Linguistics - Knowledge

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instance, consider the structure of the word "tenth" on two different levels of analysis. On the level of internal word structure (known as morphology), the word "tenth" is made up of one linguistic form indicating a number and another form indicating ordinality. The rule governing the combination of these forms ensures that the ordinality marker "th" follows the number "ten." On the level of sound structure (known as phonology), structural analysis shows that the "n" sound in "tenth" is made differently from the "n" sound in "ten" spoken alone. Although most speakers of English are consciously aware of the rules governing internal structure of the word pieces of "tenth", they are less often aware of the rule governing its sound structure. Linguists focused on structure find and analyze rules such as these, which govern how native speakers use language.

1045:(or language typology) is a field of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural features to allow their comparison. Its aim is to describe and explain the structural diversity and the common properties of the world's languages. Its subdisciplines include, but are not limited to phonological typology, which deals with sound features; syntactic typology, which deals with word order and form; lexical typology, which deals with language vocabulary; and theoretical typology, which aims to explain the universal tendencies. 1289:. There may be certain lexical additions (new words) that are brought into play because of the expertise of the community of people within a certain domain of specialization. Thus, registers and discourses distinguish themselves not only through specialized vocabulary but also, in some cases, through distinct stylistic choices. People in the medical fraternity, for example, may use some medical terminology in their communication that is specialized to the field of medicine. This is often referred to as being part of the "medical discourse", and so on. 668: 799:. While these attempts are still not widely accepted as credible methods, they provide necessary information to establish relatedness in language change. This is generally hard to find for events long ago, due to the occurrence of chance word resemblances and variations between language groups. A limit of around 10,000 years is often assumed for the functional purpose of conducting research. It is also hard to date various proto-languages. Even though several methods are available, these languages can be dated only approximately. 7373: 8411: 8375: 7718: 2587: 464: 2573: 8400: 2137: 1597: 1060: 9286: 9269: 9303: 1353:, dialogue, and other forms of phonetic variations. Stylistic analysis can also include the study of language in canonical works of literature, popular fiction, news, advertisements, and other forms of communication in popular culture as well. It is usually seen as a variation in communication that changes from speaker to speaker and community to community. In short, Stylistics is the interpretation of text. 9252: 8387: 998:. Unlike semantics, which examines meaning that is conventional or "coded" in a given language, pragmatics studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on the structural and linguistic knowledge (grammar, lexicon, etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, any pre-existing knowledge about those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and other factors. 2458:

years of field work in the language concerned, so as to equip the linguist to write a sufficiently accurate reference grammar. Further, the task of documentation requires the linguist to collect a substantial corpus in the language in question, consisting of texts and recordings, both sound and video, which can be stored in an accessible format within open repositories, and used for further research.

2333:. "Applied linguistics" has been argued to be something of a misnomer. Applied linguists actually focus on making sense of and engineering solutions for real-world linguistic problems, and not literally "applying" existing technical knowledge from linguistics. Moreover, they commonly apply technical knowledge from multiple sources, such as sociology (e.g., conversation analysis) and anthropology. ( 1966:. Western interest in the study of languages began somewhat later than in the East, but the grammarians of the classical languages did not use the same methods or reach the same conclusions as their contemporaries in the Indic world. Early interest in language in the West was a part of philosophy, not of grammatical description. The first insights into semantic theory were made by 511:. Linguistics is based on a theoretical as well as a descriptive study of language and is also interlinked with the applied fields of language studies and language learning, which entails the study of specific languages. Before the 20th century, linguistics evolved in conjunction with literary study and did not employ scientific methods. Modern-day linguistics is considered a 2287:, and is focused on investigating how the brain can implement the processes that theoretical and psycholinguistics propose are necessary in producing and comprehending language. Neurolinguists study the physiological mechanisms by which the brain processes information related to language, and evaluate linguistic and psycholinguistic theories, using 1285:

based on specific contexts but also, at a micro level, shapes language as text (spoken or written) down to the phonological and lexico-grammatical levels. Grammar and discourse are linked as parts of a system. A particular discourse becomes a language variety when it is used in this way for a particular purpose, and is referred to as a

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and the different varieties of language through dialects, registers, and idiolects can be tackled through a study of style, as well as through analysis of discourse. Sociolinguists research both style and discourse in language, as well as the theoretical factors that are at play between language and society.

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Forensic linguistics is the application of linguistic analysis to forensics. Forensic analysis investigates the style, language, lexical use, and other linguistic and grammatical features used in the legal context to provide evidence in courts of law. Forensic linguists have also used their expertise

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approach to analyzing the emergence of the language faculty through human evolution, and also the application of evolutionary theory to the study of cultural evolution among different languages. It is also a study of the dispersal of various languages across the globe, through movements among ancient

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It is often believed that a speaker's capacity for language lies in the quantity of words stored in the lexicon. However, this is often considered a myth by linguists. The capacity for the use of language is considered by many linguists to lie primarily in the domain of grammar, and to be linked with

1305:. In some analyses, compound words and certain classes of idiomatic expressions and other collocations are also considered to be part of the lexicon. Dictionaries represent attempts at listing, in alphabetical order, the lexicon of a given language; usually, however, bound morphemes are not included. 1336:

also involves the study of written, signed, or spoken discourse through varying speech communities, genres, and editorial or narrative formats in the mass media. It involves the study and interpretation of texts for aspects of their linguistic and tonal style. Stylistic analysis entails the analysis

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The above approach of comparativism in linguistics is now, however, only a small part of the much broader discipline called historical linguistics. The comparative study of specific Indo-European languages is considered a highly specialized field today, while comparative research is carried out over

635:, of which some branches are more qualitative and holistic in approach. Today, philology and linguistics are variably described as related fields, subdisciplines, or separate fields of language study but, by and large, linguistics can be seen as an umbrella term. Linguistics is also related to the 2457:

The emphasis on linguistic description and documentation has also gained prominence outside North America, with the documentation of rapidly dying indigenous languages becoming a focus in some university programs in linguistics. Language description is a work-intensive endeavour, usually requiring

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Sociolinguistics is the study of how language is shaped by social factors. This sub-discipline focuses on the synchronic approach of linguistics, and looks at how a language in general, or a set of languages, display variation and varieties at a given point in time. The study of language variation

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Linguistic analysis is a sub-discipline of applied linguistics used by many governments to verify the claimed nationality of people seeking asylum who do not hold the necessary documentation to prove their claim. This often takes the form of an interview by personnel in an immigration department.

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Structural analysis means dissecting each linguistic level: phonetic, morphological, syntactic, and discourse, to the smallest units. These are collected into inventories (e.g. phoneme, morpheme, lexical classes, phrase types) to study their interconnectedness within a hierarchy of structures and

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Discourse is language as social practice (Baynham, 1995) and is a multilayered concept. As a social practice, discourse embodies different ideologies through written and spoken texts. Discourse analysis can examine or expose these ideologies. Discourse not only influences genre, which is selected

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Modern linguists approach their work with a scientific perspective, although they use methods that used to be thought of as solely an academic discipline of the humanities. Contrary to previous belief, linguistics is multidisciplinary. It overlaps each of the human sciences including psychology,

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like English. Australia uses the former method, while Germany employs the latter; the Netherlands uses either method depending on the languages involved. Tape recordings of the interview then undergo language analysis, which can be done either by private contractors or within a department of the

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entails the idea that language is a tool for communication, or that communication is the primary function of language. Linguistic forms are consequently explained by an appeal to their functional value, or usefulness. Other structuralist approaches take the perspective that form follows from the

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Computational linguistics is the study of linguistic issues in a way that is "computationally responsible", i.e., taking careful note of computational consideration of algorithmic specification and computational complexity, so that the linguistic theories devised can be shown to exhibit certain

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government. In this analysis, linguistic features of the asylum seeker are used by analysts to make a determination about the speaker's nationality. The reported findings of the linguistic analysis can play a critical role in the government's decision on the refugee status of the asylum seeker.

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Linguists focusing on structure attempt to understand the rules regarding language use that native speakers know (not always consciously). All linguistic structures can be broken down into component parts that are combined according to (sub)conscious rules, over multiple levels of analysis. For

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Semantics and pragmatics are branches of linguistics concerned with meaning. These subfields have traditionally been divided according to aspects of meaning: "semantics" refers to grammatical and lexical meanings, while "pragmatics" is concerned with meaning in context. Within linguistics, the

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In modern historical linguistics, we examine how languages change over time, focusing on the relationships between dialects within a specific period. This includes studying morphological, syntactical, and phonetic shifts. Connections between dialects in the past and present are also explored.

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What are the implications of the term "science" encountered in the definition on p. 1? Four aims of the scientific approach to language, often cited in introductory works on the subject, are comprehensiveness, objectivity, systematicness and precision. The contrast is usually drawn with the

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The sub-field of translation includes the translation of written and spoken texts across media, from digital to print and spoken. To translate literally means to transmute the meaning from one language into another. Translators are often employed by organizations such as travel agencies and

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Neurolinguistics is the study of the structures in the human brain that underlie grammar and communication. Researchers are drawn to the field from a variety of backgrounds, bringing along a variety of experimental techniques as well as widely varying theoretical perspectives. Much work in

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plane, which was historical in focus. This meant that they would compare linguistic features and try to analyse language from the point of view of how it had changed between then and later. However, with the rise of Saussurean linguistics in the 20th century, the focus shifted to a more

2485:, which is an automated program to translate words and phrases between any two or more given languages. Translation is also conducted by publishing houses, which convert works of writing from one language to another in order to reach varied audiences. Cross-national and cross-cultural 628:, among children or amongst adults, in terms of how it is being learnt or how it was acquired, as abstract objects or as cognitive structures, through written texts or through oral elicitation, and finally through mechanical data collection or through practical fieldwork. 1806:

plane, on the other hand, focuses on an analysis that is based on the paradigms or concepts that are embedded in a given text. In this case, words of the same type or class may be replaced in the text with each other to achieve the same conceptual understanding.

2295:, electrophysiology, and computer modelling. Amongst the structures of the brain involved in the mechanisms of neurolinguistics, the cerebellum which contains the highest numbers of neurons has a major role in terms of predictions required to produce language. 1989:, where a school of philologists studied the ancient texts in Greek, and taught Greek to speakers of other languages. While this school was the first to use the word "grammar" in its modern sense, Plato had used the word in its original meaning as " 1025:

is concerned with the linguistic abstractions and categorizations of sounds, and it tells us what sounds are in a language, how they do and can combine into words, and explains why certain phonetic features are important to identifying a word.

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plane of linguistic analysis entails the comparison between the way words are sequenced, within the syntax of a sentence. For example, the article "the" is followed by a noun, because of the syntagmatic relation between the words. The

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essentially non-scientific approach of traditional language studies—by which is meant the whole history of ideas about language from Plato and Aristotle down to the nineteenth century study of language history (comparative philology).

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layers. Functional analysis adds to structural analysis the assignment of semantic and other functional roles that each unit may have. For example, a noun phrase may function as the subject or object of the sentence; or the

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Grammar is a system of rules which governs the production and use of utterances in a given language. These rules apply to sound as well as meaning, and include componential subsets of rules, such as those pertaining to

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studies employ translation to collect comparable data among multilingual populations. Academic translators specialize in or are familiar with various other disciplines such as technology, science, law, economics, etc.

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is now generally used for the "study of a language's grammar, history, and literary tradition", especially in the United States (where philology has never been very popularly considered as the "science of language").

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in childhood. Some of the questions that developmental linguistics looks into are how children acquire different languages, how adults can acquire a second language, and what the process of language acquisition is.

