2171:. This philosophy greatly relaxes the epistemological commitments of logical positivism and no longer claims a separation between the knower and the known. Rather than dismissing the scientific project outright, postpositivists seek to transform and amend it, though the exact extent of their affinity for science varies vastly. For example, some postpositivists accept the critique that observation is always value-laden, but argue that the best values to adopt for sociological observation are those of science: skepticism, rigor, and modesty. Just as some critical theorists see their position as a moral commitment to egalitarian values, these postpositivists see their methods as driven by a moral commitment to these scientific values. Such scholars may see themselves as either positivists or antipositivists.
427:
science" because "the history of one science, including pure political history, would make no sense unless it was attached to the study of the general progress of all of humanity". As Comte would say: "from science comes prediction; from prediction comes action". It is a philosophy of human intellectual development that culminated in science. The irony of this series of phases is that though Comte attempted to prove that human development has to go through these three stages, it seems that the positivist stage is far from becoming a realization. This is due to two truths: The positivist phase requires having a complete understanding of the universe and world around us and requires that society should never know if it is in this positivist phase.
348:"positivity," which is simply the degree to which the phenomena can be exactly determined. This, as may be readily seen, is also a measure of their relative complexity, since the exactness of a science is in inverse proportion to its complexity. The degree of exactness or positivity is, moreover, that to which it can be subjected to mathematical demonstration, and therefore mathematics, which is not itself a concrete science, is the general gauge by which the position of every science is to be determined. Generalizing thus, Comte found that there were five great groups of phenomena of equal classificatory value but of successively decreasing positivity. To these he gave the names astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, and sociology.
2830:"Positivism is a way of understanding based on science"; people don't rely on the faith in God but instead on the science behind humanity. "Antipositivism" formally dates back to the start of the twentieth century, and is based on the belief that natural and human sciences are ontologically and epistemologically distinct. Neither of these terms is used any longer in this sense. There are no fewer than twelve distinct epistemologies that are referred to as positivism. Many of these approaches do not self-identify as "positivist", some because they themselves arose in opposition to older forms of positivism, and some because the label has over time become a term of abuse by being mistakenly linked with a theoretical
3964:
existentialism. However, neo-positivism failed dismally to give a faithful account of science, whether natural or social. It failed because it remained anchored to sense-data and to a phenomenalist metaphysics, overrated the power of induction and underrated that of hypothesis, and denounced realism and materialism as metaphysical nonsense. Although it has never been practiced consistently in the advanced natural sciences and has been criticized by many philosophers, notably Popper (1959 , 1963), logical positivism remains the tacit philosophy of many scientists. Regrettably, the anti-positivism fashionable in the metatheory of social science is often nothing but an excuse for sloppiness and wild speculation.
279:
2208:, but does not end there. Positivism fails to prove that there are not abstract ideas, laws, and principles, beyond particular observable facts and relationships and necessary principles, or that we cannot know them. Nor does it prove that material and corporeal things constitute the whole order of existing beings, and that our knowledge is limited to them. According to positivism, our abstract concepts or general ideas are mere collective representations of the experimental orderâfor example; the idea of "man" is a kind of blended image of all the men observed in our experience. This runs contrary to a
2302:
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2090:). While both sides accepted that sociology cannot avoid a value judgement that inevitably influences subsequent conclusions, the critical theorists accused the critical rationalists of being positivists; specifically, of asserting that empirical questions can be severed from their metaphysical heritage and refusing to ask questions that cannot be answered with scientific methods. This contributed to what Karl Popper termed the "Popper Legend", a misconception among critics and admirers of Popper that he was, or identified himself as, a positivist.
435:
2845:). This popularity may be because research utilizing positivist quantitative methodologies holds a greater prestige in the social sciences than qualitative work; quantitative work is easier to justify, as data can be manipulated to answer any question. Such research is generally perceived as being more scientific and more trustworthy, and thus has a greater impact on policy and public opinion (though such judgments are frequently contested by scholars doing non-positivist work).
2834:. The extent of antipositivist criticism has also become broad, with many philosophies broadly rejecting the scientifically based social epistemology and other ones only seeking to amend it to reflect 20th century developments in the philosophy of science. However, positivism (understood as the use of scientific methods for studying society) remains the dominant approach to both the research and the theory construction in contemporary sociology, especially in the United States.
423:
different from the rest. There is no higher power governing the masses and the intrigue of any one person can achieve anything based on that individual's free will. The third principle is most important in the positive stage. Comte calls these three phases the universal rule in relation to society and its development. Neither the second nor the third phase can be reached without the completion and understanding of the preceding stage. All stages must be completed in progress.
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404:. Humanity's place in society was governed by its association with the divine presences and with the church. The theological phase deals with humankind's accepting the doctrines of the church (or place of worship) rather than relying on its rational powers to explore basic questions about existence. It dealt with the restrictions put in place by the religious organization at the time and the total acceptance of any "fact" adduced for society to believe.
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life about which knowledge was possible would eventually be drawn into the orbit of science The positivists' program for mapping the inexorable and immutable laws of matter and society seemed to allow no greater role for the contribution of poets than had Plato. What Plato represented as the quarrel between philosophy and poetry is resuscitated in the "two cultures" quarrel of more recent times between the humanities and the sciences.
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27:
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1552:, that accounts of Durkheim's positivism are possibly exaggerated and oversimplified; Comte was the only major sociological thinker to postulate that the social realm may be subject to scientific analysis in exactly the same way as natural science, whereas Durkheim saw a far greater need for a distinctly sociological scientific methodology. His lifework was fundamental in the establishment of practical
1491:(1858â1917). While Durkheim rejected much of the details of Comte's philosophy, he retained and refined its method, maintaining that the social sciences are a logical continuation of the natural ones into the realm of human activity, and insisting that they may retain the same objectivity, rationalism, and approach to causality. Durkheim set up the first European department of sociology at the
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1836:'s early work (which he himself later set out to refute); the idea that all knowledge should be codifiable in a single standard language of science; and above all the project of "rational reconstruction," in which ordinary-language concepts were gradually to be replaced by more precise equivalents in that standard language. However, the project is widely considered to have failed.
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the objective world, but were themselves a product of socially and historically mediated human consciousness. Positivism ignored the role of the 'observer' in the constitution of social reality and thereby failed to consider the historical and social conditions affecting the representation of social ideas. Positivism falsely represented the object of study by
1843:. This change of direction, and the somewhat differing beliefs of Reichenbach and others, led to a consensus that the English name for the shared doctrinal platform, in its American exile from the late 1930s, should be "logical empiricism." While the logical positivist movement is now considered dead, it has continued to influence philosophical development.
3469:(Destiny)" According to Davies (pp. 28â29), Comte's austere and "slightly dispiriting" philosophy of humanity viewed as alone in an indifferent universe (which can only be explained by "positive" science) and with nowhere to turn but to each other, was even more influential in Victorian England than the theories of Charles Darwin or Karl Marx.
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further, few practising scholars explicitly state their epistemological commitments, and their epistemological position thus has to be guessed from other sources such as choice of methodology or theory. However, no perfect correspondence between these categories exists, and many scholars critiqued as "positivists" are actually
470:, regarded by some as the first female sociologist. Debates continue to rage as to how much Comte appropriated from the work of his mentor, Saint-Simon. He was nevertheless influential: Brazilian thinkers turned to Comte's ideas about training a scientific elite in order to flourish in the industrialization process.
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and others. According to this way of thinking, a scientific theory is a mathematical model that describes and codifies the observations we make. A good theory will describe a large range of phenomena on the basis of a few simple postulates and will make definite predictions that can be tested. ... If
587:
was the first working-class adherent to Comte's ideas, and became the leader of a movement known as "Proletarian
Positivism". Comte appointed Magnin as his successor as president of the Positive Society in the event of Comte's death. Magnin filled this role from 1857 to 1880, when he resigned. Magnin
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The positivists have a simple solution: the world must be divided into that which we can say clearly and the rest, which we had better pass over in silence. But can any one conceive of a more pointless philosophy, seeing that what we can say clearly amounts to next to nothing? If we omitted all that
426:
Comte believed that the appreciation of the past and the ability to build on it towards the future was key in transitioning from the theological and metaphysical phases. The idea of progress was central to Comte's new science, sociology. Sociology would "lead to the historical consideration of every
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Positivism is marked by the final recognition that science provides the only valid form of knowledge and that facts are the only possible objects of knowledge; philosophy is thus recognized as essentially no different from science Ethics, politics, social interactions, and all other forms of human
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ideal, where an idea can be abstracted from any concrete determination, and may be applied identically to an indefinite number of objects of the same class. From the idea's perspective, Platonism is more precise. Defining an idea as a sum of collective images is imprecise and more or less confused,
2790:
While most social scientists today are not explicit about their epistemological commitments, articles in top
American sociology and political science journals generally follow a positivist logic of argument. It can be thus argued that "natural science and social science can therefore be regarded
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criticized the classic formulation of positivism on two grounds. First, he claimed that it falsely represented human social action. The first criticism argued that positivism systematically failed to appreciate the extent to which the so-called social facts it yielded did not exist 'out there', in
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or philosophy. By carefully examining suicide statistics in different police districts, he attempted to demonstrate that
Catholic communities have a lower suicide rate than Protestants, something he attributed to social (as opposed to individual or psychological) causes. He developed the notion of
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social reality as existing objectively and independently of the labour that actually produced those conditions. Secondly, he argued, representation of social reality produced by positivism was inherently and artificially conservative, helping to support the status quo, rather than challenging it.
422:
The final stage of the trilogy of Comte's universal law is the scientific, or positive, stage. The central idea of this phase is that individual rights are more important than the rule of any one person. Comte stated that the idea of humanity's ability to govern itself makes this stage inherently
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Echoes of the "positivist" and "antipositivist" debate persist today, though this conflict is hard to define. Authors writing in different epistemological perspectives do not phrase their disagreements in the same terms and rarely actually speak directly to each other. To complicate the issues
347:
The most important thing to determine was the natural order in which the sciences standânot how they can be made to stand, but how they must stand, irrespective of the wishes of any one. ... This Comte accomplished by taking as the criterion of the position of each the degree of what he called
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To conclude, logical positivism was progressive compared with the classical positivism of
Ptolemy, Hume, d'Alembert, Comte, Mill, and Mach. It was even more so by comparison with its contemporary rivalsâneo-Thomisism, neo-Kantianism, intuitionism, dialectical materialism, phenomenology, and
2829:
In the original
Comtean usage, the term "positivism" roughly meant the use of scientific methods to uncover the laws according to which both physical and human events occur, while "sociology" was the overarching science that would synthesize all such knowledge for the betterment of society.
2026:
states that it is impossible to experimentally test a scientific hypothesis in isolation, because an empirical test of the hypothesis requires one or more background assumptions (also called auxiliary assumptions or auxiliary hypotheses); thus, unambiguous scientific falsifications are also
419:. This second phase states that the universal rights of humanity are most important. The central idea is that humanity is invested with certain rights that must be respected. In this phase, democracies and dictators rose and fell in attempts to maintain the innate rights of humanity.
1721:(see "Law, Legislation and Liberty") rejected positivism in the social sciences as hopelessly limited in comparison to evolved and divided knowledge. For example, much (positivist) legislation falls short in contrast to pre-literate or incompletely defined common or evolved law.
1680:; that much of what history studies is nonquantifiable, and therefore to quantify is to lose in precision; and that experimental methods and mathematical models do not generally apply to history, so that it is not possible to formulate general (quasi-absolute) laws in history.
2007:
a statement (for example, observing a black swan would prove that not all swans are white). Popper also held that scientific theories talk about how the world really is (not about phenomena or observations experienced by scientists), and critiqued the Vienna Circle in his
2064:
guides to research methods. Postpositivists argue that theories, hypotheses, background knowledge and values of the researcher can influence what is observed. Postpositivists pursue objectivity by recognizing the possible effects of biases. While positivists emphasize
1537:" to delineate a unique empirical object for the science of sociology to study. Through such studies, he posited, sociology would be able to determine whether a given society is 'healthy' or 'pathological', and seek social reform to negate organic breakdown or "social
1855:, i.e., for contending that all "processes are reducible to physiological, physical or chemical events," "social processes are reducible to relationships between and actions of individuals," and that "biological organisms are reducible to physical systems."
122:, and other fields of thought. Generally, positivists attempted to introduce scientific methods to their respective fields. Since the turn of the 20th century, positivism, although still popular, has declined under criticism in parts of social sciences from
2873:
An insistence on at least some of these statements being testable; that is, amenable to being verified, confirmed, or shown to be false by the empirical observation of reality. Statements that would, by their nature, be regarded as untestable included the
2200:
started to question the positivist approach itself, saying that the arsenal of scientific theories and methods developed so far in their camp were "incapable of saying anything of depth and profundity" on the real problems of contemporary cities.
1862:
in 1725. Vico, in contrast to the positivist movement, asserted the superiority of the science of the human mind (the humanities, in other words), on the grounds that natural sciences tell us nothing about the inward aspects of things.
338:
in the modern sense of the term. For him, the physical sciences had necessarily to arrive first, before humanity could adequately channel its efforts into the most challenging and complex "Queen science" of human society itself. His
2253:, and then proceeding to attribute far greater homogeneity to their opponents than actually exists. Thus, it is better to understand this not as a debate but as two different arguments: the "antipositivist" articulation of a social
3457:"Comte's secular religion is no vague effusion of humanistic piety, but a complete system of belief and ritual, with liturgy and sacraments, priesthood and pontiff, all organized around the public veneration of Humanity, the
2003:. A statement such as "all swans are white" cannot actually be empirically verified, because it is impossible to know empirically whether all swans have been observed. Instead, Popper argued that at best an observation can
543:
and
Harriet Martineau, for the most part rejected the full gloomy panoply of his system, they liked the idea of a religion of humanity and his injunction to "vivre pour autrui" ("live for others", from which comes the word
2164:
This character may also explain the popularity of positivism in certain political circles. Horkheimer argued, in contrast, that critical theory possessed a reflexive element lacking in the positivistic traditional theory.
1869:
fought strenuously against the assumption that only explanations derived from science are valid. He reprised Vico's argument that scientific explanations do not reach the inner nature of phenomena and it is humanistic
1736:; thus its common meaning with philosophical positivism is somewhat attenuated and in recent generations generally emphasizes the authority of human political structures as opposed to a "scientific" view of law.
2935:
one takes the positivist position, as I do, one cannot say what time actually is. All one can do is describe what has been found to be a very good mathematical model for time and say what predictions it makes.
612:
in 1870. He wrote: "Positivism is not only a philosophical doctrine, it is also a political party which claims to reconcile orderâthe necessary basis for all social activityâwith
Progress, which is its goal."
