-known example is the construction of a computational model in the form of an " 3122:

The latter concern with scientific knowledge results from the fact that a sociologist is part of the very object they seek to explain, as Bourdieu explains:

1316:. Comte endeavored to unify history, psychology, and economics through the scientific understanding of social life. Writing shortly after the malaise of the 10639: 9748: 1221:, to have been the father of sociology, although there is no reference to his work in the writings of European contributors to modern sociology. Khaldun's 9162: 4845:, and other complex social processes between different racial and ethnic groups. This research frequently interacts with other areas of sociology such as 3160:, form an enduring ontological debate in social theory: "Do social structures determine an individual's behaviour or does human agency?" In this context, 2083:: abstract statements that generalize from segregated hypotheses and empirical regularities rather than starting with an abstract idea of a social whole. 1352:

phases. In observing the circular dependence of theory and observation in science, and having classified the sciences, Comte may be regarded as the first

8809: 7685: 8879: 6241:

Haque, Amber (2004). "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists".

4352:: when the context enables it, as in the case of twin foetuses, other-directed actions are not only possible but predominant over self-directed actions. 4289:. This preparedness is expressed in ways such as their imitation of facial gestures. This observed behavior cannot be attributed to any current form of 5206:

suggest that, since the stratification of classes and castes is evident in all societies, hierarchy must be beneficial in stabilizing their existence.

8926: 2354:(also known as rational choice or social exchange), although often associated with economics, is an established tradition within sociological theory. 8349: 6530: 4918: 4072: 10807: 9892: 7875: 6982:. pp. 3–14 in Sociological Theory and Research, being Selected papers of Charles Horton Cooley, edited by Robert Cooley Angell, New York: Henry Holt 2880:. Some refer to this as "network structuralism", and equate it to "British structuralism" as opposed to the "French structuralism" of Levi-Strauss. 2493:

fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.

2007:

Our main goal is to extend scientific rationalism to human conduct.... What has been called our positivism is but a consequence of this rationalism.

9796: 7100: 5854: 2771: 9045: 3831:. Weber's theory of modernity as cultural rationalization, which he applied to music, was later applied to all the arts, literature included, by 1214: 10470: 8733:

Grant, Linda; Ward, Kathryn B.; Rong, Xue Lan (1 January 1987). "Is There An Association between Gender and Methods in Sociological Research?".

5007:

argued that it was in fact the cultural mores of Protestantism that ushered in a transformation of material circumstances. In contrast to both,

10247: 9663: 7196: 6068: 5122:

also demonstrates that network ties are shaped and created by previously existing cultural tastes. Social network theory is usually defined in

4924: 2251:

discipline, such as jurisprudence, logic, ethics, or aesthetics whose aim is to extract from their subject-matter 'correct' or 'valid' meaning.

9128: 10502: 1718:

as founders of the feminist tradition in sociology. Each key figure is associated with a particular theoretical perspective and orientation.

1386: 10217:

Stolte, John F.; Fine, Gary Alan; Cook, Karen S. (2001). "Sociological miniaturism: seeing the big through the small in social psychology".

8226: 2803: 2055:. This approach eschews epistemological and metaphysical concerns (such as the nature of social facts) in favour of methodological clarity, 4396: 1124:

and managers; social workers; non-governmental organizations; and non-profit organizations, as well as individuals interested in resolving

424: 10151:

The Global Technology Revolution 2020, In-Depth Analyses Bio/Nano/Materials/Information Trends, Drivers, Barriers, and Social Implications

5442:. In the United States, social anthropology is commonly subsumed within cultural anthropology (or under the relatively new designation of 4019:, media study is a distinct discipline that owes to the convergence of sociology and other social sciences and humanities, in particular, 13013: 9236: 9038: 8810:"Exposure to benevolent sexism and complementary gender stereotypes: Consequences for specific and diffuse forms of system justification" 2101:

criticised traditional empiricist epistemology, which he rejected as uncritical, and determinism, which he viewed as overly mechanistic.

1639:

and statistics generally following on a separate trajectory. By the turn of the 20th century, however, many theorists were active in the

6002:

Lazer, David; Pentland, Alex; Adamic, L; Aral, S; Barabasi, AL; Brewer, D; Christakis, N; Contractor, N; et al. (6 February 2009).

3784:(e.g. white working class youth in London) would consider the social practices of the group as they relate to the dominant class. The " 2075:, who pioneered large-scale survey studies and developed statistical techniques for analysing them. This approach lends itself to what 1175:

has origins in the common stock of universal, global knowledge and philosophy, having been carried out from as far back as the time of

8029:. 2002. "Pragmatism and the untenable dualism of means and ends: Why rational choice theory does not deserve paradigmatic privilege." 6458: 3615:, computational sociology develops and tests theories of complex social processes through bottom-up modelling of social interactions. 2326:

The contemporary discipline of sociology is theoretically multi-paradigmatic in line with the contentions of classical social theory.

12318: 10564: 9413: 8773: 5241:, arguing that social stratification is not based purely on economic inequalities, but on other status and power differentials (e.g. 1505:

style of government. His ideas were closely observed by conservative political circles, especially in the United States and England.

5817: 5194:

stratification traditionally relates to cultural and economic classes arranged in three main layers: upper class, middle class, and

6801: 3768: 1209:

Medieval Arabic writings encompass a rich tradition that unveils early insights into the field of sociology. Some sources consider

9568: 6869: 5258:(status): A person's prestige, or popularity in a society. This could be determined by the kind of job this person does or wealth. 3205: 9632: 4621:

Sociology of leisure is the study of how humans organize their free time. Leisure includes a broad array of activities, such as

4348:

twin foetuses plan and execute movements specifically aimed at the co-twin. These findings force us to predate the emergence of

13651: 11810: 8616: 8417:

Fararo, Thomas J.; Butts, Carter T. (1999). "Advances in generative structuralism: structured agency and multilevel dynamics".

6696: 4820: 4600: 4496: 2868: 1939: 1895: 449: 11229: 11128: 11000: 10942: 10895: 10649: 10622: 10593: 10538: 10514: 10407: 10320: 10291: 10038: 9999: 9972: 9713: 9607: 9172: 9111: 9009: 8980: 8946: 8647: 8599: 8570: 8540: 8510: 8236: 8149: 8117: 8083: 8011: 7985: 7925: 7858: 7782: 7666: 7554: 7495: 7411: 7173: 6706: 6604: 6494: 6452: 6423: 6285: 5047: 4834: 1501:. While Marxian ideas defined one strand of sociology, Spencer was a critic of socialism, as well as a strong advocate for a 9861: 9347: 7268:

Fish, Jonathan S. 2005. 'Defending the Durkheimian Tradition. Religion, Emotion and Morality' Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing.

6932: 6302: 3370:

to a representative sample population. By contrast, a researcher who seeks full contextual understanding of an individual's

11488: 9533:

Seybold, Kevin S.; Hill, Peter C. (February 2001). "The Role of Religion and Spirituality in Mental and Physical Health".

4999:. However, most of the founders of sociology had theories of social change based on their study of history. For instance, 3422:

Quantitative methods are often used to ask questions about a population that is very large, making a census or a complete

1574:(1895). For Durkheim, sociology could be described as the "science of institutions, their genesis and their functioning." 11320: 7104: 6787: 4532: 4027:. Though neither the production process nor the critique of aesthetic forms is in the remit of sociologists, analyses of 3520: 2776: 2391:

Contemporary sociological theory retains traces of each of these traditions and they are by no means mutually exclusive.

871: 468: 11238: 10506: 5328:

produced a major body of theory on the nature of the city, important to both urban sociology and criminology, utilizing

3957:, meaning that there is often overlap with community sociology. Online communities may be studied statistically through 3263: 3075: 2243:. By 'action' in this definition is meant the human behaviour when and to the extent that the agent or agents see it as 13237: 5631:, which publishes original review essays, is also highly ranked. Many other generalist and specialized journals exist. 5094:

composed of individuals (or organizations) called "nodes", which are tied (connected) by one or more specific types of

5003:

contended that the material circumstances of society ultimately caused the ideal or cultural aspects of society, while

4892:

has described as a position of "methodological atheism". It may be said that the modern formal discipline of sociology

4561: 10705: 3235: 3047: 11825: 11157: 11100: 11078: 11057: 11029: 10871: 10853: 10829: 10794: 10766: 10062: 9926: 9770: 9381: 9315: 9276: 8288: 7964: 7448: 7139: 6966: 6811: 6649: 5967:

Macy, Michael W.; Willer, Robert (2002). "From Factors to Actors: Computational Sociology and Agent-Based Modeling".

5850: 5825: 5743:

See also Fauré, Christine, and Jacques Guilhaumou. 2006. "Sieyès et le non-dit de la sociologie: du mot à la chose."

4740:

and analysed the role of non-governmental organizations, the diffusion of the nation-state throughout the Earth as a

4592: 4528: 3181:": how are structures (specifically, structures producing inequality) reproduced through the choices of individuals? 3094: 2683:

Following the decline of theories of sociocultural evolution in the United States, the interactionist thought of the

2668: 2482: 1777: 1039: 810: 800: 504: 464: 11262: 9271: 7204: 4329:

able to conclude that the performance of movements between the co-twins were not accidental but specifically aimed.

3877:

Criminologists analyse the nature, causes, and control of criminal activity, drawing upon methods across sociology,

3843:. Durkheim's view of sociology as the study of externally defined social facts was redirected towards literature by 2719:-oriented approaches, and to many in the discipline, functionalism was considered "as dead as a dodo:" According to 14210: 14130: 14110: 12955: 11720: 8314: 6782: 4596: 3898: 3595:

Sociologists increasingly draw upon computationally intensive methods to analyse and model social phenomena. Using

1570: 259: 10904:

House, J. S., & Mortimer, J. (1990). Social structure and the individual: Emerging themes and new directions.

9054:"Methodological Implications of Complex Systems Approaches to Sociality: Simulation as a Foundation for Knowledge" 13006: 12891: 12271: 12152: 12073: 11775: 6345: 4988: 4460: 4450: 4316:

Principal evidence of this theory is uncovered by examining Twin pregnancies. The main argument is, if there are

3776: 3242: 3054: 2863:

The second tradition of structuralist thought, contemporaneous with Giddens, emerges from the American School of

2762: 2080: 1887: 559: 344: 95: 12979: 10993:

A Hundred Years of Sociology: A Concise History of the Major Figures, Ideas, and Schools of Sociological Thought

10424: 10210: 6174:

Hassan, Faridah Hj. "Ibn Khaldun and Jane Addams: The Real Father of Sociology and the Mother of Social Works".

4090:

titled "Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness". This work elaborated the concept of

3493:: The content of interviews and other texts is systematically analysed. Often data is 'coded' as a part of the ' 2153:

At the turn of the 20th century, the first generation of German sociologists formally introduced methodological

12848: 12502: 12343: 11533: 8591: 7165: 7042: 6899: 5676: 5320: 5157: 4588: 3416: 3379: 3220: 3032: 2312: 8876: 8850: 7876:"Anthropological Theories: A Guide Prepared by Students for Students: Anthropological theories: Functionalism" 7693: 5434:" have both gained a degree of autonomy since their origination in classical sociology. The distinct field of 4733:

and their effects has been especially important in relation to these wider definitions of politics and power.

4269:. Also informally referred to as, "wired to be social". The theory questions whether there is a propensity to 1077:

approaches towards the analysis of society. Conversely, the turn of the 21st century has seen the rise of new

14100: 13611: 12455: 12311: 11685: 5615: 5557: 5324:(1903) focused on urbanization and the effect it had on alienation and anonymity. In the 1920s and 1930s The 5139: 4850: 4684: 4099: 2190: 2173:

perspective. Max Weber argued that sociology may be loosely described as a science as it is able to identify

2162: 1912: 1838: 1546: 1484: 1330: 825: 479: 11338: 8660:

Hunter, Laura; Leahey, Erin (2008). "Collaborative Research in Sociology: Trends and Contributing Factors".

7799: 5925:"Beyond structural inequality: a socio-technical approach to the digital divide in the platform environment" 5731: 4888:

in that sociologists do not set out to assess the validity of religious truth-claims, instead assuming what

1100:

Social research has influence throughout various industries and sectors of life, such as among politicians,

14170: 14039: 12796: 12706: 12201: 12167: 10174: 8923: 5621: 5527: 4567: 4345: 4341: 3249: 3061: 2950: 1866: 1336: 144: 110: 11267: 6870:"Sociology – History of Sociology | Encyclopedia.com: Oxford Companion to United States History" 5613:

The most highly ranked general journals which publish original research in the field of sociology are the

3438:

from this sample regarding the population as a whole. The process of selecting a sample is referred to as

1782:

Dynamic Sociology—Or Applied social science as based upon statical sociology and the less complex sciences

1488:

is to a large extent an extended debate with Spencer from whose sociology Durkheim borrowed extensively.

13472: 12348: 12246: 12171: 11523: 9800: 8382:

Lizardo, Omar (2010). "Beyond the antinomies of structure: Levi-Strauss, Giddens, Bourdieu, and Sewell".

7879: 7530: 5019:

extends Marx's theoretical frame to include large spans of time and the entire globe in what is known as

4565:(1966) and is still central for methods dealing with qualitative understanding of human society (compare 3969:, thereby influencing social change at-large, perhaps forming the framework for a transformation from an 1917: 1628: 788: 114: 64: 9989: 9018: 6658: 4663:. It is a highly specialized sub-field which examines issues related to service personnel as a distinct 3618:

Although the subject matter and methodologies in social science differ from those in natural science or

3119:, meaning that descriptions must have appropriate contextual information to understand the information. 14353: 12999: 12259: 11372: 11294: 11120: 10399: 9103: 9001: 7440: 5627: 5607: 5553: 5515: 5443: 5325: 4737: 4642: 3028: 2684: 2559: 2534: 2279: 2127: 2025:

because the label has over time become a pejorative term by being mistakenly linked with a theoretical

1861: 1833: 1023: 805: 303: 13616: 10482: 8258: 5039:, specifically, so-called, "Northern Theory" lacks an adequate theory of imperialism and colonialism. 4124:

The sociology of work, or industrial sociology, examines "the direction and implications of trends in

3231: 3043: 14240: 14190: 13120: 12610: 12338: 12157: 11830: 11145: 9896: 9407:

Hanushek, Eric A. (1998) "Conclusions and Controversies about the Effectiveness of School Resources"

8695:

Hanson, Barbara (2008). "Whither Qualitative/Quantitative?: Grounds for Methodological Convergence".

5656: 4992: 4977: 4306: 4039:, stem from sociological theory and method. Thus the 'sociology of the media' is not a subdiscipline 3942: 3932: 3334:

Sociological research methods may be divided into two broad, though often supplementary, categories:

2547: 1960: 1871: 1027: 956: 795: 364: 234: 100: 11875: 10251: 9245:

The New ISA Handbook in Contemporary International Sociology: Conflict, Competition, and Cooperation

8829: 7193: 6184: 5202:). Social stratification is interpreted in radically different ways within sociology. Proponents of 4098:

analysis has been the primary methodology for studying this phenomenon. Granovetter's theory of the

1290: 631: 14230: 14180: 13989: 13279: 12943: 12791: 12781: 12578: 12304: 12241: 11780: 11589: 11481: 11149: 10124: 9671: 7878:. Department of Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences The University of Alabama. Archived from 7834: 6343:

Warren E. Gates (July–September 1967). "The Spread of Ibn Khaldun's Ideas on Climate and Culture".

5661: 5203: 5143: 4824: 4547: 3612: 2996: 2838:, an anthropologist. In this context, 'structure' does not refer to 'social structure', but to the 2400: 1703: 1600: 1180: 354: 189: 6992:

Camic, Charles (1992). "Reputation and Predecessor Selection: Parsons and the Institutionalists".

6665:

Perrin, Robert G. (1995). "Émile Durkheim's Division of Labor and the Shadow of Herbert Spencer".

5015:. Sociologists in this field also study processes of globalization and imperialism. Most notably, 4106:'s concept of structural holes are two of the best known theoretical contributions of this field. 3622:, several of the approaches used in contemporary social simulation originated from fields such as 2856:

Structuralists are interested in 'structural' laws that deal with coexistence rather than changes.

2791:

resolution of the theory/method wars in which all agreed on at least two working hypotheses: (1)

1426:

set out to develop scientifically justified systems in the wake of European industrialization and

14310: 13621: 12974: 12753: 12641: 12536: 12118: 12108: 12078: 11760: 11755: 11609: 11355: 11209: 10821: 10030: 8919: 7658: 6139: 5821: 5696: 5519: 5329: 5234: 5073: 5012: 4897: 4842: 4362: 4242: 4224: 4173: 4078: 3864: 3797: 3600: 3590: 3548: 3451: 3375: 3021: 2971: 2864: 2822:

movement originated primarily from the work of Durkheim as interpreted by two European scholars:

2733: 2522: 2507: 1857:

than its European counterpart, and to this day broadly remains more statistical in its approach.

1829: 1643:. Few early sociologists were confined strictly to the subject, interacting also with economics, 1579: 1497: 1269: 1117: 1086: 1019: 864: 604: 594: 564: 444: 429: 394: 314: 309: 209: 13974: 2434: 1446:

theory. The sociological treatment of historical and moral problems, which Comte and after him,

14373: 13596: 13508: 12863: 12583: 12411: 12103: 11785: 11745: 11621: 11599: 10075: 8824: 8768: 7072: 6179: 5711: 5566: 5491: 5487: 5123: 5077: 5043: 4936: 4885: 4741: 4650: 4524: 4366: 4150: 4058: 3431: 2819: 2749: 2622: 2608: 2551: 2530: 2526: 1886:, an English translator of Comte, has been cited as the first female sociologist. In 1909, the 1817: 1640: 1565: 1353: 1302: 1082: 1031: 589: 519: 509: 489: 474: 404: 374: 294: 199: 9234:

Law Through Sociology's Looking Glass: Conflict and Competition in Sociological Studies of Law

9233: 8907: 8107: 4203:. Environmental sociology is often interdisciplinary and overlaps with the sociology of risk, 3487:

located in historical archives and records, such as biographies, memoirs, journals, and so on.

3292:) within social theory are terms that refer to a distinction that emerged through the work of 2835: 14315: 14305: 14200: 13726: 13681: 13184: 12786: 12776: 12738: 12711: 12673: 12646: 12556: 12465: 12384: 12374: 12206: 12088: 12063: 11885: 11840: 11815: 11800: 11750: 11715: 11645: 11635: 11561: 11518: 10911: 10273: 9985: 9937: 9084: 9025:

Casti, J. (1999). "The Computer as Laboratory: Toward a Theory of Complex Adaptive Systems".

8560: 7842: 5549: 5537: 5439: 5411: 5311: 5199: 5169: 4996: 4973: 4913: 4878: 4846: 4829:

The sociology of race and of ethnic relations is the area of the discipline that studies the

4660: 4491: 4208: 4177: 3974: 3911: 3731: 3516: 3439: 3297: 2992: 2831: 2385: 2068: 1801: 1797: 1769: 1745: 1675: 1659: 1552:

The institutionalization of sociology as an academic discipline, however, was chiefly led by

1542: 1538: 1534: 1434: 1431: 1312:, but it had been subsequently appropriated by others, most notably the Belgian statistician 1147: 1113: 1054: 975: 963: 820: 645: 574: 549: 454: 379: 339: 299: 284: 249: 222: 149: 7610: 7159: 4752:. Contemporary political sociologists also study inter-state interactions and human rights. 4277:

birth. Research in the theory concludes that newborns are born into the world with a unique

3937:

The Internet is of interest to sociologists in various ways, most practically as a tool for

3674: 14320: 14120: 13581: 12733: 12573: 12546: 12541: 12438: 12098: 12068: 11850: 11795: 11735: 11725: 11655: 11513: 11508: 9450: 8364: 8270: 7278:

Gartell, C. David; Gartell, John (1996). "Positivism in sociological practice: 1967–1990".

5686: 5681: 5471: 5238: 5115: 5081: 5020: 5016: 4612: 4324:

and developed before birth, then one should expect twin foetuses to engage in some form of

4161: 4157: 4119: 3993: 3882: 3868: 3698: 3694: 3663: 3455: 3359: 3338: 3147: 2960: 2672: 2539: 2170: 2048:"social facts" to serve as unique empirical objects for the science of sociology to study. 1879: 1789: 1702:

are often included on academic curricula as founding theorists. Curricula also may include

1143: 1137: 1078: 1050: 999: 995: 815: 617: 584: 554: 389: 359: 349: 279: 264: 59: 54: 13919: 13706: 13641: 11915: 11423: 10579: 10577: 10453: 9406: 5354: 5186:

Social stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of individuals into social classes,

3166:

refers to the capacity of individuals to act independently and make free choices, whereas

2186: 1891: 1753: 1687: 1583:(1897) is considered a seminal work in statistical analysis by contemporary sociologists. 669: 8: 14160: 13721: 13666: 13586: 13528: 13411: 13306: 13036: 12913: 12907: 12833: 12748: 12693: 12568: 12433: 12379: 12216: 11940: 11820: 11770: 11675: 11665: 11556: 11474: 11406: 9498: 9332: 8197: 8031: 6542: 6294: 5980: 5691: 5509: 5508:. Practitioners of social anthropology, like sociologists, investigate various facets of 5497: 5435: 5391: 5218: 4969: 4854: 4697: 4370: 4294: 4192: 3983: 3962: 3596: 3447: 3412: 3344: 3313: 3178: 2905: 2697: 2664: 2572: 2442: 2414: 2343: 2139: 2119: 1951: 1907: 1809: 1394: 1341: 1003: 1002:, sociology has gradually expanded its focus to other subjects and institutions, such as 689: 434: 334: 172: 159: 20: 10150: 9846: 9744: 9454: 8058: 6113: 5332:

as a method of field research. Contemporary research is commonly placed in a context of

5245:). According to Weber, stratification may occur among at least three complex variables: 1308:(1798–1857) in 1838 as a new way of looking at society. Comte had earlier used the term 14392: 14280: 13939: 13904: 13814: 13341: 13174: 13125: 12858: 12423: 12235: 12186: 12163: 11835: 11805: 11740: 11730: 11660: 10923: 10915: 10885: 10574: 10361: 10199: 10191: 10105: 9941: 9599: 9550: 9515: 9473: 9438: 8790: 8750: 8712: 8677: 8399: 8331: 8294: 7740: 7732: 7652: 7633: 7544: 7369: 7322: 7291: 7009: 6877: 6678: 6362: 6325: 6258: 6156: 6062: 6030: 6003: 5984: 5946: 5475: 5289: 4909: 4808: 4722: 4656: 4646: 4622: 4616: 4437: 4425: 4374: 4232: 4137: 4052: 4036: 4020: 3970: 3946: 3809: 3651: 3558: 3538: 3532: 3388: 3256: 3161: 3068: 2888: 2741: 2709: 2106: 1875: 1632: 1227:

was considered to be amongst the first works to advance social-scientific reasoning on

1195: 1015: 1011: 932: 912: 903:, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life. Regarded as a part of both the 900: 896: 857: 499: 494: 414: 369: 319: 289: 269: 129: 106: 13889: 12030: 9640: 9596:

Mapping the sociology of health and medicine: America, Britain, and Australia compared

9572: 9209: 8456: 6858:

Poverty and Development in the 21st Century', Oxford University Press, Oxford. p. 325.