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the subsequent internal developments in a language: in particular, over the development of modern standard varieties of languages, and over the development of a language from its standardized form to its varieties.

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This study received its foundation at the hands of the Prussian statesman and scholar Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835), especially in the first volume of his work on Kavi, the literary language of Java, entitled

1977:, where he argues that words denote concepts that are eternal and exist in the world of ideas. This work is the first to use the word etymology to describe the history of a word's meaning. Around 280 BC, one of 5377:

neurology, anthropology, and sociology. Linguists conduct formal studies of sound structure, grammar and meaning, but they also investigate the history of language families, and research language acquisition.

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are areas of applied linguistics that have come to the forefront. Their influence has had an effect on theories of syntax and semantics, as modelling syntactic and semantic theories on computers constraints.

1671:, which can aid communication over large geographical areas. It may also, however, be an attempt by speakers of one language or dialect to exert influence over speakers of other languages or dialects (see 4200: 1653:. Linguists describe and explain features of language without making subjective judgments on whether a particular feature or usage is "good" or "bad". This is analogous to practice in other sciences: a 1016:

Phonetics and phonology are branches of linguistics concerned with sounds (or the equivalent aspects of sign languages). Phonetics is largely concerned with the physical aspects of sounds such as their

1309:, closely linked with the domain of semantics, is the science of mapping the words into an encyclopedia or a dictionary. The creation and addition of new words (into the lexicon) is called coining or 2411:

is concerned with the statistical or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational perspective. Specific knowledge of language is applied by speakers during the act of translation and

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Historical linguistics emerged as one of the first few sub-disciplines in the field, and was most widely practised during the late 19th century. Despite a shift in focus in the 20th century towards

754:. Internal reconstruction is the method by which an element that contains a certain meaning is re-used in different contexts or environments where there is a variation in either sound or analogy. 3349: 1766:, written language is often much more convenient for processing large amounts of linguistic data. Large corpora of spoken language are difficult to create and hard to find, and are typically 765:, another European language family for which very little written material existed back then. After that, there also followed significant work on the corpora of other languages, such as the 863:, including the principles by which they are formed, and how they relate to one another within a language. Most approaches to morphology investigate the structure of words in terms of 4428: 5126: 1715:

Speech appears to be universal to all human beings capable of producing and perceiving it, while there have been many cultures and speech communities that lack written communication;

845:, the nature of crosslinguistic variation, and the relationship between form and meaning. There are numerous approaches to syntax that differ in their central assumptions and goals. 738:, which involves a study of the relationship between different languages. At that time, scholars of historical linguistics were only concerned with creating different categories of 6947: 1364:

is therefore the discipline that studies the evolution of written scripts (as signs and symbols) in language. The formal study of language also led to the growth of fields like

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applies to someone who studies language or is a researcher within the field, or to someone who uses the tools of the discipline to describe and analyse specific languages.

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which arises from the interaction of meaning and form. The organization of linguistic levels is considered computational. Linguistics is essentially seen as relating to

5876: 1461:. The difference between formal and functional structuralism lies in the way that the two approaches explain why languages have the properties they have. Functional 2442:

languages of indigenous peoples. The ethnographic dimension of the Boasian approach to language description played a role in the development of disciplines such as

1127:. For instance, the meaning "cat" is represented worldwide with a wide variety of different sound patterns (in oral languages), movements of the hands and face (in 8940: 1360:, for instance, further distinguished between speech and writing, by proposing that written language be studied as a linguistic medium of communication in itself. 609:

seeks to utilize the scientific findings of the study of language for practical purposes, such as developing methods of improving language education and literacy.

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involves the documentation of words that form a vocabulary. Such a documentation of a linguistic vocabulary from a particular language is usually compiled in a

4669:"Language Structures May Adapt to the Sociolinguistic Environment, but It Matters What and How You Count: A Typological Study of Verbal and Nominal Complexity" 4642: 4508: 2613: – linguistic tenet that linguistic data should be removed/abstracted from all real-world context so as to be free of any inconsistencies or variability 784:, who considered it imperative, a "must", of historical linguistics to "look to find the same principle operative also in the very outset of that history." 2477:

governmental embassies to facilitate communication between two speakers who do not know each other's language. Translators are also employed to work within

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approach, where the study was geared towards analysis and comparison between different language variations, which existed at the same given point of time.

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grammatical knowledge. Thus, one of the central concerns of the approach is to discover what aspects of linguistic knowledge are innate and which are not.

3899: 1679:, who attempt to eradicate words and structures that they consider to be destructive to society. Prescription, however, may be practised appropriately in 3593: 2079:

There was a shift of focus from historical and comparative linguistics to synchronic analysis in early 20th century. Structural analysis was improved by

2045:. It was soon followed by other authors writing similar comparative studies on other language groups of Europe. The study of language was broadened from 5820:

Himmelman, Nikolaus "Language documentation: What is it and what is it good for?" in P. Gippert, Jost, Nikolaus P Himmelmann & Ulrike Mosel. (2006)

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combines anthropological inquiry (into the history and culture of language) with linguistic inquiry, in order to describe languages and their grammars.

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Historical linguistics studies language change either diachronically (through a comparison of different time periods in the past and present) or in a

8449: 1275:, the study of signs and sign processes (semiosis), indication, designation, likeness, analogy, metaphor, symbolism, signification, and communication 3364: 3009: 6320: 693:

Historical linguistics is the study of how language changes over history, particularly with regard to a specific language or a group of languages.

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desirable computational properties and their implementations. Computational linguists also work on computer language and software development.

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properties of language, historical research today still remains a significant field of linguistic inquiry. Subfields of the discipline include

1325:, rather than with the growth of vocabulary. Even a very small lexicon is theoretically capable of producing an infinite number of sentences. 3225: 3039: 5363: 3652: 2005:, the study of language was subsumed under the topic of philology, the study of ancient languages and texts, practised by such educators as 5051: 3391: 3095: 3509: 1687:, where certain fundamental grammatical rules and lexical items need to be introduced to a second-language speaker who is attempting to 7037: 3744:

All references in this article to the study of sound should be taken to include the manual and non-manual signs used in sign languages.

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provided a technological solution to foreign language learning. The 1960s also saw a new rise of comparative linguistics: the study of

1867:, first attested in 1716, was commonly used to refer to the study of language, which was then predominantly historical in focus. Since 4155: 8967: 7754: 7137: 1940:

into consonants and vowels, and word classes, such as nouns and verbs, was the first known instance of its kind. In the Middle East,

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studies the animal kingdom without making subjective judgments on whether a particular species is "better" or "worse" than another.

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takes the results of those findings and "applies" them to other areas. Linguistic research is commonly applied to areas such as

1663:, on the other hand, is an attempt to promote particular linguistic usages over others, often favoring a particular dialect or " 2423:. Policy makers work with governments to implement new plans in education and teaching which are based on linguistic research. 1748:

with the same pictogram, and text in writing systems used for two languages changing to fit the spoken language being recorded;

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manner (by observing developments between different variations that exist within the current linguistic stage of a language).

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Since the inception of the discipline of linguistics, linguists have been concerned with describing and analysing previously

2062:Über die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues und ihren Einfluß auf die geistige Entwickelung des Menschengeschlechts 1906:, and the humanities. Many linguists, such as David Crystal, conceptualize the field as being primarily scientific. The term 491: 5962: 2921: 1758:

Nonetheless, linguists agree that the study of written language can be worthwhile and valuable. For research that relies on

9046: 6313: 5074: 3877: 2115:. Towards the end of the century the field of linguistics became divided into further areas of interest with the advent of 381: 2201: 780:

is generally the underlying working hypothesis, occasionally also clearly expressed. The principle was expressed early by

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in the mid-20th century. This focus on language documentation was partly motivated by a concern to document the rapidly

2173: 6242: 3126: 2747: 1403:, is that language is an invention created by people. A semiotic tradition of linguistic research considers language a 761:, many of which had detailed documentation and long written histories. Scholars of historical linguistics also studied 5012: 3315: 8945: 5773: 4539: 4194: 4039: 3845: 2220: 1872: 1636: 1297:

The lexicon is a catalogue of words and terms that are stored in a speaker's mind. The lexicon consists of words and

1188:, the study of the physical properties of speech sound production and perception, and delves into their acoustic and 1107: 4450:

Gibbs, R. W.; Colston, H. (1995). "The cognitive psychological reality of image schemas and their transformations".

1089: 8435: 8391: 7280: 7195: 6346: 6265:– A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism and Philology, ed. J.A. García Landa (University of Zaragoza, Spain) 2180: 2103:. As sound recording devices became commonplace in the 1960s, dialectal recordings were made and archived, and the 4611: 4486: 602: 8327: 7235: 7132: 6306: 6184: 2068:

On the Variety of the Structure of Human Language and its Influence upon the Mental Development of the Human Race

1997:), the "art of writing", which is also the title of one of the most important works of the Alexandrine school by 1771: 929:

are concerned with how speakers create words in specific contexts, which evolves over the history of a language.

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MacWhinney, Brian (2015). "Introduction – language emergence". In MacWhinney, Brian; O'Grady, William (eds.).

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Arbib, Michael A. (2015). "Language evolution – an emergentist perspective". In MacWhinney and O'Grady (ed.).

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explains linguistic meaning via aspects of general cognition, drawing on ideas from cognitive science such as

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Developmental linguistics is the study of the development of linguistic ability in individuals, particularly

2187: 376: 67: 4919:. Studies in General Linguistics, vol. i. Translated by Elisabeth Palmer Rubbert. London: Faber. p. 15. 1891:

is first attested in 1847. It is now the usual term in English for the scientific study of language, though

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Daneš, František (1987). "On Prague school functionalism in linguistics". In Dirven, R.; Fried, V. (eds.).

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The study of writing systems themselves, graphemics, is, in any case, considered a branch of linguistics.

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Everaert, Martin; Huybregts, Marinus A. C.; Chomsky, Noam; Berwick, Robert C.; Bolhuis, Johan J. (2015).

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Individuals learn to speak and process spoken language more easily and earlier than they do with writing.

1342: 1333: 1286: 1263: 441: 147: 7372: 2949: 2604: – computational techniques for synthesizing speech based on models of human articulation processes 2169: 1770:

and written. In addition, linguists have turned to text-based discourse occurring in various formats of

1247:, and the role played by situational context and non-linguistic knowledge in the transmission of meaning 1131:), and written symbols (in written languages). Linguistic patterns have proven their importance for the 1120:

Linguistic structures are pairings of meaning and form. Any particular pairing of meaning and form is a

9333: 8702: 8503: 7220: 6987: 6727: 6607: 6338: 6203: 4738: 4373: 2937: 1517:, in contrast, rejects the notion of innate grammar, and studies how the human mind creates linguistic 1449:, or functional grammar, is a branch of structural linguistics. In the humanistic reference, the terms 926: 5610: 5251: 4737:

Kirby, Simon (2013). "Transitions: The Evolution of Linguistic Replicators". In Binder; Smith (eds.).