3993:
The upshot is that the positivists seem caught between insisting on the V.C. âbut for no defensible reasonâor admitting that the V.C. requires a background language, etc., which opens the door to relativism,
2228:, which arose with second generation cognitive science, asserts that knowledge begins and ends with experience itself. In other words, it rejects the positivist assertion that a portion of human knowledge is
4215:: "The physicist can never subject an isolated hypothesis to experimental test, but only a whole group of hypotheses" (Duhem)... "Duhem denies that unambiguous falsification procedures do exist in science."
217:
2167:
Some scholars today hold the beliefs critiqued in
Horkheimer's work, but since the time of his writing critiques of positivism, especially from philosophy of science, have led to the development of
1654:, and argued that its focus on the "collection of facts" had given historians "unprecedented mastery over small-scale problems", but "unprecedented weakness in dealing with large-scale problems".
555:
came about broadly as a reaction to Comte; writing after various developments in evolutionary biology, Spencer attempted (in vain) to reformulate the discipline in what we might now describe as
3044:
one of the features of positivism is precisely its postulate that scientific knowledge is the paradigm of valid knowledge, a postulate that indeed is never proved nor intended to be proved.
2930:
Any sound scientific theory, whether of time or of any other concept, should in my opinion be based on the most workable philosophy of science: the positivist approach put forward by
1911:
At the turn of the 20th century, the first wave of German sociologists formally introduced methodological antipositivism, proposing that research should concentrate on human cultural
1935:), sociologists should seek relationships that are not as "ahistorical, invariant, or generalizable" as those pursued by natural scientists. Weber regarded sociology as the study of
1592:, as a positivist, "It is not I who am speaking, but history itself". The heavy emphasis placed by historical positivists on documentary sources led to the development of methods of
1607:, who argued that the historian should seek to describe historical truth "wie es eigentlich gewesen ist" ("as it actually was")âthough subsequent historians of the concept, such as
1501:(1895). In this text he argued: "ur main goal is to extend scientific rationalism to human conduct... What has been called our positivism is but a consequence of this rationalism."
1638:
in postwar France, who both posited that interpretations are always ultimately multiple and there is no final objective truth to recover. In his posthumously published 1946
2900:
The belief that science involves the idea of the unity of science, that there is, underlying the various scientific disciplines, basically one science about one real world.
1858:
The consideration that laws in physics may not be absolute but relative, and, if so, this might be even more true of social sciences, was stated, in different terms, by
2794:
In contemporary social science, strong accounts of positivism have long since fallen out of favour. Practitioners of positivism today acknowledge in far greater detail
94:
Although the positivist approach has been a recurrent theme in the history of western thought, modern positivism was first articulated in the early 19th century by
9842:
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Holmes, Richard. 1997. "Genre analysis, and the social sciences: An investigation of the structure of research article discussion sections in three disciplines".
1989:
In the mid-twentieth century, several important philosophers and philosophers of science began to critique the foundations of logical positivism. In his 1934 work
3801:
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Durkheim, Ămile "The Rules of
Sociological Method" 8th edition, trans. Sarah A. Solovay and John M. Mueller, ed. George E. G. Catlin (1938, 1964 edition), p. 45
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The belief that science is nature and nature is science; and out of this duality, all theories and postulates are created, interpreted, evolve, and are applied.
2204:
According to the
Catholic Encyclopedia, Positivism has also come under fire on religious and philosophical grounds, whose proponents state that truth begins in
241:
In the early nineteenth century, massive advances in the natural sciences encouraged philosophers to apply scientific methods to other fields. Thinkers such as
1931:, one such thinker, argued that while sociology may be loosely described as a 'science' because it is able to identify causal relationships (especially among
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2445:
2221:
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2056:, but rather a reformation of positivism to meet these critiques. It reintroduces the basic assumptions of positivism: the possibility and desirability of
2826:: abstract statements that generalize from segregated hypotheses and empirical regularities rather than starting with an abstract idea of a social whole.
482:("Order and Progress") was taken from the positivism motto, "Love as principle, order as the basis, progress as the goal", which was also influential in
431:
argues that since humanity constantly uses science to discover and research new things, humanity never progresses beyond the second metaphysical phase.
334:. Observing the circular dependence of theory and observation in science, and classifying the sciences in this way, Comte may be regarded as the first
2837:
The majority of articles published in leading American sociology and political science journals today are positivist (at least to the extent of being
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2179:
During the later twentieth century, positivism began to fall out of favor with scientists as well. Later in his career, German theoretical physicist
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2224:, have emerged in opposition to positivism. Critical realism seeks to reconcile the overarching aims of social science with postmodern critiques.
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2814:" and thus carries no explicit theoretical or philosophical commitments. The institutionalization of this kind of sociology is often credited to
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1832:
propositions; the rejection of metaphysics not as wrong but as meaningless (i.e., not empirically verifiable); a criterion of meaning based on
2798:
and structural limitations. Modern positivists generally eschew metaphysical concerns in favour of methodological debates concerning clarity,
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4087:
1614:
Historical positivism was critiqued in the 20th century by historians and philosophers of history from various schools of thought, including
5214:
2245:. One scholar has described this debate in terms of the social construction of the "other", with each side defining the other by what it is
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arose between the critical theorists (see below) and the critical rationalists over the correct solution to the value judgment dispute (
7066:
2818:, who pioneered large-scale survey studies and developed statistical techniques for analyzing them. This approach lends itself to what
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was a psychiatrist who was also involved in the Positivist movement, setting up a positivist club in Paris after the foundation of the
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Grant, Linda; Ward, Kathryn B.; Xue Lan Rong (1987). "Is There An Association between Gender and Methods in Sociological Research?".
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The belief that science rests on specific results that are dissociated from the personality and social position of the investigator;
567:
Within a few years, other scientific and philosophical thinkers began creating their own definitions for positivism. These included
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4914:(Lexington Books; 2012) 197 pages; Essays on positivism in the intellectual and political life of Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico.
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493:' for positivist societies in order to fulfil the cohesive function once held by traditional worship. In 1849, he proposed a
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Wilson, Matthew. 2020. "Rendering sociology: on the utopian positivism of Harriet Martineau and the âMumbo Jumbo club."
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fashion: the majority of economists do not explicitly concern themselves with matters of epistemology. Economic thinker
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Boudon, Raymond. 1991. "Review: What Middle-Range Theories are". Contemporary Sociology, Vol. 20 Num. 4 pp. 519â522.
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1813:'s advocacy that made the movement self-conscious and more widely known. A 1929 pamphlet written by Neurath, Hahn, and
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Bryman, Alan. 1984. "The Debate about Quantitative and Qualitative Research: A Question of Method or Epistemology?."
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2261:, and "positivist" development of a scientific research methodology for sociology with accompanying critiques of the
1991:
1897:âargues that sociologists should use empirical evidence to display the problems of society so they might be changed.
1398:
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5088:. "The Dynamics of Positivism in the Study of Public Administration: A Brief Intellectual History and Reappraisal",
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Turner, Mark. 2000. "Defining Discourses: The "Westminster Review", "Fortnightly Review", and Comte's Positivism."
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The origin of the historical positivist school is particularly associated with the 19th-century German historian
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and becomes more so as the collection represented increases. An idea defined explicitly always remains clear.
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Logical positivism grew from the discussions of a group called the "First Vienna Circle", which gathered at the
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1713:, practicing researchers tend to emulate the methodological assumptions of classical positivism, but only in a
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Positivism and Imagination: Scientism and Its Limits in Emile Hennequin, Wilhelm Scherer and Dmitril Pisarev
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drew upon positivism, the Marxist tradition would also go on to influence the development of antipositivist
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De omweg van de wetenschap: het positivisme en de Belgische en Nederlandse intellectuele cultuur, 1845â1914
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2037:, put forward his theory of paradigm shifts. He argued that it is not simply individual theories but whole
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302:
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as we know it todayâtechniques which continue beyond sociology and form the methodological basis of other
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2010:
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criticized historical positivism for conflating scientific facts with historical facts, which are always
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20:
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History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology: With an Epilogue on Psychiatry and the Mind-Body Relation.
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Claeys, Gregory. 2018. "Professor Beesly, Positivism and the International: the Patriotism Issue." In
4766:. 2017. "The Counterrevolutionary Comte: Theorist of the Two Powers and Enthusiastic Medievalist." In
1771:, the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge of the world, with a version of
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5701:
5595:
5590:
5265:
4601:
Hanson, Barbara. 2008. "Wither Qualitative/Quantitative?: Grounds for Methodological Convergence."
2885:
2803:
2262:
2121:
1588:
to "speak for themselves", without additional interpretation. In the words of the French historian
1581:
942:
777:
523:
369:, proposing that society undergoes three phases in its quest for the truth according to a general "
4084:
1839:
After moving to the United States, Carnap proposed a replacement for the earlier doctrines in his
10483:
10311:
10262:
9744:
9491:
9486:
9459:
9394:
9348:
9343:
9278:
9171:
8871:
8704:
8580:
8514:
8336:
7757:
7698:
7651:
7509:
7472:
6840:
6755:
6745:
6669:
6535:
6507:
6111:
5824:
5627:
5605:
5350:
2990:
2854:
2680:
2015:
1874:
that gives us insight into thoughts, feelings and desires. Dilthey was in part influenced by the
1817:
summarized the doctrines of the Vienna Circle at that time. These included the opposition to all
1510:
1452:
1192:
1182:
1152:
1032:
1017:
982:
902:
897:
797:
396:. The theological phase of man was based on whole-hearted belief in all things with reference to
2894:
The belief that science contains theories or research traditions that are largely commensurable;
162:
in its philosophical sense of 'imposed on the mind by experience'. The corresponding adjective (
10493:
10478:
10438:
10210:
10033:
9699:
9689:
9107:
9033:
8990:
8818:
8738:
7890:
7822:
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6740:
6318:
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6283:
5535:
5501:
2555:
2502:
2109:
2023:
1703:
1492:
1177:
1107:
1097:
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1062:
992:
962:
882:
787:
335:
84:
3926:
3805:
3725:
3695:
3562:
3131:
2897:
The belief that science sometimes incorporates new ideas that are discontinuous from old ones;
1767:(later and more accurately called logical empiricism) is a school of philosophy that combines
605:
10590:
10558:
10533:
10418:
10371:
10267:
10245:
10235:
10220:
10160:
10147:
10120:
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9907:
9549:
9544:
9496:
9464:
9454:
9413:
9193:
9070:
8976:
8919:
8896:
8876:
8758:
8629:
8569:
8305:
8127:
8066:
8046:
7880:
7792:
7772:
7762:
7395:
7244:
6877:
6809:
6717:
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6492:
6298:
6032:
5652:
5637:
5541:
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3293:
3234:
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2703:
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2160:
2070:
2066:
1408:
1233:
1162:
1137:
1042:
967:
927:
887:
872:
837:
810:
737:
609:
593:
455:
3668:
3123:
10505:
10448:
10351:
10331:
10289:
10205:
10200:
10175:
10100:
9867:
9529:
9524:
9399:
9283:
9188:
9161:
9043:
8828:
8813:
8144:
8099:
8061:
8008:
7937:
7693:
7489:
7400:
7223:
7193:
6934:
6462:
6308:
6303:
6040:
5711:
5674:
5575:
5570:
5506:
5365:
4931:
Hoecker-Drysdale, Susan. 2001. "Harriet Martineau and the Positivism of Auguste Comte." In
4919:
Positivist Republic: Auguste Comte and the Reconstruction of American Liberalism, 1865â1920
4661:
Gartell, David, and Gartell, John. 1996. "Positivism in sociological practice: 1967â1990".
4352:
The Vienna Circle: Studies in the Origins, Development, and Influence of Logical Empiricism
3092:
2842:
2668:
2410:
2368:
2270:
2192:
is unclear we would probably be left with completely uninteresting and trivial tautologies.
2074:
2045:
1984:
1924:
1403:
1205:
1172:
1142:
977:
947:
937:
867:
852:
647:
642:
490:
483:
408:
401:
246:
242:
42:
8444:
1948:
1257:
300:, a series of texts published between 1830 and 1842. These texts were followed in 1844 by
8:
10819:
10498:
10488:
10346:
10316:
10240:
10225:
10185:
10180:
10105:
9990:
9591:
9273:
9166:
9141:
9126:
9055:
8906:
8901:
8881:
8783:
8768:
8763:
8564:
8285:
8240:
8230:
8189:
8137:
8122:
8051:
8031:
8013:
7845:
7812:
7673:
7660:
7467:
7264:
7175:
7130:
7036:
6922:
6735:
6583:
6179:
6016:
5464:
5447:
5401:
5391:
5258:
5085:
4763:
2985:
2358:
1952:
1833:
1775:, the idea that our knowledge includes a component that is not derived from observation.
1589:
1277:
1022:
922:
760:
747:
601:
498:
370:
366:
6997:
2859:
The key features of positivism as of the 1950s, as defined in the "received view", are:
10543:
10413:
10215:
10115:
10110:
9895:
9739:
9694:
9581:
9404:
9225:
9060:
9050:
8559:
8349:
8235:
8204:
8184:
8132:
8114:
8089:
8084:
8036:
8023:
7990:
7885:
7787:
7722:
7678:
7622:
7462:
7291:
7185:
7093:
6897:
6776:
6767:
6730:
6725:
6631:
6626:
6603:
6522:
6336:
6263:
6101:
6091:
5892:
5768:
5642:
5563:
5527:
5335:
4870:
Storia di un'utopia. La religione dell'UmanitĂ di Comte e la sua circolazione nel mondo
4808:
4780:
Ardao, Arturo. 1963. "Assimilation and Transformation of Positivism in Latin America."
4717:
4497:
4487:
3073:
3069:
2636:
2560:
2373:
2205:
2081:
2060:, and the use of experimental methodology. Postpositivism of this type is described in
1886:
1826:
1764:
1745:
1580:, historical or documentary positivism is the belief that historians should pursue the
1445:
1087:
1082:
1002:
957:
907:
877:
857:
717:
694:
50:
4372:
2870:, that is, with demonstrating the logical structure and coherence of these statements;
2117:
1611:, have argued that its development owed more to Ranke's followers than Ranke himself.