6115:

A sociological analysis of Ibn Khaldun's theory: A study in the sociology of knowledge

5587: 4948:, the intersection of religion and economics and the role of religion in a context of 4857:. At the level of political policy, ethnic relations are discussed in terms of either 4706: 4659:

aims towards the systematic study of the military as a social group rather than as an

3840: 3686: 2910: 1894:

and Max Weber, among others. Weber established the first department in Germany at the

1344:

would mark the final era in the progression of human understanding, after conjectural

765: 14069: 13969: 13934: 13759: 13736: 13731: 13606: 13222: 13212: 13061: 13046: 13022: 12828: 12823: 12811: 12806: 12678: 12668: 12588: 12531: 12475: 12181: 12113: 12093: 11970: 11905: 11880: 11765: 11579: 11160: 11153: 11131: 11124: 11103: 11096: 11082: 11074: 11060: 11053: 11032: 11025: 11006: 10996: 10981: 10959: 10938: 10891: 10874: 10867: 10849: 10832: 10825: 10808:

C. Wright Mills, Intellectual Craftsmanship Advices how to Work for young Sociologist

10797: 10790: 10769: 10762: 10645: 10618: 10610: 10589: 10534: 10510: 10403: 10365: 10353: 10316: 10287: 10109: 10097: 10058: 10034: 9995: 9968: 9922: 9833:

Lueschen, G (1980). "Sociology of Sport: Development, Present State, and Prospects".

9613: 9603: 9554: 9519: 9478: 9377: 9311: 9307: 9168: 9107: 9005: 8976: 8942: 8903: 8842: 8794: 8716: 8681: 8643: 8595: 8566: 8536: 8525:

Mapping the Sociology of Health and Medicine: America, Britain and Australia Compared

8506: 8403: 8298: 8284: 8232: 8145: 8113: 8079: 8007: 7981: 7960: 7921: 7854: 7778: 7662: 7629: 7568: 7560: 7550: 7501: 7491: 7444: 7417: 7407: 7361: 7169: 7135: 6962: 6807: 6702: 6645: 6600: 6546: 6500: 6490: 6448: 6419: 6329: 6281: 6200: 6160: 6035: 6008: 5950: 5706: 5459: 5450: 5407: 5395: 5285: 5173: 4668: 4480: 4454: 4392: 4115: 3998: 3836: 3805: 3752: 3739: 3635: 3528: 3524: 3480: 3476: 3459: 3426:

of all the members in that population infeasible. A 'sample' then forms a manageable

3110: 2715:

By the 1980s, most functionalist perspectives in Europe had broadly been replaced by

1999: 1903: 1883: 1825: 1793: 1711: 1317: 1090: 1007: 916: 717: 661: 641: 599: 579: 409: 399: 329: 179: 124: 13839: 13533: 11930: 10609:

Hepworth, D.H; Rooney, R.H.; Rooney, G.D; Strom-Gottfried, K.; Larsen, J.A. (2006).

10203: 9561: 8617:"Opportunities and Challenges for Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Research" 7744: 6262: 4463:

focuses on the social effects of, and public attitudes toward, illnesses, diseases,

3541:: An extensive examination of a specific person or group over a long period of time. 2012: 1553: 1527: 1514: 1479: 681: 14325: 13999: 13959: 13949: 13899: 13884: 13874: 13834: 13794: 13784: 13661: 13631: 13591: 13477: 13313: 13291: 13081: 13071: 12843: 12688: 12663: 12470: 12460: 12450: 12211: 12035: 11985: 11920: 11790: 11710: 11690: 11604: 11541: 11268:

Observatory of International Research (OOIR): Latest Papers and Trends in Sociology

11017: 10951: 10786: 10345: 10226: 10183: 10087: 9842: 9740: 9542: 9507: 9468: 9458: 9034: 8954: 8950: 8834: 8782: 8742: 8704: 8669: 8528: 8426: 8391: 8323: 8276: 8054: 7944: 7814: 7724: 7637: 7625: 7353: 7314: 7287: 7001: 6674: 6354: 6317: 6250: 6148: 6137:

Dhaouadi, Mahmoud (1990). "Ibn Khaldun: The founding father of eastern sociology".

6119: 6025: 6017: 5976: 5936: 5531: 5415: 5390:

Sociology overlaps with a variety of disciplines that study society, in particular

5276: 5272: 5091: 5024: 4953: 4862: 4796: 4730: 4626: 4580: 4250: 4228: 4087: 4016: 3988: 3901:, which includes both individual and system level causal explanations of deviance. 3894: 3886: 3860: 3832: 3801: 3764: 3760: 3702: 3634:. In relevant literature, computational sociology is often related to the study of 3619: 3490: 3216: 3167: 2843: 2788: 2766: 2729: 2660: 2648: 2592: 2588: 2502: 2470:

theoretical, disparities, between functionalist and conflict thought respectively:

2422: 2410: 2362: 2158: 2076: 2064: 1928:) was founded in 1923. International co-operation in sociology began in 1893, when 1921: 1749: 1715: 1683: 1667: 1313: 1121: 983: 944: 769: 729: 673: 529: 484: 439: 384: 324: 239: 204: 154: 44: 13994: 10956:

Social Theory and Social Structure. Toward the codification of theory and research

10698: 10076:"Embodied Religious Belief: The Experience of Syahadatain Sufi Order in Indonesia" 8998:

The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration

8430: 6755:

Wacquant, Loic. 1992. "Positivism." In Bottomore, Tom and William Outhwaite, ed.,

6698:

The American mind: an interpretation of American thought and character since 1880s

2859:

Structures are the 'real things' beneath the surface or the appearance of meaning.

2037: 1934: 14275: 14270: 14034: 13979: 13964: 13944: 13924: 13879: 13854: 13764: 13716: 13701: 13601: 13561: 13452: 13447: 13274: 13162: 13076: 13051: 12853: 12620: 12615: 12428: 12191: 12045: 12040: 12020: 11995: 11910: 11895: 11845: 11695: 11680: 11670: 11584: 11546: 10977: 10970: 10859: 10813: 10739: 10528: 10477: 10277: 10230: 9869: 9771:"American Sociological Association: Section on Science, Knowledge and Technology" 9463: 9417: 9351: 9327: 9240: 8930: 8883: 8496: 8484: 8464: 8356: 8073: 8001: 7772: 7728: 7715:

Michael Hechter; Satoshi Kanazawa (1997). "Sociological Rational Choice Theory".

7576: 7509: 7454: 7200: 7155: 6936: 6892: 6596: 6590: 6201:"Debating the Origins of Sociology Ibn Khaldun as a Founding Father of Sociology" 5767: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5545: 5466:

needs to be done to alleviate this burden. The social worker would be focused on

5431: 5423: 5305: 5301: 5280: 5268: 5211: 5207: 5191: 5177: 5095: 4889: 4858: 4830: 4803: 4780: 4718: 4714: 4572: 4556: 4552: 4495:

bodies as political, social, cultural, economic and ideological productions. The

4429: 4378: 4349: 4325: 4317: 4302: 4286: 4266: 4246: 4236: 4204: 4024: 3978: 3938: 3844: 3828: 3820: 3788:" of the 1960s ultimately placed culture much higher on the sociological agenda. 3772: 3756: 3748: 3639: 3631: 3565: 3494: 3443: 3367: 3329: 2900: 2877: 2823: 2807: 2797: 2720: 2716: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2618: 2612: 2464: 2446: 2438: 2429:

Functionalism also has an anthropological basis in the work of theorists such as

2418: 2377: 2327: 2154: 2115: 2072: 1991: 1925: 1850: 1785: 1764:

The first college course entitled "Sociology" was taught in the United States at

1671: 1655: 1619:

Sociology quickly evolved as an academic response to the perceived challenges of

1599:

or philosophy. It also marked a major contribution to the theoretical concept of

1561: 1533:

The first formal Department of Sociology in the world was established in 1892 by

1474: 1467: 1451: 1447: 1232: 1228: 1172: 1058: 1046: 971: 892: 777: 773: 757: 737: 665: 653: 542: 514: 459: 419: 184: 134: 6817: 5035:. She argues that this bias blinds sociologists to the lived experiences of the 5031:

issued a critique of the bias in sociological research towards countries in the

4599:

have sections devoted to the subfield of Science, Knowledge and Technology. The

4412:, with special concern for the comparatively modern historical emergence of the 2769:

refers to this "golden age of methodological unity and theoretical calm" as the

2637:"a knowledge of, or beliefs about the consequences of the various alternatives;" 14330: 14220: 14150: 14049: 14024: 13894: 13864: 13824: 13789: 13646: 13571: 13556: 13551: 13442: 13432: 13142: 13093: 12968: 12816: 12728: 12723: 12480: 12401: 12396: 12327: 12285: 12147: 12025: 12015: 12010: 12005: 11950: 11900: 11308: 11112: 10841: 10187: 9944:

and the Analytical Approach to the Comparative Study of Political Parties." In

9158: 8838: 8786: 6854:

The Second Great Transformation? Capitalism at the End of the Twentieth Century

6152: 5941: 5924: 5671: 5666: 5648: 5583: 5427: 5379: 5153: 5149: 5107: 5069: 5062: 5028: 4984: 4945: 4941: 4901: 4672: 4512: 4413: 4337: 4270: 4200: 4196: 4095: 3958: 3893:

is when the broader social systems leads to violations of norms. For instance,

3824: 3682: 3678: 3608: 3582: 3552: 3484: 3446:, concern with differences between specific subpopulations sometimes calls for 3408: 3371: 2872: 2688: 2656: 2604: 2576: 2555: 2543: 2381: 2358: 2351: 2347: 2283: 2135: 2092: 2030: 1899: 1813: 1773: 1733:

The Second Great Transformation? Capitalism at the End of the Twentieth Century

1707: 1679: 1663: 1624: 1427: 1266: 1094: 1035: 979: 936: 928: 904: 845: 761: 753: 749: 745: 697: 657: 244: 90: 10349: 8708: 8673: 8527:(1 ed.). Palgrave Macmillan, Macmillan Publishers Ltd. pp. 167–168. 8395: 8280: 7594:

Simmel, Georg (1971) . "The Metropolis and Mental Life". In Levine, D. (ed.).

6254: 5795: 4908:

populations. Max Weber published four major texts on religion in a context of

4195:, the predecessor to modern environmental sociology is Marx's analysis of the 1245: 14386: 14335: 14044: 14029: 14019: 14004: 13954: 13909: 13869: 13804: 13799: 13769: 13636: 13576: 13518: 13242: 13056: 12919: 12875: 12838: 12768: 12743: 12653: 12551: 12497: 12492: 12196: 12142: 11990: 11975: 11960: 11955: 11870: 11551: 11041: 11010: 10357: 10172:

Lizardo, Omar (October 2006). "How cultural tastes shape personal networks".

10101: 9884: 9617: 9511: 8938: 8476: 8026: 7956: 7682: 7421: 7365: 6586: 6550: 6504: 6321: 5766:

The normal distribution is important in many fields of science, not just the

5748: 5701: 5479: 5337: 5333: 5195: 4965: 4949: 4783:. Demographers may also study spread of disease within a given population or 4765: 4749: 4745: 4543: 4499:

maintains a Research Committee devoted to "the Body in the Social Sciences".

4464: 4409: 4290: 4220: 4129: 4125: 4028: 4010: 3954: 3785: 3354: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2737: 2627: 2580: 2178: 2131: 2056: 1699: 1644: 1604: 1502: 1438: 1377:

sociology on the map. To be sure, beginnings can be traced back well beyond

1363: 1305: 1199: 1125: 1109: 1101: 1062: 948: 940: 924: 733: 721: 705: 701: 627: 139: 85: 11440: 11282: 11239:

Guide to the University of Chicago Department of Sociology Records 1924-2001

9546: 6021: 4869:

forms another style of policy, particularly popular in the 1960s and 1970s.

1956: 1929: 1860:

The first sociology department established in the United Kingdom was at the

14014: 14009: 13984: 13914: 13849: 13809: 13779: 13774: 13686: 13676: 13566: 13301: 13296: 13284: 13205: 13191: 13115: 12718: 12658: 12406: 12364: 11980: 11925: 11630: 10662: 10336:

Dahrendorf, Ralf (1961). "Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society".

10297: 10092: 10054: 10012: 9964: 9482: 9229: 9178: 9053: 8846: 7952: 7819: 7580: 7513: 7458: 7179: 6824: 6610: 6534: 6039: 5595: 5523: 5505: 5501: 5365: 5359: 5315: 5230: 5181: 5127: 5119: 5085: 5046:

for the Study of Economies, Historical Systems, and Civilizations, and the

5036: 5032: 4784: 4664: 4584: 4468: 4417: 4400: 4382: 4091: 3734:, sociologists of culture are generally distinguished by their concern for 3727: 3719: 3471:

The following list of research methods is neither exclusive nor exhaustive:

3404: 3293: 3174: 3000: 2892: 2792: 2780: 2745: 2430: 2406: 2335: 2307: 2294: 2269: 2111: 1728: 1691: 1636: 1608: 1518: 1325: 967: 920: 725: 677: 11389: 11287: 11230:

Guide to the University of Chicago Department of Sociology Interviews 1972

11135: 9774: 9496:

Bose, Christine (2012). "Intersectionality and Global Gender Inequality".

9136: 9039:

10.1002/(SICI)1099-0526(199905/06)4:5<12::AID-CPLX3>3.0.CO;2-4

8771:; Turner, Barry A. (1986). "Grounded Theory and Organizational Research". 8532: 7901:

Giddens, Anthony. "The Constitution of Society". In Philip Cassell (ed.).

7572: 3885:. The sociology of deviance focuses on actions or behaviours that violate 3450:. Conversely, the impossibility of random sampling sometimes necessitates 14295: 14090: 14064: 14059: 13859: 13844: 13711: 13691: 13671: 13523: 13498: 13457: 13318: 13227: 13217: 13179: 13137: 13100: 13066: 12870: 12758: 12683: 12600: 12519: 12512: 12369: 12083: 12000: 11965: 11935: 11640: 11164: 11107: 11086: 11064: 11049: 11036: 10878: 10836: 10801: 10778: 10773: 10432: 9281: 8003:

A Second Chicago School?: The Development of a Postwar American Sociology

5403: 5341: 5226: 5222: 5111: 4866: 4838: 4539: 4508: 4472: 4103: 3856: 3743: 3604: 3544: 3423: 2827: 2779:: numerous scholars working on separate projects with little contention. 2123: 2060: 2041: 1983: 1695: 1378: 1349: 1345: 1210: 1171:

Sociological reasoning predates the foundation of the discipline itself.

1156: 1074: 1070: 741: 713: 685: 569: 524: 254: 229: 11205:

Canadian Association of French-speaking Sociologists and Anthropologists

10963: 10195: 9815: 9686: 9348:"Principles of Economic Sociology by Richard Swedberg – An extract" 9100:

Generative Social Science: Studies in Agent-Based Computational Modeling

7873: 7342:"The Reaction against Positivism and Dilthey's Concept of Understanding" 5011:

argued that societies moved from simple to complex through a process of

1254: 14300: 14260: 13829: 13819: 13696: 13626: 13513: 13482: 13462: 13406: 13401: 13356: 13251: 12924: 12763: 12605: 12563: 12507: 12176: 11650: 11594: 10985: 10927: 10846:

Masters of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social Context

10248:"What Is Social Psychology – An Introduction to Social Psychology" 8754: 7736: 7326: 7013: 6366: 5988: 5483: 5419: 5242: 5099: 4905: 4776: 4769: 4761: 4433: 4133: 4070:

and modernity is a salient issue, perhaps best demonstrated in Weber's

4067: 3878: 3847:. Bourdieu's own work is clearly indebted to Marx, Weber and Durkheim. 3781: 3643: 3627: 3035: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2652: 2584: 2339: 2182: 2026: 1995: 1987: 1977: 1821: 1596: 1592: 1557: 1321: 1294: 1223: 1176: 908: 274: 194: 119: 11194: 9076: 8335: 7373: 6907: 6123: 5198:, but each class may be further subdivided into smaller classes (e.g. 3654:", by which researchers can analyse the structure of a social system. 2587:. It is also in this tradition that the radical-empirical approach of 2142:

due to the irreducibly complex aspects of human society, culture, and

1320:, he proposed that social ills could be remedied through sociological 1261: 1152: 14290: 14054: 13929: 13656: 13427: 13351: 13258: 13232: 13152: 12698: 12524: 12418: 12391: 11945: 11890: 11242: 11233: 10471:

Cultural Anthropology or Social Anthropology? A Transatlantic Dispute

10283: 9959: 7940: 7850: 7690:

Sociology: Understanding and Changing the Social World, Brief Edition

7341: 7131: 6644:. New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 2. 5591: 5399: 5210:, by contrast, critique the inaccessibility of resources and lack of 5004: 4841:

at all levels of society. This area encompasses the study of racism,

4421: 4082:(1900). The contemporary period of economic sociology, also known as 4063: 3966: 3950: 3735: 3647: 3510: 3435: 2775:, as it reflected the composition of the sociology department at the 2568: 2498: 2274: 2256: 2174: 2102: 1846: 1651: 1620: 1492: 1423: 1410: 1382: 1203: 1191: 1105: 1066: 987: 693: 649: 12991: 11457: 11214: 11093:

Contemporary Sociological Theory: Continuing the Classical Tradition

8746: 7318: 7050: 7035: 7005: 6786:(8th ed.), translated by S. A. Solovay and J. M. Mueller, edited by 6358: 4991:. In contemporary studies of social change, there are overlaps with 4387: 3399: 3194: 3010: 1654:

are typically cited as the three principal architects of sociology.

14265: 13741: 13467: 13437: 13396: 13391: 13157: 13132: 11142:

The Sociological Quest: An introduction to the study of social life

10608: 9960:

Contemporary Political Sociology: Globalization, Politics and Power

8327: 7847:

Sociology beyond societies: mobilities for the twenty-first century

7774:

Southern theory: the global dynamics of knowledge in social science

7357: 6084:

A History of Sociology in Britain: Science, Literature, and Society

5042:

There are many organizations studying social change, including the

5008: 4676: 4587:. These branches of sociology have contributed to the formation of 4321: 4310: 4298: 4278: 4262: 4032: 3723: 3498: 3497:' approach using qualitative data analysis (QDA) software, such as 2839: 1588: 1373: 1183: 12963: 12296: 12280: 11303: 10149:

Silberglitt, Richard; Anton, Philip; Howell, David (25 May 2006).

8902:(Presentation Slides), The Global Social Change Research Project, 7543:

Simmel, Georg (1971). Levine, Donald N.; Janowitz, Morris (eds.).

7305:

Boudon, Raymond (1991). "Review: What Middle-Range Theories are".

5642: 5217:

Karl Marx distinguished social classes by their connection to the

4702: 2218: 1595:

populations, and served to distinguish sociological analysis from

955:

approaches may focus on the understanding of social processes and

840: 13503: 13366: 13147: 13105: 13088: 12445: 12137: 10052:

The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion.

7476:, edited by W.G. Runciman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5816:

Dictionary of the Social Sciences (2008) . Calhoun, Craig (ed.).

5815: 5103: 3763:. Loosely distinct from the sociology of culture is the field of 3623: 3304:, while diachrony would refer to unfolding processes like actual 3116: 2765:

with no single overarching, or "grand", theoretical orientation.

1854: 1523: 1463: 1359: 1218: 1164: 888: 80: 11257: 10266: 9816:"RC23 Sociology of Science and Technology | Research Committees" 9397:(Article: Sociology of Education), Oxford University Press, 1998 7564: 7529:

Levine, Donald (ed) 'Simmel: On individuality and social forms'

7505: 7218: 5058: 3607:, complex statistical methods, and new analytic approaches like 2562:

of the 1920s and 1930s, which, prior to World War II, "had been

2051:

The variety of positivism that remains dominant today is termed

14285: 13376: 13346: 13198: 13110: 13041: 8973:

Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science from the Bottom Up

7714: 6224:

Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture

5909:

Giddens, Anthony, Duneier, Mitchell, Applebaum, Richard. 2007.

4680: 4476: 3502: 3427: 2896: 2189:, theorised on two crucial abstract concepts with his work on " 2166: 2157:, proposing that research should concentrate on human cultural 2118:

pioneered the distinction between natural and social science ('

1613: 991: 952: 9919:

Why Americans Don't Vote: And Why Politicians Want it That Way

7128:

Harriet Martineau: theoretical and methodological perspectives

3917: 1065:

of the mid-20th century, especially, have led to increasingly

13386: 13381: 13361: 13169: 11314: 11199: 9895:. Journal of Political and Military Sociology. Archived from 7486:

Kaern, M.; Phillips, B.S.; Cohen, Robert S. (31 March 1990).

5426:, draw upon methods that originated in sociology. The terms " 5187: 4931:

The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism

4336:

The central advance of this study is the demonstration that '

3506: 2143: 2098: 1757: 1277: 1273: 1250: 1187: 1160: 1045:

The range of social scientific methods has also expanded, as

16:

Social science that studies human society and its development

11466: 11224: 10638:

Janes, Craig Robert; Stall, Ron; Gifford, Sandra M. (1986).

10602: 9706:"Social Aspects of Death, Dying and Bereavement Study Group" 9202: 9197:

Les Règles de L'Art: Genèse et Structure du Champ Littéraire

8579: 7916:

Durkheim, Émile; Halls, Wilfred D.; Durkheim, Émile (2008).