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in historical linguistics date back to roughly the late 18th century, when the discipline grew out of

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A New History of the Humanities: The Search for Principles and Patterns from Antiquity to the Present

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All natural writing systems reflect a spoken language (or potentially a signed one), even with

1672: 1446: 1428: 1267:, the study of linguistic factors (rhetoric, diction, stress) that place a discourse in context 1256: 1221: 1189: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1018: 968: 910: 826: 781: 766: 728: 688: 636: 617: 590: 575: 540: 386: 353: 306: 222: 202: 182: 84: 62: 57: 6025: 5276: 4612:"Complex adaptive systems and the origins of adaptive structure: what experiments can tell us" 9144: 8803: 8637: 8222: 8212: 8174: 8147: 8109: 8082: 7992: 7901: 7820: 7810: 7482: 7412: 7285: 7184: 6863: 6843: 6778: 6662: 6444: 5329: 5302: 4960: 4055: 3857: 2610: 1868: 1803: 1514: 1485: 1412: 1380:, which investigates how children and adults acquire the knowledge of one or more languages. 1322: 1132: 1121: 995: 870: 834: 672: 520: 516: 162: 5931: 5578:"Corpus Linguistics, Learner Corpora, and SLA: Employing Technology to Analyze Language Use" 5432: 4578: 3520: 932:

The discipline that deals specifically with the sound changes occurring within morphemes is

9328: 9112: 8647: 8612: 8589: 8547: 8471: 8169: 8009: 7982: 7977: 7874: 7693: 7492: 7442: 7407: 7397: 7392: 7027: 6937: 6736: 6697: 6429: 5836:"Introduction: Translation of questionnaires in cross-national and cross-cultural research" 4843:(1999). "Functionalism and its difficulties in biology and linguistics". In Darnell (ed.). 2667: 2555: 2499: 2334: 2260: 2104: 2050: 1798: 1688: 1561: 1518: 1377: 1200:, the study of sounds as abstract elements in the speaker's mind that distinguish meaning ( 528: 477: 406: 316: 197: 142: 39: 1212:, the study of morphemes, or the internal structures of words and how they can be modified 8: 9056: 8793: 8744: 8692: 8349: 8343: 8269: 8184: 8129: 8004: 7869: 7815: 7638: 7613: 7077: 7067: 6917: 6873: 6707: 6484: 6399: 6289: 5995: 3061: 2471: 2434:

in the early 1900s, this became the main focus of American linguistics until the rise of

2357: 2314: 2313:

the generalities and varieties both within particular languages and among all languages.

2304: 2194: 2116: 2112: 2108: 1978: 1971: 1899: 1522: 1505: 1042: 1036: 976: 613: 606: 247: 177: 152: 124: 6262: 4930: 4847:. Studies in Language Companion Series. Vol. 41. John Benjamins. pp. 445–468. 3620: 2628: – Study of analyzing information systems in order to discover their hidden aspects 1161: 9149: 9066: 8935: 8767: 8669: 8652: 8577: 8294: 7859: 7477: 7452: 7427: 7352: 7295: 6927: 6823: 6818: 6742: 6717: 6519: 6504: 6469: 5900: 5537: 5158: 5150: 4888: 4695: 4668: 4634: 4467: 4289: 3819: 3811: 3707: 3457: 2673: 2578: 2486: 2435: 2416: 2345: 2318: 2120: 2092: 2080: 2026: 2014: 1850: 1759: 1680: 1501: 1489: 1416: 1389: 1251: 922: 914: 874: 747: 721: 709: 586:(the study of psychological factors in human language) bridge many of these divisions. 467: 446: 416: 371: 326: 294: 284: 172: 167: 7578: 3482: 2918:

Linguistics summary (Concepts, origin, and Noam Chomsky's contribution to linguistics)

967:

from the meanings of their constituent expressions. Formal semantics draws heavily on

9343: 8925: 8875: 8682: 8617: 8523: 8508: 8264: 8259: 8247: 8242: 8114: 8104: 8024: 7967: 7911: 7508: 6893: 6813: 6652: 6534: 6276: 6270: 6230: 6163: 6132: 6111: 6092: 6071: 6052: 6046: 6031: 6001: 5904: 5890: 5857: 5745: 5722: 5714: 5673: 5626: 5622: 5554: 5477: 5440: 5412: 5335: 5308: 5184: 5162: 5041: 4966: 4892: 4856: 4820: 4795: 4755: 4700: 4630: 4535: 4471: 4424: 4408: 4384: 4352: 4327: 4281: 4251: 4230: 4190: 4177: 4145: 4068: 4035: 4007: 3979: 3867: 3841: 3774: 3711: 3699: 3461: 3445: 3215: 3177: 3122: 2973: 2891: 2881: 2841: 2821: 2786: 2721: 2679: 2326: 2280: 2037:. Bloomfield attributes "the first great scientific linguistic work of the world" to 1944:, a Persian, made a detailed description of Arabic in AD 760 in his monumental work, 1719: 1668: 1440: 1365: 918: 713: 598: 583: 532: 463: 311: 289: 232: 4986: 4912: 4638: 3823: 2373:

Depending on the country, this interview is conducted either in the asylum seeker's

2100: 667: 597:(including traditional descriptive linguistics) is concerned with understanding the 9082: 8535: 8279: 8124: 8099: 7906: 7896: 7886: 7633: 7325: 6957: 6868: 6692: 6687: 6489: 6086: 5927: 5882: 5847: 5788: 5704: 5665: 5618: 5589: 5549: 5142: 4884: 4848: 4747: 4690: 4680: 4626: 4574: 4498: 4459: 4420: 4293: 4271: 4263: 4118: 4108: 3803: 3729: 3694: 3689: 3453: 3415:"The definition of the grammatical category in a syntactically oriented morphology" 3207: 2813: 2703: 2661: 2482: 2443: 2420: 2341: 2273: 2239: 1708: 1545: 1420: 1369: 1124: 980: 972: 964: 762: 524: 411: 242: 237: 212: 207: 192: 7558: 6198: 3999: 3142: 9206: 9180: 8865: 8762: 8732: 8518: 8289: 8056: 8051: 7864: 7668: 7628: 7618: 7608: 7543: 7533: 7523: 7518: 7345: 7102: 7017: 6773: 6752: 6702: 6682: 6622: 6589: 6544: 6539: 6499: 6384: 6226: 5970: 4027: 3973: 3957: 2913: 2685: 2592: 2374: 2349: 2329:, which involves governmental policy implementation related to language use, and 2084: 1998: 1700: 1579:, respectively. This reference is however different from the use of the terms in 1508: 1436: 1400: 1357: 1298: 933: 902: 739: 717: 625: 5852: 5669: 5085: 4751: 3861: 3211: 1179:

Sub-fields that focus on a grammatical study of language include the following:

881:

that can only appear as part of a larger word. For example, in English the root

9087: 8783: 8404: 8252: 8164: 8159: 7916: 7837: 7832: 7763: 7703: 7698: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7623: 7598: 7583: 7573: 7568: 7513: 6853: 6808: 6632: 6564: 6434: 6253: 6216:, a global online linguistics community with news and information updated daily 5133:

Nichols, Stephen G. (1990). "Introduction: Philology in a Manuscript Culture".

4718:

Dahl, Östen (2001). "Grammaticalization and the life cycles of constructions".

4267: 4113: 4096: 3006:"Linguistics Program – Linguistics Program | University of South Carolina" 2655: 2439: 2010: 1990: 1903: 1834: 1826: 1526: 1475: 1458: 1373: 621: 579: 256: 9292: 9275: 6439: 6142: 5709: 5692: 5594: 5577: 4463: 3733: 2966:

Akmajian, Adrian; Richard A. Demers; Ann K. Farmer; Robert M. Harnish (2010).

1902:

field of research that combines tools from natural sciences, social sciences,

1718:

Features appear in speech which are not always recorded in writing, including

795:, linking, for example, Indo-European, Uralic, and other language families to 605:

of language and developing a general theoretical framework for describing it.

9322: 9175: 9127: 9020: 9015: 8994: 8985: 8950: 8880: 8855: 8840: 8687: 8494: 8355: 8311: 8274: 8204: 8179: 8089: 7987: 7933: 7928: 7653: 7648: 7588: 7548: 7528: 7457: 7402: 7290: 7230: 7097: 6712: 6617: 6612: 6574: 6494: 6474: 6449: 6414: 5861: 5718: 5677: 5404: 5106: 5075:"On Panini and the Generative Capacity of Contextualised Replacement Systems" 4876: 4840: 4685: 4555: 3807: 3703: 3645:

Introduction to Linguistic Theory – Phonology: The Sound Patterns of Language

2895: 2625: 2504:

Clinical linguistics is the application of linguistic theory to the field of

2383: 2292: 2088: 1742: 1704: 1576: 1450: 1399:

The fundamental principle of humanistic linguistics, especially rational and

1310: 1128: 694: 620:(through the historical development of a language over a period of time), in 563: 5792: 5223: 3268:"Editors' Introduction: Foundations of the new historical linguistics." In: 1929: 1830: 1529:

on human language. In cognitive linguistics, language is approached via the

9025: 9010: 8977: 8622: 8154: 8094: 7842: 7800: 7663: 7603: 7593: 7538: 7240: 7225: 6838: 6833: 6788: 6747: 6657: 6559: 6514: 6509: 6479: 6464: 6459: 5726: 5538:"Linguistics in the digital humanities: (computational) corpus linguistics" 5004: 4704: 4319: 4285: 3345: 2724: – Study of speech signals and the processing methods of these signals 2643: 2631: 2542: 2400: 2322: 2006: 1734: 1727: 1723: 1479: 1361: 1306: 652: 616:(by describing the structure of a language at a specific point in time) or 536: 512: 299: 89: 8427: 5886: 5796: 4852: 4792:

Competition in Language Change: the Rise of the English Dative Alternation

4503: 2454:, which investigate the relations between language, culture, and society. 1843: 1368:, which explores the representation and function of language in the mind; 9201: 8989: 8737: 8707: 8572: 8306: 8119: 8036: 7948: 7805: 7643: 7250: 7047: 6967: 6793: 6584: 6524: 6409: 6394: 6298: 4607: 2467: 2288: 2038: 2002: 1462: 1404: 1244: 991: 792: 656: 451: 426: 7153: 6257: 6108:

An Introduction to Language and Linguistics: Breaking the Language Spell

5996:

Akmajian, Adrian; Demers, Richard; Farmer, Ann; Harnish, Robert (2010).

5945: 4252:"Structures, not strings: linguistics as part of the cognitive sciences" 4123: 3815: 3204:

Schools of Thought: The Development of Linguistics from Bopp to Saussure

535:, the environmental, the biological, the literary, the grammatical, the 9122: 9092: 8870: 8677: 8360: 8199: 8041: 7999: 7943: 7320: 7275: 7270: 7087: 6878: 6722: 6677: 6554: 6529: 6454: 6389: 5154: 4276: 3768: 2709: 2431: 2404: 2340:

Today, computers are widely used in many areas of applied linguistics.

2161: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1986: 1932:, the 6th century BC grammarian who formulated 3,959 rules of Sanskrit 1676: 1621: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1580: 1557: 1549: 1424: 1235: 987: 960: 949: 830: 743: 640: 571: 421: 104: 3764: 3762: 2697: – Communication about how information is meant to be interpreted 612:

Linguistic features may be studied through a variety of perspectives:

582:(the study of the biological variables and evolution of language) and 9132: 8920: 8860: 8788: 8657: 8594: 8567: 8552: 8134: 8031: 7960: 7854: 7827: 7305: 7119: 6828: 6768: 6647: 6627: 6379: 6374: 6354: 5390: 5100: 5098: 3357:

Rheis, International Journal of Linguistics, Philology and Literature

1963: 1959: 1919: 1863: 1745: 1654: 1493: 1408: 1314: 1271: 1240: 1227: 1196: 1184: 1149: 1022: 1011: 1007: 945: 906: 796: 698: 676: 648: 632: 567: 559: 551: 396: 391: 227: 217: 109: 99: 5146: 3586:"Meaning (Semantics and Pragmatics) | Linguistic Society of America" 2508:. Speech language pathologists work on corrective measures to treat 2136: 1596: 1466:

inner mechanisms of the bilateral and multilayered language system.