1548:
David Ashley and David M. Orenstein have alleged, in a consumer textbook published by
1353:
531:
organizations in the 19th century, especially through the work of secularists such as
102:
positivism holds that society, like the physical world, operates according to general
10693:
10631:
10614:
10595:
10230:
10165:
10135:
9798:
9571:
9428:
9218:
9183:
9077:
9016:
8808:
8273:
8174:
8169:
8154:
8094:
8056:
8041:
7998:
7569:
7529:
7447:
7375:
7358:
7336:
6964:
6939:
6750:
6570:
6313:
6066:
5882:
5758:
4519:
4511:
4501:
4482:
4410:
4347:
4328:
4300:
4253:
4148:
3942:
3932:
3778:
3758:
3731:
3701:
3674:
3641:
3572:
3373:
3361:
3184:
3178:
3135:
3124:
3077:
2753:
2661:
2646:
2604:
2587:
2522:
2507:
2323:
2318:
2285:
2184:
2180:
2086:
2053:
1879:
1643:
1615:
1604:
1585:
1561:
1549:
1305:
1249:
1229:
1187:
1167:
997:
987:
917:
767:
712:
467:
434:
416:
254:
9669:
8389:
5907:
4819:
Bevir, Mark. 2002. "Sidney Webb: Utilitarianism, Positivism, and Social Democracy."
4648:
Brett, Paul. 1994. "A genre analysis of the results section of sociology articles".
4249:
3535:
Wacquant, Loic. 1992. "Positivism." In Bottomore, Tom and William Outhwaite, ed.,
1488:
1481:
1269:
10548:
10523:
10423:
10284:
10279:
10060:
9769:
9724:
9704:
9240:
9230:
9213:
8886:
8838:
8773:
8524:
8499:
8459:
8374:
8225:
8159:
8149:
7850:
7797:
7747:
7727:
7688:
7683:
7524:
7452:
7170:
7081:
6972:
6944:
6929:
6892:
6598:
6578:
6545:
6450:
6412:
6071:
5992:
5976:
5856:
5421:
5330:
5095:
4800:
4709:
4559:
4245:
4024:
3721:
3461:(New Supreme Great Being), later to be supplemented in a positivist trinity by the
3065:
2819:
2807:
2624:
2592:
2582:
2550:
2363:
2328:
2266:
1912:
1890:
1799:
1729:
1593:
1357:
1317:
1261:
1117:
1072:
1027:
972:
912:
827:
792:
742:
632:
589:
556:
536:
528:
502:
373:". Comte intended to develop a secular-scientific ideology in the wake of European
212:
179:
8659:
5902:
4935:, edited by Michael R. Hill and Susan Hoecker-Drysdale, 169â90. London: Routledge.
4865:, edited by Fabrice Bensimon, Quinton Deluermoz and Jeanne Moisand. Leiden: Brill.
4297:
Real World Research. A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner-Researchers
3895:
1885:
The contesting views over positivism are reflected both in older debates (see the
10563:
10408:
10386:
10155:
10070:
10055:
9820:
9759:
9719:
9641:
9596:
9433:
9338:
9323:
9298:
9112:
9092:
8778:
8644:
8639:
8534:
8489:
8369:
7931:
7900:
7865:
7830:
7708:
7559:
7457:
7415:
7326:
7314:
7299:
7274:
7249:
7019:
6887:
6882:
6799:
6784:
6457:
6341:
6086:
6081:
5662:
5617:
5452:
5426:
5370:
5196:
4863:"Arise Ye Wretched of the Earth": The First International in a Global Perspective
4547:
4493:
4226:
4091:
4072:
3866:
3844:
3814:
3664:
3637:
Philosophical Darwinism: On the Origin of Knowledge by Means of Natural Selection
3568:
3277:
3241:
2917:
2911:
2815:
2631:
2570:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2311:
2301:
2225:
2148:, have emerged in order to reconcile postpositivist aims with various so-called '
2141:
2113:
2099:
2057:
2000:
1894:
1866:
1718:
1651:
1635:
1619:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1365:
1361:
1345:
1325:
1253:
1241:
1130:
1102:
1047:
1007:
772:
722:
580:
576:
572:
552:
532:
494:
459:
428:
221:
208:
127:
88:
7071:
1959:
were also influential in the development of sociological antipositivism, whilst
1779:
447:
10717:
10705:
10621:
10573:
10528:
10321:
10257:
10170:
10130:
9970:
9930:
9810:
9679:
9539:
9178:
9087:
8554:
8549:
8539:
8449:
8414:
8404:
8379:
8354:
8344:
7840:
7835:
7703:
7668:
7600:
7574:
7410:
7259:
7198:
7111:
6954:
6850:
6593:
6273:
5748:
5689:
5522:
5457:
5442:
5345:
4587:
Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought
4032:
3980:
3797:
3026:
2867:
2656:
2599:
2497:
2450:
2430:
2400:
2242:
2168:
2155:
2061:
2049:
2004:
1980:
1956:
1906:
1791:
1754:
1693:
1577:
1433:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1285:
1245:
832:
678:
518:
374:
353:
331:
229:
163:
123:
119:
103:
7281:
7056:
4734:
Hacking, I. (ed.) 1981. Scientific revolutions. Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
2920:
was a recent high-profile advocate of positivism in the physical sciences. In
10813:
10433:
10403:
10341:
10142:
10090:
10085:
9995:
9729:
9664:
9636:
9564:
9293:
9208:
8669:
8609:
8574:
8509:
8484:
8479:
8439:
8409:
7895:
7807:
7737:
7479:
7269:
7203:
7160:
7029:
6654:
6440:
6422:
5927:
5922:
5897:
5706:
5647:
5558:
5486:
5411:
5099:
5016:
3212:
2863:
A focus on science as a product, a linguistic or numerical set of statements;
2799:
2795:
2651:
2641:
2149:
1936:
1814:
1795:
1758:
1725:
1702:
in particular, which was originally intended for physicists, coined the term
1321:
1309:
1293:
1289:
1215:
727:
673:
584:
294:(1798â1857) first described the epistemological perspective of positivism in
291:
250:
95:
80:
31:
10781:
6188:
5121:
Moralising Space: the Utopian Urbanism of the British Positivists, 1855â1920
4523:
2950:
2907:
568:
306:(published in French 1848, English in 1865). The first three volumes of the
10393:
10252:
10190:
9925:
9774:
9754:
9709:
9684:
9674:
9646:
9576:
9534:
9408:
9362:
9333:
9313:
8753:
8684:
8529:
8399:
8384:
8328:
7926:
7916:
7875:
7855:
7627:
7590:
7549:
7435:
7385:
7046:
7024:
7002:
6949:
6917:
6789:
6649:
6560:
6356:
5782:
5580:
5511:
5471:
5299:
5133:
Woll, Allen L. 1976. "Positivism and History in Nineteenth-Century Chile."
4020:
3697:
Deep History, Secular Theory: Historical and Scientific Studies of Religion
3270:
2980:
2945:
2492:
2213:
2019:
1964:
1944:
1852:
1810:
1631:
1608:
1534:
1313:
1265:
540:
505:, it was possible to distinguish between a "good Comte" (the author of the
439:
171:
135:
72:
4997:
Le SystĂšme d'Auguste Comte. De la science Ă la religion par la philosophie
4889:
Forbes, Geraldine Handcock. 2003. "The English Positivists and India." In
3879:
Psychology's Bridgman vs. Bridgman's Bridgman: An Essay in Reconstruction.
3056:
Cohen, Louis; Maldonado, Antonio (2007). "Research Methods In Education".
10428:
10125:
10095:
10080:
9945:
9940:
9764:
9749:
9734:
9714:
9631:
9559:
9376:
9366:
9353:
9318:
9268:
9198:
9151:
9038:
9028:
8833:
8689:
8679:
8624:
8599:
8544:
8519:
8504:
8474:
8454:
8429:
8359:
7921:
7860:
7732:
7712:
7617:
7554:
7514:
7494:
7420:
7390:
7051:
6987:
6679:
6664:
6540:
6530:
6479:
6445:
6384:
6106:
6096:
6076:
5496:
5476:
5386:
5309:
5225:
4981:
4186:
3369:
2960:
2931:
2619:
2565:
2465:
2420:
2254:
2137:
2028:
1996:
1960:
1889:) and current ones over the proper role of science in the public sphere.
1818:
1806:, propagated the new doctrines more widely in the 1920s and early 1930s.
1783:
1772:
1733:
1677:
1627:
1623:
1542:
1529:
1329:
1301:
1273:
1157:
1112:
842:
817:
412:
407:
Comte describes the metaphysical phase of humanity as the time since the
388:
382:
311:
258:
175:
8945:
1706:, which went on to dominate psychological method for the whole century.
343:
therefore set out to define the empirical goals of sociological method:
10361:
10356:
10301:
9935:
9917:
9651:
9380:
9371:
9102:
9065:
8843:
8823:
8649:
8614:
8469:
8434:
8419:
8394:
8364:
7767:
7595:
7534:
7405:
7309:
7254:
7061:
7041:
6907:
6674:
6588:
6417:
6364:
6328:
6232:
5917:
5912:
5887:
5667:
5491:
5355:
5304:
4812:
4788:
4721:
4274:
3631:
2831:
2673:
2577:
2545:
2517:
2435:
2415:
1932:
1859:
1768:
1689:
1660:
arguments against positivist approaches in historiography include that
1523:
1519:
862:
707:
200:
111:
68:
10712:
9805:
4835:
Les trois états: Science, théologie et métaphysique chez Auguste Comte
150:
in this meaning was imported in the 19th century from the French word
10538:
10005:
9980:
9859:
9418:
9011:
8798:
7782:
7777:
7637:
7564:
7499:
7370:
7304:
7116:
7106:
7101:
7076:
6872:
6432:
6394:
6158:
6144:
6142:
6132:
6116:
5684:
5622:
5481:
5314:
4882:
Feichtinger, Johannes, Franz L. Fillafer, and Jan Surman, eds. 2018.
4242:
The International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy
4174:
3818:
2875:
2614:
2258:
2209:
2129:
2105:
2038:
1940:
1928:
1875:
1871:
1710:
1657:
1647:
1505:
1281:
1237:
624:
323:
315:
131:
115:
99:
76:
7007:
4804:
4713:
195:
argues that positivism can be traced to the philosophy side of what
9438:
9156:
8654:
7612:
7519:
7484:
7442:
7430:
7218:
7012:
6912:
6855:
6659:
6613:
6497:
5396:
5154:
Wright, T. R. 1981. "George Eliot and Positivism: A Reassessment."
5056:
Trindade, Helgio. 2003. "La république positiviste chex Comte." In
4380:
4145:
Communication theories : perspectives, processes, and contexts
2955:
2540:
2338:
2333:
2293:
2133:
1822:
1669:
1622:âwho argued that "positivism ... faces the danger of becoming
1515:
1487:
The modern academic discipline of sociology began with the work of
545:
10700:
4147:(2nd ed.). Beijing: Peking University Press. pp. 35â45.
3946:
1750:
1428:
257:, the circular dependence of theory and observation, must replace
9882:
9136:
8634:
7239:
7213:
7208:
7150:
7145:
6977:
6865:
6860:
6819:
6641:
6487:
6369:
4840:
Bourdeau, Michel, Mary Pickering, and Warren Schmaus, eds. 2018.
4439:
1920:
1665:
1661:
1477:
668:
327:
319:
262:
4912:
Latin American Positivism: New Historical and Philosophic Essays
4515:
400:. God, Comte says, had reigned supreme over human existence pre-
26:
10515:
9203:
8748:
8297:
7504:
7425:
7155:
6814:
6804:
6502:
6404:
5612:
5245:
5112:
Wilson, Matthew. 2018. "British Comtism and Modernist Design."
5039:. Pearson, Merrill Prentice Hall. 1991, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008.
4775:
The Curious Strength of Positivism in English Political Thought
4052:, ed. Fausto Nicolini (Milan: R. Ricciardi, 1953), pp. 365â905.
1673:
1538:
471:
462:. Many of Comte's writings were translated into English by the
310:
dealt chiefly with the physical sciences already in existence (
204:
60:
4933:
Harriet Martineau: Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives
2791:
with a good deal of confidence as members of the same genre".
2196:
In the early 1970s, urbanists of the quantitative school like
1692:
the positivist movement was influential in the development of
330:), whereas the latter two emphasized the inevitable coming of
10723:
8848:
8494:
7320:
6982:
6268:
6201:
6151:
5250:
5235:
4791:(1993). "Ernest Belfort Bax: Marxist, Idealist, Positivist".
3754:
The Newton Wars and the Beginning of the French Enlightenment
3673:. Vol. 1. Chicago: Chicago University Press. p. 4.
475:
196:
107:
64:
4468:
Tittle, Charles. 2004. "The Arrogance of Public Sociology".
4363:"Main Currents of Marxism" by Leszek Kolakowski pp. 327, 331
3537:
The Blackwell Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Social Thought
9082:
4992:. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 1951.
4921:. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
4327:(3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. p. 5â13.
1597:
5240:
5077:
Whatmore, Richard. 2005. "Comte, Auguste (1798â1857)." In
1974:
7165:
4574:
The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience
3617:. Boston, MA: Pearson Education. pp. 94â98, 100â104.
509:) and a "bad Comte" (the author of the secular-religious
397:
4572:
Varela, F. J., Thompson, E. T., & Rosch, E. (1991).
2878:; thus positivism rejects much of classical metaphysics.
5006:. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, England; 1993.
3977:"Popper, Falsifiability, and the Failure of Positivism"
2152:' perspectives on the social acquisition of knowledge.
2144:
through science and technology. New movements, such as
2041:
that must occasionally shift in response to evidence.
138:, overgeneralizations, and methodological limitations.
5163:
Low Living and High Thinking at Modern Times, New York
4961:
The Essential Writings of Auguste Comte and Positivism
4122:
4107:
3730:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 129.
3612:
3606:
1600:
and uncover original sources in their pristine state.
1522:
populations, distinguished sociological analysis from
10677:
5081:, edited by Gregory Claeys, 123â8. London: Routledge.
5060:, edited by Annie Petit, 363â400. Paris: L'Harmattan.
4699:
4116:
4101:
3483:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 561.
3266:
3264:
1851:
Historically, positivism has been criticized for its
4893:, edited by Raj Kumar, 151â63. Discovery: New Delhi.
4536:
Portugali, Juval and Han Meyer, Egbert Stolk (2012)
4318:
4316:
1757:, the founding father of logical positivism and the
458:, positivism was appropriated by historians such as
268:
4770:, edited by Andrew Wernick, 91â116. London: Anthem.
4299:(Second ed.). Malden: Blackwell. p. 624.
4125:
Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.)
4110:
Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.)
4055:
3787:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 131â33.
3615:
Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.)
3049:
2269:of work that they see as violating such standards.
1541:". Durkheim described sociology as the "science of
170:) has been used in a similar sense to discuss law (
9850:
5058:Auguste Comte: Trajectoires positivistes 1798â1998
5037:Learning Theories: An Educational Perspective, 5th
4394:Learning Theories: An Educational Perspective, 5th
4112:. Boston, MA: Pearson Education. pp. 239â240.