7479: 6757:

The Blackwell Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Social Thought

5504:

that studies how contemporary living human beings behave in

4940:(1920). Contemporary debates often centre on topics such as 3850: 3817:

Les Règles de L'Art: Genèse et Structure du Champ Littéraire

3585:

diagram: individuals (or 'nodes') connected by relationships

3577: 3378:

or open-ended interviews. Studies will commonly combine, or

3212: 2826:, a sociologist, whose theory of structuration draws on the 2643:"a decision rule, to select among the possible alternatives" 2290: 1406: 13371: 11277: 10588:(4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning. 9726: 9687:"RC54 The Body in the Social Sciences | Research Committee" 8181:

London: UCL Press. Quoted in Jay J. Coakley, Eric Dunning,

6303:"The Autonomous, the Universal and the Future of Sociology" 5995: 5747:

15. Naissances de la science sociale. See also the article

5000: 4043:, but the media is a common and often indispensable topic. 3742:

or ancient) society. Cultural sociology often involves the

2630:, rational actors are assumed to have four basic elements: 2376:, associated with several founders of sociology, primarily 1765: 947:. Applied sociological research may be applied directly to 11189: 10558:"Sociology and Its Relationships to Other Social Sciences" 9436: 9247:, edited by A. Denis and D. Kalekin-Fishman. London: Sage. 9135:(Instructor blog). University of Minnesota. Archived from 5288:, suggest this effect owes to the shift of workers to the 4603:

maintains a Research Committee on Science and Technology.

4191:

to humans. As argued by notable environmental sociologist

2846:. One may delineate four central tenets of structuralism: 2647:

Exchange theory is specifically attributed to the work of

1824:), moved to Chicago in 1894. Their influence gave rise to 12487: 11247: 11243:

University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

11234:

University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

11184: 11179: 9193:

Rules of Art: Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field

7404:

La scienza e l'oggetto: autocritica del sapere strategico

6222:

Akhtar, S.W. (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge".

5163: 2853:

Structuralists believe that every system has a structure.

1549:

was founded shortly thereafter in 1895 by Small as well.

1508: 887:

is the scientific study of human society that focuses on

11252: 11219: 11204: 9272:"Section on Communications and Information Technologies" 7995: 7993: 3987:—the title of which forms an inter-textual reference to 3434:. In quantitative research, statistics are used to draw 1038:; and the role of social activity in the development of 10759:

Sociology: A Guide to Reference and Information Sources

9439:"Wired to Be Social: The Ontogeny of Human Interaction" 8312:

Assiter, Alison (1984). "Althusser and Structuralism".

8109:

Developments in American Sociological Theory, 1915–1950

6935:. Journals.uchicago.edu. 1 January 1970. Archived from 6825:"Max Weber – Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy" 6001: 3965:. Moreover, organizational change is catalysed through 3707:

Sociologists' approach to culture can be divided into "

3132:

Pierre Bourdieu, "The Problem of Reflexive Sociology",

10586:

Generalist Practice with Organisations and Communities

10148: 5530:. New challenges have emerged as public debates about 5357:

distinguished between two types of human association:

5148:

Sociological social psychology focuses on micro-scale

5126:

and may include integration of geographical data into

5023:. Development sociology is also heavily influenced by 4571:). The "archaeological" and "genealogical" studies of 3997:. Closely related to the sociology of the Internet is 3407:, designed by early social research methodologist Sir 2850:

Structure is what determines the structure of a whole.

1990:

is to conduct sociology in broadly the same manner as

14374:"OpenStax | Free Textbooks Online with No Catch" 14141:

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

11292: 11272: 10937:(3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 10691:

Collins, Randall as cited in Horowitz, Irving. 1994.

10674: 10672: 9569:"British Sociological Association: Medical Sociology" 9058:

Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation

8964: 8459:. 1986. "Taking Aim at the Heart of the Present." In 8377: 8375: 8373: 7990: 7915: 7490:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 15. 7472:

Weber, Max. 1991 . "The Nature of Social Action." In

6380:

Mowlana, H. (2001). "Information in the Arab World".

4332:

The social pre-wiring hypothesis was proved correct:

4066:

as a philosophical concept. The relationship between

2150:

tradition Progressist struggles to establish itself.

1845:

The sociological canon of classics with Durkheim and

1587:

is a case study of variations in suicide rates among

1482:, defined their ideas in relation to his. Durkheim's 10563:. National Organisation of Sociology. Archived from 7598:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 324. 7525: 7523: 7257:

Positivism and Sociology: Explaining Social Science.

6848: 6846: 5638: 5556:

and a member of the Advisory Editors Council of the

5114:

to networks of exchange. Drawing theoretically from

10761:(3rd ed.). Littleton, CO: Libraries Unlimited Inc. 10706:"The most cited authors of books in the humanities" 10074:Mahatma, Masmuni; Saari, Zarrina (21 August 2021). 9946:

Democracy and the Organisation of Political Parties

9335:: Reflections on the Internet, Business and Society 8523:Collyer, Fran (2012). "The Study and Its Methods". 8443:Giddens, Anthony. "The Constitution of Society" in 7800:"Reconstructing the History of Sociological Theory" 6900:"University of Kansas Sociology Department Webpage" 6118:(PhD dissertation). University of Texas at Austin. 4340:' are already performed in the second trimester of 3646:interconnection among macro and micro process, and 2925:", a term used in specific contexts to describe an 1938:, an institution later eclipsed by the much larger 1804:, who also published the first sociology textbook: 1179:which features social and political criticism, and 11117:Identity and Control. How Social Formations Emerge 10669: 10125:"Brief Review of World Demographic Trends Summary" 9720: 8370: 7874:Eric Porth; Kimberley Neutzling; Jessica Edwards. 7485: 6489:(7th Canadian ed.). Toronto: Pearson Canada. 2405:A broad historical paradigm in both sociology and 2067:. This positivism is more or less synonymous with 1842:was founded in 1895, followed by the ASA in 1905. 10637: 9633:"Section on Sociology of the Body and Embodiment" 9411:Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 4(1): pp. 11–27 8562:Realist Social Theory: The Morphogenetic Approach 8552: 7520: 7262: 6843: 6414:Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph (1999). Fauré, C. (ed.). 5462:would be more focused on practical strategies on 5225:own the means, but this effectively includes the 4919:The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 4896:with the analysis of religion in Durkheim's 1897 4546:, wrote extensively on it. With the dominance of 4109: 4073:The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 3555:in some part of the world that is less populated. 2655:and Richard Emerson. Organizational sociologists 2361:, a tradition that is often forgotten is that of 2040:distinguishes three major strains of positivism: 1966: 14384: 11288:The Swedish Sociological Association(in swedish) 10932: 10890:(7th ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth. 10883: 10734:2011 Journal Citation Reports: Social Sciences. 10583: 10027:Sociology of Religion: Contemporary Developments 9074: 8874:Administration for Children and Families (2010) 8105: 8045:Emerson, R.M. (1976). "Social Exchange Theory". 7797: 7536: 7101:London School of Economics and Political Science 5369:("society" or "association"). In his 1887 work, 4959: 4444: 4356: 4057:The term "economic sociology" was first used by 2169:, and social processes viewed from a resolutely 1289:was first coined in 1780 by the French essayist 8975:. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. 8447:, edited by P. Cassell. MacMillan Press. p. 89. 8268: 8224: 8071: 7757:Coleman, James S., and Thomas J. Fararo. 1992. 7435:Tönnies, Ferdinand (2001). Harris, Jose (ed.). 7219:"Home | International Sociological Association" 6927: 6925: 6342: 5905: 5903: 5891: 3630:from the fields of social network analysis and 3152:Structure and agency, sometimes referred to as 2986: 2940: 2640:"an ordering of preferences over outcomes;" and 1607:) causes. He developed the notion of objective 11263:Latin American Sociological Association (ALAS) 10631: 10216: 10080:Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama Dan Sosial Budaya 9893:"Core Issues and Theory in Military Sociology" 9727:Ben-David, Joseph; Teresa A. Sullivan (1975). 8900:What Is Program Evaluation: A Beginner's Guide 8502:Rational Choice Theory: Resisting Colonisation 8139: 7770: 7546:Georg Simmel on Individuality and Social Forms 7277: 6484: 6461:on 9 March 2021 – via Oxford References. 6205:International Journal of Sociological Research 5229:itself as the workers can only sell their own 4925:The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism 1878:became the lecturers in the discipline at the 1776:, who later became the first president of the 13007: 12312: 11482: 11069:Scott, John, and Gordon Marshall, eds. 2005. 10995:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. 10503:Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education 8732: 6573:A History of Philosophy: IX Modern Philosophy 6438: 6416:Des Manuscrits de Sieyès. 1773–1799 1 & 2 5929:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 5913:New York: W.W. Norton and Company. Chapter 1. 5385: 5271:provides a modern example in the concepts of 3926: 2678: 2227:... the science whose object is to interpret 1898:in 1919, having presented an influential new 1399:A History of Philosophy: IX Modern Philosophy 865: 13249: 13203: 13189: 11258:International Sociological Association (ISA) 10552: 10550: 10383:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. 10073: 9862:"Section on Peace, War, and Social Conflict" 8989: 8970: 8817:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 8767: 8659: 7428: 7406:(in Italian). Milano: Angeli. pp. 52+. 6922: 6690: 6688: 6630:(3rd ed.). New York: Time Inc Book Division. 6401:Historical sociology: A textbook of politics 6198: 5900: 5295: 5235:material base of the cultural superstructure 4833:, political, and economic relations between 4814: 4755: 4575:are of considerable contemporary influence. 4502: 3945:in the broad sense concerns the analysis of 3791: 3221:introducing citations to additional sources 2034:sociology, especially in the United States. 1206:wrote about the importance of social roles. 1202:in 1086, while ancient philosophers such as 11703: 10918:. "The Politics of American Sociologists", 10122: 9535:Current Directions in Psychological Science 9532: 9387: 9340: 9133:Sociology of Culture and Cultural Sociology 9091: 8957: – via Wiley Online Library 8634: 8632: 8630: 8416: 6957:Miller, David (2009). George Herbert Mead: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6733: 5892:Ashley, David; Orenstein, David M. (2005). 4636: 4511:. This topic is exemplified by the work of 4199:, which influenced contemporary thought on 3918:Communications and information technologies 2867:in the 1970s and 1980s, spearheaded by the 2744:, and theories written in the tradition of 2200: 1784:, attacking the laissez-faire sociology of 1623:, such as industrialization, urbanization, 1430:, informed by various key movements in the 13014: 13000: 12319: 12305: 11489: 11475: 11253:International Institute of Sociology (IIS) 11190:Australian Sociological Association (TASA) 10958:(revised & enlarged ed.). Glencoe, IL. 10425:"Section on Community and Urban Sociology" 10378: 10335: 10242: 10240: 9984: 9164:Cultures and Societies in a Changing World 8913: 8565:. Cambridge University Press. p. 65. 7549:. University of Chicago Press. p. 6. 7186: 6126:– via University of Texas Libraries. 6067:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6052: 5966: 5896:(6th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education. 4736:Political sociology has also moved beyond 3572: 3415:, which is important to much quantitative 3184: 2516: 2134:further theorized how the analysis of the 1301:was later defined independently by French 1259:('companion' or 'fellowship'). The suffix 927:. Sociological subject matter ranges from 872: 858: 43: 11283:The Nordic Sociological Association (NSA) 11278:Sociological Association of Ireland (SAI) 11273:Portuguese Sociological Association (APS) 11091:Wallace, Ruth A., and Alison Wolf. 1995. 10547: 10091: 9472: 9462: 9400: 9075:Gilbert, Nigel; Troitzsch, Klaus (2005). 9051: 8877:The Program Manager's Guide to Evaluation 8828: 8774:The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 7818: 7596:Simmel: On individuality and social forms 7401: 7249: 6685: 6183: 6029: 5940: 5894:Sociological Theory: Classical Statements 5458:a community is plagued with poverty. The 5190:, and divisions within a society. Modern 3851:Criminality, deviance, law and punishment 3531:to different groups that either serve as 3296:who inherited it from the linguistics of 3095:Learn how and when to remove this message 1945: 1849:at the top owes its existence in part to 962:Traditional focuses of sociology include 10990: 10416: 10396:The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo 10272: 9853: 9832: 9763: 9624: 9250: 9157: 8897: 8886:. Chapter 2: What is program evaluation? 8627: 8479:. 1986. "Foucault and Epistemology." In 8231:. Oxford University Press. p. 142. 8228:The Sacred Project of American Sociology 8158: 8006:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 7026: 6802:The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity 6730: 6694: 6639: 6570: 6529: 6136: 6096: 5732:Branches of the early Islamic philosophy 5410:. Many comparatively new fields such as 5363:(usually translated as "community") and 5057: 4701: 4518: 4386: 3673: 3576: 3398: 3211:Relevant discussion may be found on the 2802: 2289: 2217: 1955: 1744: 1650:Durkheim, Marx, and the German theorist 1522: 1462: 1405: 1358: 1265:('the study of') comes from that of the 1151: 11215:European Sociological Association (ESA) 11210:Canadian Sociological Association (CSA) 11180:American Sociological Association (ASA) 11024:, London, Heinemann Educational Books. 10887:Sociology: Concepts and Characteristics 10848:. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 10729: 10727: 10584:Kirst-Ashman, K.K.; Hull, G H. (2009). 10237: 10171: 10123:Shackman, Gene; Wang, Xun; Liu, Yalin. 9890: 9593: 9263: 9097: 8995: 8807: 8688: 8653: 8585: 8522: 8381: 8311: 8140:Coakley, Jay J.; Dunning, Eric (2000). 8133: 8044: 7920:(13. ed.). New York: Free Press. 7686:"Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology" 7650: 7488:Georg Simmel and Contemporary Sociology 7434: 7339: 7271: 7148: 6933:"American Journal of Sociology Website" 6585: 6439:Scott, John; Marshall, Gordon (2015) . 6398: 6379: 6373: 4395:" was an iconic symbol of the American 4086:, was consolidated by the 1985 work of 3323: 3141: 2617:Utilitarianism is often referred to as 1806:An introduction to the study of society 1740: 931:analyses of individual interaction and 14385: 11200:British Sociological Association (BSA) 10393: 10250:. Psychology.about.com. Archived from 9820:International Sociological Association 9797:"The British Sociological Association" 9691:International Sociological Association 9664:"Ageing, Body and Society Study Group" 9432: 9430: 9428: 9426: 9304:Researching Sociology on the Internet. 9126: 9068: 8728: 8726: 8694: 8558: 8209: 8171: 7593: 7542: 7304: 7298: 7223:International Sociological Association 7154: 7043:"British Journal of Sociology Website" 6726:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press 6721: 6664: 6485:Macionis, John; Gerber, Linda (2011). 6413: 6403:. London: Methuen & Co. p. 1. 6300: 6221: 6215: 6081: 5745:Revue d'histoire des sciences humaines 5347: 5164:Stratification, poverty and inequality 4821:Sociology of race and ethnic relations 4691: 3308:. In Anthony Giddens' introduction to 2903:provides an important critique in his 2869:Harvard Department of Social Relations 1940:International Sociological Association 1896:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich 1509:Foundations of the academic discipline 1000:social structure and individual agency 13021: 12995: 12300: 11470: 11225:German Sociological Association (DGS) 11195:Bangladesh Sociological Society (BSS) 10526: 10310: 9258:Punishment and Inequality in America. 9024: 8801: 8614: 7608: 7602: 7386: 6991: 6985: 6761: 6622: 6620: 6575:. New York: Image Books. p. 118. 6511: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6447:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6336: 6240: 6199:Soyer, Mehmet; Gilbert, Paul (2012). 6111: 6055:A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities 5048:Global Social Change Research Project 4132:, labour markets, work organization, 4046: 3961:or interpreted qualitatively through 3638:. Social complexity concepts such as 2883: 1796:. The Department of Sociology at the 919:to develop a body of knowledge about 12950: 12254: 11321: 11073:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 10866:(5th ed.). Cambridge: Polity Press. 10724: 10617:. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole. 9710:The British Sociological Association 9668:The British Sociological Association 9495: 9120: 8642:(2004) 6th ed, Collins Educational. 8505:, edited by J. Q. Tritt. Routledge. 8361:The Structure of Sociological Theory 8272:Jacques Lacan and American Sociology 8075:Jacques Lacan and American Sociology 7999: 7980:(14th ed.). Boston: Pearson. p. 16. 7840: 7391:. New York: Oxford University Press. 7244:The Rules of the Sociological Method 7236: 7125: 6980:Development of Sociology at Michigan 6856:in Allen, T. and Thomas, Alan (eds) 6804:: Modernity's Consciousness of Time. 6539:Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy 6275: 6269: 5981:10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141117 5962: 5960: 5922: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5133: 4471:. This sub-field also overlaps with 4256: 3188: 3134:An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology 3033:adding citations to reliable sources 3004: 2842:understanding of human culture as a 1935:Institut International de Sociologie 911:, sociology uses various methods of 12326: 12266: 10991:Mitchell, Geoffrey Duncan (2007) . 10025:Christiano, Kevin J., et al. 2008. 9859: 9847:10.1146/annurev.so.06.080180.001531 9745:10.1146/annurev.so.01.080175.001223 9423: 8935:Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology 8898:Shackman, Gene (11 February 2018), 8723: 8059:10.1146/annurev.so.02.080176.002003 7900: 7389:From Max Weber: essays in sociology 7161:Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait 7031:(2nd ed.). Sage. pp. 1–7. 6628:Karl Marx: His Life and Environment 6571:Copleson, Frederick S. J. (1994) . 5923:Yang, Jianghua (13 November 2023). 5606:For a more comprehensive list, see 5526:to theorizations about culture and 4790: 4533:Sociology of the history of science 3904: 2921:position has been associated with " 2321: 1864:and Political Science (home of the 1198:can be traced back to at least the 13: 11185:Eastern Sociological Society (ESS) 9337:. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 8640:Sociology: Themes and perspectives 8559:Archer, Margaret Scotford (1995). 8168:. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes, Ltd. 7681: 7292:10.1111/j.1755-618X.1996.tb00192.x 7103:. 11 February 2013. Archived from 6679:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1995.tb00465.x 6617: 6465: 6173: 6097:Mitchell, Geoffrey Duncan (1970). 5911:Introduction to Sociology. 6th ed. 5053: 4779:studies and is closely related to 4562:The Social Construction of Reality 3941:and as a discussion platform. The 2933:, but occasionally construed as a 2458: 1249:derives part of its name from the 1194:. For instance, the origin of the 14: 14404: 11248:Indian Sociological Society (ISS) 11173: 10695:Oxford University Press. pp. 3–9. 10429:American Sociological Association 10338:American Political Science Review 9991:Social movements: an introduction 9866:American Sociological Association 9822:. Madrid: University Complutense. 9693:. Madrid: University Complutense. 9637:American Sociological Association 9277:American Sociological Association 8419:Journal of Mathematical Sociology 8078:. Palgrave MacMillan. p. 4. 7097:"Pioneers of the social sciences" 6518:Dictionary of the Social Sciences 5957: 5872: 5851:American Sociological Association 5840:"Sociology: A 21st Century Major" 5826:American Sociological Association 5751:in the French-language Knowledge. 5470:; implementing theses strategies 4529:Sociology of scientific knowledge 4344:. Starting from the 14th week of 3310:Central Problems in Social Theory 2906:Archaeology of the Human Sciences 2756: 2687:dominated American sociology. As 2598: 2483:The Division of Labour in Society 2086: 1778:American Sociological Association 1356:in the modern sense of the term. 14366: 14211:The Closing of the American Mind 14131:Civilization and Its Discontents 14111:A Vindication of Natural Society 12973: 12962: 12949: 12938: 12937: 12279: 12265: 12253: 12230: 12229: 11449: 11432: 11415: 11398: 11381: 11364: 11347: 11330: 11302: 11044:, and Douglas J. Goodman. 2004. 10685: 10682:Oxford University Press. pp. 3–9 10520: 10489: 10463: 10447: 10387: 10372: 10329: 10304: 10165: 10142: 10116: 10067: 10044: 10019: 9978: 9951: 9931: 9911: 9826: 9807: 9789: 9697: 9678: 9655: 9587: 9526: 9489: 9366: 9321: 9296: 9223: 9185: 9151: 9127:Edgell, Penny (6 January 2009). 9081:Simulation for Social Scientists 8891: 8868: 8761: 8608: 8516: 8490: 8470: 8450: 8437: 8410: 8315:The British Journal of Sociology 8212:The Explanation of Social Action 7918:The division of labor in society 7807:Mid-American Review of Sociology 7630:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2008.00324.x 7474:Weber: Selections in Translation 7346:The British Journal of Sociology 6783:The Rules of Sociological Method 6771:Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6276:Enan, Muhammed Abdullah (2007). 5760: 5641: 5567:The Times Higher Education Guide 4214: 3204:relies largely or entirely on a 3193: 3009: 2813: 2394: 2017:The Rules of Sociological Method 1571:Rules of the Sociological Method 839: 12892:List of social science journals 11220:French Sociological Association 10783:The Practice of Social Research 10693:The Decomposition of Sociology. 10422: 10398:(2nd ed.). Princeton, NJ: 10279:Social Class and Stratification 9813: 9703: 9684: 9661: 9630: 9269: 9077:"Simulation and social science" 8499:, and Jonathan Q. Tritt. 2013. 8342: 8305: 8262: 8252: 8218: 8203: 8187: 8099: 8065: 8038: 8020: 7970: 7934: 7909: 7894: 7867: 7791: 7764: 7751: 7708: 7675: 7644: 7587: 7466: 7395: 7380: 7333: 7216: 7210: 7119: 7089: 7065: 7020: 6972: 6951: 6862: 6793: 6774: 6715: 6695:Commager, Henry Steele (1959). 6633: 6579: 6564: 6523: 6432: 6407: 6392: 6346:Journal of the History of Ideas 6278:Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Works 6192: 6167: 6130: 6105: 6090: 6075: 5737: 5724: 5237:). Max Weber critiqued Marxist 5106:, financial exchange, dislike, 4461:sociology of health and illness 4451:Sociology of health and illness 4297:. Rather, newborns most likely 3953:, social networking sites) and 3020:needs additional citations for 2777:University of Wisconsin–Madison 1888:German Sociological Association 1334:(1830–1842), later included in 425:Peace, war, and social conflict 12849:Science and technology studies 10680:The Decomposition of Sociology 10458:Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft. 8971:Epstein, JM; Axell, R (1996). 8955:10.1111/b.9781405124331.2007.x 8941:. Blackwell Reference Online. 8592:University of California Press 8179:The Elements of Social Theory. 8106:Roscoe C. Hinkle (July 1994). 7905:. MacMillan Press. p. 88. 7402:Guglielmo, Rinzivillo (2010). 7207:. Retrieved 12 September 2009. 7205:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 7166:University of California Press 7049:. 2 April 2009. Archived from 6280:. The Other Press. p. v. 6243:Journal of Religion and Health 6176:Faculty of Business Management 6046: 6004:"Computational Social Science" 5916: 5832: 5809: 5788: 5677:History of the social sciences 5558:Social Evolution & History 5552:Professor in Sociology at the 5542:The Decomposition of Sociology 5321:The Metropolis and Mental Life 5221:in the capitalist system: the 4989:historical-comparative methods 4589:science and technology studies 4167: 4110:Work, employment, and industry 3442:. While it is usually best to 2895:in the construction of social 2700:and the general theorizing of 2634:"a knowledge of alternatives;" 2409:, functionalism addresses the 2313:The Metropolis and Mental Life 1967:Positivism and anti-positivism 1560:as a foundation for practical 1: 14101:Oration on the Dignity of Man 11496: 10920:American Journal of Sociology 10818:Four Sociological Traditions. 10381:Western Society in Transition 9374:Sociology, Work, and Industry 9210:"Robert K. Merton Remembered" 8431:10.1080/0022250x.1999.9990228 8350:Part 5: Structural Theorizing 8000:Fine, Gary Alan, ed. (1995). 7259:London:Allen and Unwin, 1982. 6961:. University of Texas Press. 6959:Self, Language, and the World 6592:Classical Sociological Theory 6178:. Universiti Teknologi Mara. 6099:A New Dictionary of Sociology 5776: 5616:American Journal of Sociology 5371:Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft 5140:Social psychology (sociology) 4960:Social change and development 4445:Health, illness, and the body 4357:Family, gender, and sexuality 3873:Social disorganization theory 2893:reject 'humanist' assumptions 2366: 2105:'s methodology borrowed from 1971: 1913:Institute for Social Research 1839:American Journal of Sociology 1547:American Journal of Sociology 1485:Division of Labour in Society 1331:Course in Positive Philosophy 1089:rigorous techniques, such as 14171:The Society of the Spectacle 10971:The Sociological Imagination 10922:(1972) 78#1 pp. 67–104 10231:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.387 10175:American Sociological Review 9975:. Retrieved 4 November 2011. 9773:. asanet.org. Archived from 9464:10.1371/journal.pone.0013199 9420:, accessed 30 December 2008. 9280:. asanet.org. Archived from 9199:), translated by S. Emanuel. 8735:American Sociological Review 8483:, edited by D. Hoy. Oxford: 8463:, edited by D. Hoy. Oxford: 7729:10.1146/annurev.soc.23.1.191 7609:Abend, Gabriel (June 2008). 7280:Canadian Review of Sociology 6994:American Sociological Review 6541:. Metaphysics Research Lab, 5781: 5622:American Sociological Review 4568:socially constructed reality 4164:in American public schools. 4144: 3657: 3284:Synchrony and diachrony (or 2987:Subjectivity and objectivity 2951:subjectivity and objectivity 2941:Central theoretical problems 2229:the meaning of social action 1906:set up the first department 1867:British Journal of Sociology 1631:. The field predominated in 1337:A General View of Positivism 1278: 1238: 7: 10906:Social Psychology Quarterly 10615:Direct Social Work Practice 8588:The Constitution of Society 8481:Foucault: A Critical Reader 8461:Foucault: A Critical Reader 8348:Turner, Jonathan H. 1991. " 8112:. SUNY Press. p. 335. 7531:University of Chicago Press 7437:Community and Civil Society 7246:. Cited in Wacquant (1992). 5634: 5601: 4872: 4631:Theory of the Leisure Class 3759:, and other members of the 3394: 2787:as "a Midwestern flavored, 2663:noted that an individual's 2261:The Nature of Social Action 1800:was established in 1892 by 1282:, 'word' or 'knowledge'). 10: 14409: 12153:Human environmental impact 11121:Princeton University Press 11095:(4th ed.). Prentice-Hall. 11022:The Sociological Tradition 10750: 10710:timeshighereducation.co.uk 10533:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH. 10527:Vuong, Quan-Hoang (2023). 10400:Princeton University Press 10219:Annual Review of Sociology 10188:10.1177/000312240607100504 9948:2, edited by S. M. Lipset. 9835:Annual Review of Sociology 9733:Annual Review of Sociology 9104:Princeton University Press 9002:Princeton University Press 8839:10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.498 8808:Jost, JT; Kay, AC (2005). 8787:10.1177/002188638602200207 8638:Haralambos & Holborn. 8214:. Oxford University Press. 8210:Martin, John Levi (2011). 8183:Handbook of sports studies 8142:Handbook of Sports Studies 8047:Annual Review of Sociology 7717:Annual Review of Sociology 7441:Cambridge University Press 6724:The Legacy of Albion Small 6640:Mingardi, Alberto (2011). 6153:10.1177/026858090005003007 5969:Annual Review of Sociology 5942:10.1057/s41599-023-02326-1 5628:Annual Review of Sociology 5608:List of sociology journals 5605: 5554:University of Pennsylvania 5516:Sociocultural anthropology 5444:sociocultural anthropology 5386:Other academic disciplines 5299: 5167: 5137: 5067: 4963: 4876: 4818: 4794: 4759: 4738:methodological nationalism 4695: 4643:Peace and conflict studies 4640: 4610: 4606: 4522: 4448: 4360: 4218: 4171: 4148: 4113: 4050: 4008: 3930: 3927:Internet and digital media 3854: 3795: 3692: 3669: 3661: 3588: 3465: 3327: 3145: 2990: 2679:20th-century social theory 2602: 2535:Phenomenological sociology 2520: 2462: 2398: 2090: 1975: 1949: 1862:London School of Economics 1512: 1495:, Spencer coined the term 1458: 1181:ancient Greek philosophers 1141: 1135: 1131: 96:Human environmental impact 18: 14349: 14253: 14241:Intellectuals and Society 14191:The Culture of Narcissism 14082: 13750: 13542: 13491: 13420: 13334: 13327: 13267: 13029: 12933: 12900: 12884: 12631: 12357: 12334: 12226: 12129: 12054: 11863: 11620: 11570: 11532: 11504: 11071:A Dictionary of Sociology 10933:Macionis, John J (1991). 