1135:

field especially with the ever-increasing amount of available data.

1059: 8957: 8723: 8632: 8562: 8498: 8489: 7092: 6783: 6404: 6364: 4956: 4487:"Integrating cognitive linguistics and language evolution research" 4141:

Einführung in die grammatische Beschreibung des Deutschen (2nd ed.)

3759: 3546: 2586: 2572: 1941: 1937: 1838: 1664: 1541: 1346: 1338: 1201: 877:

that can exist as words by themselves, but also categories such as

869:, which are the smallest units in a language with some independent 865: 818: 644: 508: 9309: 8399: 7732: 5774:"Applied Linguistics and Language Analysis in Asylum Seeker Cases" 5252:"Differences between Language and Linguistic in the ELT Classroom" 5095: 3450:

International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences

3414: 1887:

in the sense of "a student of language" dates from 1641, the term

9211: 8530: 7881: 7362: 7330: 6803: 6359: 6239:, MediaWiki-based encyclopedia of linguistics, under construction 3384:"History of Historical Linguistics Essay on History, Linguistics" 2715: 1982: 1571:

The generative versus evolutionary approach are sometimes called

1497: 1302: 1220:, the study of how words combine to form grammatical phrases and 1160:(the formation and composition of phrases and sentences). Modern 4881:

International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences

3838:

Language and Context: a Functional Linguistic Theory of Register

19:

This article is about the field of study. For publications, see

9185: 8930: 8885: 8850: 8727: 8642: 8604: 7340: 7335: 6948:

An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language

6883: 6293: 6272:

I-language: An Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science

6128:

I-language: An Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science

6014: 4249: 1738: 1216: 1157: 822: 812: 547: 114: 5394:(2018). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 7–20 519:, and precise analysis of all aspects of language – i.e., the 9234: 6369: 6236: 3419:

Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation. Madrid: Universidad Autónoma

1967: 1530: 1350: 878: 6213: 5693:"Cerebellum as a Master-Piece for Linguistic Predictability" 4883:. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 6323–6330. 6249: 5918:

Croft, William (October 2008). "Evolutionary Linguistics".

5615:

Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (Second Edition)

4720:

RASK – Internationalt Tidsskrift for Sprog og Kommunikation

4374:"Where do cognitive biases fit into cognitive linguistics?" 3284:

Principles of Linguistic Change, Volume 1: Internal Factors

3119:

Theory in Social and Cultural Anthropology: An Encyclopedia

2688: – study of the relations between language and culture 1699:

Most contemporary linguists work under the assumption that

1675:). An extreme version of prescriptivism can be found among 1565: 1553: 1376:, which studies the biology and evolution of language; and 860: 5998:

Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication

4931:"Linguistics | PDF | Lexicon | Linguistics" 1785:

Before the 20th century, linguists analysed language on a

1301:, which are parts of words that can not stand alone, like 570:(the abstract sound system of a particular language), and 7923: 3863:

Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew

3264: 3262: 2820:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. vii. 2676: – Study of the geographic distribution of languages 1231:, the study of lexical and grammatical aspects of meaning 8941:

Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified

5542:

Mediekultur: Journal of Media and Communication Research

5437:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

4746:. The Frontiers Collection. Springer. pp. 121–138. 4409:"MIND-AS-BODY as a Cross-linguistic Conceptual Metaphor" 3196:"The Idea System of the Early Comparative Grammarians." 2812: 1853:

employ many of the principles that were laid down then.

734:

At first, historical linguistics was the cornerstone of

4397: 3840:, Continuum International Publishing Group, p. 6. 3769:

Chierchia, Gennaro & Sally McConnell-Ginet (2000).

3669: 3452:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 900–905. 3149:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2022. 2732:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

2699:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

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used by speech communities. Stylistic features include

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may appear as its own word, or it may be combined with

593:

that span both theoretical and practical applications.

546:

Traditional areas of linguistic analysis correspond to

6030:(New ed.). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. 5767: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5519: 5517: 5425: 5217: 5215: 4443: 3259: 3200:"The Idea System of the Early Comparative Grammarians" 3176:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 391. 3032:"Studying Linguistics | Linguistic Society of America" 2842:"What is Linguistics? | Linguistic Society of America" 1936:. Pāṇini's systematic classification of the sounds of 3975:

Trends in Linguistics: Runes and Germanic Linguistics

3794:

Ariel, Mira (2009). "Discourse, grammar, discourse".

3756:(2nd ed.), 2013. Andrew Carnie. Blackwell Publishing. 3316:"Early Uralic – Indo-European contacts within Europe" 2646: – Theory and methodology of text interpretation 2634: – Rediscovery of a language or script's meaning 2622: – Interdisciplinary approach to study discourse 5471: 5301:

Spolsky, Bernard; Hult, Francis M. (February 2010).

3724:

Plungyan, V. A. (2011). Modern linguistic typology.

3024: 2690:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2615:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2606:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2568: 1928:

An early formal study of language was in India with

1751:

Speech evolved before human beings invented writing;

791:

For instance, some scholars also tried to establish

757:

The reason for this had been to describe well-known

5758: 5514: 5212: 4606: 4176: 2718: – Taking in the meaning of letters or symbols 1162:

frameworks that deal with the principles of grammar

5739: 4403: 3971: 3406: 1372:, which studies language processing in the brain; 701:, the study of ancient texts and oral traditions. 6268: 6124: 4666: 3900:""Stylistics" by Joybrato Mukherjee. Chapter 49. 3771:Meaning and Grammar: An Introduction to Semantics 2309:Linguists are largely concerned with finding and 1964:phonemes (sounds as units of a linguistic system) 1958:), the first known author to distinguish between 1504:, these underpinning are understood as including 9320: 6245:– according to the Linguistic Society of America 6015:Aronoff, Mark; Rees-Miller, Janie, eds. (2000). 5174: 5172: 3270:The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics 1540:which includes the study of linguistic units as 578:contributes to meaning). Subdisciplines such as 515:because it entails a comprehensive, systematic, 5691:Mariën, Peter; Manto, Mario (25 October 2017). 5474:Western linguistics: An historical introduction 5203: 5033: 4808: 4183:An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rd ed.) 3934: 2730: – Theory of language usage and production 2670: – Creation of language processing systems 2658: – Approach in the theory of communication 2348:use phonetic and phonemic knowledge to provide 1875:, however, this focus has shifted and the term 901:. Morphology also analyzes how words behave as 26:"Linguist" redirects here. For other uses, see 5742:Controversies in Applied Linguistics (pp. 288) 5183:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 9, 19. 4783: 4667:Sinnemäki, Kaius; Di Garbo, Francesca (2018). 4383:. Chicago University Press. pp. 347–363. 3507: 3350:"Historical Linguistics and Cognitive Science" 2914:https://www.britannica.com/summary/linguistics 2871: 2869: 2867: 1525:, and the impact of cognitive constraints and 1156:(the formation and composition of words), and 1152:(the organization of phonetic sound systems), 550:(rules governing the structure of sentences), 8443: 7748: 7169: 6314: 5169: 4845:Functionalism and Formalism in linguistics, 1 4484: 3726:Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 81 485: 4879:(2015). "Functional Approaches to Grammar". 4449: 4067:. New York: The Philosophical Library, Inc. 3489:. Macmillan Reference, Ltd., Yale University 3197: 2515: 2248: 2074: 2060: 1949: 8457: 5834:Behr, Dorothée; Sha, Mandy (25 July 2018). 5824:. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin & New York. 5690: 5652:Bailey, Charles-James N. (1 January 1981). 5536:Jensen, Kim Ebensgaard (19 December 2014). 5331:Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics 5300: 5249: 4054: 2864: 2640: – Connections between language groups 2530: 2095:. Functional analysis was developed by the 1667:". This may have the aim of establishing a 1088:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 939: 8450: 8436: 7755: 7741: 7176: 7162: 7038:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language 6328: 6321: 6307: 6023: 5878:The Sociolinguistics of Survey Translation 5523: 5508: 5496: 5459: 4814: 4730: 4529: 4340: 4180:; Matthiessen, Christian M. I. M. (2004). 4088: 3856: 2961: 2959: 2782:Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts 2682: – Right to choose one's own language 2279:neurolinguistics is informed by models in 2025:In the 18th century, the first use of the 1415:because different languages are shaped in 1001: 562:(speech sounds and equivalent gestures in 492: 478: 8968:Social (pragmatic) communication disorder 7183: 6275:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 6131:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 5851: 5708: 5593: 5553: 5257:. Theory and Practice in Language Studies 4789: 4711: 4694: 4684: 4502: 4275: 4122: 4112: 4026: 3693: 3641: 2391: 2221:Learn how and when to remove this message 1774:as a viable site for linguistic inquiry. 1637:Learn how and when to remove this message 1108:Learn how and when to remove this message 1021:, acoustics, production, and perception. 682: 8836:Basic interpersonal communicative skills 6027:An Introduction to the Study of Language 5072: 4955: 4911: 4905: 4610:; Tamariz, Monica; Kirby, Simon (2009). 4485:Pleyer, Michael; Winters, James (2014). 3675: 3508:Aronoff, Mark; Fudeman, Kirsten (n.d.). 3480: 3412: 3286:. Malden, MA: Blackwell. pp. 21–23. 3171: 3117:Francis, Alexandre (27 September 2013). 2020: 1981:'s successors founded a university (see 986:Pragmatics focuses on phenomena such as 666: 8903: 6084: 6065: 6044: 5932:10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085156 5875:Pan, Yuling; Sha, Mandy (9 July 2019). 5833: 5608: 5575: 5403: 5304:The Handbook of Educational Linguistics 5178: 5132: 4579:10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085156 4318: 4137: 3773:. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 3510:"Morphology and Morphological Analysis" 3296: 3206:. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 32–62. 3174:Historical Linguistics: An Introduction 3147:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3116: 2956: 2875: 2549: 2493: 1544:. It is possible to study how language 662: 9321: 6157: 6091:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 5874: 5651: 5617:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 234–248, 5535: 5208:. History of Linguistics. Vol. 4. 4839: 4532:Cognitive Linguistics. An Introduction 4530:Evans, Vyvyan; Green, Melanie (2006). 4094: 3596:from the original on 24 September 2017 3519:. Blackwell Publishing. Archived from 3313: 3247:Kosur, Heather Marie (27 April 2013). 2298: 1457:are related to their meaning in other 631:Linguistics emerged from the field of 8902: 8824: 8698:High-context and low-context cultures 8469: 8431: 7736: 7157: 6302: 6269:Isac, Daniela; Charles Reiss (2013). 6125:Isac, Daniela; Charles Reiss (2013). 5917: 5771: 5588:. Cambridge University Press: 74–92. 5327: 4875: 4736: 4648:from the original on 12 November 2020 4588:from the original on 25 February 2021 4554: 4371: 4346: 4224: 3939:. Oxford University Press (New York). 3793: 3614: 3553:from the original on 10 February 2023 3425:from the original on 10 February 2023 3344: 3281: 3246: 3153:from the original on 14 December 2022 3121:. SAGE Publishing. pp. 184–187. 3072:from the original on 10 February 2023 2785:. Taylor & Francis. p. 156. 2778: 2753:List of summer schools of linguistics 971:and uses formal tools from logic and 829:. Central concerns of syntax include 821:combine to form larger units such as 817:Syntax is the study of how words and 9241: 9047:Computer processing of body language 8825: 8386: 6105: 5822:Essentials of Language documentation 5582:Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 4717: 3998: 3866:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 2ff. 3544: 3443: 3381: 2880:. Wien: Springer-Verlag. p. 3. 2852:from the original on 8 February 2022 2561:in the framework of criminal cases. 2159:adding citations to reliable sources 2130: 2126: 1913: 1619:adding citations to reliable sources 1590: 1086:adding citations to reliable sources 1053: 382:Conservative and innovative language 9062:List of facial expression databases 9052:Emotion recognition in conversation 7762: 5439:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2000. 5037:The Ashtadhyayi of Panini (2 Vols.) 4032:Prolegomena to a Theory of Language 3978:(6th ed.). Mouton de Gruyter. 3880:from the original on 27 August 2016 3575:. Oxford: Blackwell (2nd ed. 2001). 3565: 3394:from the original on 2 October 2022 3314:Quiles, Carlos (29 December 2019). 3092:"The Fields of Applied Linguistics" 2267: 2233: 1950: 1871:'s insistence on the importance of 1496:with a view towards uncovering the 13: 5476:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 2–24. 5366:from the original on 17 April 2018 5221: 5104: 5054:from the original on 27 March 2014 5015:from the original on 15 April 2021 4889:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.53009-8 4431:from the original on 27 April 2021 4300:from the original on 26 April 2021 4144:. Berlin: Language Science Press. 3658:from the original on 22 March 2023 3458:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.57035-4 3413:Fábregas, Antonio (January 2005). 3300:Language and the Study of Language 3228:from the original on 15 April 2021 2748:List of departments of linguistics 1861:Before the 20th century, the term 1255:, the analysis of language use in 1035:This paragraph is an excerpt from 746:proto-languages by using both the 14: 9355: 8946:Childhood disintegrative disorder 6248:Linguistics and language-related 6178: 5950:Forensic Linguistics Intelligence 4993:. Vol. 2. 1908. p. 263. 4987:"Chapter VI: Sanskrit Literature" 4937:from the original on 10 June 2022 4771:from the original on 26 June 2021 4511:from the original on 9 March 2021 4229:. John Benjamins. pp. 3–38. 4206:from the original on 3 March 2021 4158:from the original on 28 July 2017 4034:. University of Wisconsin Press. 3754:Syntax: A Generative Introduction 3487:Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science 3042:from the original on 8 March 2022 2924:from the original on 1 April 2022 2337:fits under Applied linguistics.) 1564:is a framework which applies the 771:Native American language families 9301: 9284: 9267: 9250: 8409: 8398: 8385: 8374: 8373: 7717: 7716: 7371: 6000:. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. 5955: 5938: 5911: 5868: 5827: 5555:10.7146/mediekultur.v30i57.15968 5388:Behme, Christina; Neef, Martin. 4631:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00540.x 4324:The Minimalist Program (2nd ed.) 4097:"Theory of language: a taxonomy" 3326:from the original on 7 July 2022 3297:Whitney, William Dwight (1867). 3098:from the original on 21 May 2022 3012:from the original on 6 June 2022 2585: 2571: 2135: 1849:. Today, modern-day theories on 1649:Modern linguistics is primarily 1595: 1568:concept to the study of syntax. 1058: 462: 8328:List of social science journals 7236:Computer-mediated communication 5988: 5963:"what is forensic linguistics?" 5814: 5733: 5684: 5645: 5602: 5569: 5529: 5502: 5490: 5465: 5453: 5397: 5382: 5348: 5328:Berns, Margie (20 March 2010). 5321: 5294: 5269: 5243: 5197: 5066: 5027: 4997: 4991:The Imperial Gazetteer of India 4979: 4949: 4923: 4917:Elements of General Linguistics 4869: 4833: 4660: 4600: 4548: 4523: 4491:Theoria et Historia Scientiarum 4478: 4365: 4312: 4243: 4218: 4170: 4131: 4048: 4020: 3992: 3964: 3943: 3928: 3892: 3850: 3830: 3787: 3747: 3738: 3718: 3635: 3608: 3578: 3538: 3501: 3474: 3437: 3375: 3338: 3307: 3290: 3275: 3240: 3190: 3165: 3135: 3110: 3084: 2972:(6th ed.). The MIT Press. 2779:Trask, Robert Lawrence (2007). 2664: – Subfield of linguistics 2146:needs additional citations for 1856: 1821:The earliest activities in the 1772:computer-mediated communication 1606:needs additional citations for 1313:, and the new words are called 8470: 8285:Science and technology studies 6978:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus 6162:. William Morrow and Company. 5840:Translation & Interpreting 5623:10.1016/b0-08-044854-2/00944-5 5609:Hunston, S. (1 January 2006), 5206:Nineteenth-Century Linguistics 5073:Penn, Gerald; Kiparski, Paul. 4817:Handbook of Language Emergence 4425:10.26754/ojs_misc/mj.200210526 4381:Language and the Creative Mind 4349:Handbook of Language Emergence 3695:10.1080/00437956.1959.11659702 3054: 2998: 2906: 2834: 2806: 2772: 2758:List of schools of linguistics 2541:Evolutionary linguistics is a 2461: 2419:– the teaching of a second or 2352:to computers. Applications of 2091:who also developed methods of 2053:, of whom Bloomfield asserts: 1586: 1536:A closely related approach is 1500:underpinnings of language. In 1423:. Frameworks representing the 963:of sentences and how they are 675:is regarded as the creator of 1: 6859:Principle of compositionality 6024:Bloomfield, Leonard (1983) . 5946:What is Forensic Linguistics? 5920:Annual Review of Anthropology 5472:Seuren, Pieter A. M. (1998). 5360:Linguistic Society of America 5181:Understanding Language Change 4567:Annual Review of Anthropology 4061:Course in General Linguistics 3676:Ferguson, Charles A. (1959). 3481:Anderson, Stephen R. (n.d.). 3448:. In Wright, James D. (ed.). 2766: 2743:Index of linguistics articles 2712: – Study of proper names 2706: – Branch of linguistics 2362:computer-assisted translation 1469: 1394: 1383: 1337:of description of particular 1049: 848: 7358:Text and conversation theory 7008:Philosophical Investigations 6220:Glossary of linguistic terms 6204:Resources in other libraries 5697:Cerebellum (London, England) 5391:Essays on Linguistic Realism 5356:"The Science of Linguistics" 5334:. Elsevier. pp. 23–25. 5204:Morpurgo Davies, A. (1998). 4256:Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4227:Functionalism in Linguistics 4006:. Indiana University Press. 3836:Leckie-Tarry, Helen (1995). 3714:– via Tandfonline-com. 3446:"Syntax–Semantics Interface" 2728:Stratificational linguistics 2695:Metacommunicative competence 1825:have been attributed to the 1279: 1259:(spoken, written, or signed) 322:Functional discourse grammar 188:Ethnography of communication 21:Linguistics (disambiguation) 16:Scientific study of language 7: 8963:Nonverbal learning disorder 8541:Speech-independent gestures 8514:Facial Action Coding System 6849:Modality (natural language) 6051:. The New Press, New York. 6017:The handbook of linguistics 5853:10.12807/ti.110202.2018.a01 5744:. Oxford University Press. 5740:Barbara Seidlhofer (2003). 5670:10.1515/flin.1981.15.1-2.29 5654:"Developmental Linguistics" 5250:Shahhoseiny, Hajar (2013). 5229:Online Etymology Dictionary 5112:Online Etymology Dictionary 4965:. Oxford University Press. 4752:10.1007/978-3-642-36086-2_6 3972:Antonsen, Elmer H. (2002). 3902:Encyclopedia of Linguistics 3573:Pragmatics: An Introduction 3212:10.1007/978-94-009-3759-8_2 3198:Amsterdamska, Olga (1987). 3143:"Philosophy of Linguistics" 2818:On Language and Linguistics 2816:; Jonathan Webster (2006). 2620:Critical discourse analysis 2564: 2448:anthropological linguistics 2366:natural language processing 2331:natural language processing 2261:the acquisition of language 1844: 1780: 1349:, diction, stress, satire, 1029: 859:Morphology is the study of 591:many branches and subfields 507:is the scientific study of 442:Second-language acquisition 10: 9360: 8703:Interpersonal relationship 8504:Body-to-body communication 6988:Language, Truth, and Logic 6728:Theological noncognitivism 6613:Contrast theory of meaning 6608:Causal theory of reference 6339:Index of language articles 6106:Hall, Christopher (2005). 5281:Birmingham City University 5082:Proceedings of COLING 2012 4560:"Evolutionary linguistics" 4405:Ibarretxe-Antuñano, Iraide 4351:. Wiley. pp. 81–109. 