3481:Auguste Comte: Volume 3: An Intellectual Biography
3261:
1626:when it maintains that it is possible to find the
4844:. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
4685:Positivism and Sociology: Explaining Social Life.
4313:
3854:
3852:
3829:
3827:
3757:. Chicago: Chicago University Press. p. 24.
3541:
3183:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 115â116.
2136:". He argued that positivism may be espoused by "
517:was unsuccessful but met with the publication of
282:Comte first laid out his theory of positivism in
10811:
4910:Gilson, Gregory D. and Irving W. Levinson, eds.
4751:. "Euclides da Cunha and Brazilian Positivism".
4530:
4485:(1971). "Positivism, Metaphysics and Religion".
4266:
3560:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3015:
2044:Together, these ideas led to the development of
539:. Although Comte's English followers, including
45:that holds that all genuine knowledge is either
4138:
4136:
4134:
4065:Gramsci's Historicism: A Realist Interpretation
4006:Hanfling, Oswald (2003). "Logical Positivism".
3554:
2881:The belief that science is markedly cumulative;
5777:Fourth Great Debate in international relations
4949:, Collection "Que sais-je?", Paris, PUF, 1982.
4538:Complexity Theories of Cities Have Come of Age
3849:
3824:
3055:
3031:
1514:(1897), a case study of suicide rates amongst
9836:
8961:
8313:
6217:
6193:
5729:
5266:
5128:Journal of Interdisciplinary History of Ideas
5044:European Positivism in the Nineteenth Century
4969:Marxists Internet Archive. Web. 23 Feb. 2012.
4323:Taylor, Thomas R.; Lindlof, Bryan C. (2011).
4322:
4290:
4288:
4209:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHarding1976 (
4127:. Boston, MA: Pearson Education. p. 241.
3401:
3399:
3218:
2810:. This positivism is generally equated with "
2771:
1790:, a member of that early group, helped bring
1453:
6156:
5766:
5756:
5746:
5462:
4830:. Princeton. PA: Princeton University Press.
4492:. World Perspectives vol. 42. Translated by
4198:
4131:
4010:. Vol. IX. Routledge. pp. 193â194.
3871:
3659:
3657:
2183:, Nobel laureate for his pioneering work in
2052:. Postpositivism is not a rejection of the
233:
157:
151:
5079:Encyclopaedia of Nineteenth-Century Thought
4940:L'Anthropologie positiviste d'Auguste Comte
4787:
4747:
4233:
3777:
3626:
3624:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3167:
2257:which includes a philosophical critique of
562:
106:. After Comte, positivist schools arose in
9843:
9829:
8968:
8954:
8320:
8306:
6224:
6210:
5273:
5259:
5165:. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
5072:Auguste Comte and the Religion of Humanity
4990:Positivism: A Study In Human Understanding
4956:. Bucknell University Press. London: 1997.
4481:
4325:Qualitative communication research methods
4285:
3888:
3700:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 343.
3396:
3366:Positivism: A Study In Human Understanding
2778:
2764:
2300:
1460:
1446:
631:
588:was in touch with the English positivists
527:to influence the proliferation of various
9624:
9587:Relationship between religion and science
8975:
5680:Relationship between religion and science
4942:, Librairie Honoré Champion, Paris, 1980.
4677:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4597:
4595:
4230:, ch. Paradigms and social science, p.161
3918:
3833:Wallace, Edwin R. and Gach, John (2008)
3654:
3478:
3472:
3257:. New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons.
2884:The belief that science is predominantly
1732:" essentially refers to the rejection of
5151:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5109:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
5074:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5053:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5032:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5004:Auguste Comte: An Intellectual Biography
4858:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4849:Positivism in Social Theory and Research
4644:
4642:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4275:"Social Research Methods Knowledge Base"
4029:The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought
4005:
3621:
3518:
3446:Auguste Comte: an intellectual biography
3433:Auguste Comte: An Intellectual Biography
3420:Auguste Comte: An Intellectual Biography
3252:
3246:
3121:
2906:
2709:Library and information science software
1749:
1571:
1545:, their genesis and their functioning".
1476:
1472:
433:
277:
25:
6001:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
5051:Nationalism, Positivism and Catholicism
5046:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
4655:
4204:
4014:
3670:Sartre, Foucault, and Historical Reason
3316:
3314:
3037:
2069:methods, postpositivists consider both
2034:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
1975:Critical rationalism and postpositivism
10812:
5356:Machian positivism (empirio-criticism)
5142:Positivism in Latin America, 1850â1900
4668:
4621:
4608:
4592:
4585:Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1999).
4462:
4409:, Polity Press (Second Edition 2009),
4377:Technik und Wissenschaft als Ideologie
4294:
4142:
3931:. Yale University Press. p. 317.
3720:
3693:
3058:British Journal of Educational Studies
2704:Geographic information system software
2140:" who believe in the inevitability of
1696:. The 1927 philosophy of science book
9824:
8949:
8301:
7963:
6705:
6243:
6205:
6192:
5728:
5254:
4768:The Anthem Companion to Auguste Comte
4695:
4693:
4639:
4450:from the original on 24 February 2012
4420:
3924:
3906:from the original on 17 February 2015
3750:
3663:
3103:from the original on 7 September 2008
2187:, distanced himself from positivism:
1971:facilitated the movement in general.
1923:, and social processes viewed from a
1739:
1630:of truth without preconceptions"âand
273:
10730:
5172:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
4240:Bergman, Mats (2016). "Positivism".
3928:Finding Philosophy in Social Science
3630:
3323:The Rules of the Sociological Method
3311:
3173:
2273:aims to bridge these two arguments.
600:in 1863 which was affiliated to the
10337:Digital media use and mental health
10051:Sociology of the history of science
5013:. London: George Allen & Unwin.
4444:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4407:Habermas: Key Contemporary Thinkers
4272:
3493:
3487:
3282:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3042:. London: Hutchinson. p. 197.
3021:John J. Macionis, Linda M. Gerber,
2848:
2235:
2174:
598:Cercle des prolétaires positivistes
446:Comte's fame today owes in part to
13:
5633:Nomotheticâidiographic distinction
4879:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4777:. London: Oxford University Press.
4690:
3807:A Critical Dictionary of Sociology
3448:Cambridge University Press, p. 192
3070:10.1111/j.1467-8527.2007.00388_4.x
2276:
2093:
1683:
489:In later life, Comte developed a '
34:, the founder of modern positivism
14:
10866:
10046:Sociology of scientific ignorance
9891:History and philosophy of science
9873:Economics of scientific knowledge
9607:Sociology of scientific knowledge
9602:Sociology of scientific ignorance
9555:History and philosophy of science
5961:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
5945:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
5801:The Course in Positive Philosophy
5176:
4437:
4192:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
3640:. London: Routledge. p. 94.
3585:from the original on 23 June 2016
3506:from the original on 15 July 2018
2128:of the modern West) as a form of
2124:(in its relation to the cultural
1992:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
1900:
297:The Course in Positive Philosophy
285:The Course in Positive Philosophy
269:Positivism in the social sciences
199:described as the quarrel between
10790:
10773:
10756:
10739:
10711:
10699:
10687:
10639:
10638:
10613:
9804:
9792:
8327:
8281:
8280:
8267:
4847:Bryant, Christopher G. A. 1985.
4616:The British Journal of Sociology
4239:
3953:from the original on 4 June 2016
3551:Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2077:methods to be valid approaches.
1498:Rules of the Sociological Method
1427:
130:, among others, for its alleged
5953:History and Class Consciousness
5140:Woodward, Ralph Lee, ed. 1971.
5135:Journal of the History of Ideas
4851:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
4828:The Making of British Socialism
4793:Journal of the History of Ideas
4782:Journal of the History of Ideas
4728:
4579:
4566:
4552:
4475:
4399:
4386:
4366:
4357:
4341:
4250:10.1002/9781118766804.wbiect248
4218:
4180:
4161:
4123:Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005).
4108:Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005).
4077:
4038:
4008:Routledge History of Philosophy
3999:
3979:. 7 August 2000. Archived from
3969:
3821:, 1989: "Historicism", p. 198.
3791:
3771:
3744:
3714:
3687:
3613:Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005).
3597:
3496:"Founding of a Positivist Club"
3451:
3438:
3425:
3412:
3383:
3355:
3342:
3329:
3286:
2966:Gödel's incompleteness theorems
1013:Peace, war, and social conflict
454:in 1867. As an approach to the
16:Empiricist philosophical theory
9852:Science and technology studies
8996:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
8744:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
6231:
5817:Critical History of Philosophy
5280:
5246:Maison d'Auguste Comte, France
4490:: Encounters and Conversations
4227:Naturalism and social sciences
4195:, 1934, 1959 (1st English ed.)
3201:
3148:
3115:
3085:
1939:, using critical analysis and
415:, to the time right after the
1:
7964:
6025:Knowledge and Human Interests
5361:Rankean historical positivism
4886:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
4821:The Journal of Modern History
4741:
4687:London:Allen and Unwin, 1982.
4650:English For Specific Purposes
4634:English For Specific Purposes
3564:Classical Sociological Theory
3255:The Age of Capital: 1848â1875
2220:Other new movements, such as
1943:techniques. The sociologists
507:Course in Positive Philosophy
187:
10830:Philosophy of social science
10399:Normalization process theory
9956:Philosophy of social science
7753:Ordinary language philosophy
6244:
6143:
5809:A General View of Positivism
5091:Administration & Society
5065:Victorian Periodicals Review
4982:Auguste Comte and Positivism
4891:Essays on Indian Renaissance
4702:American Sociological Review
4663:Canadian Review of Sociology
4440:"Theodor Adorno (1903â1969)"
4096:American Sociological Review
3391:Auguste Comte and Positivism
3350:Auguste Comte and Positivism
3326:. Cited in Wacquant (1992).
3025:, Seventh Canadian Edition,
1893:âespecially as described by
1846:
411:, a time steeped in logical
380:Comte's stages were (1) the
303:A General View of Positivism
141:
7:
9329:Hypothetico-deductive model
9304:Deductive-nomological model
9289:Constructivist epistemology
8789:Internalism and externalism
7803:Contemporary utilitarianism
7718:Internalism and externalism
6009:Conjectures and Refutations
5841:The Logic of Modern Physics
5658:Deductive-nomological model
5114:Modern Intellectual History
4959:Lenzer, Gertrud, ed. 2009.
4170:Conjectures and Refutations
3885:vol. 2 no. 3 (1992) p. 275
3130:. Boston: Pearson. p.
2939:
2011:Conjectures and Refutations
1699:The Logic of Modern Physics
1664:differs from sciences like
367:account of social evolution
21:Positivism (disambiguation)
10:
10871:
10845:19th century in philosophy
10840:20th century in philosophy
10022:construction of technology
7067:Svatantrika and Prasangika
6706:
5969:The Poverty of Historicism
5865:The Universe in a Nutshell
5849:Language, Truth, and Logic
5833:The Analysis of Sensations
5156:The Modern Language Review
5022:Consequences of Pragmatism
4907:. Heinemann. London. 1974.
4837:. Paris: Ăditions du Cerf.
4636:, vol. 16, num. 4:321â337.
4143:Miller, Katherine (2007).
3694:Martin, Luther H. (2014).
3459:Nouveau Grand-Ătre SuprĂȘme
3122:Macionis, John J. (2012).
2923:The Universe in a Nutshell
2852:
2097:
1978:
1904:
1841:Logical Syntax of Language
1743:
684:Human environmental impact
18:
10609:
10554:Politicization of science
10514:
10300:
10069:
10004:
9916:
9881:
9858:
9783:
9615:
9517:
9447:
9390:Semantic view of theories
9309:Epistemological anarchism
9261:
9246:dependent and independent
8983:
8915:
8864:
8713:
8620:Evolutionary epistemology
8590:
8335:
8261:
8213:
8113:
8075:
8022:
7989:
7980:
7976:
7959:
7909:
7821:
7659:
7650:
7583:
7366:
7357:
7335:
7290:
7232:
7184:
7138:
7129:
7092:
6963:
6828:
6775:
6766:
6716:
6712:
6701:
6640:
6612:
6569:
6521:
6478:
6431:
6403:
6355:
6327:
6289:Philosophy of mathematics
6279:Philosophy of information
6254:
6250:
6239:
6199:
6194:Links to related articles
6177:
6125:
6059:
6049:The Rhetoric of Economics
5936:
5875:
5792:
5739:
5735:
5730:Positivist-related debate
5724:
5551:
5520:
5435:
5379:
5323:
5292:
5288:
5197:Resources in your library
5161:Wunderlich, Roger. 1992.
5028:Scharff, Robert C. 1995.
4972:McGee, John Edwin. 1931.
4945:Kremer-Marietti, AngĂšle.
4938:Kremer-Marietti, AngĂšle.
4877:The Invention of Altruism
4759:(1 (Summer 1999)): 87â94.
4405:Outhwaite, William, 1988
4354:, Springer, 2015, p. 250.
4279:socialresearchmethods.net
4046:Principi di scienza nuova
3727:Ernst Kantorowicz: A Life
3561:Craig J. Calhoun (2002).
3547:Gianfranco Poggi (2000).
3500:Marxists Internet Archive
2997:The New Paul and Virginia
2971:London Positivist Society
2731:Qualitative data analysis
358:The Outlines of Sociology
211:as a quarrel between the
10835:Epistemological theories
9961:Philosophy of technology
9132:Intertheoretic reduction
9121:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
9098:Functional contextualism
8892:Philosophy of perception
8695:Representational realism
8665:Naturalized epistemology
5985:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
5702:Structural functionalism
5628:Naturalism in literature
5149:The Religion of Humanity
5100:10.1177/0095399713490157
4924:Harrison, Royden. 1965.
4905:Positivism and Sociology
4884:The Worlds of Positivism
4842:Love, Order and Progress
4833:Bourdeau, Michel. 2006.
3858:Wallace and Gach (2008)
3479:Pickering, Mary (2009).
3407:Positivism and Sociology
3337:Positivism and Sociology
3320:Durkheim, Emile. 1895.
3233:Wallace and Gach (2008)
3008:
2122:instrumental rationality
2080:In the early 1960s, the
1642:, the English historian
1596:, which seek to expunge
1584:of the past by allowing
1495:in 1895, publishing his
778:Structural functionalism
563:Early followers of Comte
524:On the Origin of Species
207:, later reformulated by
9617:Philosophers of science
9395:Scientific essentialism
9344:Model-dependent realism
9279:Constructive empiricism
9172:Evidence-based practice
8872:Outline of epistemology
8705:Transcendental idealism
7758:Postanalytic philosophy
7699:Experimental philosophy
6112:Willard Van Orman Quine
5825:Idealism and Positivism
5417:Critique of metaphysics
5351:Sociological positivism
5210:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
5119:Wilson, Matthew. 2018.
