2808:
2818:
513:
4051:
25:
957:â study of linguistic issues in a way that is 'computationally responsible', i.e., taking careful note of computational consideration of algorithmic specification and computational complexity, so that the linguistic theories devised can be shown to exhibit certain desirable computational properties implementations.
4190:
Modern linguists approach their work with a scientific perspective, although they use methods that used to be thought of as solely an academic discipline of the humanities. Contrary to previous belief, linguistics is multidisciplinary. It overlaps each of the human sciences including psychology,
4191:
neurology, anthropology, and sociology. Linguists conduct formal studies of sound structure, grammar and meaning, but they also investigate the history of language families, and research language acquisition.
4004:) would be acknowledged to signify "parent's sister or parent's sister-in-law", instead of "drummer" or "guest". Likewise, grammatically, it may be necessary for the interlocutors to agree on the
1175:â investigates the relationship between signs and what they signify more broadly. From the perspective of semiotics, language can be seen as a sign or symbol, with the world as its representation.
1195:- takes a philosophical approach to language. Many formal semanticists are philosophers of language, differing from linguist semanticists only in their metaphysical assumptions (if at all).
2412:
4249:
3853:
3253:
1902:
1672:
3314:
2773:
677:
the place of language in its wider social and cultural context, and its role in making and maintaining cultural practices and societal structures
3938:
viewed linguistics as a branch of psychology and therefore a social science; others yet have argued for viewing linguistics as a mixed science.
2854:
2299:
2266:
2236:
2141:
2018:
4035:(for instance, "Let's call our immediately aunt" would thus be recognized as a grammatically incoherent structure, in a manner similar to a
1090:
4368:
4343:
1817:
4363:
4358:
3460:
2261:
1657:
4291:
3425:
2783:
4353:
3286:
2722:
2191:
802:
is the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use, comprehend and produce language
53:
4338:
3217:
2241:
1677:
1594:
4323:
4318:
4158:
4131:
4104:
3838:
2697:
540:
4333:
4328:
4419:
4311:
3843:
2447:
430:
4348:
2912:
2742:
2081:
1280:
658:
4231:
2131:
4404:
4252:
of A Bibliography of
Literary Theory, Criticism and Philology, ed. J. A. GarcĂa Landa (University of Zaragoza, Spain)
3465:
3329:
2847:
2402:
2292:
2011:
71:
3941:
Linguistics is heterogeneous in its methods of research, so that each area of theoretical linguistics may resemble
2146:
2041:
2231:
931:â study of language-related issues applied in everyday life, notably language policies, planning, and education. (
3915:
3867:
3735:
3641:
3248:
3119:
2932:
2196:
1928:
1150:
390:
3884:, being a widely recognized category of specialized expertise, embodying its own terminology, nomenclature, and
3475:
3207:
2957:
2532:
2151:
1692:
1053:
450:
395:
168:
3656:
3435:
3420:
3392:
3349:
3129:
2778:
1975:
1971:
1535:
1240:
918:â comparative study of the similarities and differences between language structures in the world's languages.
425:
116:
4409:
4399:
4284:
3359:
3222:
3174:
3044:
3039:
2840:
2737:
2642:
2285:
2004:
1140:
1130:
370:
236:
851:â study of sounds (or signs) as discrete, abstract elements in the speaker's mind that distinguish meaning
4300:
3554:
3455:
3415:
3279:
2251:
1984:
1095:
824:
672:
490:
196:
4394:
3931:
3651:
3450:
3430:
3179:
3004:
2747:
2407:
2308:
2246:
2027:
1732:
1587:
4236:
3184:
3146:
2692:
2657:
2612:
2256:
1967:
1842:
1832:
1637:
1110:
960:
954:
948:
741:
533:
480:
380:
206:
40:
4012:
properties of the sequence; say, that the sequence (/ĂŠ/ , /n/, /t/) would be treated as a singular
4005:
3339:
3104:
2582:
2577:
2472:
2464:
2440:
2316:
2226:
2136:
2086:
2046:
1847:
1737:
1667:
1367:
1346:
1125:
1000:
854:
652:
614:
385:
328:
143:
4277:
4174:
4036:
3919:
3789:
3672:
3074:
3034:
3014:
2994:
2897:
2702:
2677:
2592:
2572:
2522:
2492:
2482:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2066:
1907:
1827:
1792:
1777:
1762:
1717:
1652:
1013:
786:
771:
687:
640:
628:
485:
323:
300:
3888:. Many linguists, such as David Crystal, conceptualize the field as being primarily scientific.