10884:Landis, Judson R (1989). 10469:Dianteill, Erwan. 2012. " 10350:10.1017/S0003055400125389 9967:. John Wiley & Sons. 9395:A Dictionary of Sociology 9191:Bourdieu, Pierre. 1996 . 8709:10.1007/s11135-006-9041-7 8674:10.1007/s12108-008-9042-1 8396:10.1007/s11186-010-9125-1 8281:10.1007/978-3-030-19726-1 7798:Roscoe C. Hinkle (1982). 7611:"The Meaning of 'Theory'" 7126:Hill, Michael R. (2002). 7074:Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse 6767:Gianfranco Poggi (2000). 6701:. Yale University Press. 6520:, Article: Comte, Auguste 6445:A Dictionary of Sociology 6382:Cooperation South Journal 6255:10.1007/s10943-004-4302-z 5657:Bibliography of sociology 5296:Urban and rural sociology 5214:in stratified societies. 4993:international development 4985:macrosociological methods 4978:International development 4815:Race and ethnic relations 4756:Population and demography 4503:Death, dying, bereavement 4403:due to wartime necessity. 3943:sociology of the Internet 3933:Sociology of the Internet 3792:Art, music and literature 3662:For a topical guide, see 2591:emerges from the work of 2241:effects which it produces 1961:Three stages of Sociology 1872:Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse 1340:(1848). Comte believed a 1328:approach outlined in the 14231:The Malaise of Modernity 14181:The History of Sexuality 13280:Catholic social teaching 11590:Structural functionalism 11150:Rutgers University Press 10976:27 December 2022 at the 10968:Mills, C. Wright. 1959. 10678:Horowitz, Irving (1994) 10394:Sassen, Saskia (2001) . 10315:. Wadsworth Publishing. 10031:Rowman & Littlefield 9940:. 1982 . "Introduction: 9860:ASA (12 December 2013). 9512:10.1177/0891243211426722 9098:Epstein, Joshua (2007). 8996:Axelrod, Robert (1997). 8920:Bainbridge, William Sims 8363:(5th ed.). Belmont, CA: 8269:Rousselle Duane (2019). 8225:Christian Smith (2014). 8164:Slattery, Martin. 1993. 8072:Duane Rousselle (2019). 7976:Macionis, John J. 2012. 6799:Habermas, Jürgen. 1990. 6722:Dibble, Vernonk (1975), 6322:10.1177/0011392106058831 5717: 5662:Critical juncture theory 5204:structural functionalism 5144:Psychoanalytic sociology 4825:Sociology of immigration 4637:Peace, war, and conflict 4271:socially oriented action 4004: 3613:social sequence analysis 3374:may choose ethnographic 2997:Objectivity (philosophy) 2401:Structural functionalism 2235:of the way in which the 1942:(ISA), founded in 1949. 1704:Charlotte Perkins Gilman 1601:structural functionalism 1568:in 1895, publishing his 1537:—from the invitation of 190:Structural functionalism 14311:Philosophy of education 12537:international relations 12162:Industrial revolutions 11610:Symbolic interactionism 10822:Oxford University Press 10785:(10th ed.). Wadsworth: 10379:Bornschier, V. (1996). 10050:Berger, Peter L. 1990 . 10029:(2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: 9988:; Diani, Mario (2009). 9547:10.1111/1467-8721.00106 9416:24 January 2013 at the 8959:(subscription required) 8924:Computational Sociology 8769:Martin, Patricia Yancey 8193:Cassell, Philip. 1993. 7949:The Communist Manifesto 7771:Raewyn Connell (2007). 7659:Oxford University Press 7340:Rickman, H. P. (1960). 7242:Durkheim, Émile. 1895. 6780:Durkheim, Émile. 1964 6626:Berlin, Isaiah. 1967 . 6399:Granger, Frank (1911). 6140:International Sociology 6022:10.1126/science.1167742 5822:Oxford University Press 5697:Post-industrial society 5520:linguistic anthropology 5330:symbolic interactionism 5074:Social network analysis 5013:sociocultural evolution 4843:residential segregation 4363:Sociology of the family 4243:architectural sociology 4225:Architectural sociology 4174:Environmental sociology 4079:The Philosophy of Money 3865:Sociology of punishment 3798:Sociology of literature 3601:artificial intelligence 3591:Computational sociology 3573:Computational sociology 3549:participant observation 3452:nonprobability sampling 3376:participant observation 3358:on the other hand, are 3185:Synchrony and diachrony 2972:synchrony and diachrony 2865:social network analysis 2734:symbolic interactionism 2542:—often associated with 2523:Symbolic interactionism 2517:Symbolic interactionism 2508:The Communist Manifesto 2245:subjectively meaningful 2210:community' and 'society 2138:differs to that of the 2097:The German philosopher 2053:instrumental positivism 1918:University of Frankfurt 1830:symbolic interactionism 1498:survival of the fittest 1432:philosophies of history 1417: 1049:draw upon a variety of 1008:institution of medicine 913:empirical investigation 210:Symbolic interactionism 105:Industrial revolutions 13250: 13204: 13190: 12864:Quantum social science 11600:Social constructionism 11119:(2nd ed.). Princeton: 10912:Lipset, Seymour Martin 10757:Aby, Stephen H. 2005. 10311:Stark, Rodney (2006). 10093:10.15575/jw.v6i1.13462 9986:Porta, Donatella della 9938:Lipset, Seymour Martin 9729:"Sociology of Science" 9594:Collyer, Fran (2012). 9409:Economic Policy Review 9372:Watson, Tony J. 2008. 9260:New York: Russel Sage. 9256:Western, Bruce. 2006. 9052:Goldspink, C. (2002). 8882:25 August 2012 at the 8166:Key Ideas in Sociology 7820:10.17161/STR.1808.4915 7759:Rational Choice Theory 7307:Contemporary Sociology 7027:Morrison, Ken (2006). 6667:Sociological Quarterly 6301:Alatas, S. H. (2006). 6082:Halsey, A. H. (2004). 6053:Nettleship, H (1894). 5712:Sociological Francoism 5492:community mobilization 5488:community organization 5373:, Tönnies argued that 5158:psychological emphasis 5090:A social network is a 5078:Figurational Sociology 5065: 5044:Fernand Braudel Center 4886:philosophy of religion 4709: 4675:linked to survival in 4651:Sociology of terrorism 4525:Sociology of knowledge 4515:and Michael C. Kearl. 4404: 4367:Sociology of childhood 4354: 4151:Sociology of education 4084:new economic sociology 4059:William Stanley Jevons 3977:. One notable text is 3891:social disorganization 3690: 3586: 3419: 3139: 2891:thought has tended to 2810: 2754: 2665:rationality is bounded 2623:rational choice theory 2609:Rational choice theory 2531:Interpretive sociology 2527:Dramaturgy (sociology) 2514: 2489: 2456: 2319: 2297: 2266: 2223: 2022: 1963: 1946:Theoretical traditions 1818:University of Michigan 1761: 1738: 1641:English-speaking world 1566:University of Bordeaux 1530: 1471: 1456: 1414: 1404: 1381:, for example, and to 1367: 1354:philosopher of science 1303:philosopher of science 1291:Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès 1168: 1032:sociology of education 200:Social constructionism 14316:Philosophy of history 14306:Philosophy of culture 14201:A Conflict of Visions 12901:Other categorizations 12754:International studies 12739:History of technology 12674:Communication studies 12557:public administration 12207:Social stratification 12089:Conversation analysis 11646:Cultural anthropology 11636:Comparative sociology 11562:Sociological practice 9891:Siebold, Guy (2001). 9571:. BSA. Archived from 9393:Gordon Marshall (ed) 9376:. London: Routledge. 9239:7 August 2020 at the 9085:Open University Press 8929:24 April 2021 at the 8650:. Chapter 14: Methods 8533:10.1057/9781137009319 8355:8 August 2014 at the 7029:Marx, Durkheim, Weber 6057:. London. p. 67. 5550:Dorothy Swaine Thomas 5538:Irving Louis Horowitz 5440:cultural anthropology 5412:communication studies 5312:Industrial Revolution 5170:Social stratification 5061: 4997:community development 4974:Community development 4914:social stratification 4879:Sociology of religion 4705: 4519:Knowledge and science 4492:sociology of the body 4475:and the study of the 4399:and a departure from 4390: 4334: 4281:wiring to be social. 4249:, and to some extent 4209:sociology of disaster 4178:Sociology of disaster 4100:strength of weak ties 3975:informational society 3732:cultural anthropology 3677: 3580: 3517:Experimental research 3402: 3298:Ferdinand de Saussure 3124: 2993:Objectivity (science) 2832:Ferdinand de Saussure 2806: 2763:middle-range theories 2725: 2490: 2472: 2451: 2386:William Graham Sumner 2357:Lastly, as argued by 2299: 2293: 2225: 2221: 2107:Hegelian dialecticism 2069:quantitative research 2005: 1959: 1920:(later to become the 1816:, who had met at the 1798:University of Chicago 1770:William Graham Sumner 1748: 1720: 1676:Alexis de Tocqueville 1660:William Graham Sumner 1627:, and the process of 1577:Durkheim's monograph 1543:University of Chicago 1539:William Rainey Harper 1526: 1466: 1443: 1409: 1369: 1362: 1155: 1148:Timeline of sociology 1142:Further information: 1091:agent-based modelling 964:social stratification 951:and welfare, whereas 575:Conversation analysis 150:Social stratification 19:For the journal, see 14321:Political philosophy 14121:Democracy in America 12734:Historical sociology 11656:Historical sociology 11140:Willis, Evan. 1996. 10505:. Archived from the 10483:L'Année Sociologique 10476:12 June 2020 at the 9499:Gender & Society 9302:Wilson, D. R. 2004. 8697:Quality and Quantity 8662:American Sociologist 8615:Bamberger, Michael. 8586:Giddens, A. (1996). 8365:Wadsworth publishing 8032:Theory & Society 7651:Collins, R. (1994). 6112:Wardī, ʻAlī (1950). 5687:Outline of sociology 5682:List of sociologists 5290:developing countries 5279:. Theorists such as 5239:economic determinism 5116:relational sociology 5108:sexual relationships 5082:Relational sociology 5021:world systems theory 5017:Immanuel Wallerstein 4683:, with purposes and 4613:Sociology of leisure 4162:desegregation busing 4138:employment relations 4120:Industrial relations 4076:(1905) and Simmel's 3994:The Gutenberg Galaxy 3899:typology of deviance 3883:behavioural sciences 3730:were influential in 3709:sociology of culture 3699:Cultural criminology 3695:Sociology of culture 3685:(right, front), and 3664:Outline of sociology 3597:computer simulations 3527:). Participants are 3456:convenience sampling 3368:survey questionnaire 3345:Quantitative designs 3324:Research methodology 3217:improve this article 3148:Structure and agency 3142:Structure and agency 3029:improve this article 2961:structure and agency 2540:Symbolic interaction 2435:Bronisław Malinowski 2181:"—especially among " 2175:causal relationships 1902:sociology. In 1920, 1880:University of London 1820:in 1891 (along with 1790:University of Kansas 1741:Further developments 1144:List of sociologists 1138:History of sociology 1040:scientific knowledge 897:social relationships 14161:One-Dimensional Man 12914:Geisteswissenschaft 12908:Behavioral sciences 12834:Political sociology 12749:Information science 12694:Development studies 12217:Social cycle theory 11676:Social anthropology 11666:Political sociology 11557:Sociological theory 11046:Sociological Theory 10509:21 September 2013. 9455:2010PLoSO...513199C 9354:on 13 February 2010 9333:The Internet Galaxy 8856:on 4 September 2013 8623:. World Bank Group. 8497:Archer, Margaret S. 8198:The Macmillan Press 8195:The Giddens Reader. 7882:on 20 November 2011 7841:Urry, John (2000). 7618:Sociological Theory 7387:Weber, Max (1946). 7199:22 May 2010 at the 6939:on 11 November 2007 6543:Stanford University 6418:. Paris: Champion. 5692:Political sociology 5510:social organization 5498:Social anthropology 5460:applied sociologist 5436:social anthropology 5392:social anthropology 5348:Community sociology 5336:, for instance, in 5219:means of production 5027:. In recent years, 4970:Development studies 4855:postcolonial theory 4698:Political sociology 4692:Political sociology 4371:Sociology of gender 4295:social construction 4193:John Bellamy Foster 4033:ideological effects 3984:The Internet Galaxy 3963:virtual ethnography 3689:(right, back), 1965 3448:stratified sampling 3413:normal distribution 3411:to demonstrate the 3339:Qualitative designs 3314:social reproduction 3179:social reproduction 2836:Claude Lévi-Strauss 2750:language philosophy 2698:Columbia University 2573:George Herbert Mead 2443:social evolutionism 2415:social organization 2231:and thereby give a 2120:Geisteswissenschaft 2081:middle-range theory 1952:Sociological theory 1810:George Herbert Mead 1395:Frederick Copleston 1104:, and legislators; 160:Social cycle theory 31:Part of a series on 21:Sociology (journal) 14281:Cultural pessimism 14276:Cultural criticism 13175:National character 12969:Society portal 12456:auxiliary sciences 12286:Society portal 12187:Social environment 11811:race and ethnicity 11661:Industrial society 11113:White, Harrison C. 10916:Everett Carll Ladd 10486:62(2012/1):93-122. 10454:Tönnies, Ferdinand 9957:Nash, Kate. 2009. 9600:Palgrave Macmillan 8621:INTGENDERTRANSPORT 8594:. pp. 14–19. 8445:The Giddens Reader 8384:Theory and Society 7951:, introduction by 7903:The Giddens Reader 7255:Halfpenny, Peter. 7107:on 20 October 2012 7053:on 23 October 2007 6829:Plato.stanford.edu 5860:on 18 October 2017 5847:Colgate University 5208:Conflict theorists 5124:formal mathematics 5066: 4910:economic sociology 4853:, as well as with 4809:science journalism 4746:stateless entities 4744:, and the role of 4723:Moisey Ostrogorsky 4710: 4657:military sociology 4647:Military sociology 4617:Sociology of sport 4509:sociology of death 4438:Feminist sociology 4426:Feminist sociology 4405: 4375:Feminist sociology 4326:social interaction 4287:social interaction 4267:social interaction 4233:Sociology of space 4053:Economic sociology 4047:Economic sociology 4037:audience reception 4021:literary criticism 3947:online communities 3810:Sociology of music 3771:theorists such as 3713:cultural sociology 3691: 3652:artificial society 3628:network centrality 3587: 3559:Program Evaluation 3539:Longitudinal study 3525:gender stereotypes 3483:): Draws upon the 3420: 3417:hypothesis testing 2974:, which deal with 2963:, which deal with 2953:, which deal with 2889:Post-structuralist 2884:Post-structuralism 2811: 2742:post-structuralism 2710:Harvard University 2298: 2233:causal explanation 2224: 1964: 1876:Edvard Westermarck 1762: 1633:continental Europe 1531: 1472: 1415: 1385:, not to speak of 1368: 1293:in an unpublished 1169: 1047:social researchers 1024:systems of control 901:social interaction 846:Society portal 469:History of science 450:Race and ethnicity 130:Social environment 14362: 14361: 14078: 14077: 13223:Spontaneous order 13213:Social alienation 13062:Cultural heritage 13023:Social philosophy 12989: 12988: 12829:Political economy 12824:Political ecology 12679:Community studies 12669:Cognitive science 12632:Interdisciplinary 12532:Political science 12294: 12293: 12182:Social complexity 12114:Social experiment 11859: 11858: 11686:Social psychology 11129:978-0-691-13714-8 11018:Nisbet, Robert A. 11002:978-0-202-36168-0 10952:Merton, Robert K. 10944:978-0-13-820358-0 10897:978-0-534-10158-9 10651:978-90-277-2248-5 10624:978-0-534-64458-1 10595:978-0-495-50715-4 10540:978-83-67405-14-0 10530:Mindsponge Theory 10515:978-1-84482-778-7 10501:. Mansfield, UK: 10409:978-0-691-07063-6 10322:978-0-495-09344-2 10293:978-0-415-04125-6 10254:on 13 August 2010 10039:978-0-7425-6111-3 10001:978-1-4051-4821-4 9973:978-1-4443-2077-0 9751:on 26 August 2003 9609:978-1-137-00931-9 9308:Thomson/Wadsworth 9174:978-1-4129-9054-7 9113:978-0-691-12547-3 9102:. Princeton, NJ: 9011:978-0-691-01568-2 9000:. Princeton, NJ: 8982:978-0-262-05053-1 8947:978-1-4051-2433-1 8648:978-0-00-715447-0 8601:978-0-520-05728-9 8572:978-0-521-48442-8 8542:978-0-230-32044-4 8511:978-0-415-24271-4 8238:978-0-19-937714-5 8177:Barnes, B. 1995. 8151:978-1-4462-6505-5 8119:978-1-4384-0677-0 8085:978-3-030-19726-1 8013:978-0-226-24938-4 7986:978-0-205-11671-3 7927:978-0-684-83638-6 7860:978-0-415-19089-3 7784:978-0-7456-4248-2 7761:. New York: Sage. 7683:Barkan, Steven E. 7668:978-0-19-508702-4 7556:978-0-226-75775-9 7497:978-0-7923-0407-4 7413:978-88-568-2487-2 7175:978-0-520-03194-4 6708:978-0-300-00046-7 6606:978-0-631-21348-2 6587:Calhoun, Craig J. 6496:978-0-13-700161-3 6454:978-0-19-172684-2 6425:978-2-7453-0260-1 6310:Current Sociology 6287:978-983-9541-53-3 6016:(5915): 721–723. 5707:Social psychology 5518:, which includes 5500:is the branch of 5451:applied sociology 5408:social philosophy 5396:political science 5355:Ferdinand Tönnies 5340:'s study of the " 5286:dependency theory 5192:Western societies 5174:Social inequality 5134:Social psychology 4851:social psychology 4669:collective action 4485:Goodenough Report 4481:Medical sociology 4455:Medical sociology 4420:. The notion of " 4416:and its distinct 4393:Rosie the Riveter 4257:Social pre-wiring 4116:sociology of work 4031:factors, such as 3999:digital sociology 3806:Sociology of film 3769:Birmingham School 3753:Theodor W. Adorno 3636:social complexity 3529:randomly assigned 3481:Historical method 3477:Archival research 3460:snowball sampling 3282: 3281: 3267: 3111:intersubjectivity 3105: 3104: 3097: 3079: 2413:—referred to as " 2222:Max Weber in 1918 2187:Ferdinand Tönnies 2000:scientific method 1994:. An emphasis on 1904:Florian Znaniecki 1892:Ferdinand Tönnies 1884:Harriet Martineau 1826:social psychology 1794:Frank W. Blackmar 1780:(ASA), published 1754:Ferdinand Tönnies 1712:Harriet Martineau 1688:Ferdinand Tönnies 1318:French Revolution 1213:, a 14th-century 1122:business magnates 917:critical analysis 882: 881: 600:Social experiment 480:Social psychology 125:Social complexity 14400: 14378: 14377: 14370: 14326:Social criticism 14246: 14236: 14226: 14216: 14206: 14196: 14186: 14176: 14166: 14156: 14146: 14136: 14126: 14116: 14106: 14096: 13332: 13331: 13314:Frankfurt School 13292:Communitarianism 13255: 13209: 13195: 13016: 13009: 13002: 12993: 12992: 12977: 12967: 12966: 12953: 12952: 12941: 12940: 12844:Regional science 12689:Cultural studies 12664:Business studies 12321: 12314: 12307: 12298: 12297: 12284: 12283: 12269: 12268: 12257: 12256: 12233: 12232: 12212:Social structure 12109:Network analysis 11701: 11700: 11691:Sociolinguistics 11681:Social movements 11605:Social darwinism 11542:Public sociology 11491: 11484: 11477: 11468: 11467: 11462: 11454: 11453: 11452: 11445: 11444:from Wikiversity 11437: 11436: 11435: 11428: 11420: 11419: 11418: 11411: 11403: 11402: 11401: 11394: 11386: 11385: 11384: 11377: 11369: 11368: 11367: 11360: 11352: 11351: 11350: 11343: 11335: 11334: 11333: 11323: 11307: 11306: 11298: 11014: 10948: 10901: 10860:Giddens, Anthony 10814:Collins, Randall 10787:Thomson Learning 10744: 10743: 10731: 10722: 10721: 10719: 10717: 10702: 10696: 10689: 10683: 10676: 10667: 10666: 10660: 10658: 10635: 10629: 10628: 10606: 10600: 10599: 10581: 10572: 10571: 10570:on 26 June 2011. 10569: 10562: 10554: 10545: 10544: 10524: 10518: 10493: 10487: 10467: 10461: 10451: 10445: 10444: 10442: 10440: 10435:on 15 March 2015 10431:. Archived from 10420: 10414: 10413: 10391: 10385: 10384: 10376: 10370: 10369: 10333: 10327: 10326: 10308: 10302: 10301: 10270: 10264: 10263: 10261: 10259: 10244: 10235: 10234: 10214: 10208: 10207: 10169: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10158: 10146: 10140: 10139: 10137: 10135: 10120: 10114: 10113: 10095: 10071: 10065: 10048: 10042: 10023: 10017: 10016: 10010: 10008: 9982: 9976: 9955: 9949: 9935: 9929: 9917:Piven, F. 1988. 9915: 9909: 9908: 9906: 9904: 9888: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9877: 9868:. Archived from 9857: 9851: 9850: 9830: 9824: 9823: 9811: 9805: 9804: 9803:on 14 July 2014. 9799:. Archived from 9793: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9782: 9777:on 21 March 2015 9767: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9756: 9747:. Archived from 9724: 9718: 9717: 9716:on 14 July 2014. 9712:. Archived from 9701: 9695: 9694: 9682: 9676: 9675: 9674:on 14 July 2014. 9670:. Archived from 9659: 9653: 9652: 9650: 9648: 9643:on 18 April 2015 9639:. Archived from 9628: 9622: 9621: 9591: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9580: 9565: 9559: 9558: 9530: 9524: 9523: 9493: 9487: 9486: 9476: 9466: 9434: 9421: 9404: 9398: 9391: 9385: 9370: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9350:. Archived from 9344: 9338: 9328:Castells, Manuel 9325: 9319: 9300: 9294: 9293: 9291: 9289: 9267: 9261: 9254: 9248: 9243:." pp. 58–73 in 9227: 9221: 9220: 9218: 9216: 9206: 9200: 9189: 9183: 9182: 9155: 9149: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9124: 9118: 9117: 9095: 9089: 9088: 9083:(2nd ed.). 9072: 9066: 9065: 9049: 9043: 9042: 9022: 9016: 9015: 8993: 8987: 8986: 8968: 8962: 8960: 8917: 8911: 8910: 8895: 8889: 8872: 8866: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8855: 8849:. Archived from 8832: 8814: 8805: 8799: 8798: 8765: 8759: 8758: 8730: 8721: 8720: 8692: 8686: 8685: 8657: 8651: 8636: 8625: 8624: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8583: 8577: 8576: 8556: 8550: 8549: 8520: 8514: 8494: 8488: 8474: 8468: 8457:Habermas, Jürgen 8454: 8448: 8441: 8435: 8434: 8414: 8408: 8407: 8379: 8368: 8346: 8340: 8339: 8309: 8303: 8302: 8266: 8260: 8256: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8245: 8222: 8216: 8215: 8207: 8201: 8191: 8185: 8175: 8169: 8162: 8156: 8155: 8137: 8131: 8130: 8128: 8126: 8103: 8097: 8096: 8094: 8092: 8069: 8063: 8062: 8042: 8036: 8024: 8018: 8017: 7997: 7988: 7974: 7968: 7945:Friedrich Engels 7938: 7932: 7931: 7913: 7907: 7906: 7898: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7871: 7865: 7864: 7838: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7827: 7822: 7804: 7795: 7789: 7788: 7768: 7762: 7755: 7749: 7748: 7712: 7706: 7705: 7703: 7701: 7696:on 18 March 2015 7692:. Archived from 7679: 7673: 7672: 7648: 7642: 7641: 7615: 7606: 7600: 7599: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7540: 7534: 7527: 7518: 7517: 7483: 7477: 7470: 7464: 7462: 7432: 7426: 7425: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7337: 7331: 7330: 7302: 7296: 7295: 7275: 7269: 7266: 7260: 7253: 7247: 7240: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7214: 7208: 7203:". (2009). from 7194:Frankfurt School 7190: 7184: 7183: 7156:Bendix, Reinhard 7152: 7146: 7145: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7069: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7058: 7039: 7033: 7032: 7024: 7018: 7017: 6989: 6983: 6976: 6970: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6929: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6906:. Archived from 6896: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6876:. Archived from 6874:Encyclopedia.com 6866: 6860: 6850: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6831:. 24 August 2007 6821: 6815: 6797: 6791: 6778: 6772: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6728: 6727: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6692: 6683: 6682: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6637: 6631: 6624: 6615: 6614: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6531:Bourdeau, Michel 6527: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6482: 6463: 6462: 6457:. Archived from 6441:"Comte, Auguste" 6436: 6430: 6429: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6307: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6134: 6128: 6127: 6109: 6103: 6102: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6066: 6058: 6050: 6044: 6043: 6033: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5964: 5955: 5954: 5944: 5920: 5914: 5907: 5898: 5897: 5889: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5859: 5853:. Archived from 5844: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5792: 5770: 5764: 5752: 5741: 5735: 5728: 5651: 5646: 5645: 5532:multiculturalism 5416:cultural studies 5314:, works such as 5277:symbolic capital 5092:social structure 5025:post-colonialism 4954:multiculturalism 4898:study of suicide 4863:multiculturalism 4797:Public sociology 4791:Public sociology 4742:social construct 4731:social movements 4671:based on shared 4627:Thorstein Veblen 4581:Robert K. Merton 4318:social behaviors 4273:already present 4251:visual sociology 4229:Visual sociology 4088:Mark Granovetter 4017:cultural studies 3989:Marshall McLuhan 3959:network analysis 3905:Sociology of law 3895:Robert K. Merton 3861:Sociology of law 3835:writers such as 3833:Frankfurt School 3802:Sociology of art 3765:cultural studies 3761:Frankfurt School 3703:Cultural studies 3620:computer science 3491:Content analysis 3277: 3274: 3268: 3266: 3225: 3197: 3189: 3137: 3100: 3093: 3089: 3086: 3080: 3078: 3037: 3013: 3005: 2767:John Levi Martin 2730:ethnomethodology 2661:Herbert A. Simon 2649:George C. Homans 2593:Harold Garfinkel 2589:ethnomethodology 2512: 2503:Friedrich Engels 2487: 2480:Émile Durkheim, 2411:social structure 2375: 2371: 2368: 2363:Social Darwinism 2350:) perspectives. 