5070:Wernick, Andrew. 2001.
5049:Sutton, Michael. 1982.
5011:Memoirs of a Positivist
4854:Claeys, Gregory. 2010.
3865:8 November 2015 at the
3444:Pickering, Mary (1993)
3276:11 October 2017 at the
3253:Hobsbawm, Eric (1975).
3040:The Concept of Ideology
3038:Larrain, Jorge (1979).
2991:Sociological naturalism
2926:(p. 31) he wrote:
2855:Constructive empiricism
2022:went even further. The
1652:confirmed by repetition
798:Symbolic interactionism
693:Industrial revolutions
551:The early sociology of
501:'. For close associate
10034:Sociology of knowledge
9700:Alfred North Whitehead
9690:Charles Sanders Peirce
8819:Problem of other minds
7891:Social constructionism
6903:Hellenistic philosophy
6319:Theoretical philosophy
6294:Philosophy of religion
6284:Philosophy of language
6157:
6126:Concepts in contention
5767:
5757:
5747:
5638:Objectivity in science
5536:Non-Euclidean geometry
5502:Methodological dualism
5463:
5231:Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
5030:Comte After Positivism
4974:A Crusade for Humanity
4963:. London: Transaction.
4917:Harp, Gillis J. 1995.
4868:De Boni, Carlo. 2013.
4652:. Vol 13, Num 1:47â59.
4295:Robson, Colin (2002).
4085:"For Public Sociology"
4061:Morera, Esteve (1990)
3126:Sociology 14th Edition
2937:
2914:
2610:Inferential statistics
2556:Descriptive statistics
2503:Human subject research
2194:
2110:historical materialism
1761:
1704:operational definition
1493:University of Bordeaux
1484:
788:Social constructionism
443:
363:
336:philosopher of science
288:
234:
225:
167:
158:
152:
89:considered meaningless
35:
10855:Sociological theories
10825:Philosophy of science
10601:Transition management
10591:Technology assessment
10559:Regulation of science
10534:Evidence-based policy
10419:Sociotechnical system
10268:Traditional knowledge
10148:Psychology of science
10121:Mapping controversies
10027:shaping of technology
9986:Social constructivism
9951:Philosophy of science
9908:History of technology
9799:Philosophy portal
9550:Hard and soft science
9545:Faith and rationality
9414:Scientific skepticism
9194:Scientific Revolution
8977:Philosophy of science
8897:Philosophy of science
8877:Faith and rationality
8759:Descriptive knowledge
8630:Feminist epistemology
8570:Nicholas Wolterstorff
8274:Philosophy portal
7793:Scientific skepticism
7773:Reformed epistemology
6299:Philosophy of science
6033:The Poverty of Theory
5653:Philosophy of science
5542:Uncertainty principle
5241:Positivists Worldwide
5206:The full text of the
5168:Zea, Leopoldo. 1974.
5084:Whetsell, Travis and
5009:Quin, Malcolm. 1924.
4999:. Vrin, Paris (2016).
4926:Before the Socialists
4875:Dixon, Thomas. 2008.
4753:Luso-Brazilian Review
4379:, Frankfurt am Main:
4090:21 April 2015 at the
3925:Bunge, M. A. (1996).
3900:positivists.org 2012"
3896:"Lawrence A. Boland,
3883:Theory and Psychology
3877:Koch, Sigmund (1992)
3751:Shank, J. B. (2008).
3157:s. v. 'positivisme';
2976:Nature versus nurture
2928:
2910:
2812:quantitative research
2394:Philosophical schools
2189:
1794:to Vienna. Schlick's
1753:
1572:Historical positivism
1480:
1473:Durkheim's positivism
1163:Conversation analysis
738:Social stratification
610:French Third Republic
596:. He established the
594:Edward Spencer Beesly
456:philosophy of history
452:The Positivist Review
438:Positivist temple in
437:
345:
281:
235:Geisteswissenschaften
29:
10506:Women in engineering
10352:Financial technology
10332:Digital anthropology
10101:Criticism of science
10014:Actorânetwork theory
9976:Religion and science
9868:Economics of science
9525:Criticism of science
9400:Scientific formalism
9284:Constructive realism
9189:Scientific pluralism
9162:Problem of induction
8829:Procedural knowledge
8814:Problem of induction
7694:Critical rationalism
7401:Edo neo-Confucianism
7245:Acintya bheda abheda
7224:Renaissance humanism
6935:School of the Sextii
6309:Practical philosophy
6304:Political philosophy
6041:The Scientific Image
5712:Structuration theory
5675:Qualitative research
5576:Criticism of science
5571:Critical rationalism
5507:Problem of induction
5226:Porto Alegre, Brazil
5170:Positivism in Mexico
5147:Wright, T. R. 1986.
5123:. London: Routledge.
4988:Mises, Richard von.
4952:LeGouis, Catherine.
4928:. London: Routledge.
4900:. London: Routledge.
4764:Armenteros, Carolina
4603:Quality and Quantity
3465:(the Earth) and the
3240:17 June 2016 at the
3209:Introduction to Ion.
2719:Reference management
2669:Scientific modelling
2411:Critical rationalism
2271:Strategic positivism
2249:rather than what it
2116:. Critical theorist
2046:critical rationalism
1985:Critical rationalism
557:socially Darwinistic
491:religion of humanity
247:Pierre-Simon Laplace
243:Henri de Saint-Simon
178:) since the time of
43:philosophical school
19:For other uses, see
10347:Engineering studies
10317:Cyborg anthropology
10106:Demarcation problem
9991:Social epistemology
9592:Rhetoric of science
9530:Descriptive science
9274:Confirmation holism
9167:Scientific evidence
9127:Inductive reasoning
9056:Demarcation problem
8907:Virtue epistemology
8902:Social epistemology
8882:Formal epistemology
8769:Epistemic injustice
8764:Exploratory thought
8565:Ludwig Wittgenstein
7265:Nimbarka Sampradaya
7176:Korean Confucianism
6923:Academic Skepticism
6017:One-Dimensional Man
5465:Geisteswissenschaft
5448:Confirmation holism
5144:. Lexington: Heath.
5086:Patricia M. Shields
5042:Simon, W. M. 1963.
4979:Mill, John Stuart.
4826:Bevir, Mark. 2011.
4773:Annan, Noel. 1959.
4546:10 May 2016 at the
4494:Pomerans, Arnold J.
4224:Thomas, David 1979
4071:16 May 2016 at the
4044:Giambattista Vico,
4035:, 1999, pp. 669â737
3898:Economic Positivism
3843:16 May 2016 at the
3802:François Bourricaud
3784:The Idea of History
2986:Scientific politics
2824:middle-range theory
2699:Argument technology
2031:, in his 1962 book
1953:George Herbert Mead
1834:Ludwig Wittgenstein
1640:The Idea of History
1590:Fustel de Coulanges
1504:Durkheim's seminal
748:Social cycle theory
619:Part of a series on
602:First International
499:positivist calendar
371:law of three stages
226:Naturwissenschaften
10627:History of science
10544:Funding of science
10414:Skunkworks project
10111:Double hermeneutic
9896:History of science
9811:Science portal
9740:Carl Gustav Hempel
9695:Wilhelm Windelband
9582:Questionable cause
9405:Scientific realism
9226:Underdetermination
9061:Empirical evidence
9051:Creative synthesis
8560:Timothy Williamson
8350:Augustine of Hippo
7886:Post-structuralism
7788:Scientific realism
7743:Quinean naturalism
7723:Logical positivism
7679:Analytical Marxism
6898:Peripatetic school
6810:Chinese naturalism
6337:Aesthetic response
6264:Applied philosophy
6092:Hans-Georg Gadamer
5893:Alexander Bogdanov
5769:Positivismusstreit
5564:Post-behavioralism
5528:history of science
5380:Principal concepts
5336:Logical positivism
5105:Wils, Kaat. 2005.
4903:Giddens, Anthony.
4896:Gane, Mike. 2006.
4872:. Milano: Mimesis.
4683:Halfpenny, Peter.
4488:Physics and Beyond
4483:Heisenberg, Werner
4472:, June 2004, 82(4)
4273:Trochim, William.
4083:Burawoy, Michael:
3813:3 May 2016 at the
3779:Collingwood, R. G.
2915:
2693:Tools and software
2637:Secondary research
2561:Discourse analysis
2082:positivism dispute
2024:DuhemâQuine thesis
1887:Positivism dispute
1765:Logical positivism
1762:
1746:Logical positivism
1740:Logical positivism
1586:historical sources
1568:and other fields.
1485:
1434:Society portal
1057:History of science
1038:Race and ethnicity
718:Social environment
444:
341:View of Positivism
289:
274:Comte's positivism
253:believed that the
128:critical theorists
87:, are rejected or
69:sensory experience
47:true by definition
36:
10850:Philosophy of law
10675:
10674:
10669:
10668:
10596:Technology policy
10327:Dematerialization
10136:black swan events
9818:
9817:
9660:
9659:
9572:Normative science
9429:Uniformitarianism
9184:Scientific method
9078:Explanatory power
8943:
8942:
8809:Privileged access
8445:SĂžren Kierkegaard
8295:
8294:
8257:
8256:
8253:
8252:
8249:
8248:
7955:
7954:
7951:
7950:
7947:
7946:
7674:Analytic feminism
7646:
7645:
7608:Kierkegaardianism
7570:Transcendentalism
7530:Neo-scholasticism
7376:Classical Realism
7353:
7352:
7125:
7124:
6940:Neopythagoreanism
6697:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6314:Social philosophy
6186:
6185:
6173:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6067:Theodor W. Adorno
5883:Richard Avenarius
5759:Werturteilsstreit
5720:
5719:
5668:Sense-data theory
5366:Polish positivism
5341:Positivist school
5183:Library resources
5002:Pickering, Mary.
4856:Imperial Sceptics
4415:978-0-7456-4328-1
4348:Friedrich Stadler
4306:978-0-631-21305-5
3983:on 7 January 2014
3722:Lerner, Robert E.
3578:978-0-631-21348-2
3494:Sémérie, EugÚne.
3362:Richard von Mises
3190:978-0-226-19036-5
3180:The Educated Mind
3141:978-0-205-11671-3
3003:Vladimir Solovyov
2788:
2787:
2754:Philosophy portal
2662:Systematic review
2647:Literature review
2605:Historical method
2588:Social experiment
2523:Scientific method
2508:Narrative inquiry
2359:Interdisciplinary
2353:Research strategy
2324:Research question
2319:Research proposal
2185:quantum mechanics
2181:Werner Heisenberg
2132:, or science "as
2126:"rationalisation"
2087:Werturteilsstreit
2054:scientific method
1949:Ferdinand Tönnies
1880:Leopold von Ranke
1644:R. G. Collingwood
1616:Ernst Kantorowicz
1605:Leopold von Ranke
1562:political science
1550:Pearson Education
1470:
1469:
1188:Social experiment
1068:Social psychology
713:Social complexity
480:Ordem e Progresso
468:Harriet Martineau
417:French Revolution
365:Comte offered an
255:scientific method
146:The English noun
59:facts derived by
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10642:
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10617:
10569:Right to science
10549:Horizon scanning
10524:Academic freedom
10424:Technical change
10285:Women in science
10280:Unity of science
10061:Strong programme
9845:
9838:
9831:
9822:
9821:
9809:
9808:
9797:
9796:
9795:
9770:Bas van Fraassen
9725:Hans Reichenbach
9705:Bertrand Russell
9622:
9621:
9448:Philosophy of...
9231:Unity of science
9024:Commensurability
8970:
8963:
8956:
8947:
8946:
8887:Metaepistemology
8865:Related articles
8839:Regress argument
8774:Epistemic virtue
8525:Bertrand Russell
8500:Duncan Pritchard
8460:Hilary Kornblith
8375:Laurence BonJour
8322:
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7987:
7986:
7978:
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7961:
7960:
7851:Frankfurt School
7798:Transactionalism
7748:Normative ethics
7728:Legal positivism
7704:Falsificationism
7689:Consequentialism
7684:Communitarianism
7657:
7656:
7525:New Confucianism
7364:
7363:
7171:Neo-Confucianism
7136:
7135:
6945:Second Sophistic
6930:Middle Platonism
6773:
6772:
6714:
6713:
6703:
6702:
6546:Epiphenomenalism
6413:Consequentialism
6347:Institutionalism
6252:
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6241:
6240:
6226:
6219:
6212:
6203:
6202:
6190:
6189:
6162:
6148:
6072:Gaston Bachelard
5993:Truth and Method
5977:World Hypotheses
5857:The Two Cultures
5772:
5762:
5752:
5737:
5736:
5726:
5725:
5468:
5422:Unity of science
5331:Legal positivism
5290:
5289:
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5261:
5252:
5251:
5035:Schunk, Dale H.
4976:. London: Watts.
4816:
4760:
4735:
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4726:
4725:
4697:
4688:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4666:
4665:, Vol. 33 No. 2.
4659:
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4577:
4576:. The MIT Press.
4570:
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4556:
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4498:Harper & Row
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4383:, 1968, chap. 1.
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3665:Flynn, Thomas R.
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3431:Mary Pickering,
3429:
3423:
3418:Mary Pickering,
3416:
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3394:
3387:
3381:
3368:, 5 (Paperback,
3359:
3353:
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3207:Saunders, T. J.