4268:10.1016/j.tics.2015.09.008 4114:10.1007/s43545-021-00085-x 3970:Chapter 1, section 1.1 in 3937:The Philosophy of Rhetoric 2652: – Theory of language 2553: 2534: 2519: 2512:and swallowing disorders. 2497: 2465: 2302: 2271: 2252: 2237: 2049:to language in general by 1917: 1814: 1810: 1707:are more fundamental than 1694: 1473: 1387: 1292: 1142: 1034: 1005: 943: 852: 810: 686: 120:Syntax–semantics interface 25: 18: 9194: 9168: 9108: 9101: 9075: 9039: 9003: 8976: 8913: 8909: 8898: 8831: 8820: 8776: 8753: 8716: 8668: 8603: 8482: 8478: 8465: 8369: 8336: 8320: 8067: 7793: 7770: 7712: 7501: 7380: 7369: 7209: 7191: 7128: 7073:Philosophy of information 7060: 6909: 6761: 6673:Mediated reference theory 6598: 6345: 6336: 6199:Resources in your library 6085:Derrida, Jacques (1967). 5710:10.1007/s12311-017-0894-1 5613:, in Brown, Keith (ed.), 5595:10.1017/S0267190519000096 5307:. John Wiley & Sons. 5084:: 943–950. Archived from 4464:10.1515/cogl.1995.6.4.347 3949:Derrida, Jacques (1967). 3734:10.1134/S1019331611020158 3590:www.linguisticsociety.org 3363:(1): 5–27. Archived from 3303:. Scribener. p. 428. 3062:"Theoretical Linguistics" 3036:www.linguisticsociety.org 2846:www.linguisticsociety.org 2650:Integrational linguistics 2522:Computational linguistics 2516:Computational linguistics 2506:speech-language pathology 2479:computational linguistics 2409:Computational linguistics 2354:computational linguistics 2255:Developmental linguistics 2249:Developmental linguistics 2075:20th-century developments 1764:computational linguistics 1560:or the speech community. 1427:view of language include 806: 432:Philosophy of linguistics 332:Interactional linguistics 28:Linguist (disambiguation) 9118:Behavioral communication 7316:Nonviolent communication 7246:History of communication 6998:Two Dogmas of Empiricism 6225:10 February 2013 at the 5179:McMahon, A.M.S. (1994). 5034:S.C. Vasu (Tr.) (1996). 4819:. Wiley. pp. 1–31. 4686:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01141 4138:Schäfer, Roland (2016). 3935:Richards, I. A. (1965). 3808:10.1177/1461445608098496 2537:Evolutionary linguistics 2531:Evolutionary linguistics 2097:Prague linguistic circle 1924:Grammarian (Greco-Roman) 1538:evolutionary linguistics 1328: 940:Semantics and pragmatics 855:Morphology (linguistics) 778:uniformitarian principle 776:In historical work, the 589:Linguistics encompasses 8558:Interpersonal synchrony 8459:Nonverbal communication 7973:international relations 7311:Nonverbal communication 7301:Models of communication 6799:Use–mention distinction 6643:Direct reference theory 6158:Pinker, Steven (1994). 6066:Crystal, David (1990). 5967:CFL at Aston University 4790:Zehentner, Eva (2019). 4740:The Language Phenomenon 4673:Frontiers in Psychology 4095:Austin, Patrik (2021). 3382:Benj (11 August 2019). 3282:Labov, William (1994). 3172:Campbell, Lyle (1998). 2876:Crystal, David (1981). 2814:Halliday, Michael A. K. 2452:linguistic anthropology 2381:or in an international 2285:theoretical linguistics 2035:comparative linguistics 1823:description of language 1002:Phonetics and phonology 759:Indo-European languages 752:internal reconstruction 736:comparative linguistics 595:Theoretical linguistics 9155:Monastic sign lexicons 8846:Emotional intelligence 8300:Quantum social science 6733:Theory of descriptions 6668:Linguistic determinism 6330:Philosophy of language 6045:Chomsky, Noam (1998). 5576:McEnery, Tony (2019). 5277:"What is Linguistics?" 4056:de Saussure, Ferdinand 3952:Writing and Difference 3651:, Harvard University, 3571:Mey, Jacob L. (1993). 2638:Global language system 2602:Articulatory synthesis 2428:undocumented languages 2397:Language documentation 2392:Language documentation 2072: 2061: 1817:History of linguistics 1797:At another level, the 1673:Linguistic imperialism 1447:Functional linguistics 1429:structural linguistics 1174:generative linguistics 1170:functional linguistics 969:philosophy of language 911:grammatical categories 905:, and how they may be 782:William Dwight Whitney 767:Austronesian languages 689:Historical linguistics 683:Historical linguistics 679: 637:philosophy of language 558:(structure of words), 269:Theoretical frameworks 223:Philosophy of language 203:History of linguistics 9339:Communication studies 9145:Impression management 8337:Other categorizations 8190:International studies 8175:History of technology 8110:Communication studies 7993:public administration 7463:Mediated cross-border 7185:Communication studies 6844:Mental representation 6779:Linguistic relativity 6663:Inquisitive semantics 6263:"Linguistics" section 6243:Linguistic sub-fields 6160:The Language Instinct 5887:10.4324/9780429294914 5881:. London: Routledge. 5793:10.1093/applin/ami021 5772:Eades, Diana (2005). 4853:10.1075/slcs.41.21net 4794:. De Gruyter Mouton. 4504:10.12775/ths-2014-002 4452:Cognitive Linguistics 4004:Handbook of Semiotics 3642:Szczegielniak, Adam, 3617:"What is pragmatics?" 3272:Routledge p. 25. 2611:Axiom of categoricity 2055: 2021:Comparative philology 1918:Further information: 1869:Ferdinand de Saussure 1515:Cognitive linguistics 1486:cognitive linguistics 1474:Further information: 1133:knowledge engineering 975:. On the other hand, 897:to form the new word 835:grammatical relations 742:, and reconstructing 673:Ferdinand de Saussure 670: 163:Conversation analysis 9160:Verbal communication 9113:Animal communication 9031:Targeted advertising 8548:Haptic communication 8170:Historical sociology 7398:Communication theory 7393:Communication design 7028:Naming and Necessity 6938:De Arte Combinatoria 6737:Definite description 6698:Semantic externalism 6019:. Oxford: Blackwell. 5973:on 27 September 2010 5611:"Corpus Linguistics" 4379:. In Borkent (ed.). 4372:Tobin, Vera (2014). 3444:Luuk, Erkki (2015). 2878:Clinical linguistics 2668:Language engineering 2556:Forensic linguistics 2550:Forensic linguistics 2500:Clinical linguistics 2494:Clinical linguistics 2335:Constructed language 2155:improve this article 2105:audio-lingual method 2051:Wilhelm von Humboldt 2033:sparked the rise of 1946:Al-kitab fii an-naħw 1681:language instruction 1615:improve this article 1562:Construction grammar 1542:cultural replicators 1378:language acquisition 1082:improve this section 889:are both morphemes; 873:. Morphemes include 712:, which studies the 663:Major subdisciplines 407:Internet linguistics 317:Construction grammar 9169:Non-verbal language 9057:Gesture recognition 8904:Further information 8794:Emotion recognition 8745:Silent service code 8350:Geisteswissenschaft 8344:Behavioral sciences 8270:Political sociology 8185:Information science 8130:Development studies 7078:Philosophical logic 7068:Analytic philosophy 6874:Sense and reference 6753:Verification theory 6708:Situation semantics 6233:(last updated 2004) 5781:Applied Linguistics 3858:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 3526:on 27 February 2020 3517:What is Morphology? 2986:on 14 December 2012 2472:Translation studies 2358:machine translation 2315:Applied linguistics 2305:Applied linguistics 2299:Applied linguistics 2117:language technology 2113:linguistic typology 2109:language universals 1979:Alexander the Great 1956:The Book on Grammar 1895:is sometimes used. 1873:synchronic analysis 1669:linguistic standard 1484:Approaches such as 1239:, the study of how 1043:Linguistic typology 1037:Linguistic typology 996:talk in interaction 977:cognitive semantics 925:. Concepts such as 607:Applied linguistics 342:Systemic functional 137:Applied linguistics 79:General linguistics 9195:Art and literature 9150:Meta-communication 9138:Passive-aggressive 9067:Sentiment analysis 8768:Non-verbal leakage 8405:Society portal 7892:auxiliary sciences 7428:Discourse analysis 7353:Telecommunications 7296:Meta-communication 6928:Port-Royal Grammar 6824:Family resemblance 6743:Theory of language 6718:Supposition theory 5009:panini.phil.hhu.de 4189:. London: Hodder. 4178:Halliday, M. A. K. 4101:SN Social Sciences 3545:Emmanuel, Ortese. 2674:Language geography 2579:Linguistics portal 2436:formal linguistics 2417:language education 2346:speech recognition 2319:language education 2093:discourse analysis 2081:Leonard Bloomfield 2043:Deutsche Grammatik 2027:comparative method 2015:John Amos Comenius 1900:multi-disciplinary 1893:linguistic science 1883:Although the term 1835:formal description 1829:Indian grammarian 1760:corpus linguistics 1720:phonological rules 1711:. This is because 1502:Generative Grammar 1490:generative grammar 1417:social interaction 1390:Theory of language 1252:Discourse analysis 1245:communicative acts 750:and the method of 748:comparative method 722:grammaticalization 710:generative grammar 680: 603:fundamental nature 447:Theory of language 417:Origin of language 372:Autonomy of syntax 327:Grammaticalization 173:Discourse analysis 168:Corpus linguistics 9334:Cognitive science 9232: 9231: 9228: 9227: 9224: 9223: 9220: 9219: 8926:Asperger syndrome 8894: 8893: 8876:Social competence 8816: 8815: 8812: 8811: 8618:Emotional prosody 8524:Subtle expression 8509:Facial expression 8425: 8424: 8265:Political economy 8260:Political ecology 8115:Community studies 8105:Cognitive science 8068:Interdisciplinary 7968:Political science 7730: 7729: 7151: 7150: 6653:Dynamic semantics 6282:978-0-19-953420-3 6231:SIL International 6214:The Linguist List 6185:Library resources 6169:978-0-14-017529-5 6138:978-0-19-966017-9 6117:978-0-8264-8734-6 6098:978-0-8018-5830-7 6077:978-0-14-013531-2 6070:. Penguin Books. 6058:978-1-56584-475-9 6037:978-90-272-8047-3 6007:978-0-262-51370-8 5896:978-0-429-29491-4 5751:978-0-19-437444-6 5658:Folia Linguistica 5632:978-0-08-044854-1 5483:978-0-631-20891-4 5446:978-0-395-82517-4 5418:978-0-14-013531-2 5411:. Penguin Books. 5341:978-0-08-096503-1 5314:978-1-4443-3104-2 5222:Harper, Douglas. 5190:978-0-521-44665-5 5105:Harper, Douglas. 5091:on 15 April 2021. 5047:978-81-208-0409-8 4972:978-0-19-966521-1 4898:978-0-08-097087-5 4862:978-1-55619-927-1 4826:978-1-118-34613-6 4801:978-3-11-063385-6 4761:978-3-642-36085-5 4619:Language Learning 4390:978-90-272-8643-7 4358:978-1-118-34613-6 4333:978-0-262-52734-7 4236:978-90-272-1524-6 4151:978-1-537504-95-7 4084:on 8 August 2019. 4074:978-0-231-15727-8 4013:978-0-253-20959-7 3985:978-3-11-017462-5 3916:on 4 October 2013 3873:978-1-4039-1723-2 3796:Discourse Studies 3780:978-0-262-53164-1 3467:978-0-08-097087-5 3221:978-94-009-3759-8 3183:978-0-7486-4601-2 3066:globelanguage.org 2979:978-0-262-51370-8 2938:cite encyclopedia 2887:978-3-7091-4001-7 2827:978-0-8264-8824-4 2792:978-0-415-41359-6 2722:Speech processing 2680:Linguistic rights 2327:language planning 2281:psycholinguistics 2231: 2230: 2223: 2205: 2127:Areas of research 2001:. Throughout the 1991:téchnē grammatikḗ 1914:Early grammarians 1898:Linguistics is a 1839:Sanskrit language 1647: 1646: 1639: 1492:study linguistic 1366:psycholinguistics 1118: 1117: 1110: 740:language families 584:psycholinguistics 502: 501: 290:Distributionalism 233:Psycholinguistics 9351: 9314: 9306: 9305: 9304: 9297: 9289: 9288: 9287: 9280: 9272: 9271: 9270: 9263: 9255: 9254: 9253: 9243: 9106: 9105: 9083:Ray Birdwhistell 8911: 8910: 8900: 8899: 8826:Broader concepts 8822: 8821: 8799:First impression 8480: 8479: 8467: 8466: 8452: 8445: 8438: 8429: 8428: 8413: 8403: 8402: 8389: 8388: 8377: 8376: 8280:Regional science 8125:Cultural studies 8100:Business studies 7757: 7750: 7743: 7734: 7733: 7720: 7719: 7375: 7326:Public relations 7221:Biocommunication 7178: 7171: 7164: 7155: 7154: 7113:Formal semantics 7061:Related articles 7053: 7043: 7033: 7023: 7013: 7003: 6993: 6983: 6973: 6963: 6953: 6943: 6933: 6923: 6693:Relevance theory 6688:Phallogocentrism 6323: 6316: 6309: 6300: 6299: 6286: 6173: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6141:. 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Archived from 3615:Shaozhong, Liu. 3612: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3582: 3576: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3547:"In linguistics" 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3525: 3514: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3379: 3373: 3371: 3370:on 17 July 2022. 3369: 3354: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3320:Indo-European.eu 3311: 3305: 3304: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3279: 3273: 3266: 3257: 3256: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2982:. Archived from 2963: 2954: 2953: 2947: 2946:|entry-url= 2943: 2941: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2873: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2776: 2733: 2704:Microlinguistics 2700: 2691: 2662:Interlinguistics 2616: 2607: 2595: 2590: 2589: 2581: 2576: 2575: 2483:Google Translate 2444:sociolinguistics 2430:. Starting with 2421:foreign language 2415:, as well as in 2350:voice interfaces 2342:Speech synthesis 2274:Neurolinguistics 2268:Neurolinguistics 2240:Sociolinguistics 2234:Sociolinguistics 2226: 2219: 2215: 2212: 2206: 2204: 2163: 2139: 2131: 2119:and digitalized 2064: 1996: 1995:Τέχνη Γραμματική 1953: 1952: 1847: 1642: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1622: 1599: 1591: 1431:, among others. 1421:speech community 1413:cultural studies 1370:neurolinguistics 1113: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1093: 1062: 1054: 981:prototype theory 973:computer science 957:formal semantics 763:Uralic languages 494: 487: 480: 466: 412:LGBT linguistics 402:Internationalism 377:Compositionality 238:Sociolinguistics 213:Neurolinguistics 208:Interlinguistics 193:Ethnomethodology 35: 34: 9359: 9358: 9354: 9353: 9352: 9350: 9349: 9348: 9319: 9318: 9317: 9307: 9302: 9300: 9290: 9285: 9283: 9273: 9268: 9266: 9256: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9242:sister projects 9239:at Knowledge's 9233: 9216: 9207:Mimoplastic art 9190: 9181:Tactile signing 9164: 9097: 9071: 9035: 8999: 8972: 8905: 8890: 8866:Social behavior 8827: 8808: 8772: 8763:Microexpression 8749: 8733:One-bit message 8712: 8664: 8599: 8519:Microexpression 8474: 8461: 8456: 8426: 8421: 8397: 8365: 8332: 8316: 8290:Science studies 8074:Administration 8063: 7789: 7766: 7764:Social sciences 7761: 7731: 7726: 7708: 7497: 7376: 7367: 7214: 7212: 7205: 7187: 7182: 7152: 7147: 7124: 7103:School of Names 7056: 7051: 7041: 7031: 7021: 7018:Of Grammatology 7011: 7001: 6991: 6981: 6971: 6961: 6951: 6941: 6931: 6921: 6905: 6757: 6703:Semantic holism 6683:Non-cognitivism 6623:Conventionalism 6594: 6341: 6332: 6327: 6283: 6227:Wayback Machine 6210: 6209: 6208: 6193: 6192: 6188: 6181: 6176: 6170: 6148: 6146: 6139: 6118: 6099: 6088:Of Grammatology 6078: 6059: 6038: 6008: 5991: 5986: 5976: 5974: 5961: 5960: 5956: 5944:Olsson, John. " 5943: 5939: 5916: 5912: 5897: 5873: 5869: 5832: 5828: 5819: 5815: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5776: 5770: 5759: 5752: 5738: 5734: 5689: 5685: 5650: 5646: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5607: 5603: 5574: 5570: 5560: 5558: 5534: 5530: 5524:Bloomfield 1983 5522: 5515: 5509:Bloomfield 1983 5507: 5503: 5497:Bloomfield 1983 5495: 5491: 5484: 5470: 5466: 5460:Bloomfield 1983 5458: 5454: 5447: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5419: 5402: 5398: 5387: 5383: 5369: 5367: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5342: 5326: 5322: 5315: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5275: 5274: 5270: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5244: 5234: 5232: 5220: 5213: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5177: 5170: 5147:10.2307/2864468 5131: 5127: 5117: 5115: 5103: 5096: 5088: 5077: 5071: 5067: 5057: 5055: 5048: 5040:. Vedic Books. 