2201:
1958:
643:â the theory of language as a formal system with mathematical-logical rules and a formal grammar
3767:
3309:
3272:
3212:
3009:
2788:
2667:
2662:
2542:
2379:
2324:
2206:
2121:
2096:
1782:
1371:
1224:
1192:
1145:
970:
909:
864:
768:â comprehensive description of the grammar and use practices of languages of a particular group
765:
681:
666:
646:
634:
435:
402:
355:
271:
251:
231:
133:
111:
4064:
4148:
4121:
3923:
3740:
3604:
3324:
3232:
3164:
3134:
3089:
3084:
3059:
2917:
2732:
2682:
2637:
2617:
2607:
2507:
2369:
2359:
2344:
2171:
2106:
2076:
2051:
1882:
1857:
1707:
1702:
1682:
1647:
1632:
1580:
1519:
1391:
1359:
1085:
885:
806:
744:â the use of computation applied to language databasing, analysis, translation, and synthesis
211:
3202:
4389:
4028:
3504:
3470:
3374:
3295:
3124:
3114:
3064:
3024:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2962:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2922:
2907:
2902:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2707:
2622:
2602:
2487:
2477:
2374:
2349:
2329:
2186:
2181:
2111:
2091:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1867:
1837:
1822:
1807:
1797:
1787:
1752:
1747:
1697:
1642:
1617:
1471:
1431:
1423:
1407:
1325:
1268:
1043:
964:
944:
932:
902:â and the role played by context and nonlinguistic knowledge in the transmission of meaning
818:
812:
753:
747:
526:
455:
365:
246:
191:
88:
8:
3892:
3877:
3772:
3445:
3369:
3227:
3169:
3109:
3099:
3079:
3069:
3054:
3049:
3029:
2999:
2967:
2952:
2927:
2863:
2762:
2752:
2687:
2652:
2587:
2567:
2557:
2517:
2502:
2497:
2433:
2390:
2354:
2334:
2126:
2116:
2061:
2056:
1877:
1872:
1812:
1767:
1727:
1622:
1603:
1439:
1198:
1184:
928:
915:
759:
735:
611:â the study of vocabularies and the structural relationships between many different words
296:
226:
201:
173:
46:
4056:
4017:
3885:
3624:
3619:
3524:
3509:
3364:
3354:
3344:
3334:
3139:
3094:
3019:
2989:
2793:
2712:
2672:
2647:
2627:
2562:
2537:
2527:
2512:
2339:
2176:
2101:
1932:
1852:
1802:
1757:
1742:
1722:
1712:
1687:
1627:
1495:
1447:
1443:
1411:
1395:
1135:
1100:
1048:
1028:
1018:
976:
905:
780:
516:
495:
465:
420:
375:
343:
333:
221:
216:
3871:
3614:
776:
is an attempt to halt or reverse the decline of a language or to revive an extinct one
4414:
4244:
4154:
4127:
4100:
3989:
3881:
3818:
3715:
3693:
3636:
3609:
3493:
3440:
3397:
3319:
2817:
2632:
2597:
2552:
2547:
2456:
2364:
2071:
1862:
1772:
1662:
1475:
1427:
1203:
1155:
988:
985:â study of the structures in the human brain that underlie grammar and communication.