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3110:
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3035:
3029:
3019:
2849:Natural sciences
2820:Robert K. Merton
2780:
2773:
2766:
2726:Science software
2625:Cultural mapping
2593:Quasi-experiment
2583:Field experiment
2551:Content analysis
2446:Critical realism
2364:Multimethodology
2304:
2281:
2280:
2236:Positivism today
2222:critical realism
2206:sense experience
2175:Other criticisms
2146:critical realism
1891:Public sociology
1800:Hans Reichenbach
1786:. After the war
1730:legal positivism
1594:source criticism
1462:
1455:
1448:
1432:
1431:
1183:Network analysis
1073:Sociocybernetics
1063:Social movements
793:Social darwinism
743:Social structure
635:
616:
615:
590:Richard Congreve
537:Richard Congreve
529:secular humanist
503:John Stuart Mill
361:
237:
220:
213:natural sciences
161:
155:
98:. His school of
10870:
10869:
10865:
10864:
10863:
10861:
10860:
10859:
10810:
10809:
10806:
10802:from Wikisource
10796:
10791:
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10779:
10774:
10772:
10762:
10757:
10755:
10751:from Wiktionary
10745:
10740:
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10735:
10731:sister projects
10728:at Knowledge's
10722:
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10564:Research ethics
10510:
10409:Reverse salient
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10056:Sociotechnology
10000:
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9793:
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9779:
9760:Paul Feyerabend
9720:Michael Polanyi
9656:
9642:Galileo Galilei
9611:
9597:Science studies
9513:
9443:
9434:Verificationism
9339:Instrumentalism
9324:Foundationalism
9299:Conventionalism
9257:
9093:Feminist method
8979:
8974:
8944:
8939:
8911:
8860:
8779:Gettier problem
8709:
8640:Foundationalism
8586:
8535:Wilfrid Sellars
8490:Alvin Plantinga
8370:George Berkeley
8337:Epistemologists
8331:
8326:
8296:
8291:
8268:
8266:
8245:
8209:
8109:
8071:
8018:
7972:
7971:
7943:
7932:Russian cosmism
7905:
7901:Western Marxism
7866:New Historicism
7831:Critical theory
7817:
7813:Wittgensteinian
7709:Foundationalism
7642:
7579:
7560:Social contract
7416:Foundationalism
7349:
7331:
7315:Illuminationism
7300:Aristotelianism
7286:
7275:Vishishtadvaita
7228:
7180:
7121:
7088:
6959:
6888:Megarian school
6883:Eretrian school
6824:
6785:Agriculturalism
6762:
6708:
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6458:Incompatibilism
6427:
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6087:Paul Feyerabend
6082:Wilhelm Dilthey
6055:
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5871:
5788:
5731:
5716:
5663:Ramsey sentence
5618:Instrumentalism
5547:
5525:
5523:paradigm shifts
5516:
5453:Critical theory
5431:
5427:Verificationism
5375:
5371:Russian Machism
5319:
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5217:" at Wikisource
5203:
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5190:
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5179:
5137:37 (3):493â506.
5067:33 (3):273â282.
4823:74 (2):217â252.
4805:10.2307/2709863
4749:Amory, Frederic
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4548:Wayback Machine
4535:
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4508:
4500:. p. 213.
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4438:Fagan, Andrew.
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3155:Le petit Robert
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3097:Sociology Guide
3093:"Auguste Comte"
3091:
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2918:Stephen Hawking
2912:Stephen Hawking
2866:A concern with
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2816:Paul Lazarsfeld
2784:
2748:
2747:
2694:
2686:
2685:
2632:Phenomenography
2571:Autoethnography
2536:
2528:
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2488:Grounded theory
2483:Critical theory
2478:Art methodology
2473:Action research
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2312:Research design
2279:
2277:Social sciences
2243:postpositivists
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2226:Experientialism
2177:
2142:social progress
2120:critiqued pure
2118:JĂŒrgen Habermas
2114:critical theory
2102:
2100:Critical theory
2096:
2094:Critical theory
2058:objective truth
2001:verificationism
1999:argued against
1987:
1979:Main articles:
1977:
1909:
1903:
1895:Michael Burawoy
1867:Wilhelm Dilthey
1849:
1748:
1742:
1719:Friedrich Hayek
1686:
1684:Other subfields
1636:Michel Foucault
1582:objective truth
1574:
1566:market research
1558:social sciences
1554:social research
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773:Critical theory
768:Conflict theory
763:
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723:Social equality
664:
581:Dimitri Pisarev
577:Wilhelm Scherer
573:Emile Hennequin
565:
553:Herbert Spencer
533:George Holyoake
495:calendar reform
460:Hippolyte Taine
429:Anthony Giddens
362:
352:
276:
271:
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209:Wilhelm Dilthey
190:
156:, derived from
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124:antipositivists
85:religious faith
73:ways of knowing
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10503:
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10501:
10496:
10491:
10486:
10481:
10473:
10472:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10451:
10445:Technological
10443:
10442:
10441:
10431:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10390:
10389:
10384:
10379:
10374:
10369:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10322:Design studies
10319:
10314:
10308:
10306:
10298:
10297:
10295:
10294:
10293:
10292:
10282:
10277:
10276:
10275:
10265:
10260:
10258:Scientometrics
10255:
10250:
10249:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10228:
10223:
10218:
10213:
10208:
10203:
10195:
10194:
10193:
10188:
10183:
10178:
10173:
10168:
10163:
10158:
10150:
10145:
10140:
10139:
10138:
10131:Paradigm shift
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10103:
10098:
10093:
10088:
10083:
10077:
10075:
10067:
10066:
10064:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10042:
10041:
10031:
10030:
10029:
10024:
10016:
10010:
10008:
10002:
10001:
9999:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9971:Postpositivism
9968:
9963:
9958:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9931:Antipositivism
9928:
9922:
9920:
9914:
9913:
9911:
9910:
9905:
9904:
9903:
9901:and technology
9893:
9887:
9885:
9879:
9878:
9876:
9875:
9870:
9864:
9862:
9856:
9855:
9848:
9847:
9840:
9833:
9825:
9816:
9815:
9813:
9801:
9789:
9784:
9781:
9780:
9778:
9777:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9757:
9752:
9747:
9745:W. V. O. Quine
9742:
9737:
9732:
9727:
9722:
9717:
9712:
9707:
9702:
9697:
9692:
9687:
9682:
9680:Rudolf Steiner
9677:
9672:
9670:Henri Poincaré
9667:
9661:
9658:
9657:
9655:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9628:
9626:
9619:
9613:
9612:
9610:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9568:
9567:
9557:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9540:Exact sciences
9537:
9532:
9527:
9521:
9519:
9518:Related topics
9515:
9514:
9512:
9511:
9510:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9477:Social science
9474:
9473:
9472:
9470:Space and time
9462:
9457:
9451:
9449:
9445:
9444:
9442:
9441:
9436:
9431:
9426:
9421:
9416:
9411:
9402:
9397:
9392:
9383:
9374:
9369:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9311:
9306:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9276:
9271:
9265:
9263:
9259:
9258:
9256:
9255:
9250:
9249:
9248:
9243:
9233:
9228:
9223:
9222:
9221:
9216:
9211:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9179:Scientific law
9176:
9175:
9174:
9164:
9159:
9154:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9117:
9116:
9115:
9110:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9088:Falsifiability
9085:
9080:
9075:
9074:
9073:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9048:
9047:
9046:
9036:
9031:
9026:
9021:
9020:
9019:
9017:Mill's Methods
9009:
8998:
8993:
8987:
8985:
8981:
8980:
8973:
8972:
8965:
8958:
8950:
8941:
8940:
8938:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8916:
8913:
8912:
8910:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8868:
8866:
8862:
8861:
8859:
8858:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8728:
8719:
8717:
8711:
8710:
8708:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8605:Constructivism
8602:
8596:
8594:
8588:
8587:
8585:
8584:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8555:Baruch Spinoza
8552:
8550:P. F. Strawson
8547:
8542:
8540:Susanna Siegel
8537:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8515:W. V. O. Quine
8512:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8415:Nelson Goodman
8412:
8407:
8405:Edmund Gettier
8402:
8397:
8392:
8390:René Descartes
8387:
8382:
8380:Gilles Deleuze
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8355:William Alston
8352:
8347:
8345:Thomas Aquinas
8341:
8339:
8333:
8332:
8325:
8324:
8317:
8310:
8302:
8293:
8292:
8290:
8289:
8277:
8262:
8259:
8258:
8255:
8254:
8251:
8250:
8247:
8246:
8244:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8217:
8215:
8211:
8210:
8208:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8141:
8140:
8130:
8125:
8119:
8117:
8111:
8110:
8108:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8081:
8079:
8077:Middle Eastern
8073:
8072:
8070:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8028:
8026:
8020:
8019:
8017:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7995:
7993:
7984:
7974:
7973:
7970:
7969:
7965:
7957:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7949:
7948:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7941:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7913:
7911:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7841:Existentialism
7838:
7836:Deconstruction
7833:
7827:
7825:
7819:
7818:
7816:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7669:Applied ethics
7665:
7663:
7654:
7648:
7647:
7644:
7643:
7641:
7640:
7635:
7633:Nietzscheanism
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7604:
7603:
7593:
7587:
7585:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7577:
7575:Utilitarianism
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7476:
7475:
7473:Transcendental
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7440:
7439:
7438:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7411:Existentialism
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7367:
7361:
7355:
7354:
7351:
7350:
7348:
7347:
7341:
7339:
7333:
7332:
7330:
7329:
7324:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7296:
7294:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7284:
7279:
7278:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7236:
7234:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7199:Augustinianism
7196:
7190:
7188:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7142:
7140:
7133:
7127:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7119:
7114:
7112:Zoroastrianism
7109:
7104:
7098:
7096:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7086:
7085:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7034:
7033:
7032:
7027:
7017:
7016:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6969:
6967:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6957:
6955:Church Fathers
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6926:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6869:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6837:
6835:
6826:
6825:
6823:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6781:
6779:
6770:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6760:
6759:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6728:
6722:
6720:
6710:
6709:
6699:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6646:
6644:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6618:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6575:
6573:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6527:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6484:
6482:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6472:
6470:Libertarianism
6467:
6466:
6465:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6443:
6437:
6435:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6409:
6407:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6361:
6359:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6333:
6331:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6274:Metaphilosophy
6271:
6266:
6260:
6258:
6248:
6247:
6237:
6236:
6229:
6228:
6221:
6214:
6206:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6184:
6183:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6154:
6149:
6140:
6135:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6045:
6037:
6029:
6021:
6013:
6005:
5997:
5989:
5981:
5973:
5965:
5957:
5949:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5908:Ămile Durkheim
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5861:
5853:
5845:
5837:
5829:
5821:
5813:
5805:
5796:
5794:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5786:
5780:
5774:
5764:
5754:
5749:Methodenstreit
5743:
5741:
5733:
5732:
5722:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5690:Social science
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5650:
5645:
5643:Operationalism
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5555:
5553:
5552:Related topics
5549:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5539:
5532:
5530:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5460:
5458:Falsifiability
5455:
5450:
5445:
5443:Antipositivism
5439:
5437:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5346:Postpositivism
5343:
5338:
5333:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5296:
5294:
5286:
5285:
5278:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5236:Posnan, Poland
5233:
5228:
5223:
5221:Parana, Brazil
5218:
5200:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5177:External links
5175:
5174:
5173:
5166:
5159:
5158:76 (2):257â72.
5152:
5145:
5138:
5131:
5124:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4995:Petit, Annie.
4993:
4986:
4977:
4970:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4947:Le positivisme
4943:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4824:
4817:
4785:
4784:24 (4):515â22.
4778:
4771:
4761:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4727:
4708:(6): 856â862.
4689:
4676:
4667:
4654:
4638:
4620:
4607:
4591:
4589:. Basic books.
4578:
4565:
4551:
4529:
4506:
4474:
4461:
4419:
4398:
4385:
4365:
4356:
4340:
4334:978-1412974738
4333:
4312:
4305:
4284:
4265:
4258:
4232:
4217:
4197:
4179:
4177:, London, 1963
4160:
4153:
4130:
4115:
4100:
4076:
4054:
4037:
4033:Harper-Collins
4013:
3998:
3968:
3937:
3917:
3887:
3870:
3848:
3823:
3798:Raymond Boudon
3790:
3770:
3763:
3743:
3736:
3713:
3706:
3686:
3679:
3653:
3646:
3620:
3605:
3596:
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3540:
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3486:
3471:
3450:
3437:
3424:
3411:
3395:
3382:
3354:
3341:
3328:
3310:
3285:
3260:
3245:
3217:
3200:
3189:
3166:
3147:
3140:
3114:
3084:
3048:
3030:
3027:Pearson Canada
3013:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2941:
2938:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2882:
2879:
2871:
2868:axiomatization
2864:
2850:
2847:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2657:Scoping review
2654:
2649:
2644:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2600:Field research
2597:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2498:Historiography
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2451:Subtle realism
2448:
2438:
2433:
2431:Postpositivism
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2406:Constructivism
2403:
2401:Antipositivism
2397:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2278:
2275:
2237:
2234:
2176:
2173:
2169:postpositivism
2156:Max Horkheimer
2098:Main article:
2095:
2092:
2062:social science
2050:postpositivism
2016:W. V. O. Quine
1981:Postpositivism
1976:
1973:
1957:Charles Cooley
1907:Antipositivism
1905:Main article:
1902:
1901:Antipositivism
1899:
1848:
1845:
1792:Moritz Schlick
1755:Moritz Schlick
1744:Main article:
1741:
1738:
1694:operationalism
1685:
1682:
1674:subject matter
1650:and cannot be
1620:Weimar Germany
1578:historiography
1573:
1570:
1489:Ămile Durkheim
1482:Ămile Durkheim
1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1224:
1223:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
833:Astrosociology
830:
825:
820:
814:
809:
808:
805:
804:
801:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
764:
759:
758:
755:
754:
751:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
691:
686:
681:
679:Human behavior
676:
671:
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
656:
655:
650:
645:
637:
636:
628:
627:
621:
620:
606:EugÚne Sémérie
564:
561:
450:, who founded
392:, and (3) the
375:secularisation
354:Lester F. Ward
350:
332:social science
275:
272:
270:
267:
230:human sciences
189:
186:
143:
140:
120:historiography
30:A portrait of
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10867:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10838:
10836:
10833:
10831:
10828:
10826:
10823:
10821:
10818:
10817:
10815:
10808:
10801:
10800:
10788:
10784:
10783:
10771:
10767:
10766:
10754:
10750:
10749:
10737:
10736:
10733:
10727:
10719:
10714:
10709:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10695:
10685:
10684:
10681:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10646:
10645:
10637:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10619:
10616:
10612:
10611:
10608:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10576:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10567:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10557:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10547:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10537:
10535:
10532:
10530:
10527:
10525:
10522:
10521:
10519:
10517:
10513:
10507:
10504:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10476:
10474:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10450:
10447:
10446:
10444:
10440:
10437:
10436:
10435:
10434:Technoscience
10432:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10405:
10404:Media studies
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10364:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10342:Early adopter
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10312:Co-production
10310:
10309:
10307:
10305:
10299:
10291:
10288:
10287:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10274:
10271:
10270:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10222:
10219:
10217:
10214:
10212:
10209:
10207:
10204:
10202:
10199:
10198:
10196:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10167:
10164:
10162:
10161:communication
10159:
10157:
10154:
10153:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10143:Pseudoscience
10141:
10137:
10134:
10133:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10091:Boundary-work
10089:
10087:
10086:Bibliometrics
10084:
10082:
10079:
10078:
10076:
10074:
10068:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10040:
10037:
10036:
10035:
10032:
10028:
10025:
10023:
10020:
10019:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10011:
10009:
10007:
10003:
9997:
9996:Transhumanism
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9923:
9921:
9919:
9915:
9909:
9906:
9902:
9899:
9898:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9888:
9886:
9884:
9880:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9866:
9865:
9863:
9861:
9857:
9853:
9846:
9841:
9839:
9834:
9832:
9827:
9826:
9823:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9800:
9790:
9788:
9785:
9782:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9730:Rudolf Carnap
9728:
9726:
9723:
9721:
9718:
9716:
9713:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9698:
9696:
9693:
9691:
9688:
9686:
9683:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9665:Auguste Comte
9663:
9662:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9637:Francis Bacon
9635:
9633:
9630:
9629:
9627:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9614:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9580:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9566:
9565:Pseudoscience
9563:
9562:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9522:
9520:
9516:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9479:
9478:
9475:
9471:
9468:
9467:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9452:
9450:
9446:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9424:Structuralism
9422:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9387:
9386:Received view
9384:
9382:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9364:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9294:Contextualism
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9266:
9264:
9260:
9254:
9251:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9238:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9206:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9173:
9170:
9169:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9122:
9118:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9105:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9072:
9069:
9068:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9045:
9042:
9041:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9018:
9015:
9014:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9007:
9003:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8988:
8986:
8982:
8978:
8971:
8966:
8964:
8959:
8957:
8952:
8951:
8948:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8917:
8914:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8869:
8867:
8863:
8857:
8856:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8794:Justification
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8733:
8729:
8727:
8725:
8721:
8720:
8718:
8716:
8712:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8670:Phenomenalism
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8660:NaĂŻve realism
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8610:Contextualism
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8597:
8595:
8593:
8589:
8583:
8582:
8578:
8576:
8575:Vienna Circle
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8510:Hilary Putnam
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8485:Robert Nozick
8483:
8481:
8480:John McDowell
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8440:Immanuel Kant
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8410:Alvin Goldman
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8342:
8340:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8323:
8318:
8316:
8311:
8309:
8304:
8303:
8300:
8288:
8287:
8278:
8276:
8275:
8264:
8263:
8260:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8218:
8216:
8214:Miscellaneous
8212:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8139:
8136:
8135:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8120:
8118:
8116:
8112:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8082:
8080:
8078:
8074:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8025:
8021:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7996:
7994:
7992:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7979:
7975:
7967:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7940:
7939:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7914:
7912:
7910:Miscellaneous
7908:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7896:Structuralism
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7881:Postmodernism
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7871:Phenomenology
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7828:
7826:
7824:
7820:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7808:Vienna Circle
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7738:Moral realism
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7666:
7664:
7662:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7649:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7602:
7599:
7598:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7588:
7586:
7582:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7540:Phenomenology
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7480:Individualism
7478:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7445:
7444:
7441:
7437:
7434:
7433:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7368:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7356:
7346:
7345:Judeo-Islamic
7343:
7342:
7340:
7338:
7334:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7322:
7321:ÊżIlm al-KalÄm
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7297:
7295:
7293:
7289:
7283:
7280:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7270:Shuddhadvaita
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7242:
7241:
7238:
7237:
7235:
7231:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7204:Scholasticism
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7191:
7189:
7187:
7183:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7128:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7099:
7097:
7095:
7091:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7039:
7038:
7035:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7021:
7018:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6974:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6966:
6962:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6827:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6778:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6765:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6704:
6700:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6655:Conceptualism
6653:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6643:
6639:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6615:
6611:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6584:Particularism
6582:
6580:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6572:
6568:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6551:Functionalism
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6536:Eliminativism
6534:
6532:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6524:
6520:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6481:
6477:
6471:
6468:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6459:
6456:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6441:Compatibilism
6439:
6438:
6436:
6434:
6430:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6406:
6402:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6380:Particularism
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6354:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6330:
6326:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6227:
6222:
6220:
6215:
6213:
6208:
6207:
6204:
6198:
6191:
6181:
6176:
6161:
6160:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6102:György Lukåcs
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6058:
6051:
6050:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6006:
6003:
6002:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5929:
5928:Vienna Circle
5926:
5924:
5923:Berlin Circle
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5903:Eugen DĂŒhring
5901:
5899:
5898:Auguste Comte
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5793:Contributions
5791:
5784:
5781:
5778:
5775:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5751:
5750:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5727:
5723:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5707:Structuralism
5705:
5703:
5700:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5648:Phenomenalism
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5559:Behavioralism
5557:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5543:
5540:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5487:Human science
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5412:Pseudoscience
5410:
5408:
5407:Justification
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5276:
5271:
5269:
5264:
5262:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5212:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5171:
5167:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5104:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5017:Richard Rorty
5015:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4967:"Positivism."