2322:Classical theory 2317: 2280:phenomenological 2264: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2132:human scientists 2128:phenomenologists 2077:Robert K. Merton 2029:. The extent of 2020: 1982:The overarching 1922:Frankfurt School 1736: 1716:Friedrich Engels 1684:Thorstein Veblen 1668:W. E. B. Du Bois 1556:, who developed 1402: 1342:positivist stage 1314:Adolphe Quetelet 1281: 1177:old comic poetry 1057:techniques. The 957:phenomenological 945:social structure 874: 867: 860: 844: 843: 595:Network analysis 485:Sociocybernetics 475:Social movements 205:Social darwinism 155:Social structure 47: 28: 27: 14408: 14407: 14403: 14402: 14401: 14399: 14398: 14397: 14383: 14382: 14381: 14372: 14371: 14367: 14363: 14358: 14345: 14271:Critical theory 14249: 14244: 14234: 14224: 14214: 14204: 14194: 14184: 14174: 14164: 14154: 14144: 14134: 14124: 14114: 14104: 14094: 14074: 13752: 13746: 13544: 13538: 13487: 13416: 13323: 13275:Budapest School 13263: 13052:Cosmopolitanism 13025: 13020: 12990: 12985: 12961: 12929: 12896: 12880: 12854:Science studies 12638:Administration 12627: 12353: 12330: 12328:Social sciences 12325: 12295: 12290: 12278: 12222: 12221: 12220: 12192:Social equality 12125: 12124: 12123: 12050: 11864:Major theorists 11855: 11699: 11696:Urban sociology 11671:Rural sociology 11623: 11616: 11615: 11614: 11585:Critical theory 11580:Conflict theory 11566: 11547:Social research 11534:General aspects 11528: 11500: 11495: 11465: 11455: 11450: 11448: 11438: 11433: 11431: 11421: 11416: 11414: 11410:from Wikisource 11404: 11399: 11397: 11387: 11382: 11380: 11370: 11365: 11363: 11353: 11348: 11346: 11342:from Wiktionary 11336: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11322:sister projects 11319:at Knowledge's 11313: 11301: 11293: 11176: 11169: 11003: 10978:Wayback Machine 10945: 10898: 10842:Coser, Lewis A. 10779:Babbie, Earl R. 10753: 10748: 10747: 10740:Thomson Reuters 10733: 10732: 10725: 10715: 10713: 10712:. 26 March 2009 10704: 10703: 10699: 10690: 10686: 10677: 10670: 10656: 10654: 10652: 10636: 10632: 10625: 10607: 10603: 10596: 10582: 10575: 10567: 10560: 10556: 10555: 10548: 10541: 10525: 10521: 10494: 10490: 10478:Wayback Machine 10468: 10464: 10452: 10448: 10438: 10436: 10421: 10417: 10410: 10392: 10388: 10377: 10373: 10334: 10330: 10323: 10309: 10305: 10294: 10274:Saunders, Peter 10271: 10267: 10257: 10255: 10246: 10245: 10238: 10215: 10211: 10170: 10166: 10156: 10154: 10147: 10143: 10133: 10131: 10121: 10117: 10072: 10068: 10049: 10045: 10024: 10020: 10006: 10004: 10002: 9983: 9979: 9956: 9952: 9936: 9932: 9916: 9912: 9902: 9900: 9889: 9885: 9875: 9873: 9872:on 5 March 2015 9858: 9854: 9831: 9827: 9812: 9808: 9795: 9794: 9790: 9780: 9778: 9769: 9768: 9764: 9754: 9752: 9725: 9721: 9702: 9698: 9683: 9679: 9660: 9656: 9646: 9644: 9629: 9625: 9610: 9598:. Basingstoke: 9592: 9588: 9578: 9576: 9575:on 17 June 2008 9567: 9566: 9562: 9531: 9527: 9494: 9490: 9435: 9424: 9418:Wayback Machine 9405: 9401: 9392: 9388: 9371: 9367: 9357: 9355: 9346: 9345: 9341: 9326: 9322: 9301: 9297: 9287: 9285: 9284:on 2 April 2015 9268: 9264: 9255: 9251: 9241:Wayback Machine 9228: 9224: 9214: 9212: 9208: 9207: 9203: 9190: 9186: 9175: 9159:Griswold, Wendy 9156: 9152: 9142: 9140: 9125: 9121: 9114: 9096: 9092: 9073: 9069: 9050: 9046: 9023: 9019: 9012: 8994: 8990: 8983: 8969: 8965: 8958: 8931:Wayback Machine 8918: 8914: 8896: 8892: 8884:Wayback Machine 8873: 8869: 8859: 8857: 8853: 8830:10.1.1.333.6801 8812: 8806: 8802: 8766: 8762: 8747:10.2307/2095839 8731: 8724: 8693: 8689: 8658: 8654: 8637: 8628: 8613: 8609: 8602: 8584: 8580: 8573: 8557: 8553: 8543: 8521: 8517: 8495: 8491: 8485:Basil Blackwell 8475: 8471: 8465:Basil Blackwell 8455: 8451: 8442: 8438: 8415: 8411: 8380: 8371: 8357:Wayback Machine 8347: 8343: 8310: 8306: 8291: 8267: 8263: 8257: 8253: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8223: 8219: 8208: 8204: 8192: 8188: 8176: 8172: 8163: 8159: 8152: 8138: 8134: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8104: 8100: 8090: 8088: 8086: 8070: 8066: 8043: 8039: 8025: 8021: 8014: 7998: 7991: 7975: 7971: 7939: 7935: 7928: 7914: 7910: 7899: 7895: 7885: 7883: 7872: 7868: 7861: 7839: 7835: 7825: 7823: 7802: 7796: 7792: 7785: 7769: 7765: 7756: 7752: 7713: 7709: 7699: 7697: 7680: 7676: 7669: 7649: 7645: 7613: 7607: 7603: 7592: 7588: 7557: 7541: 7537: 7528: 7521: 7498: 7484: 7480: 7471: 7467: 7451: 7433: 7429: 7414: 7400: 7396: 7385: 7381: 7338: 7334: 7319:10.2307/2071781 7303: 7299: 7276: 7272: 7267: 7263: 7254: 7250: 7241: 7237: 7227: 7225: 7215: 7211: 7201:Wayback Machine 7191: 7187: 7176: 7153: 7149: 7142: 7124: 7120: 7110: 7108: 7095: 7094: 7090: 7080: 7078: 7071: 7070: 7066: 7056: 7054: 7041: 7040: 7036: 7025: 7021: 7006:10.2307/2096093 6990: 6986: 6977: 6973: 6956: 6952: 6942: 6940: 6931: 6930: 6923: 6913: 6911: 6910:on 27 June 2006 6898: 6897: 6893: 6883: 6881: 6868: 6867: 6863: 6852:Harriss, John. 6851: 6844: 6834: 6832: 6823: 6822: 6818: 6798: 6794: 6788:G. E. G. Catlin 6779: 6775: 6766: 6762: 6754: 6731: 6720: 6716: 6709: 6693: 6686: 6663: 6659: 6652: 6642:Herbert Spencer 6638: 6634: 6625: 6618: 6607: 6597:Wiley-Blackwell 6584: 6580: 6569: 6565: 6555: 6553: 6535:"Auguste Comte" 6528: 6524: 6516: 6512: 6497: 6483: 6466: 6455: 6437: 6433: 6426: 6412: 6408: 6397: 6393: 6378: 6374: 6359:10.2307/2708627 6353:(3): 415–422 . 6341: 6337: 6305: 6299: 6295: 6288: 6274: 6270: 6249:(4): 357–377 . 6239: 6235: 6220: 6216: 6197: 6193: 6185:10.1.1.510.3556 6172: 6168: 6135: 6131: 6110: 6106: 6095: 6091: 6080: 6076: 6060: 6059: 6051: 6047: 6000: 5996: 5965: 5958: 5921: 5917: 5908: 5901: 5890: 5873: 5863: 5861: 5857: 5842: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5814: 5810: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5793: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5773: 5768:social sciences 5765: 5761: 5756: 5755: 5742: 5738: 5729: 5725: 5720: 5667:Cultural theory 5647: 5640: 5637: 5611: 5604: 5588:Jürgen Habermas 5580:Anthony Giddens 5576:Pierre Bourdieu 5572:Michel Foucault 5546:Randall Collins 5432:social research 5424:literary theory 5388: 5350: 5308: 5306:Rural sociology 5302:Urban sociology 5300:Main articles: 5298: 5281:Ralf Dahrendorf 5269:Pierre Bourdieu 5212:social mobility 5184: 5178:Social mobility 5168:Main articles: 5166: 5146: 5138:Main articles: 5136: 5096:interdependency 5088: 5068:Main articles: 5056: 5054:Social networks 4980: 4964:Main articles: 4962: 4937:Ancient Judaism 4890:Peter L. Berger 4881: 4875: 4859:assimilationism 4827: 4819:Main articles: 4817: 4804:Michael Burawoy 4799: 4793: 4781:human geography 4772: 4760:Main articles: 4758: 4719:Paul Lazarsfeld 4715:survey research 4713:of statistical 4707:Jürgen Habermas 4700: 4694: 4653: 4641:Main articles: 4639: 4619: 4611:Main articles: 4609: 4573:Michel Foucault 4557:Thomas Luckmann 4553:Peter L. Berger 4535: 4523:Main articles: 4521: 4505: 4457: 4449:Main articles: 4447: 4430:feminist theory 4385: 4379:Feminist theory 4361:Main articles: 4359: 4350:social behavior 4303:social behavior 4301:to some extent 4259: 4247:urban sociology 4239: 4237:Urban sociology 4219:Main articles: 4217: 4205:rural sociology 4180: 4172:Main articles: 4170: 4153: 4147: 4141:institutions." 4122: 4114:Main articles: 4112: 4055: 4049: 4025:critical theory 4013: 4007: 3979:Manuel Castells 3935: 3929: 3920: 3907: 3875: 3855:Main articles: 3853: 3845:Robert Escarpit 3841:Jürgen Habermas 3829:Fredric Jameson 3821:Pierre Macherey 3812: 3796:Main articles: 3794: 3773:Richard Hoggart 3757:Walter Benjamin 3751:in the vein of 3749:critical theory 3705: 3693:Main articles: 3687:Jürgen Habermas 3681:(left, front), 3672: 3667: 3660: 3640:complex systems 3632:network science 3593: 3575: 3566:Survey research 3495:grounded theory 3468: 3444:sample randomly 3397: 3382:, quantitative 3332: 3330:Social research 3326: 3278: 3272: 3269: 3226: 3224: 3210: 3198: 3187: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3131: 3101: 3090: 3084: 3081: 3038: 3036: 3026: 3014: 3003: 2991:Main articles: 2989: 2943: 2901:Michel Foucault 2886: 2878:Radcliffe-Brown 2844:system of signs 2824:Anthony Giddens 2816: 2808:Anthony Giddens 2798:Duane Rousselle 2759: 2706:Talcott Parsons 2702:Pitirim Sorokin 2694:Paul Lazarsfeld 2681: 2619:exchange theory 2615: 2613:Exchange theory 2603:Main articles: 2601: 2537: 2521:Main articles: 2519: 2513: 2497: 2488: 2479: 2467: 2465:Conflict theory 2461: 2459:Conflict theory 2439:Radcliffe-Brown 2421:) is to regard 2419:Herbert Spencer 2403: 2397: 2378:Herbert Spencer 2373: 2369: 2328:Randall Collins 2324: 2318: 2306: 2272:pioneered the " 2268:Both Weber and 2265: 2255: 2237:action proceeds 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2155:anti-positivism 2116:Wilhelm Dilthey 2112:hermeneuticians 2095: 2089: 2073:Paul Lazarsfeld 2021: 2011: 1992:natural science 1980: 1974: 1969: 1954: 1948: 1926:critical theory 1890:was founded by 1851:Talcott Parsons 1786:Herbert Spencer 1743: 1737: 1727: 1672:Vilfredo Pareto 1656:Herbert Spencer 1635:, with British 1629:rationalization 1562:social research 1521: 1513:Main articles: 1511: 1491:Also a notable 1475:Herbert Spencer 1468:Herbert Spencer 1461: 1422:Both Comte and 1420: 1403: 1393: 1326:epistemological 1272:, derived from 1241: 1233:social conflict 1229:social cohesion 1173:Social analysis 1150: 1140: 1134: 1087:computationally 972:social mobility 905:social sciences 893:social behavior 878: 838: 831: 830: 791: 781: 780: 708: 634: 620: 618:Major theorists 610: 609: 545: 535: 534: 225: 215: 214: 185:Critical theory 180:Conflict theory 175: 165: 164: 135:Social equality 76: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14406: 14396: 14395: 14380: 14379: 14364: 14360: 14359: 14357: 14356: 14350: 14347: 14346: 14344: 14343: 14338: 14333: 14331:Social science 14328: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14288: 14283: 14278: 14273: 14268: 14263: 14257: 14255: 14251: 14250: 14248: 14247: 14237: 14227: 14221:Gender Trouble 14217: 14207: 14197: 14187: 14177: 14167: 14157: 14151:The Second Sex 14147: 14137: 14127: 14117: 14107: 14097: 14086: 14084: 14080: 14079: 14076: 14075: 14073: 14072: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14002: 13997: 13992: 13987: 13982: 13977: 13972: 13967: 13962: 13957: 13952: 13947: 13942: 13937: 13932: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13807: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13756: 13754: 13748: 13747: 13745: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13694: 13689: 13684: 13679: 13674: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13649: 13644: 13639: 13634: 13629: 13624: 13619: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13594: 13589: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13548: 13546: 13540: 13539: 13537: 13536: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13495: 13493: 13489: 13488: 13486: 13485: 13480: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13424: 13422: 13418: 13417: 13415: 13414: 13409: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13379: 13374: 13369: 13364: 13359: 13354: 13349: 13344: 13338: 13336: 13329: 13325: 13324: 13322: 13321: 13316: 13311: 13310: 13309: 13299: 13294: 13289: 13288: 13287: 13277: 13271: 13269: 13265: 13264: 13262: 13261: 13256: 13247: 13246: 13245: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13201: 13196: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13166: 13165: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13143:Invisible hand 13140: 13135: 13130: 13129: 13128: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13097: 13096: 13086: 13085: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13033: 13031: 13027: 13026: 13019: 13018: 13011: 13004: 12996: 12987: 12986: 12984: 12983: 12971: 12959: 12947: 12934: 12931: 12930: 12928: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12910: 12904: 12902: 12898: 12897: 12895: 12894: 12888: 12886: 12882: 12881: 12879: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12867: 12866: 12861: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12820: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12801: 12800: 12799: 12797:social science 12794: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12729:Global studies 12726: 12724:Gender studies 12721: 12716: 12715: 12714: 12709: 12707:social science 12703:Environmental 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12650: 12649: 12644: 12635: 12633: 12629: 12628: 12626: 12625: 12624: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12593: 12592: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12561: 12560: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12529: 12528: 12527: 12517: 12516: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12500: 12495: 12485: 12484: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12443: 12442: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12416: 12415: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12402:macroeconomics 12399: 12397:microeconomics 12389: 12388: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12361: 12359: 12355: 12354: 12352: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12335: 12332: 12331: 12324: 12323: 12316: 12309: 12301: 12292: 12291: 12289: 12275: 12263: 12251: 12250: 12249: 12244: 12227: 12224: 12223: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12148:Human behavior 12145: 12140: 12135: 12134: 12133: 12131: 12127: 12126: 12122: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12060: 12059: 12058: 12056: 12052: 12051: 12049: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11867: 11865: 11861: 11860: 11857: 11856: 11854: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11841:stratification 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11707: 11705: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11626: 11622:Related fields 11618: 11617: 11613: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11576: 11575: 11574: 11572: 11568: 11567: 11565: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11538: 11536: 11530: 11529: 11527: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11505: 11502: 11501: 11494: 11493: 11486: 11479: 11471: 11464: 11463: 11446: 11429: 11427:from Wikibooks 11412: 11395: 11393:from Wikiquote 11378: 11361: 11344: 11315: 11312: 11311: 11291: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11236: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11175: 11174:External links 11172: 11168: 11167: 11138: 11110: 11089: 11067: 11042:Ritzer, George 11039: 11015: 11001: 10988: 10966: 10949: 10943: 10930: 10909: 10902: 10896: 10881: 10857: 10839: 10811: 10804: 10776: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10746: 10745: 10736:Web of Science 10723: 10697: 10684: 10668: 10650: 10630: 10623: 10601: 10594: 10573: 10546: 10539: 10519: 10488: 10462: 10446: 10415: 10408: 10386: 10371: 10344:(3): 621–622. 10328: 10321: 10303: 10292: 10265: 10236: 10209: 10182:(5): 778–807. 10164: 10153:(Report). Rand 10141: 10115: 10066: 10043: 10018: 10000: 9977: 9950: 9930: 9910: 9899:on 31 May 2005 9883: 9852: 9825: 9806: 9788: 9762: 9719: 9696: 9677: 9654: 9623: 9608: 9602:. p. 99. 9586: 9560: 9525: 9488: 9449:(10): e13199. 9422: 9399: 9386: 9365: 9339: 9320: 9295: 9262: 9249: 9222: 9201: 9184: 9173: 9150: 9129:"General Info" 9119: 9112: 9090: 9067: 9044: 9017: 9010: 8988: 8981: 8963: 8912: 8890: 8867: 8823:(3): 498–509. 8800: 8781:(2): 141–157. 8760: 8741:(6): 856–862. 8722: 8687: 8668:(4): 290–306. 8652: 8626: 8607: 8600: 8590:. California: 8578: 8571: 8551: 8541: 8515: 8489: 8477:Rorty, Richard 8469: 8449: 8436: 8409: 8390:(6): 651–688. 8369: 8341: 8328:10.2307/590235 8322:(2): 272–296. 8304: 8289: 8261: 8251: 8237: 8217: 8202: 8186: 8170: 8157: 8150: 8132: 8118: 8098: 8084: 8064: 8053:(1): 335–362. 8037: 8027:Whitford, Josh 8019: 8012: 7989: 7969: 7933: 7926: 7908: 7893: 7866: 7859: 7853:. p. 23. 7833: 7790: 7783: 7763: 7750: 7707: 7674: 7667: 7654:library.wur.nl 7643: 7624:(2): 173–199. 7601: 7586: 7555: 7535: 7519: 7496: 7478: 7465: 7449: 7427: 7412: 7394: 7379: 7358:10.2307/587776 7352:(4): 307–318. 7332: 7313:(4): 519–522. 7297: 7270: 7261: 7248: 7235: 7209: 7185: 7174: 7147: 7140: 7118: 7088: 7064: 7034: 7019: 7000:(4): 421–445. 6984: 6971: 6950: 6921: 6891: 6880:on 5 July 2010 6861: 6842: 6816: 6806:Polity Press. 6792: 6773: 6760: 6729: 6714: 6707: 6684: 6673:(4): 791–808. 6657: 6650: 6632: 6616: 6605: 6599:. p. 19. 6578: 6563: 6522: 6510: 6495: 6464: 6453: 6431: 6424: 6406: 6391: 6372: 6335: 6293: 6286: 6268: 6233: 6214: 6191: 6166: 6147:(3): 319–335. 6129: 6104: 6101:. p. 201. 6089: 6074: 6045: 5994: 5956: 5915: 5899: 5871: 5831: 5808: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5758: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5736: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5672:Engaged theory 5669: 5664: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5649:Society portal 5636: 5633: 5603: 5600: 5584:Erving Goffman 5449:Sociology and 5428:social science 5387: 5384: 5380:social capital 5349: 5346: 5326:Chicago School 5297: 5294: 5266: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5165: 5162: 5154:group dynamics 5150:social actions 5135: 5132: 5070:Social network 5063:Harrison White 5055: 5052: 5029:Raewyn Connell 4961: 4958: 4946:civil religion 4942:secularization 4902:Roman Catholic 4877:Main article: 4874: 4871: 4847:stratification 4816: 4813: 4795:Main article: 4792: 4789: 4757: 4754: 4748:in the modern 4696:Main article: 4693: 4690: 4638: 4635: 4608: 4605: 4520: 4517: 4513:Douglas Davies 4504: 4501: 4446: 4443: 4414:nuclear family 4358: 4355: 4338:social actions 4258: 4255: 4216: 4213: 4201:sustainability 4197:metabolic rift 4169: 4166: 4149:Main article: 4146: 4143: 4136:practices and 4111: 4108: 4096:Social network 4051:Main article: 4048: 4045: 4009:Main article: 4006: 4003: 3955:virtual worlds 3931:Main article: 3928: 3925: 3919: 3916: 3912:stratification 3906: 3903: 3852: 3849: 3837:Theodor Adorno 3825:Terry Eagleton 3793: 3790: 3683:Theodor Adorno 3679:Max Horkheimer 3671: 3668: 3659: 3656: 3609:social network 3589:Main article: 3583:social network 3574: 3571: 3570: 3569: 3563: 3556: 3553:global warming 3542: 3536: 3514: 3488: 3485:secondary data 3467: 3464: 3409:Francis Galton 3396: 3393: 3372:social actions 3350: 3349: 3342: 3328:Main article: 3325: 3322: 3280: 3279: 3215:. Please help 3201: 3199: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3146:Main article: 3143: 3140: 3136:(1992), p. 235 3129: 3103: 3102: 3017: 3015: 3008: 2988: 2985: 2980: 2979: 2968: 2958: 2942: 2939: 2885: 2882: 2873:Harrison White 2861: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2815: 2812: 2785:pax wisconsana 2783:describes the 2772:Pax Wisconsana 2758: 2757:Pax Wisconsana 2755: 2704:, followed by 2689:Anselm Strauss 2685:Chicago School 2680: 2677: 2657:James G. March 2645: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2605:Utilitarianism 2600: 2599:Utilitarianism 2597: 2577:Erving Goffman 2560:Chicago School 2556:interpretivism 2544:interactionism 2518: 2515: 2495: 2477: 2463:Main article: 2460: 2457: 2399:Main article: 2396: 2393: 2382:Lester F. Ward 2359:Raewyn Connell 2352:Utilitarianism 2323: 2320: 2304: 2253: 2126:philosophers, 2093:Antipositivism 2091:Main article: 2088: 2087:Antipositivism 2085: 2031:antipositivist 2013:Émile Durkheim 2009: 1984:methodological 1976:Main article: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1950:Main article: 1947: 1944: 1900:antipositivist 1834:Chicago School 1832:of the modern 1814:Charles Cooley 1792:, lectured by 1774:Lester F. Ward 1742: 1739: 1725: 1708:Marianne Weber 1680:Werner Sombart 1664:Lester F. Ward 1625:secularization 1554:Émile Durkheim 1528:Émile Durkheim 1515:Émile Durkheim 1510: 1507: 1480:Émile Durkheim 1460: 1457: 1428:secularization 1419: 1416: 1401:(1974), p. 118 1391: 1310:social physics 1240: 1237: 1215:Muslim scholar 1136:Main article: 1133: 1130: 1114:administrators 1095:social network 1083:mathematically 1067:interpretative 1063:cultural turns 1036:social capital 980:secularization 941:social systems 895:, patterns of 880: 879: 877: 876: 869: 862: 854: 851: 850: 849: 848: 833: 832: 829: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 792: 787: 786: 783: 782: 636: 635: 621: 616: 615: 612: 611: 608: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 546: 541: 540: 537: 536: 533: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 245:Astrosociology 242: 237: 232: 226: 221: 220: 217: 216: 213: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 176: 171: 170: 167: 166: 163: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 103: 98: 93: 91:Human behavior 88: 83: 77: 74: 73: 70: 69: 68: 67: 62: 57: 49: 48: 40: 39: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14405: 14394: 14391: 14390: 14388: 14375: 14369: 14365: 14355: 14352: 14351: 14348: 14342: 14339: 14337: 14336:Social theory 14334: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14258: 14256: 14252: 14243: 14242: 14238: 14233: 14232: 14228: 14223: 14222: 14218: 14213: 14212: 14208: 14203: 14202: 14198: 14193: 14192: 14188: 14183: 14182: 14178: 14173: 14172: 14168: 14163: 14162: 14158: 14153: 14152: 14148: 14143: 14142: 14138: 14133: 14132: 14128: 14123: 14122: 14118: 14113: 14112: 14108: 14103: 14102: 14098: 14093: 14092: 14088: 14087: 14085: 14081: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13990:Radhakrishnan 13988: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13971: 13968: 13966: 13963: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13953: 13951: 13948: 13946: 13943: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13757: 13755: 13751:20th and 21st 13749: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13635: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13549: 13547: 13543:18th and 19th 13541: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13496: 13494: 13490: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13425: 13423: 13419: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13340: 13339: 13337: 13333: 13330: 13326: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13308: 13305: 13304: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13293: 13290: 13286: 13283: 13282: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13272: 13270: 13266: 13260: 13257: 13254: 13253: 13248: 13244: 13241: 13240: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13208: 13207: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13194: 13193: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13164: 13161: 13160: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13127: 13124: 13123: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13095: 13092: 13091: 13090: 13087: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13069: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13034: 13032: 13028: 13024: 13017: 13012: 13010: 13005: 13003: 12998: 12997: 12994: 12982: 12981: 12976: 12972: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12958: 12957: 12948: 12946: 12945: 12936: 12935: 12932: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12920:Human science 12918: 12916: 12915: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12905: 12903: 12899: 12893: 12890: 12889: 12887: 12883: 12877: 12876:Vegan studies 12874: 12872: 12869: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12856: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12839:Public health 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12804: 12802: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12774: 12773:Philosophies 12772: 12770: 12769:Media studies 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12744:Human ecology 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12704: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12654:Anthrozoology 12652: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12639: 12637: 12636: 12634: 12630: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12598: 12597: 12594: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12579:developmental 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12566: 12565: 12562: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12552:public policy 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12534: 12533: 12530: 12526: 12523: 12522: 12521: 12518: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12503:legal systems 12501: 12499: 12498:legal history 12496: 12494: 12493:jurisprudence 12491: 12490: 12489: 12486: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12448: 