5032: 5028: 5018: 5016: 5003: 5002: 4998: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4973: 4954: 4950: 4940: 4938: 4929: 4928: 4924: 4913:Martinet, André 4910: 4906: 4899: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4838: 4834: 4827: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4788: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4716: 4712: 4665: 4661: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4614: 4605: 4601: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4562: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4528: 4524: 4514: 4512: 4483: 4479: 4448: 4444: 4434: 4432: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4376: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4317: 4313: 4303: 4301: 4262:(12): 729–743. 4248: 4244: 4237: 4223: 4219: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4186: 4175: 4171: 4161: 4159: 4152: 4136: 4132: 4093: 4089: 4081: 4075: 4064: 4053: 4049: 4042: 4025: 4021: 4014: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3969: 3965: 3958:Of Grammatology 3948: 3944: 3933: 3929: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3881: 3874: 3855: 3851: 3835: 3831: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3767: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3723: 3719: 3674: 3670: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3626: 3624: 3623:on 7 March 2009 3613: 3609: 3599: 3597: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3570: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3543: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3512: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3490: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3411: 3407: 3397: 3395: 3380: 3376: 3367: 3352: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3312: 3308: 3295: 3291: 3280: 3276: 3267: 3260: 3253:LinguisticsGirl 3245: 3241: 3231: 3229: 3222: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3170: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3129: 3115: 3111: 3101: 3099: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3045: 3043: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3015: 3013: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2980: 2964: 2957: 2948:missing title ( 2945: 2944: 2935: 2934: 2927: 2925: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2888: 2874: 2865: 2855: 2853: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2811: 2807: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2731: 2698: 2689: 2686:Metalinguistics 2614: 2605: 2593:Language portal 2591: 2584: 2577: 2570: 2567: 2558: 2552: 2543:sociobiological 2539: 2533: 2524: 2518: 2502: 2496: 2487:survey research 2474: 2466:Main articles: 2464: 2394: 2375:native language 2325:, translation, 2307: 2301: 2276: 2270: 2257: 2251: 2242: 2236: 2227: 2216: 2210: 2207: 2164: 2162: 2152: 2140: 2129: 2085:Louis Hjelmslev 2077: 2023: 1999:Dionysius Thrax 1994: 1951:الكتاب في النحو 1926: 1916: 1904:formal sciences 1859: 1819: 1813: 1783: 1697: 1643: 1632: 1626: 1623: 1612: 1600: 1589: 1509:domain-specific 1482: 1472: 1401:logical grammar 1397: 1392: 1386: 1358:Jacques Derrida 1331: 1299:bound morphemes 1295: 1282: 1145: 1125:linguistic sign 1114: 1103: 1097: 1094: 1079: 1063: 1052: 1047: 1046: 1040: 1032: 1014: 1006:Main articles: 1004: 952: 944:Main articles: 942: 934:morphophonology 903:parts of speech 885:and the suffix 857: 851: 815: 809: 718:language change 691: 685: 671:Swiss linguist 665: 498: 457: 456: 367: 359: 358: 270: 262: 261: 257:Writing systems 148:Anthropological 138: 130: 129: 80: 72: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9357: 9347: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9316: 9315: 9298: 9296:from Wikibooks 9281: 9279:from Wikiquote 9264: 9235: 9230: 9229: 9226: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9218: 9217: 9215: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9198: 9196: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9172: 9170: 9166: 9165: 9163: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9141: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9115: 9109: 9103: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9095: 9090: 9088:Charles Darwin 9085: 9079: 9077: 9073: 9072: 9070: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9043: 9041: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9007: 9005: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8997: 8992: 8982: 8980: 8974: 8973: 8971: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8954: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8917: 8915: 8907: 8906: 8896: 8895: 8892: 8891: 8889: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8832: 8829: 8828: 8818: 8817: 8814: 8813: 8810: 8809: 8807: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8784:Affect display 8780: 8778: 8774: 8773: 8771: 8770: 8765: 8759: 8757: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8747: 8742: 8741: 8740: 8730: 8720: 8718: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8674: 8672: 8670:Social context 8666: 8665: 8663: 8662: 8661: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8620: 8615: 8609: 8607: 8601: 8600: 8598: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8581: 8580: 8578:Pupil dilation 8575: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8544: 8543: 8538: 8528: 8527: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8506: 8501: 8492: 8486: 8484: 8476: 8475: 8463: 8462: 8455: 8454: 8447: 8440: 8432: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8419: 8407: 8395: 8383: 8370: 8367: 8366: 8364: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8346: 8340: 8338: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8330: 8324: 8322: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8303: 8302: 8297: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8256: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8237: 8236: 8235: 8233:social science 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8165:Global studies 8162: 8160:Gender studies 8157: 8152: 8151: 8150: 8145: 8143:social science 8139:Environmental 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8086: 8085: 8080: 8071: 8069: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8061: 8060: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8029: 8028: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 7997: 7996: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7965: 7964: 7963: 7953: 7952: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7921: 7920: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7879: 7878: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7852: 7851: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7838:macroeconomics 7835: 7833:microeconomics 7825: 7824: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7797: 7795: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7760: 7759: 7752: 7745: 7737: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7724: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7505: 7503: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7468:Organizational 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7418:Cross-cultural 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7384: 7382: 7378: 7377: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7349: 7348: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7266:Intrapersonal 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7217: 7215: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7203: 7198: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7181: 7180: 7173: 7166: 7158: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7122: 7117: 7116: 7115: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7064: 7062: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7054: 7044: 7034: 7024: 7014: 7004: 6994: 6984: 6974: 6964: 6954: 6944: 6934: 6924: 6913: 6911: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6903: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6854:Presupposition 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6633:Deconstruction 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6604: 6602: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6351: 6349: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6326: 6325: 6318: 6311: 6303: 6297: 6296: 6287: 6281: 6266: 6260: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6217: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6179:External links 6177: 6175: 6174: 6168: 6155: 6145:on 6 July 2011 6137: 6122: 6116: 6103: 6097: 6082: 6076: 6063: 6057: 6042: 6036: 6021: 6012: 6006: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5954: 5937: 5910: 5895: 5867: 5826: 5813: 5757: 5750: 5732: 5683: 5664:(1–2): 29–38. 5644: 5631: 5601: 5568: 5528: 5526:, p. 311. 5513: 5511:, p. 310. 5501: 5499:, p. 308. 5489: 5482: 5464: 5462:, p. 307. 5452: 5445: 5424: 5417: 5405:Crystal, David 5396: 5381: 5347: 5340: 5320: 5313: 5293: 5268: 5242: 5211: 5196: 5189: 5168: 5125: 5094: 5065: 5046: 5026: 4996: 4978: 4971: 4948: 4922: 4904: 4897: 4877:Croft, William 4868: 4861: 4841:Nettle, Daniel 4832: 4825: 4807: 4800: 4782: 4760: 4729: 4710: 4659: 4608:Cornish, Hanna 4599: 4556:Croft, William 4547: 4540: 4522: 4477: 4458:(4): 347–378. 4442: 4396: 4389: 4364: 4357: 4339: 4332: 4311: 4242: 4235: 4217: 4195: 4169: 4150: 4130: 4087: 4073: 4047: 4040: 4019: 4012: 4000:Nöth, Winfried 3991: 3984: 3963: 3942: 3927: 3891: 3872: 3849: 3829: 3786: 3779: 3758: 3746: 3737: 3728:(2), 101-113. 3717: 3688:(2): 325–340. 3668: 3634: 3607: 3577: 3564: 3537: 3500: 3473: 3466: 3436: 3405: 3388:Essay Examples 3374: 3337: 3306: 3289: 3274: 3258: 3239: 3220: 3189: 3182: 3164: 3134: 3128:978-1412999632 3127: 3109: 3083: 3053: 3023: 2997: 2978: 2955: 2905: 2886: 2863: 2833: 2826: 2805: 2791: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2734: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2692: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2656:Integrationism 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2608: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2582: 2566: 2563: 2554:Main article: 2551: 2548: 2535:Main article: 2532: 2529: 2520:Main article: 2517: 2514: 2498:Main article: 2495: 2492: 2463: 2460: 2413:interpretation 2393: 2390: 2303:Main article: 2300: 2297: 2272:Main article: 2269: 2266: 2253:Main article: 2250: 2247: 2238:Main article: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2143: 2141: 2134: 2128: 2125: 2101:André Martinet 2076: 2073: 2022: 2019: 2011:Wolfgang Ratke 1915: 1912: 1858: 1855: 1827:6th-century-BC 1815:Main article: 1812: 1809: 1782: 1779: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1731: 1716: 1696: 1693: 1691:the language. 1645: 1644: 1603: 1601: 1594: 1588: 1585: 1581:human sciences 1476:Biolinguistics 1471: 1468: 1459:human sciences 1396: 1393: 1385: 1382: 1374:biolinguistics 1356:In the 1960s, 1330: 1327: 1294: 1291: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1268: 1260: 1248: 1232: 1224: 1213: 1205: 1193: 1144: 1141: 1129:sign languages 1116: 1115: 1066: 1064: 1057: 1051: 1048: 1041: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1003: 1000: 941: 938: 853:Main article: 850: 847: 811:Main article: 808: 805: 793:super-families 695:Western trends 687:Main article: 684: 681: 664: 661: 618:diachronically 614:synchronically 580:biolinguistics 564:sign languages 537:paleographical 500: 499: 497: 496: 489: 482: 474: 471: 470: 459: 458: 455: 454: 449: 444: 439: 437:Prescriptivism 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 368: 365: 364: 361: 360: 357: 356: 351: 350: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 304: 303: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 271: 268: 267: 264: 263: 260: 259: 254: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 139: 136: 135: 132: 131: 128: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 81: 78: 77: 74: 73: 71: 70: 65: 60: 54: 51: 50: 44: 43: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9356: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9326: 9324: 9313:from Wikidata 9312: 9311: 9299: 9295: 9294: 9282: 9278: 9277: 9265: 9261: 9260: 9248: 9247: 9244: 9238: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9193: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9176:Sign language 9174: 9173: 9171: 9167: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9120: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9110: 9107: 9104: 9100: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9080: 9078: 9074: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9044: 9042: 9038: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9021:Freudian slip 9019: 9017: 9016:Lie detection 9014: 9012: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9002: 8996: 8995:Mirror neuron 8993: 8991: 8987: 8986:Limbic system 8984: 8983: 8981: 8979: 8975: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8952: 8951:Rett syndrome 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8923: 8922: 8919: 8918: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8901: 8897: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8881:Social skills 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8856:People skills 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8841:Communication 8839: 8837: 8834: 8833: 8830: 8823: 8819: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8777:Multi-faceted 8775: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8756: 8752: 8746: 8743: 8739: 8736: 8735: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8725: 8722: 8721: 8719: 8715: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8688:Display rules 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8671: 8667: 8659: 8658:Voice quality 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8625: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8606: 