4965:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4898:Auguste Comte
4895:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4832:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4799:(1): 119â35.
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4745:
4731:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4694:
4686:
4680:
4671:
4664:
4658:
4651:
4645:
4643:
4635:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4617:
4611:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4588:
4582:
4575:
4569:
4561:
4555:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4533:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4507:9780049250086
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4489:
4484:
4478:
4471:
4470:Social Forces
4465:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4402:
4395:
4389:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4360:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4336:
4330:
4326:
4319:
4317:
4308:
4302:
4298:
4291:
4289:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4261:
4259:9781118766804
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4228:
4221:
4212:
4206:
4201:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4167:Karl Popper,
4164:
4156:
4154:9787301124314
4150:
4146:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4126:
4119:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4058:
4051:
4047:
4041:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4017:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3965:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3938:9780300066067
3934:
3930:
3929:
3921:
3905:
3901:
3899:
3891:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3855:
3853:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3830:
3828:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3774:
3766:
3764:9780226749471
3760:
3756:
3755:
3747:
3739:
3737:9780691183022
3733:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3717:
3709:
3707:9781614515005
3703:
3699:
3698:
3690:
3682:
3680:9780226254692
3676:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3649:
3647:9781134884841
3643:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3616:
3609:
3600:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3557:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3490:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3447:
3441:
3434:
3428:
3421:
3415:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3392:
3386:
3379:
3378:0-486-21867-8
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3351:
3345:
3338:
3332:
3325:
3324:
3317:
3315:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3271:Auguste Comte
3267:
3265:
3256:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3215:, 1987, p. 46
3214:
3213:Penguin Books
3210:
3204:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3143:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3118:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2936:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2886:transcultural
2883:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2800:replicability
2797:
2796:observer bias
2792:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2714:Bibliometrics
2712:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2652:Meta-analysis
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2642:Bibliometrics
2640:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:Phenomenology
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2199:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2108:'s theory of
2107:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1969:phenomenology
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:social action
1934:
1930:
1927:perspective.
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1882:(1795â1886).
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1821:, especially
1820:
1816:
1815:Rudolf Carnap
1812:
1807:
1805:
1804:Berlin Circle
1801:
1798:, along with
1797:
1796:Vienna Circle
1793:
1789:
1785:
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1759:Vienna Circle
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1726:jurisprudence
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292:Auguste Comte
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10780:
10768:from Commons
10763:
10746:
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10649:Associations
10484:criticism of
10394:Leapfrogging
10377:linear model
10263:Team science
10253:Scientocracy
10176:Neo-colonial
9965:
9926:Anthropocene
9775:Larry Laudan
9755:Imre Lakatos
9710:Otto Neurath
9685:Karl Pearson
9675:Pierre Duhem
9647:Isaac Newton
9577:Protoscience
9535:Epistemology
9409:Anti-realism
9407: /
9388: /
9379: /
9365: /
9363:Reductionism
9361: /
9358:
9334:Inductionism
9314:Evolutionism
9119:
9006:a posteriori
9005:
9001:
8853:
8754:Common sense
8732:A posteriori
8731:
8723:
8685:Reductionism
8674:
8579:
8530:Gilbert Ryle
8400:Fred Dretske
8385:Keith DeRose
8329:Epistemology
8279:
8265:
7936:
7927:Postcritique
7917:Kyoto School
7876:Posthumanism
7856:Hermeneutics
7711: /
7652:Contemporary
7628:Newtonianism
7591:Cartesianism
7550:Reductionism
7544:
7386:Conservatism
7381:Collectivism
7319:
7047:SarvÄstivadÄ
7025:Anekantavada
6950:Neoplatonism
6918:Epicureanism
6851:Pythagoreans
6790:Confucianism
6756:Contemporary
6746:Early modern
6650:Anti-realism
6604:Universalism
6561:Subjectivism
6357:Epistemology
6047:
6039:
6031:
6023:
6015:
6007:
5999:
5991:
5983:
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5831:
5823:
5815:
5807:
5799:
5783:Science wars
5581:Epistemology
5512:Reflectivism
5472:Hermeneutics
5324:Declinations
5300:Antihumanism
5293:Perspectives
5281:
5209:
5187:
5169:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5130:8 (16):1â42.
5127:
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4573:
4568:
4560:"Positivism"
4554:
4537:
4532:
4486:
4477:
4469:
4464:
4452:. Retrieved
4443:
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4205:Harding 1976
4200:
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4118:
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4079:
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4057:
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4045:
4040:
4028:
4021:Alan Bullock
4016:
4007:
4001:
3992:
3985:. Retrieved
3981:the original
3971:
3962:
3955:. Retrieved
3927:
3920:
3908:. Retrieved
3897:
3890:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3834:
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3726:
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3587:. Retrieved
3563:
3556:
3548:
3543:
3536:
3508:. Retrieved
3499:
3489:
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3474:
3467:Grand Milieu
3466:
3463:Grand FĂ©tish
3462:
3458:
3453:
3445:
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3427:
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3414:
3406:
3390:
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3357:
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3331:
3321:
3301:. Retrieved
3298:openstax.org
3297:
3288:
3254:
3248:
3208:
3203:
3194:
3179:
3175:Egan, Kieran
3169:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3125:
3117:
3105:. Retrieved
3096:
3087:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3022:
3017:
2995:
2981:Physics envy
2946:Cliodynamics
2929:
2921:
2916:
2876:teleological
2858:
2841:rather than
2839:quantitative
2836:
2828:
2793:
2789:
2493:Hermeneutics
2425:
2381:Quantitative
2250:
2246:
2239:
2229:
2219:
2203:
2198:David Harvey
2195:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2154:
2103:
2085:
2079:
2071:quantitative
2067:quantitative
2043:
2032:
2027:impossible.
2020:Pierre Duhem
2009:
1990:
1988:
1965:hermeneutics
1963:philosophy,
1945:Georg Simmel
1910:
1884:
1865:
1857:
1853:reductionism
1850:
1840:
1838:
1828:
1811:Otto Neurath
1808:
1780:Café Central
1777:
1763:
1723:
1714:
1708:
1697:
1687:
1656:
1639:
1632:Raymond Aron
1613:
1609:Georg Iggers
1602:
1575:
1547:
1543:institutions
1535:social facts
1528:
1509:
1503:
1496:
1486:
1384:Bibliography
1298:
1226:
1225:
1212:
1178:Mathematical
1158:Ethnographic
1138:Quantitative
823:Architecture
782:
761:Perspectives
733:Social power
566:
550:
541:George Eliot
522:
514:
510:
506:
497:called the '
488:
479:
474:'s national
451:
448:Emile Littré
445:
440:Porto Alegre
425:
421:
406:
393:
389:metaphysical
387:
381:
379:
364:
357:
346:
340:
307:
301:
295:
290:
283:
265:of thought.
240:
191:
183:
174:compared to
172:positive law
147:
145:
136:reductionism
100:sociological
93:
56:a posteriori
55:
38:
37:
10748:Definitions
10494:theories of
10479:and society
10475:Technology
10469:transitions
10459:determinism
10454:convergence
10429:Technocracy
10211:controversy
10197:Scientific
10181:post-normal
10126:Metascience
10096:Consilience
10081:Antiscience
9946:Neo-Luddism
9941:Fuzzy logic
9765:Ian Hacking
9750:Thomas Kuhn
9735:Karl Popper
9715:C. D. Broad
9632:Roger Bacon
9560:Non-science
9502:Linguistics
9482:Archaeology
9377:Rationalism
9367:Determinism
9354:Physicalism
9319:Fallibilism
9269:Coherentism
9199:Testability
9152:Observation
9147:Objectivity
9108:alternative
9039:Correlation
9029:Consilience
8834:Proposition
8804:Objectivity
8690:Reliabilism
8680:Rationalism
8625:Fallibilism
8600:Coherentism
8545:Ernest Sosa
8520:Thomas Reid
8505:James Pryor
8475:G. E. Moore
8465:David Lewis
8455:Saul Kripke
8450:Peter Klein
8430:Susan Haack
8360:Robert Audi
7922:Objectivism
7861:Neo-Marxism
7823:Continental
7733:Meta-ethics
7713:Coherentism
7618:Hegelianism
7555:Rationalism
7515:Natural law
7495:Materialism
7421:Historicism
7391:Determinism
7282:Navya-NyÄya
7057:SautrÄntika
7052:Pudgalavada
6988:Vaisheshika
6841:Presocratic
6741:Renaissance
6680:Physicalism
6665:Materialism
6571:Normativity
6556:Objectivism
6541:Emergentism
6531:Behaviorism
6480:Metaphysics
6446:Determinism
6385:Rationalism
6138:Objectivity
6107:Karl Popper
6097:Thomas Kuhn
6077:Mario Bunge
5828:(1879â1884)
5763:(1909â1959)
5497:Metaphysics
5477:Historicism
5392:Demarcation
5387:Consilience
5310:Rationalism
4789:Bevir, Mark
4454:24 February
4207:, p. X
4187:Karl Popper
3910:18 February
3632:Munz, Peter
3370:Dover Books
2961:Determinism
2932:Karl Popper
2843:qualitative
2804:reliability
2566:Ethnography
2466:Methodology
2421:Fallibilism
2369:Qualitative
2339:Referencing
2263:reliability
2255:meta-theory
2138:technocrats
2075:qualitative
2029:Thomas Kuhn
1997:Karl Popper
1961:neo-Kantian
1933:ideal types
1819:metaphysics
1784:World War I
1773:rationalism
1734:natural law
1658:Historicist
1628:Blue Flower
1530:sui generis
1389:Terminology
1358:Baudrillard
1234:Tocqueville
1148:Comparative
1143:Qualitative
1113:Victimology
943:Immigration
928:Generations
843:Criminology
413:rationalism
383:theological
312:mathematics
259:metaphysics
193:Kieran Egan
176:natural law
153:positivisme
10820:Positivism
10814:Categories
10782:Quotations
10726:Positivism
10694:Philosophy
10632:Technology
10584:science of
10579:history of
10464:revolution
10372:disruptive
10362:Innovation
10357:Hype cycle
10302:Technology
10273:ecological
10246:skepticism
10236:misconduct
10221:enterprise
10039:scientific
9966:Positivism
9936:Empiricism
9918:Philosophy
9652:David Hume
9625:Precursors
9507:Psychology
9487:Economicsâ
9381:Empiricism
9372:Pragmatism
9359:Positivism
9349:Naturalism
9219:scientific
9103:Hypothesis
9066:Experiment
8935:Discussion
8925:Task Force
8844:Simplicity
8824:Perception
8700:Skepticism
8675:Positivism
8650:Infinitism
8615:Empiricism
8470:John Locke
8435:David Hume
8425:Anil Gupta
8420:Paul Grice
8395:John Dewey
8365:A. J. Ayer
8221:Amerindian
8128:Australian
8067:Vietnamese
8047:Indonesian
7596:Kantianism
7545:Positivism
7535:Pragmatism
7510:Naturalism
7490:Liberalism
7468:Subjective
7406:Empiricism
7310:Avicennism
7255:Bhedabheda
7139:East Asian
7062:Madhyamaka
7042:Abhidharma
6908:Pyrrhonism
6675:Nominalism
6670:Naturalism
6599:Skepticism
6589:Relativism
6579:Absolutism
6508:Naturalism
6418:Deontology
6390:Skepticism
6375:Naturalism
6365:Empiricism
6329:Aesthetics
6233:Philosophy
5918:Ernst Mach
5913:Ernst Laas
5888:A. J. Ayer
5876:Proponents
5695:Philosophy
5492:Humanities
5436:Antitheses
5305:Empiricism
5282:Positivism
5215:Positivism
5188:positivism
4742:References
4605:42:97â111.