12447: 12444: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12421: 12420: 12417: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12394: 12393: 12390: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12367: 12366: 12363: 12362: 12360: 12356: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12336: 12333: 12329: 12322: 12317: 12315: 12310: 12308: 12303: 12302: 12299: 12288: 12287: 12282: 12276: 12274: 12273: 12264: 12262: 12261: 12252: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12239: 12238: 12237: 12228: 12225: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12197:Social equity 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12169: 12165: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12143:Globalization 12141: 12139: 12136: 12132: 12128: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12079:Computational 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12061: 12057: 12053: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11868: 11866: 11862: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11721:consciousness 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11708: 11706: 11702: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11625: 11624:and subfields 11619: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11577: 11573: 11569: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11552:Social theory 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11539: 11537: 11535: 11531: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11506: 11503: 11499: 11492: 11487: 11485: 11480: 11478: 11473: 11472: 11469: 11461:from Wikidata 11460: 11459: 11447: 11443: 11442: 11430: 11426: 11425: 11413: 11409: 11408: 11396: 11392: 11391: 11379: 11376:from Wikinews 11375: 11374: 11362: 11358: 11357: 11345: 11341: 11340: 11328: 11327: 11324: 11318: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11299: 11296: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11177: 11171: 11166: 11162: 11159: 11158:0-8135-2367-2 11155: 11151: 11147: 11146:New Brunswick 11143: 11139: 11137: 11133: 11130: 11126: 11122: 11118: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11105: 11102: 11101:0-13-036245-X 11098: 11094: 11090: 11088: 11084: 11080: 11079:0-19-860986-8 11076: 11072: 11068: 11066: 11062: 11059: 11058:0-07-281718-6 11055: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11034: 11031: 11030:1-56000-667-6 11027: 11023: 11019: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11004: 10998: 10994: 10989: 10987: 10983: 10980: 10979: 10975: 10972: 10967: 10965: 10961: 10957: 10953: 10950: 10946: 10940: 10936: 10931: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10917: 10913: 10910: 10907: 10903: 10899: 10893: 10889: 10888: 10882: 10880: 10876: 10873: 10872:0-7456-3378-1 10869: 10865: 10861: 10858: 10855: 10854:0-15-555128-0 10851: 10847: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10834: 10831: 10830:0-19-508208-7 10827: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10809: 10805: 10803: 10799: 10796: 10795:0-534-62029-9 10792: 10788: 10784: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10771: 10768: 10767:1-56308-947-5 10764: 10760: 10756: 10755: 10741: 10737: 10730: 10728: 10711: 10707: 10701: 10694: 10688: 10681: 10675: 10673: 10664: 10653: 10647: 10643: 10642: 10641:James Trostle 10634: 10626: 10620: 10616: 10612: 10605: 10597: 10591: 10587: 10580: 10578: 10566: 10559: 10553: 10551: 10542: 10536: 10532: 10531: 10523: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10499: 10492: 10485: 10484: 10479: 10475: 10472: 10466: 10459: 10455: 10450: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10419: 10411: 10405: 10401: 10397: 10390: 10382: 10375: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10347: 10343: 10339: 10332: 10324: 10318: 10314: 10307: 10299: 10295: 10289: 10285: 10281: 10280: 10275: 10269: 10253: 10249: 10243: 10241: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10213: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10176: 10168: 10152: 10145: 10130: 10126: 10119: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10086:(1): 87–100. 10085: 10081: 10077: 10070: 10064: 10063:0-385-07305-4 10060: 10056: 10053: 10047: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10028: 10022: 10014: 10003: 9997: 9993: 9992: 9987: 9981: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9961: 9954: 9947: 9943: 9939: 9934: 9928: 9927:0-679-72318-8 9924: 9920: 9914: 9898: 9894: 9887: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9856: 9848: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9829: 9821: 9817: 9810: 9802: 9798: 9792: 9776: 9772: 9766: 9750: 9746: 9742: 9738: 9734: 9730: 9723: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9700: 9692: 9688: 9681: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9658: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9627: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9590: 9574: 9570: 9564: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9536: 9529: 9521: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9500: 9492: 9484: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9456: 9452: 9448: 9444: 9440: 9433: 9431: 9429: 9427: 9419: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9403: 9396: 9390: 9383: 9382:0-415-43555-2 9379: 9375: 9369: 9353: 9349: 9343: 9336: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9317: 9316:0-534-62437-5 9313: 9309: 9305: 9299: 9283: 9279: 9278: 9273: 9266: 9259: 9253: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9235: 9231: 9230:Banakar, Reza 9226: 9211: 9205: 9198: 9194: 9188: 9180: 9176: 9170: 9166: 9165: 9160: 9154: 9139:on 6 May 2015 9138: 9134: 9130: 9123: 9115: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9094: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9071: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9048: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9021: 9013: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8992: 8984: 8978: 8974: 8967: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8925: 8921: 8916: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8894: 8887: 8885: 8881: 8878: 8871: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8811: 8804: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8775: 8770: 8764: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8736: 8729: 8727: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8691: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8656: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8635: 8633: 8631: 8622: 8618: 8611: 8603: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8582: 8574: 8568: 8564: 8563: 8555: 8548: 8544: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8519: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8473: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8453: 8446: 8440: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8413: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8351: 8345: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8316: 8308: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8290:9783030197254 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8273: 8265: 8259: 8255: 8240: 8234: 8230: 8229: 8221: 8213: 8206: 8199: 8196: 8190: 8184: 8180: 8174: 8167: 8161: 8153: 8147: 8143: 8136: 8121: 8115: 8111: 8110: 8102: 8087: 8081: 8077: 8076: 8068: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8041: 8034: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8015: 8009: 8005: 8004: 7996: 7994: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7973: 7966: 7965:0-451-52710-0 7962: 7958: 7957:Penguin Group 7954: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7937: 7929: 7923: 7919: 7912: 7904: 7897: 7881: 7877: 7870: 7862: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7837: 7821: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7801: 7794: 7786: 7780: 7776: 7775: 7767: 7760: 7754: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7711: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7684: 7678: 7670: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7655: 7647: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7612: 7605: 7597: 7590: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7552: 7548: 7547: 7539: 7533:, 1971. pxix. 7532: 7526: 7524: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7493: 7489: 7482: 7475: 7469: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7450:9780521567824 7446: 7442: 7438: 7431: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7409: 7405: 7398: 7390: 7383: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7336: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7301: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7274: 7265: 7258: 7252: 7245: 7239: 7224: 7220: 7213: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7195: 7189: 7181: 7177: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7162: 7157: 7151: 7143: 7141:0-415-94528-3 7137: 7133: 7129: 7122: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7092: 7076: 7075: 7068: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7038: 7030: 7023: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6988: 6981: 6975: 6968: 6967:0-292-72700-3 6964: 6960: 6954: 6938: 6934: 6928: 6926: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6895: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6847: 6830: 6826: 6820: 6813: 6812:0-7456-0830-2 6809: 6805: 6803: 6796: 6789: 6785: 6784: 6777: 6770: 6764: 6758: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6725: 6718: 6710: 6704: 6700: 6699: 6691: 6689: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6661: 6653: 6651:9780826424860 6647: 6643: 6636: 6629: 6623: 6621: 6612: 6608: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6582: 6574: 6567: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6526: 6519: 6514: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6492: 6488: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6460: 6456: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6435: 6427: 6421: 6417: 6410: 6402: 6395: 6387: 6383: 6376: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6347: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6289: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6237: 6229: 6225: 6218: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6195: 6186: 6181: 6177: 6170: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6141: 6133: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6116: 6108: 6100: 6093: 6086:. p. 34. 6085: 6078: 6070: 6064: 6056: 6049: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6010: 6005: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5963: 5961: 5952: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5919: 5912: 5906: 5904: 5895: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5841: 5835: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5797: 5791: 5787: 5769: 5763: 5759: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5733: 5727: 5723: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5702:Social theory 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5644: 5639: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5617: 5609: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5506:social groups 5503: 5499: 5495: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5480:mental health 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5383: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5338:Saskia Sassen 5335: 5334:globalization 5331: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5303: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5233:(forming the 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5141: 5131: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5064: 5060: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4966:Social change 4957: 4955: 4951: 4950:globalization 4947: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4926: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4826: 4822: 4812: 4810: 4805: 4798: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4771: 4767: 4766:Human ecology 4763: 4753: 4751: 4750:world society 4747: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4732: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4689: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4667:with coerced 4666: 4662: 4658: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4614: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4563: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4548:functionalism 4545: 4544:Karl Mannheim 4541: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4465:mental health 4462: 4456: 4452: 4442: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4410:socialization 4402: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4291:socialization 4288: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4221:Human ecology 4215:Human ecology 4212: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4175: 4165: 4163: 4159: 4158:James Coleman 4152: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4130:globalization 4127: 4126:technological 4121: 4117: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4080: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4012: 4011:Media studies 4002: 4000: 3996: 3995: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3924: 3915: 3913: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3789: 3787: 3786:cultural turn 3783: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3738:(rather than 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3614: 3611:analysis and 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3592: 3584: 3579: 3567: 3564: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3473: 3472: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3392: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3380:'triangulate' 3377: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3361: 3356: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3321: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3276: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3234: – 3233: 3229: 3228:Find sources: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3206:single source 3202:This section 3200: 3196: 3191: 3190: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3170: 3165: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3135: 3128: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3113: 3112: 3099: 3096: 3088: 3077: 3074: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3046: – 3045: 3041: 3040:Find sources: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3018:This section 3016: 3012: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2947: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2923:postmodernism 2920: 2919:anti-humanist 2916: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2881: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2820:structuralist 2814:Structuralism 2809: 2805: 2801: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2753: 2751: 2748:and ordinary 2747: 2743: 2739: 2738:structuralism 2735: 2731: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2676: 2674: 2673:James Coleman 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2628:Josh Whitford 2624: 2620: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2581:George Homans 2578: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2548:phenomenology 2545: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2510: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2494: 2485: 2484: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2402: 2395:Functionalism 2392: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2329: 2315: 2314: 2309: 2303: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2276: 2271: 2262: 2258: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2220: 2216: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2179:social action 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2140:natural world 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2057:replicability 2054: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2038:Loïc Wacquant 2035: 2032: 2028: 2018: 2014: 2008: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1986:principle of 1985: 1979: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1734: 1730: 1724: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1700:Karl Mannheim 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1646: 1645:jurisprudence 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1615: 1614:social anomie 1610: 1606: 1605:psychological 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1575: 1573: 1572: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1506: 1504: 1503:laissez-faire 1500: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1487: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1469: 1465: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1442: 1440: 1439:Isaiah Berlin 1436: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1412: 1408: 1400: 1396: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1365: 1364:Auguste Comte 1361: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1306:Auguste Comte 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1200:Domesday Book 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1139: 1129: 1127: 1126:social issues 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1102:policy makers 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1075:philosophical 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 960: 958: 954: 950: 949:social policy 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 925:social change 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 875: 870: 868: 863: 861: 856: 855: 853: 852: 847: 842: 837: 836: 835: 834: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 811:Organizations 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 793: 790: 785: 784: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 760: · 759: 756: · 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 716: · 715: 712: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 648: · 647: 643: 640: 633: 629: 626: 623: 622: 619: 614: 613: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 565:Computational 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 547: 544: 539: 538: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 470: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 310:Environmental 308: 305: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 260:Consciousness 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 227: 224: 219: 218: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 177: 174: 169: 168: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 140:Social equity 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 112: 108: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 86:Globalization 84: 82: 79: 78: 72: 71: 66: 63: 61: 58: 56: 53: 52: 51: 50: 46: 42: 41: 38: 35: 34: 30: 29: 26: 22: 14368: 14340: 14239: 14229: 14219: 14209: 14199: 14189: 14179: 14169: 14159: 14149: 14139: 14129: 14119: 14109: 14099: 14089: 13509:Guicciardini 13492:Early modern 13328:Philosophers 13302:Conservatism 13297:Confucianism 13285:Distributism 13218:Social norms 13206:Sittlichkeit 13192:Ressentiment 13138:Institutions 13116:Human nature 12978: 12954: 12942: 12912: 12719:Food studies 12659:Area studies 12595: 12412:mathematical 12407:econometrics 12365:Anthropology 12277: 12270: 12258: 12234: 12202:Social power 12104:Mathematical 12084:Ethnographic 12064:Quantitative 11831:small groups 11704:Sociology of 11631:Anthropology 11571:Perspectives 11497: 11456: 11439: 11422: 11405: 11388: 11371: 11359:from Commons 11354: 11337: 11316: 11170: 11141: 11116: 11092: 11070: 11045: 11021: 10992: 10969: 10955: 10934: 10919: 10905: 10886: 10863: 10845: 10817: 10806: 10782: 10758: 10735: 10714:. Retrieved 10709: 10700: 10692: 10687: 10679: 10663:Google Books 10661:– via 10655:. Retrieved 10644:. Springer. 10640: 10633: 10614: 10604: 10585: 10565:the original 10529: 10522: 10498:Anthropology 10496: 10491: 10481: 10465: 10457: 10449: 10437:. Retrieved 10433:the original 10428: 10418: 10395: 10389: 10380: 10374: 10341: 10337: 10331: 10312: 10306: 10298:Google Books 10296:– via 10278: 10268: 10256:. Retrieved 10252:the original 10222: 10218: 10212: 10179: 10173: 10167: 10155:. Retrieved 10144: 10132:. Retrieved 10128: 10118: 10083: 10079: 10069: 10055:Anchor Books 10051: 10046: 10026: 10021: 10013:Google Books 10011:– via 10005:. Retrieved 9990: 9980: 9965:Google Books 9958: 9953: 9945: 9933: 9918: 9913: 9901:. Retrieved 9897:the original 9886: 9874:. Retrieved 9870:the original 9865: 9855: 9838: 9834: 9828: 9819: 9809: 9801:the original 9791: 9779:. Retrieved 9775:the original 9765: 9753:. Retrieved 9749:the original 9736: 9732: 9722: 9714:the original 9709: 9699: 9690: 9680: 9672:the original 9667: 9657: 9645:. Retrieved 9641:the original 9636: 9626: 9595: 9589: 9577:. Retrieved 9573:the original 9563: 9541:(1): 21–24. 9538: 9534: 9528: 9506:(1): 67–72. 9503: 9497: 9491: 9446: 9442: 9408: 9402: 9394: 9389: 9373: 9368: 9356:. Retrieved 9352:the original 9342: 9331: 9323: 9303: 9298: 9286:. Retrieved 9282:the original 9275: 9265: 9257: 9252: 9244: 9225: 9213:. Retrieved 9204: 9196: 9192: 9187: 9179:Google Books 9177:– via 9163: 9153: 9141:. Retrieved 9137:the original 9132: 9122: 9099: 9093: 9080: 9070: 9061: 9057: 9047: 9033:(5): 12–14. 9030: 9026: 9020: 8997: 8991: 8972: 8966: 8937:, edited by 8934: 8915: 8899: 8893: 8875: 8870: 8858:. Retrieved 8851:the original 8820: 8816: 8803: 8778: 8772: 8763: 8738: 8734: 8700: 8696: 8690: 8665: 8661: 8655: 8639: 8620: 8610: 8587: 8581: 8561: 8554: 8546: 8524: 8518: 8500: 8492: 8480: 8472: 8460: 8452: 8444: 8439: 8422: 8418: 8412: 8387: 8383: 8360: 8344: 8319: 8313: 8307: 8275:. Palgrave. 8271: 8264: 8254: 8242:. Retrieved 8227: 8220: 8211: 8205: 8194: 8189: 8182: 8178: 8173: 8165: 8160: 8141: 8135: 8123:. Retrieved 8108: 8101: 8089:. Retrieved 8074: 8067: 8050: 8046: 8040: 8030: 8022: 8002: 7977: 7972: 7955:. New York: 7948: 7936: 7917: 7911: 7902: 7896: 7884:. Retrieved 7880:the original 7869: 7846: 7836: 7824:. Retrieved 7813:(1): 37–53. 7810: 7806: 7793: 7773: 7766: 7758: 7753: 7720: 7716: 7710: 7698:. Retrieved 7694:the original 7689: 7677: 7657:. New York: 7653: 7646: 7621: 7617: 7604: 7595: 7589: 7545: 7538: 7487: 7481: 7473: 7468: 7436: 7430: 7403: 7397: 7388: 7382: 7349: 7345: 7335: 7310: 7306: 7300: 7283: 7279: 7273: 7264: 7256: 7251: 7243: 7238: 7226:. Retrieved 7222: 7212: 7188: 7180:Google Books 7178:– via 7160: 7150: 7127: 7121: 7109:. Retrieved 7105:the original 7091: 7079:. Retrieved 7073: 7067: 7055:. Retrieved 7051:the original 7046: 7037: 7028: 7022: 6997: 6993: 6987: 6979: 6974: 6958: 6953: 6941:. Retrieved 6937:the original 6912:. Retrieved 6908:the original 6903: 6894: 6882:. Retrieved 6878:the original 6873: 6864: 6857: 6853: 6833:. Retrieved 6828: 6819: 6800: 6795: 6781: 6776: 6768: 6763: 6756: 6723: 6717: 6697: 6670: 6666: 6660: 6641: 6635: 6627: 6611:Google Books 6609:– via 6591: 6581: 6572: 6566: 6554:. Retrieved 6538: 6525: 6517: 6513: 6486: 6459:the original 6444: 6434: 6415: 6409: 6400: 6394: 6385: 6381: 6375: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6313: 6309: 6296: 6277: 6271: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6227: 6223: 6217: 6208: 6204: 6194: 6175: 6169: 6144: 6138: 6132: 6114: 6107: 6098: 6092: 6083: 6077: 6054: 6048: 6013: 6007: 5997: 5972: 5968: 5932: 5928: 5918: 5910: 5893: 5862:. Retrieved 5855:the original 5846: 5834: 5824:– via 5820:. New York: 5811: 5799:. Retrieved 5790: 5762: 5749:'sociologie' 5744: 5739: 5726: 5626: 5620: 5614: 5612: 5596:Bruno Latour 5565: 5563: 5541: 5536: 5524:nation-state 5514: 5502:anthropology 5496: 5486:, advocacy, 5478:by means of 5476:"indirectly" 5467: 5463: 5455: 5448: 5389: 5375:Gemeinschaft 5374: 5370: 5366:gesellschaft 5364: 5360:gemeinschaft 5358: 5353:sociologist 5351: 5319: 5316:Georg Simmel 5309: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5249: 5231:labour power 5216: 5200:occupational 5185: 5182:Social class 5147: 5128:sociomapping 5120:Omar Lizardo 5089: 5086:Sociomapping 5041: 5037:Global South 5033:Global North 4981: 4935: 4934:(1915), and 4929: 4923: 4917: 4900:rates among 4893: 4882: 4828: 4800: 4785:epidemiology 4773: 4735: 4727: 4711: 4661:organization 4654: 4630: 4620: 4585:Bruno Latour 4577: 4566: 4560: 4536: 4506: 4489: 4484: 4469:disabilities 4458: 4418:gender roles 4406: 4401:gender roles 4383:Queer theory 4335: 4331: 4315: 4283: 4274: 4260: 4240: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4154: 4123: 4092:embeddedness 4083: 4077: 4071: 4056: 4040: 4014: 3992: 3982: 3936: 3921: 3908: 3876: 3816: 3813: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3706: 3617: 3594: 3470: 3469: 3421: 3405:bean machine 3383: 3364: 3351: 3333: 3318: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3294:Levi-Strauss 3289: 3285: 3283: 3270: 3260: 3253: 3246: 3239: 3227: 3203: 3175:epistemology 3168: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3151: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3109: 3106: 3091: 3082: 3072: 3065: 3058: 3051: 3039: 3027:Please help 3022:verification 3019: 3001:Subjectivity 2981: 2975: 2964: 2954: 2944: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2904: 2887: 2862: 2817: 2793:grand theory 2784: 2781:Omar Lizardo 2770: 2760: 2746:hermeneutics 2726: 2714: 2682: 2646: 2616: 2563: 2538: 2506: 2491: 2481: 2473: 2468: 2452: 2431:Marcel Mauss 2428: 2407:anthropology 2404: 2390: 2356: 2332: 2325: 2311: 2308:Georg Simmel 2300: 2295:Georg Simmel 2273: 2270:Georg Simmel 2267: 2263:(1922), p. 7 2260: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2226: 2196:gesellschaft 2195: 2192:gemeinschaft 2191: 2152: 2148: 2136:social world 2122:'). Various 2096: 2052: 2050: 2045: 2036: 2023: 2016: 2006: 1981: 1933: 1932:founded the 1911: 1865: 1859: 1844: 1837: 1805: 1802:Albion Small 1781: 1763: 1732: 1729:John Harriss 1721: 1692:Georg Simmel 1649: 1637:anthropology 1618: 1609:social facts 1584: 1578: 1576: 1569: 1551: 1535:Albion Small 1532: 1519:Social facts 1496: 1490: 1483: 1473: 1444: 1421: 1398: 1370: 1350:metaphysical 1335: 1329: 1309: 1298: 1286: 1284: 1260: 1255: 1244: 1242: 1222: 1208: 1170: 1128:in general. 