8602: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8570: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8532: 8529: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8511: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8496: 8495:Body language 8493: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8473: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8453: 8448: 8446: 8441: 8439: 8434: 8433: 8430: 8418: 8417: 8412: 8408: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8394: 8393: 8384: 8382: 8381: 8372: 8371: 8368: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8356:Human science 8354: 8352: 8351: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8335: 8329: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8319: 8313: 8312:Vegan studies 8310: 8308: 8305: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8275:Public health 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8210: 8209:Philosophies 8208: 8206: 8205:Media studies 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8180:Human ecology 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8090:Anthrozoology 8088: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8066: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8034: 8033: 8030: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8015:developmental 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8002: 8001: 7998: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7988:public policy 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7969: 7966: 7962: 7959: 7958: 7957: 7954: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7939:legal systems 7937: 7935: 7934:legal history 7932: 7930: 7929:jurisprudence 7927: 7926: 7925: 7922: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7884: 7883: 7880: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7856: 7853: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7830: 7829: 7826: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7803: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7792: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7769: 7765: 7758: 7753: 7751: 7746: 7744: 7739: 7738: 7735: 7723: 7715: 7714: 7711: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7500: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7458:Media studies 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7448:International 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7433:Environmental 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7423:Developmental 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7403:Communicology 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7379: 7374: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7291:Media ecology 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7261:Interpersonal 7259: 7257: 7256:Intercultural 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7231:Communication 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7208: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7190: 7186: 7179: 7174: 7172: 7167: 7165: 7160: 7159: 7156: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7127: 7121: 7118: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7098:Scholasticism 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7063: 7059: 7050: 7049: 7045: 7040: 7039: 7035: 7030: 7029: 7025: 7020: 7019: 7015: 7010: 7009: 7005: 7000: 6999: 6995: 6990: 6989: 6985: 6980: 6979: 6975: 6969: 6965: 6960: 6959: 6955: 6950: 6949: 6945: 6940: 6939: 6935: 6930: 6929: 6925: 6920: 6919: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6760: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6738: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6713:Structuralism 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6638:Descriptivism 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6618:Contrastivism 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6597: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6335: 6331: 6324: 6319: 6317: 6312: 6310: 6305: 6304: 6301: 6295: 6291: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6274: 6273: 6267: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6235: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6171: 6165: 6161: 6156: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6130: 6129: 6123: 6119: 6113: 6110:. Routledge. 6109: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6090: 6089: 6083: 6079: 6073: 6069: 6064: 6060: 6054: 6050: 6049: 6043: 6039: 6033: 6029: 6028: 6022: 6018: 6013: 6009: 6003: 5999: 5994: 5993: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5914: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5879: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5830: 5823: 5817: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5787:(4): 503–26. 5786: 5782: 5775: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5753: 5747: 5743: 5736: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5703:(2): 101–03. 5702: 5698: 5694: 5687: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5648: 5634: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5605: 5596: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5572: 5556: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5532: 5525: 5520: 5518: 5510: 5505: 5498: 5493: 5485: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5456: 5448: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5420: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5393: 5392: 5385: 5378: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5343: 5337: 5333: 5332: 5324: 5316: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5297: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5253: 5246: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5218: 5216: 5207: 5200: 5192: 5186: 5182: 5175: 5173: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5129: 5114: 5113: 5108: 5101: 5099: 5087: 5083: 5076: 5069: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5030: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4974: 4968: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4952: 4936: 4932: 4926: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4900: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4864: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4828: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4803: 4797: 4793: 4786: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4741: 4733: 4725: 4721: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4609: 4603: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4557: 4551: 4543: 4541:0-7486-1831-7 4537: 4534:. Routledge. 4533: 4526: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4481: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4446: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4419:(1): 93–119. 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4392: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4360: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4335: 4329: 4326:. MIT Press. 4325: 4321: 4320:Chomsky, Noam 4315: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4246: 4238: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4202: 4198: 4196:0-340-76167-9 4192: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4173: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4143: 4142: 4134: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4063: 4062: 4057: 4051: 4043: 4041:0-299-02470-9 4037: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4015: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3987: 3981: 3977: 3976: 3967: 3960: 3959: 3954: 3953: 3946: 3938: 3931: 3912: 3905: 3903: 3895: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3846:1-85567-272-3 3843: 3839: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3782: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3763: 3755: 3750: 3741: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3672: 3654: 3647: 3646: 3638: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3574: 3568: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3504: 3488: 3484: 3477: 3469: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3409: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3347: 3346:Baldi, Philip 3341: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3302: 3301: 3293: 3285: 3278: 3271: 3265: 3263: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3185: 3179: 3175: 3168: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3130: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3011: 3007: 3001: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2971: 2970: 2962: 2960: 2951: 2939: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2829: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2794: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2775: 2771: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2626:Cryptanalysis 2624: 2621: 2618: 2612: 2609: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2594: 2588: 2583: 2580: 2574: 2569: 2562: 2557: 2547: 2546:communities. 2544: 2538: 2528: 2523: 2513: 2511: 2510:communication 2507: 2501: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2469: 2459: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2384:lingua franca 2380: 2376: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2306: 2296: 2294: 2293:brain imaging 2290: 2286: 2282: 2275: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2246: 2241: 2225: 2222: 2214: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2175: 2172: – 2171: 2170:"Linguistics" 2167: 2166:Find sources: 2160: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2144:This section 2142: 2138: 2133: 2132: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2089:Zellig Harris 2086: 2082: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2063: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2047:Indo-European 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2031:William Jones 2028: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1925: 1921: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1865: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1846: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1818: 1808: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1788: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1737:scripts like 1736: 1732: 1729: 1728:speech errors 1725: 1724:sound changes 1721: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1641: 1638: 1630: 1627:February 2024 1620: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1604:This section 1602: 1598: 1593: 1592: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1577:functionalism 1574: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1519:constructions 1516: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1481: 1477: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1455:functionalism 1452: 1451:structuralism 1448: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1391: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1326: 1324: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1311:neologization 1308: 1304: 1300: 1290: 1288: 1274: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1198: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1140: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1112: 1109: 1101: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1067:This section 1065: 1061: 1056: 1055: 1044: 1038: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1013: 1009: 999: 997: 993: 989: 984: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 951: 947: 937: 935: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 867: 862: 856: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 814: 804: 800: 798: 794: 789: 785: 783: 779: 774: 772: 768: 764: 760: 755: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 732: 730: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 702: 700: 696: 690: 678: 674: 669: 660: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 629: 627: 626:multilinguals 623: 619: 615: 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 587: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 544: 542: 538: 534: 533:psychological 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 495: 490: 488: 483: 481: 476: 475: 473: 472: 469: 465: 461: 460: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 387:Descriptivism 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 369: 363: 362: 355: 354:Structuralism 352: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 337:Prague circle 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 309: 308: 305: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 277: 276: 273: 272: 266: 265: 258: 255: 253: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 183:Documentation 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 158:Computational 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 140: 134: 133: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 82: 76: 75: 69: 66: 64: 61: 59: 56: 55: 53: 52: 49: 46: 45: 41: 37: 36: 33: 29: 22: 9308: 9291: 9274: 9262:from Commons 9257: 9236: 9159: 9011:Cold reading 9004:Applications 8978:Neuroanatomy 8623:Paralanguage 8414: 8390: 8378: 8348: 8194: 8155:Food studies 8095:Area studies 7955: 7848:mathematical 7843:econometrics 7801:Anthropology 7241:Conversation 7226:Broadcasting 7082: 7046: 7036: 7026: 7016: 7006: 6996: 6986: 6976: 6956: 6946: 6936: 6926: 6916: 6898: 6839:Metalanguage 6834:Logical form 6789:Truth-bearer 6748:Unilalianism 6658:Expressivism 6485:Wittgenstein 6430:von Humboldt 6347:Philosophers 6271: 6254:Scholarpedia 6252:articles on 6189: 6159: 6147:. Retrieved 6143:the original 6127: 6107: 6087: 6067: 6047: 6026: 6016: 5997: 5989:Bibliography 5975:. Retrieved 5971:the original 5966: 5957: 5949: 5940: 5923: 5919: 5913: 5877: 5870: 5843: 5839: 5829: 5821: 5816: 5804:. Retrieved 5797:the original 5784: 5780: 5741: 5735: 5700: 5696: 5686: 5661: 5657: 5647: 5636:, retrieved 5614: 5604: 5585: 5581: 5571: 5559:. Retrieved 5545: 5541: 5531: 5504: 5492: 5473: 5467: 5455: 5436: 5427: 5408: 5399: 5389: 5384: 5375: 5368:. Retrieved 5359: 5350: 5330: 5323: 5303: 5296: 5284:. Retrieved 5280: 5271: 5259:. Retrieved 5245: 5233:. Retrieved 5227: 5205: 5199: 5180: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5116:. Retrieved 5110: 5086:the original 5081: 5068: 5058:17 September 5056:. Retrieved 5036: 5029: 5017:. Retrieved 5008: 4999: 4990: 4981: 4961: 4951: 4939:. Retrieved 4925: 4916: 4907: 4880: 4871: 4844: 4835: 4816: 4810: 4791: 4785: 4773:. Retrieved 4739: 4732: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4676: 4672: 4662: 4650:. Retrieved 4622: 4618: 4602: 4590:. 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