4496:New York:
4031:, London:
3957:7 November
3947:lc96004399
3589:7 November
3294:"OpenStax"
2951:CientĂfico
2853:See also:
2832:empiricism
2741:Statistics
2736:Simulation
2674:Simulation
2615:Interviews
2578:Experiment
2546:Case study
2518:Pragmatism
2436:Pragmatism
2426:Positivism
2416:Empiricism
2150:postmodern
2039:worldviews
1925:subjective
1860:G. B. Vico
1827:synthetic
1769:empiricism
1690:psychology
1560:, such as
1527:objective
1524:psychology
1520:Protestant
1414:By country
1168:Historical
1093:Technology
1033:Punishment
1018:Philosophy
993:Mathematic
983:Literature
948:Industrial
938:Historical
863:Demography
783:Positivism
708:Popularity
663:Key themes
569:Ămile Zola
386:, (2) the
228:) and the
201:philosophy
188:Background
148:positivism
112:psychology
75:, such as
39:Positivism
10539:Factor 10
10367:diffusion
10206:consensus
10201:community
10166:education
10006:Sociology
9981:Scientism
9860:Economics
9492:Geography
9460:Chemistry
9419:Scientism
9214:ladenness
9034:Construct
9012:Causality
8799:Knowledge
8784:Induction
8734:knowledge
8726:knowledge
8100:Pakistani
8062:Taiwanese
8009:Ethiopian
7982:By region
7968:By region
7783:Scientism
7778:Systemics
7638:Spinozism
7565:Socialism
7500:Modernism
7463:Objective
7371:Anarchism
7305:Averroism
7194:Christian
7146:Neotaoism
7117:Zurvanism
7107:Mithraism
7102:Mazdakism
6873:Cyrenaics
6800:Logicians
6433:Free will
6395:Solipsism
6342:Formalism
6159:Verstehen
6145:Phronesis
6133:Knowledge
6117:Max Weber
5937:Criticism
5685:Sociology
5623:Modernism
5601:pluralism
5586:anarchism
5482:Historism
5402:Induction
5315:Scientism
5213:article "
4618:35:75â92.
4175:Routledge
4173:, p. 256
3819:Routledge
3549:Durkheim.
3405:Giddens,
3335:Giddens,
3107:2 October
3078:143761151
3023:Sociology
2374:Art-based
2259:scientism
2214:Christian
2130:scientism
2106:Karl Marx
2104:Although
1941:verstehen
1929:Max Weber
1876:historism
1872:knowledge
1847:Criticism
1788:Hans Hahn
1711:economics
1506:monograph
1230:Martineau
1173:Interview
1098:Terrorism
1078:Sociology
1023:Political
963:Knowledge
883:Education
625:Sociology
324:chemistry
316:astronomy
218:âčSee Tfdâș
168:positīvus
142:Etymology
132:scientism
116:economics
77:intuition
53:âmeaning
10659:Scholars
10654:Journals
10644:Category
10618:Portals
10499:transfer
10489:dynamics
10439:feminist
10241:priority
10226:literacy
10186:rhetoric
10152:Science
10116:Logology
9787:Category
9439:Vitalism
9262:Theories
9236:Variable
9157:Paradigm
9044:function
9002:A priori
8991:Analysis
8984:Concepts
8920:Category
8739:Analysis
8724:A priori
8715:Concepts
8655:Innatism
8592:Theories
8286:Category
8241:Yugoslav
8231:Romanian
8138:Scottish
8123:American
8052:Japanese
8032:Buddhist
8014:Africana
8004:Egyptian
7846:Feminist
7768:Rawlsian
7763:Quietism
7661:Analytic
7613:Krausism
7520:Nihilism
7485:Kokugaku
7448:Absolute
7443:Idealism
7431:Humanism
7219:Occamism
7186:European
7131:Medieval
7077:Yogacara
7037:Buddhist
7030:SyÄdvÄda
6913:Stoicism
6878:Cynicism
6866:Sophists
6861:Atomists
6856:Eleatics
6795:Legalism
6736:Medieval
6660:Idealism
6614:Ontology
6594:Nihilism
6498:Idealism
6256:Branches
6245:Branches
6180:Category
5596:nihilism
5591:idealism
5521:Related
5397:Evidence
5019:(1982).
4544:Archived
4524:15379872
4516:78095963
4448:Archived
4392:Schunk,
4381:Suhrkamp
4088:Archived
4069:Archived
3951:Archived
3904:Archived
3863:Archived
3841:Archived
3811:Archived
3781:(1946).
3724:(2017).
3667:(1997).
3634:(1993).
3583:Archived
3504:Archived
3274:Archived
3238:Archived
3211:London:
3177:(1997).
3163:positive
3101:Archived
3064:(4): 9.
2956:Charvaka
2940:See also
2808:validity
2541:Analysis
2334:Argument
2294:Research
2286:a series
2284:Part of
2267:validity
2230:a priori
2210:Platonic
2161:reifying
2134:ideology
1829:a priori
1823:ontology
1715:de facto
1670:ethology
1648:inferred
1624:Romantic
1516:Catholic
1409:Timeline
1394:Journals
1362:Bourdieu
1354:Habermas
1350:Luhmann
1346:Foucault
1290:Mannheim
1270:Durkheim
1043:Religion
1003:Military
968:Language
953:Internet
908:Feminist
892:Jealousy
878:Economic
873:Disaster
868:Deviance
811:Branches
689:Identity
546:altruism
466:writer,
442:, Brazil
394:positive
360:(1898),
351:â
71:. Other
51:positive
10718:Science
10706:Society
10680:Portals
10622:Science
10304:studies
10216:dissent
10156:citizen
10073:studies
10071:Science
10018:Social
9883:History
9497:History
9465:Physics
9455:Biology
9253:more...
9241:control
9137:Inquiry
8855:more...
8635:Fideism
8581:more...
8236:Russian
8205:Spanish
8200:Slovene
8190:Maltese
8185:Italian
8165:Finland
8133:British
8115:Western
8105:Turkish
8090:Islamic
8085:Iranian
8037:Chinese
8024:Eastern
7991:African
7938:more...
7623:Marxism
7453:British
7396:Dualism
7292:Islamic
7250:Advaita
7240:Vedanta
7214:Scotism
7209:Thomism
7151:Tiantai
7094:Persian
7082:Tibetan
7072:ĆĆ«nyatÄ
7013:CÄrvÄka
7003:ÄjÄ«vika
6998:MÄ«mÄáčsÄ
6978:Samkhya
6893:Academy
6846:Ionians
6820:Yangism
6777:Chinese
6768:Ancient
6731:Western
6726:Ancient
6685:Realism
6642:Reality
6632:Process
6513:Realism
6493:Dualism
6488:Atomism
6370:Fideism
6060:Critics
5785:(1990s)
5779:(1980s)
5773:(1960s)
5753:(1890s)
5606:realism
5538:(1830s)
5526:in the
4813:2709863
4722:2095839
3987:30 June
3510:6 March
3372:, 1968
3303:9 April
2822:called
2620:Mapping
2535:Methods
2441:Realism
2329:Writing
2005:falsify
1921:symbols
1809:It was
1782:before
1666:physics
1662:history
1511:Suicide
1366:Giddens
1364:·
1360:·
1352:·
1340:·
1338:Goffman
1334:Schoeck
1320:·
1312:·
1288:·
1286:Du Bois
1284:·
1276:·
1272:·
1264:·
1258:Tönnies
1256:·
1242:Spencer
1240:·
1218:·
1131:Methods
1108:Utopian
1053:Science
998:Medical
988:Marxist
978:Leisure
888:Emotion
853:Culture
669:Society
648:Outline
643:History
559:terms.
513:). The
328:biology
320:physics
263:history
261:in the
180:Chaucer
159:positif
10516:Policy
10449:change
10382:system
10231:method
10171:normal
9209:choice
9204:Theory
9142:Nature
9071:design
8749:Belief
8645:Holism
8195:Polish
8175:German
8170:French
8155:Danish
8145:Canada
8095:Jewish
8057:Korean
8042:Indian
7584:People
7505:Monism
7458:German
7426:Holism
7359:Modern
7337:Jewish
7260:Dvaita
7233:Indian
7156:Huayan
7008:Ajñana
6965:Indian
6830:Greco-
6815:Taoism
6805:Mohism
6751:Modern
6718:By era
6707:By era
6622:Action
6503:Monism
6423:Virtue
6405:Ethics
6052:(1986)
6044:(1980)
6036:(1978)
6028:(1968)
6020:(1964)
6012:(1963)
6004:(1962)
5996:(1960)
5988:(1951)
5980:(1942)
5972:(1936)
5964:(1934)
5956:(1923)
5948:(1909)
5868:(2001)
5860:(1959)
5852:(1936)
5844:(1927)
5836:(1886)
5820:(1869)
5812:(1848)
5804:(1830)
5740:Method
5613:Holism
5544:(1927)
5185:about
4811:
4720:
4522:
4514:
4504:
4413:
4331:
4303:
4256:
4151:
4063:p. 13
3945:
3935:
3761:
3734:
3704:
3677:
3644:
3575:
3389:Mill,
3376:
3348:Mill,
3187:
3161:s. v.
3138:
3076:
2681:Survey
1967:, and
1955:, and
1917:values
1678:method
1539:anomie
1404:People
1342:Bauman
1322:Nisbet
1318:Merton
1310:Gehlen
1306:Adorno
1299:1900s:
1274:Addams
1266:Simmel
1262:Veblen
1254:Pareto
1246:Le Bon
1227:1800s:
1220:SieyĂšs
1213:1700s:
1193:Survey
1118:Visual
1028:Public
933:Health
923:Gender
913:Fiscal
903:Family
579:, and
519:Darwin
515:system
511:system
484:Poland
472:Brazil
308:Course
222:German
205:poetry
61:reason
10799:Texts
10765:Media
8930:Stubs
8849:Truth
8495:Plato
8226:Aztec
8180:Greek
8160:Dutch
8150:Czech
7999:Bantu
7436:Anti-
6983:Nyaya
6973:Hindu
6833:Roman
6627:Event
6269:Logic
6152:Truth
5208:1911
4809:JSTOR
4718:JSTOR
4541:p. 51
4417:p. 68
4396:, 315
4050:Opere
3881:, in
3860:p. 28
3838:p. 14
3235:p. 27
3074:S2CID
3009:Notes
1913:norms
1377:Lists
1326:Mills
1302:Fromm
1294:Elias
1282:Weber
1216:Comte
1103:Urban
1088:Sport
1083:Space
1048:Rural
1008:Music
958:Jewry
858:Death
818:Aging
653:Index
476:motto
197:Plato
164:Latin
108:logic
83:, or
67:from
65:logic
41:is a
10387:user
10290:STEM
10191:wars
9113:null
9083:Fact
9004:and
7327:Sufi
7161:Chan
7020:Jain
6993:Yoga
6523:Mind
6463:Hard
6451:Hard
4520:OCLC
4512:LCCN
4502:ISBN
4456:2012
4411:ISBN
4329:ISBN
4301:ISBN
4254:ISBN
4211:help
4149:ISBN
4023:and
3994:etc.
3989:2012
3959:2015
3943:LCCN
3933:ISBN
3912:2015
3800:and
3759:ISBN
3732:ISBN
3702:ISBN
3675:ISBN
3642:ISBN
3591:2015
3573:ISBN
3512:2017
3374:ISBN
3305:2021
3185:ISBN
3136:ISBN
3109:2008
2806:and
2265:and
2073:and
2048:and
2018:and
1983:and
1825:and
1676:and
1668:and
1634:and
1598:bias
1518:and
1330:Bell
1314:Aron
1278:Mead
1250:Ward
1238:Marx
918:Food
838:Body
592:and
548:").
535:and
464:Whig
249:and
203:and
126:and
104:laws
63:and
7601:Neo
7166:Zen
5096:doi
4801:doi
4710:doi
4246:doi
4027:,
3409:, 9
3393:, 4
3339:, 1
3280:in
3159:OED
3066:doi
2247:not
2212:or
1878:of
1802:'s
1728:, "
1724:In
1709:In
1688:In
1672:in
1618:in
1576:In
973:Law
828:Art
521:'s
398:God
238:).
49:or
10816::
5094:.
4807:.
4797:54
4795:.
4757:36
4755:.
4716:.
4706:52
4704:.
4692:^
4641:^
4623:^
4594:^
4518:.
4510:.
4446:.
4442:.
4422:^
4375:,
4350:,
4315:^
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3991:.
3961:.
3949:.
3941:.
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3851:^
3826:^
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3804:,
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3567:.
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3502:.
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3313:^
3296:.
3263:^
3220:^
3193:.
3134:.
3132:11
3099:.
3095:.
3072:.
3062:55
3060:.
2802:,
2288:on
2251:is
2232:.
2014:.
1995:,
1951:,
1947:,
1919:,
1915:,
1508:,
1356:·
1336:·
1332:·
1328:·
1324:·
1316:·
1308:·
1292:·
1280:·
1268:·
1260:·
1252:·
1248:·
1244:·
1232:·
701:/
697:/
604:.
583:.
575:,
571:,
486:.
478:,
377:.
356:,
326:,
322:,
318:,
314:,
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134:,
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10682::
9844:e
9837:t
9830:v
8969:e
8962:t
8955:v
8321:e
8314:t
8307:v
6225:e
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5260:v
5102:.
5098::
5025:.
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4815:.
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4562:.
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3767:.
3740:.
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3683:.
3650:.
3593:.
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3111:.
3082:.
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