1099: 1079:analytically 1055:quantitative 1044: 1028:the Internet 968:social class 961: 939:analyses of 921:social order 884: 883: 796:Bibliography 710: 638: 637: 624: 590:Mathematical 570:Ethnographic 550:Quantitative 235:Architecture 173:Perspectives 145:Social power 36: 25: 14296:Historicism 14125:(1835–1840) 14091:De Officiis 13815:de Beauvoir 13785:Baudrillard 13737:Vivekananda 13727:Tocqueville 13642:Kierkegaard 13458:Ibn Khaldun 13428:Alpharabius 13319:Personalism 13228:Stewardship 13185:Reification 13180:Natural law 13101:Familialism 13067:Culturalism 12980:Wikiversity 12871:Social work 12759:Linguistics 12684:Criminology 12601:criminology 12584:personality 12542:comparative 12520:Linguistics 12513:private law 12370:archaeology 12272:WikiProject 12074:Comparative 12069:Qualitative 12036:Baudrillard 11886:Tocqueville 11781:immigration 11756:environment 11641:Criminology 11339:Definitions 11050:McGraw-Hill 11048:(6th ed.). 10716:16 November 10657:8 September 10611:"Chapter 1" 10495:QAA. 2007. 10225:: 387–413. 9942:Ostrogorski 9841:: 315–347. 9755:29 November 8860:8 September 8425:(1): 1–65. 8244:18 December 8125:18 December 8091:28 February 7843:"Metaphors" 7826:18 December 7723:: 191–214. 7700:18 December 7111:18 December 6211:(2): 13–30. 5975:: 143–166. 5818:"Sociology" 5796:"sociology" 5484:counselling 5404:social work 5342:global city 5227:proletariat 5223:bourgeoisie 5196:lower class 5112:communities 4867:Anti-racism 4839:ethnicities 4591:. Both the 4540:Max Scheler 4473:gerontology 4168:Environment 4104:Ronald Burt 4029:socializing 3897:produced a 3857:Criminology 3777:Stuart Hall 3744:hermeneutic 3605:text mining 3545:Observation 3424:enumeration 3360:qualitative 3232:"Sociology" 3158:voluntarism 3154:determinism 3044:"Sociology" 2913:(1986) and 2374: 1915 2370: 1881 2284:existential 2183:ideal types 2124:neo-Kantian 2061:reliability 2046:sui generis 2042:Durkheimian 1870:) in 1904. 1772:. In 1883, 1768:in 1875 by 1696:Jane Addams 1470:(1820–1903) 1435:and science 1413:(1818–1883) 1387:Saint-Simon 1379:Montesquieu 1366:(1798–1857) 1346:theological 1211:Ibn Khaldun 1167:(1332–1406) 1157:Ibn Khaldun 1071:hermeneutic 1051:qualitative 953:theoretical 937:macro-level 929:micro-level 801:Terminology 770:Baudrillard 646:Tocqueville 560:Comparative 555:Qualitative 525:Victimology 355:Immigration 340:Generations 255:Criminology 14301:Humanities 14261:Agnotology 13920:Kołakowski 13483:Ibn Tufayl 13463:Maimonides 13407:Thucydides 13402:Tertullian 13357:Lactantius 13252:Volksgeist 13233:Traditions 13047:Convention 12925:Humanities 12859:historical 12792:psychology 12764:Management 12606:demography 12564:Psychology 12547:philosophy 12508:public law 12439:integrated 12236:Categories 12177:Popularity 12130:Key themes 12094:Historical 11846:technology 11651:Demography 11595:Positivism 11390:Quotations 10738:(Report). 10007:4 November 9921:Pantheon. 9739:: 203–22. 9579:23 October 9358:2 December 9215:2 December 9027:Complexity 8703:: 97–111. 8035:31:325–63. 7941:Marx, Karl 7886:4 November 7777:. Polity. 7228:4 November 7081:4 November 7077:. Bookrags 6978:1930: The 6595:. Oxford: 6556:4 November 6124:2152/15127 5777:References 5472:"directly" 5420:demography 5243:patriarchy 5100:friendship 5098:, such as 4906:Protestant 4777:mobilities 4770:Mobilities 4762:Demography 4434:patriarchy 4134:managerial 4068:capitalism 3971:industrial 3951:newsgroups 3881:, and the 3879:psychology 3782:subculture 3644:non-linear 3454:, such as 3440:'sampling' 3436:inferences 3432:population 3273:March 2023 3243:newspapers 3085:March 2023 3055:newspapers 2830:theory of 2828:linguistic 2671:president 2653:Peter Blau 2585:Peter Blau 2552:dramaturgy 2372: – c. 2340:pragmatist 2177:of human " 2171:subjective 2027:empiricism 1996:empiricism 1988:positivism 1978:Positivism 1972:Positivism 1930:René Worms 1822:John Dewey 1597:psychology 1593:Protestant 1558:positivism 1322:positivism 1295:manuscript 1224:Muqaddimah 1159:statue in 1118:developers 1097:analysis. 1059:linguistic 1020:punishment 909:humanities 826:By country 580:Historical 505:Technology 445:Punishment 430:Philosophy 405:Mathematic 395:Literature 360:Industrial 350:Historical 275:Demography 195:Positivism 120:Popularity 75:Key themes 14393:Sociology 14341:Sociology 14291:Historism 14000:Santayana 13970:Oakeshott 13940:MacIntyre 13925:Kropotkin 13900:Heidegger 13753:centuries 13667:Nietzsche 13632:Jefferson 13617:Helvétius 13582:Condorcet 13545:centuries 13529:Montaigne 13352:Confucius 13342:Augustine 13259:Worldview 13153:Modernity 13126:Formation 12803:Planning 12782:economics 12699:Education 12596:Sociology 12574:cognitive 12525:semiotics 12476:political 12434:technical 12419:Geography 12392:Economics 12099:Interview 11881:Martineau 11786:knowledge 11746:education 11741:economics 11498:Sociology 11441:Resources 11424:Textbooks 11317:Sociology 11136:174138884 11011:145146341 10935:Sociology 10864:Sociology 10366:146762846 10358:0003-0554 10313:Sociology 10284:Routledge 10110:238726829 10102:2502-3489 9994:. Wiley. 9618:795507448 9555:144109851 9520:145233506 9384:. p. 392. 9232:. 2009. " 8939:G. Ritzer 8825:CiteSeerX 8795:143570174 8717:144513805 8682:145390103 8404:145106592 8299:182548500 7978:Sociology 7959:. p. 35. 7947:. 1998 . 7851:Routledge 7422:894975209 7366:0007-1315 7132:Routledge 7047:Lse.ac.uk 6884:5 January 6835:5 January 6769:Durkheim. 6551:1095-5054 6533:(2018) . 6505:434559397 6487:Sociology 6330:144226604 6316:: 7–23 . 6180:CiteSeerX 6161:143508326 6063:cite book 5951:265151025 5782:Citations 5594:(8), and 5592:Max Weber 5564:In 2007, 5540:, in his 5482:therapy, 5400:economics 4673:interests 4479:process. 4422:childhood 4397:homefront 4346:gestation 4342:gestation 4322:inherited 4320:that are 4145:Education 4064:modernity 3967:new media 3740:primitive 3658:Subfields 3648:emergence 3521:variables 3511:QDA Miner 3213:talk page 3169:structure 2955:knowledge 2931:phenomena 2909:, though 2789:Mertonian 2569:Max Weber 2499:Karl Marx 2275:Verstehen 2257:Max Weber 2103:Karl Marx 1908:in Poland 1882:in 1907. 1847:Max Weber 1760:, Germany 1652:Max Weber 1621:modernity 1493:biologist 1424:Karl Marx 1411:Karl Marx 1383:Condorcet 1299:Sociology 1287:sociology 1285:The term 1246:sociology 1243:The word 1239:Etymology 1204:Confucius 1192:Aristotle 1106:educators 988:sexuality 885:Sociology 642:Martineau 585:Interview 510:Terrorism 490:Sociology 435:Political 375:Knowledge 295:Education 37:Sociology 14387:Category 14354:Category 14266:Axiology 14254:See also 14045:Voegelin 14035:Spengler 14010:Shariati 13965:Nussbaum 13950:Maritain 13910:Irigaray 13890:Habermas 13855:Foucault 13840:Durkheim 13742:Voltaire 13707:de Staël 13682:Rousseau 13607:Franklin 13468:Muhammad 13453:Gelasius 13438:Avempace 13421:Medieval 13397:Polybius 13392:Plutarch 13158:Morality 13133:Ideology 13121:Identity 13030:Concepts 12944:Category 12812:regional 12807:land use 12642:business 12611:internet 12569:abnormal 12471:military 12461:economic 12451:cultural 12424:physical 12385:physical 12375:cultural 12247:Journals 12158:Identity 12041:Bourdieu 12031:Habermas 12026:Luhmann 12021:Foucault 11956:Mannheim 11931:Durkheim 11816:religion 11806:military 11801:medicine 11751:emotions 11736:deviance 11519:Timeline 11165:34633406 11108:31604842 11087:60370982 11065:52240022 11037:26934810 10974:Archived 10908:, 71–80. 10879:63186308 10862:. 2006. 10837:28411490 10820:Oxford: 10816:. 1994. 10802:51917727 10774:57475961 10507:original 10474:Archived 10456:. 1887. 10276:(1990). 10204:14492041 10196:25472427 9483:20949058 9443:PLOS ONE 9414:Archived 9330:. 2001. 9306:London: 9237:Archived 9161:(2012). 8927:Archived 8880:Archived 8847:15740442 8353:Archived 8144:. SAGE. 7953:M. Malia 7745:14439597 7581:4769693M 7565:78157146 7514:2195869M 7506:89015439 7459:7746638M 7286:(2): 2. 7197:Archived 7158:(1977). 7057:20 April 6943:20 April 6914:20 April 6790:. p. 45. 6589:(2002). 6263:38740431 6040:19197046 5801:20 April 5635:See also 5619:and the 5602:Journals 5273:cultural 5256:Prestige 5250:Property 5009:Durkheim 4928:(1915), 4922:(1905), 4873:Religion 4677:vocation 4595:and the 4487:(1944). 4311:genetics 4309:through 4307:identity 4263:ontogeny 4207:and the 4128:change, 4015:As with 3939:research 3869:Deviance 3724:Durkheim 3533:controls 3499:Atlas.ti 3479:(or the 3395:Sampling 3353:between 3302:language 3290:dynamics 3130:— 2911:Habermas 2840:semiotic 2728:theory, 2717:conflict 2496:— 2478:— 2305:— 2254:— 2239:and the 2114:such as 2065:validity 2010:— 1998:and the 1828:and the 1726:— 1589:Catholic 1541:—at the 1392:— 1374:Durkheim 1184:Socrates 1110:planners 1016:military 1006:and the 996:deviance 976:religion 959:method. 891:, human 821:Timeline 806:Journals 774:Bourdieu 766:Habermas 762:Luhmann 758:Foucault 702:Mannheim 682:Durkheim 455:Religion 415:Military 380:Language 365:Internet 320:Feminist 304:Jealousy 290:Economic 285:Disaster 280:Deviance 223:Branches 101:Identity 14095:(44 BC) 14025:Sombart 14020:Skinner 14005:Scruton 13985:Polanyi 13960:Niebuhr 13945:Marcuse 13880:Gramsci 13875:Gentile 13835:Du Bois 13825:Deleuze 13795:Benoist 13765:Agamben 13722:Thoreau 13712:Stirner 13702:Spencer 13652:Le Play 13602:Fourier 13587:Emerson 13572:Carlyle 13557:Bentham 13534:Müntzer 13504:Erasmus 13478:Plethon 13473:Photios 13433:Aquinas 13367:Mencius 13335:Ancient 13268:Schools 13148:Loyalty 13106:History 13094:Counter 13089:Culture 13057:Customs 12956:Commons 12787:history 12777:science 12712:studies 12446:History 12358:Primary 12344:History 12339:Outline 12260:Commons 12138:Society 12055:Methods 12046:Giddens 12011:Goffman 12006:Schoeck 11951:Du Bois 11916:Tönnies 11896:Spencer 11826:science 11796:leisure 11726:culture 11514:History 11509:Outline 11309:Society 11241:at the 11232:at the 10964:4536864 10928:2776571 10751:Sources 10742:. 2011. 10439:4 April 10157:13 June 10134:13 June 9903:14 July 9876:4 April 9781:4 April 9647:4 April 9474:2951360 9451:Bibcode 9288:4 April 9143:4 April 8922:2007. " 8908:3060080 8755:2095839 8200:. p. 6. 7737:2952549 7638:6885329 7327:2071781 7014:2096093 6814:. p. 2. 6367:2708627 6031:2745217 6009:Science 5989:3069238 5864:19 July 5430:" and " 5104:kinship 4607:Leisure 4432:is the 4299:inherit 4279:genetic 4185:defined 3711:" and " 3670:Culture 3624:physics 3466:Methods 3348:claims. 3286:statics 3257:scholar 3156:versus 3117:in situ 3069:scholar 2871:led by 2721:Giddens 2475:health. 2449:states: 2447:Giddens 2204: 2167:symbols 2079:called 1916:at the 1855:Marxism 1585:Suicide 1580:Suicide 1459:Spencer 1448:Spencer 1219:Tunisia 1165:Tunisia 1132:History 1012:economy 889:society 778:Giddens 776:· 772:· 764:· 752:· 750:Goffman 746:Schoeck 732:· 724:· 700:· 698:Du Bois 696:· 688:· 684:· 676:· 670:Tönnies 668:· 654:Spencer 652:· 630:· 543:Methods 520:Utopian 465:Science 410:Medical 400:Marxist 390:Leisure 300:Emotion 265:Culture 81:Society 60:Outline 55:History 14286:Ethics 14245:(2010) 14235:(1991) 14225:(1990) 14215:(1987) 14205:(1987) 14195:(1979) 14185:(1976) 14175:(1967) 14165:(1964) 14155:(1949) 14145:(1935) 14135:(1930) 14115:(1756) 14105:(1486) 14050:Walzer 14040:Taylor 14030:Sowell 14015:Simmel 13980:Pareto 13975:Ortega 13885:Guénon 13870:Gehlen 13865:Gandhi 13820:Debord 13805:Butler 13800:Berlin 13790:Bauman 13780:Badiou 13770:Arendt 13760:Adorno 13692:Ruskin 13647:Le Bon 13622:Herder 13597:Fichte 13592:Engels 13562:Bonald 13552:Arnold 13524:Milton 13519:Luther 13499:Calvin 13377:Origen 13347:Cicero 13307:Social 13243:Family 13238:Values 13199:Rights 13163:Public 13111:Honour 13042:Anomie 13037:Agency 12647:public 12589:social 12481:social 12380:social 12119:Survey 12016:Bauman 11991:Nisbet 11986:Merton 11976:Gehlen 11971:Adorno 11936:Addams 11926:Simmel 11921:Veblen 11911:Pareto 11901:Le Bon 11876:Sieyès 11776:health 11771:gender 11761:family 11295:Portal 11163: 11156: 11148:, NJ: 11134: 11127: 11115:2008. 11106: 11099: 11085: 11077: 11063: 11056: 11035: 11028: 11020:1967. 11009: 10999: 10986:165883 10984: 10962: 10954:1959. 10941: 10926: 10894: 10877: 10870: 10852: 10844:1971. 10835: 10828: 10800: 10793: 10781:2003. 10772: 10765: 10648: 10621: 10592: 10537: 10513: 10460:p. 22. 10406: 10364: 10356: 10319: 10290: 10258:1 June 10202: 10194: 10108: 10100: 10061: 10037: 9998: 9971: 9925: 9616: 9606: 9553: 9518: 9481: 9471: 9380: 9314: 9171: 9110: 9008: 8979: 8945: 8933:." In 8906: 8845: 8827: 8793: 8753: 8715: 8680: 8646: 8598: 8569: 8539: 8509: 8402: 8336:590235 8334: 8297: 8287: 8235: 8148: 8116: 8082: 8010: 7984: 7963: 7943:, and 7924: 7857: 7781: 7743: 7735: 7665: 7636: 7579: 7573:417957 7571: 7563: 7553: 7512: 7504: 7494: 7457: 7447: 7420: 7410: 7374:587776 7372: 7364: 7325: 7172: 7138: 7012: 6965: 6904:Ku.edu 6810: 6705: 6648: 6603: 6549: 6503: 6493: 6451: 6422: 6365: 6328: 6284: 6261: 6182: 6159: 6038: 6028: 5987: 5949: 5625:. The 5598:(10). 5548:, the 5468:action 5188:castes 5180:, and 5084:, and 4976:, and 4831:social 4768:, and 4685:values 4681:combat 4649:, and 4542:, and 4531:, and 4477:ageing 4381:, and 4275:before 4235:, and 4041:per se 3973:to an 3949:(e.g. 3871:, and 3808:, and 3736:modern 3720:Simmel 3701:, and 3503:MAXQDA 3428:subset 3389:agency 3355:theory 3306:speech 3259: 3252: 3245: 3238: 3230: 3163:agency 3071: 3064: 3057: 3050: 3042: 2999:, and 2965:action 2935:method 2897:theory 2834:; and 2611:, and 2583:, and 2533:, and 2511:(1848) 2501:& 2486:(1893) 2437:, and 2384:, and 2348:Cooley 2338:) and 2336:Simmel 2316:(1903) 2163:values 2019:(1895) 1910:. The 1836:. The 1735:(1992) 1714:, and 1545:. The 1270:-λογία 1256:socius 1196:survey 1190:, and 1085:, and 1073:, and 1004:health 994:, and 992:gender 933:agency 816:People 754:Bauman 734:Nisbet 730:Merton 722:Gehlen 718:Adorno 711:1900s: 686:Addams 678:Simmel 674:Veblen 666:Pareto 658:Le Bon 639:1800s: 632:Sieyès 625:1700s: 605:Survey 530:Visual 440:Public 345:Health 335:Gender 325:Fiscal 315:Family 14083:Works 14070:Žižek 14055:Weber 13995:Röpke 13955:Negri 13935:Lasch 13905:Hoppe 13860:Fromm 13850:Evola 13830:Dewey 13810:Camus 13717:Taine 13697:Smith 13687:Royce 13677:Renan 13612:Hegel 13577:Comte 13567:Burke 13514:Locke 13448:Dante 13443:Bruni 13412:Xunzi 13387:Plato 13382:Philo 13362:Laozi 13170:Mores 13082:Multi 13072:Inter 12817:urban 12621:urban 12616:rural 12466:human 12429:human 12349:Index 12242:lists 11996:Mills 11966:Fromm 11961:Elias 11946:Weber 11871:Comte 11836:space 11821:sport 11731:death 11524:Index 11407:Texts 11356:Media 10924:JSTOR 10568:(PDF) 10561:(PDF) 10423:ASA. 10362:S2CID 10200:S2CID 10192:JSTOR 10106:S2CID 9814:ISA. 9704:BSA. 9685:ISA. 9662:BSA. 9631:ASA. 9551:S2CID 9516:S2CID 9270:ASA. 8854:(PDF) 8813:(PDF) 8791:S2CID 8751:JSTOR 8713:S2CID 8678:S2CID 8400:S2CID 8359:" in 8332:JSTOR 8295:S2CID 7803:(PDF) 7741:S2CID 7733:JSTOR 7634:S2CID 7614:(PDF) 7370:JSTOR 7323:JSTOR 7217:ISA. 7010:JSTOR 6363:JSTOR 6326:S2CID 6306:(PDF) 6259:S2CID 6157:S2CID 5985:JSTOR 5947:S2CID 5858:(PDF) 5843:(PDF) 5718:Notes 5590:(7), 5586:(6), 5582:(5), 5578:(2), 5574:(1), 5528:power 5262:Power 5005:Weber 4894:began 4835:races 4665:group 4623:sport 4189:known 4005:Media 3887:norms 3728:Mauss 3509:, or 3507:NVivo 3430:of a 3264:JSTOR 3250:books 3076:JSTOR 3062:books 2915:Rorty 2423:norms 2249:prior 2159:norms 2144:being 2099:Hegel 1758:Husum 1452:Taine 1324:, an 1279:lógos 1274:λόγος 1267:Greek 1262:-logy 1253:word 1251:Latin 1217:from 1188:Plato 1161:Tunis 789:Lists 738:Mills 714:Fromm 706:Elias 694:Weber 628:Comte 515:Urban 500:Sport 495:Space 460:Rural 420:Music 370:Jewry 270:Death 230:Aging 65:Index 14065:Zinn 14060:Weil 13930:Land 13915:Kirk 13775:Aron 13732:Vico 13672:Owen 13662:Mill 13657:Marx 13637:Kant 13627:Hume 13372:Mozi 13077:Mono 12885:List 12001:Bell 11981:Aron 11941:Mead 11906:Ward 11891:Marx 11851:work 11766:food 11716:body 11458:Data 11373:News 11161:OCLC 11154:ISBN 11132:OCLC 11125:ISBN 11104:OCLC 11097:ISBN 11083:OCLC 11075:ISBN 11061:OCLC 11054:ISBN 11033:OCLC 11026:ISBN 11007:OCLC 10997:ISBN 10982:OCLC 10960:OCLC 10939:ISBN 10914:and 10892:ISBN 10875:OCLC 10868:ISBN 10850:ISBN 10833:OCLC 10826:ISBN 10798:OCLC 10791:ISBN 10770:OCLC 10763:ISBN 10718:2009 10659:2009 10646:ISBN 10619:ISBN 10590:ISBN 10535:ISBN 10511:ISBN 10441:2015 10404:ISBN 10354:ISSN 10317:ISBN 10288:ISBN 10260:2010 10159:2017 10136:2017 10129:SSRN 10098:ISSN 10059:ISBN 10035:ISBN 10009:2011 9996:ISBN 9969:ISBN 9923:ISBN 9905:2008 9878:2015 9783:2015 9757:2006 9649:2015 9614:OCLC 9604:ISBN 9581:2009 9479:PMID 9378:ISBN 9360:2009 9312:ISBN 9290:2015 9217:2009 9169:ISBN 9145:2015 9108:ISBN 9064:(1). 9006:ISBN 8977:ISBN 8943:ISBN 8904:SSRN 8862:2010 8843:PMID 8644:ISBN 8596:ISBN 8567:ISBN 8537:ISBN 8507:ISBN 8285:ISBN 8246:2014 8233:ISBN 8146:ISBN 8127:2014 8114:ISBN 8093:2021 8080:ISBN 8008:ISBN 7982:ISBN 7961:ISBN 7922:ISBN 7888:2011 7855:ISBN 7828:2014 7779:ISBN 7702:2014 7663:ISBN 7569:OCLC 7561:LCCN 7551:ISBN 7502:LCCN 7492:ISBN 7445:ISBN 7418:OCLC 7408:ISBN 7362:ISSN 7230:2011 7170:ISBN 7136:ISBN 7113:2014 7083:2011 7059:2009 6963:ISBN 6945:2009 6916:2009 6886:2010 6837:2010 6808:ISBN 6703:ISBN 6646:ISBN 6601:ISBN 6558:2011 6547:ISSN 6501:OCLC 6491:ISBN 6449:ISBN 6420:ISBN 6282:ISBN 6230:: 3. 6069:link 6036:PMID 5866:2017 5803:2020 5730:See 5464:what 5422:and 5406:and 5304:and 5275:and 5142:and 5001:Marx 4983:use 4952:and 4912:and 4904:and 4884:the 4849:and 4837:and 4823:and 4679:and 4615:and 4583:and 4555:and 4490:The 4467:and 4459:The 4453:and 4305:and 4187:and 4176:and 4118:and 4102:and 4035:and 4023:and 3839:and 3827:and 3775:and 3726:and 3718:For 3403:The 3288:and 3236:news 3048:news 2976:time 2970:and 2818:The 2659:and 2344:Mead 2282:and 2201:lit. 2194:and 2130:and 2063:and 1874:and 1812:and 1766:Yale 1750:Bust 1698:and 1591:and 1517:and 1450:and 1418:Marx 1348:and 1231:and 1146:and 1093:and 1061:and 1053:and 1022:and 943:and 923:and 915:and 907:and 742:Bell 726:Aron 690:Mead 662:Ward 650:Marx 330:Food 250:Body 13895:Han 13845:Eco 12488:Law 11791:law 11711:art 10480:." 10346:doi 10227:doi 10184:doi 10088:doi 9963:at 9843:doi 9741:doi 9543:doi 9508:doi 9469:PMC 9459:doi 9035:doi 8951:doi 8835:doi 8783:doi 8743:doi 8705:doi 8670:doi 8529:doi 8427:doi 8392:doi 8324:doi 8277:doi 8055:doi 7815:doi 7725:doi 7626:doi 7354:doi 7315:doi 7288:doi 7002:doi 6675:doi 6355:doi 6318:doi 6251:doi 6149:doi 6120:hdl 6026:PMC 6018:doi 6014:323 5977:doi 5937:doi 5490:or 5474:or 5456:why 5446:). 5318:'s 4995:or 4987:or 4861:or 4717:by 4629:'s 4601:ISA 4597:BSA 4593:ASA 4559:in 4497:ISA 4293:or 4265:of 3991:'s 3458:or 3384:and 3219:by 3031:by 2929:or 2927:era 2800:). 2708:at 2696:at 2669:ASA 2621:or 2564:the 2199:" ( 1924:of 1756:in 1752:of 1616:". 984:law 935:to 385:Law 240:Art 14389:: 12170:/ 12166:/ 11152:. 11144:. 11123:. 11081:, 11052:. 11005:. 10789:. 10726:^ 10708:. 10671:^ 10613:. 10576:^ 10549:^ 10427:. 10402:. 10360:. 10352:. 10342:55 10340:. 10286:. 10282:. 10239:^ 10223:27 10221:. 10198:. 10190:. 10180:71 10178:. 10127:. 10104:. 10096:. 10082:. 10078:. 10057:. 10033:. 9864:. 9837:. 9818:. 9735:. 9731:. 9708:. 9689:. 9666:. 9635:. 9612:. 9549:. 9539:10 9537:. 9514:. 9504:26 9502:. 9477:. 9467:. 9457:. 9445:. 9441:. 9425:^ 9310:. 9274:. 9167:. 9131:. 9106:. 9079:. 9060:. 9056:. 9029:. 9004:. 8949:. 8841:. 8833:. 8821:88 8819:. 8815:. 8789:. 8779:22 8777:. 8749:. 8739:52 8737:. 8725:^ 8711:. 8701:42 8699:. 8676:. 8666:39 8664:. 8629:^ 8619:. 8545:. 8535:. 8423:24 8421:. 8398:. 8388:39 8386:. 8372:^ 8330:. 8320:35 8318:. 8293:. 8283:. 8049:. 7992:^ 7849:. 7845:. 7809:. 7805:. 7739:. 7731:. 7721:23 7719:. 7688:. 7661:. 7632:. 7622:26 7620:. 7616:. 7577:OL 7575:. 7567:. 7559:. 7522:^ 7510:OL 7508:. 7500:. 7455:OL 7453:. 7443:. 7439:. 7416:. 7368:. 7360:. 7350:11 7348:. 7344:. 7321:. 7311:20 7309:. 7284:33 7282:. 7221:. 7168:. 7164:. 7134:. 7130:. 7099:. 7045:. 7008:. 6998:57 6996:. 6924:^ 6902:. 6872:. 6845:^ 6827:. 6732:^ 6687:^ 6671:36 6669:. 6619:^ 6545:. 6537:. 6499:. 6467:^ 6443:. 6384:. 6361:. 6351:28 6349:. 6324:. 6314:54 6312:. 6308:. 6257:. 6247:43 6245:. 6228:12 6226:. 6207:. 6203:. 6155:. 6143:. 6065:}} 6061:{{ 6034:. 6024:. 6012:. 6006:. 5983:. 5973:28 5971:. 5959:^ 5945:. 5935:. 5933:10 5931:. 5927:. 5902:^ 5874:^ 5849:. 5845:. 5494:. 5418:, 5414:, 5402:, 5398:, 5394:, 5382:. 5292:. 5176:, 5172:, 5130:. 5102:, 5080:, 5076:, 5072:, 5050:. 4972:, 4968:, 4956:. 4944:, 4916:: 4865:. 4811:. 4787:. 4764:, 4725:. 4645:, 4633:. 4527:, 4377:, 4373:, 4369:, 4365:, 4313:. 4245:, 4231:, 4227:, 4223:, 4211:. 3981:' 3914:. 3867:, 3863:, 3859:, 3823:, 3804:, 3800:, 3767:. 3755:, 3697:, 3642:, 3603:, 3599:, 3581:A 3505:, 3501:, 3462:. 3391:. 3316:. 2995:, 2937:. 2899:. 2740:, 2736:, 2732:, 2675:. 2651:, 2607:, 2595:. 2579:, 2575:, 2571:, 2554:, 2550:, 2546:, 2529:, 2525:, 2505:, 2433:, 2388:. 2380:, 2367:c. 2346:, 2310:, 2259:, 2165:, 2161:, 2146:. 2059:, 2015:, 1808:. 1731:, 1710:, 1706:, 1694:, 1690:, 1686:, 1682:, 1678:, 1674:, 1670:, 1666:, 1662:, 1658:, 1397:, 1297:. 1235:. 1186:, 1163:, 1120:; 1116:; 1112:; 1108:; 1081:, 1069:, 1042:. 1034:; 1030:; 1026:; 1018:; 1014:; 1010:; 990:, 986:, 982:, 978:, 974:, 970:, 966:, 899:, 768:· 748:· 744:· 740:· 736:· 728:· 720:· 704:· 692:· 680:· 672:· 664:· 660:· 656:· 644:· 113:/ 109:/ 14376:. 13015:e 13008:t 13001:v 12320:e 12313:t 12306:v 12172:5 12168:4 12164:3 11490:e 11483:t 11476:v 11325:: 11297:: 11013:. 10947:. 10900:. 10856:. 10824:. 10720:. 10665:. 10627:. 10598:. 10543:. 10517:. 10443:. 10412:. 10368:. 10348:: 10325:. 10300:. 10262:. 10233:. 10229:: 10206:. 10186:: 10161:. 10138:. 10112:. 10090:: 10084:6 10041:. 10015:. 9907:. 9880:. 9849:. 9845:: 9839:6 9785:. 9759:. 9743:: 9737:1 9651:. 9620:. 9583:. 9557:. 9545:: 9522:. 9510:: 9485:. 9461:: 9453:: 9447:5 9362:. 9318:. 9292:. 9219:. 9195:( 9181:. 9147:. 9116:. 9087:. 9062:5 9041:. 9037:: 9031:4 9014:. 8985:. 8961:. 8953:: 8888:. 8864:. 8837:: 8797:. 8785:: 8757:. 8745:: 8719:. 8707:: 8684:. 8672:: 8604:. 8575:. 8531:: 8513:. 8487:. 8467:. 8433:. 8429:: 8406:. 8394:: 8367:. 8338:. 8326:: 8301:. 8279:: 8248:. 8154:. 8129:. 8095:. 8061:. 8057:: 8051:2 8016:. 7967:. 7930:. 7890:. 7863:. 7830:. 7817:: 7811:7 7787:. 7747:. 7727:: 7704:. 7671:. 7640:. 7628:: 7583:. 7516:. 7463:. 7461:. 7424:. 7376:. 7356:: 7329:. 7317:: 7294:. 7290:: 7232:. 7192:" 7182:. 7144:. 7115:. 7085:. 7061:. 7016:. 7004:: 6969:. 6947:. 6918:. 6888:. 6839:. 6711:. 6681:. 6677:: 6654:. 6613:. 6560:. 6507:. 6428:. 6388:. 6386:1 6369:. 6357:: 6332:. 6320:: 6290:. 6265:. 6253:: 6209:5 6188:. 6163:. 6151:: 6145:5 6122:: 6071:) 6042:. 6020:: 5991:. 5979:: 5953:. 5939:: 5868:. 5828:. 5805:. 5734:. 5610:. 4391:" 3666:. 3513:. 3275:) 3271:( 3261:· 3254:· 3247:· 3240:· 3223:. 3209:. 3098:) 3092:( 3087:) 3083:( 3073:· 3066:· 3059:· 3052:· 3025:. 2978:. 2967:; 2957:; 2752:. 2723:: 2342:( 2334:( 2213:' 2207:' 1612:" 1276:( 873:e 866:t 859:v 471:) 467:( 306:) 302:( 115:5 111:4 107:3 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.