873:
797:
512:
360:
338:
281:
35:
4001:
3970:
3848:
3833:
3814:
3794:
3747:
3688:
3574:
3569:
3529:
1451:
1435:
1284:
1274:
1073:
1038:
994:
982:
881:
727:
460:
291:
286:
261:
256:
241:
845:â study of the physical properties of speech (or signed) production and perception
3966:
3954:
3896:
3827:
3730:
3720:
3708:
3703:
3683:
3589:
3544:
3539:
1531:
4260:
3945:
either formal science or empirical science, to different degrees. For example,
3904:
3900:
3779:
3584:
3549:
1547:
1403:
1288:
991:â study of the cognitive processes and representations underlying language use.
938:
554:
305:
4240:
4024:
979:â study of the geographical distribution of languages and linguistic features.
963:â study of the development of linguistic ability in individuals, particularly
4383:
4092:
3935:
3799:
3564:
3559:
2811:
2277:
1996:
1120:
1105:
815:â the study of how children and adults acquire language knowledge and ability
4227:
Glottopedia, MediaWiki-based encyclopedia of linguistics, under construction
3579:
941:â the study of the biological and evolutionary components of human language.
655:â the study of quantitative language laws and corresponding general theories
637:â an approach which seeks to ground grammar in a specialized language module
4069:
3599:
3519:
1115:
1023:
348:
138:
3992:
norm, the speakers of a shared language need to agree on the meaning of a
3934:) viewed linguistics as an empirical or even physical science; linguistic
997:â study of variation in language and its relationship with social factors.
3942:
3927:
3861:
3784:
3667:
3594:
2821:
1551:
1507:
1257:
1178:
1063:
973:â study of language change over time. Also called diachronic linguistics.
899:
877:
561:
500:
475:
96:
4264:
1341:
What basic concepts / terms do I have to know to talk about linguistics?
3978:
3908:
3762:
3534:
3514:
3264:
1542:
1527:
1523:
1503:
1482:
1363:
1355:
1058:
891:
707:
701:
620:
608:
566:
470:
153:
45:
Does not seem to properly categorize certain fields and concepts, e.g.
3499:
People who had a significant influence on the development of the field
2832:
1572:
1229:
698:â the usage of vocalized sounds and systems of sounds to form language
4269:
4209:
3982:
3958:
3950:
3946:
3823:
1514:
1387:
1378:
1209:
1172:
1160:
895:
869:
848:
842:
721:
715:
695:
690:â comparing languages to find similarities and historical connections
602:
445:
440:
276:
266:
158:
148:
2425:
1079:
857:â study of internal structures of words and how they can be modified
4050:
3993:
3810:
3757:
3752:
3663:
1399:
1351:
1068:
575:
570:
3997:
3962:
3698:
3646:
1499:
1418:
1383:
1033:
1003:â study of linguistic factors that place a discourse in context.
809:â an approach which seeks to ground grammar in general cognition
4032:
4021:
4009:
3725:
1555:
1491:
1467:
1463:
1458:
860:
596:
163:
4213:(2018). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 7â20
922:
833:
750:â language science applied to the processes of law and justice
738:â finding solutions to real-life problems related to language
4226:
3974:
557:
is provided as an overview and topical guide to linguistics:
710:â the study of writing shapes as assigned to sounds or ideas
4256:
4013:
3914:
Historically, there has been some lack of consensus on the
1487:
762:â assessing first or second language faculty in individuals
661:â the study of semantics through formal logic-based models
1235:
When were the basic concepts first described and by whom?
599:â the property of grammar that governs sentence structure
4232:
Subfields according to the
Linguistic Society of America
617:â the property of sound and meaning dynamics in language
1296:
Computational linguistics becomes feasible the late 80s
3985:, linguistic meaning is influenced by social context.
3862:
The placement of linguistics within broader frameworks
1299:
Neurolinguistics and the biological basis of cognition
1568:
1318:
How does language serve as a medium of communication?
838:
Sub-fields of structure-focused linguistics include:
4120:
Spolsky, Bernard; Hult, Francis M. (February 2010).
4046:
3854:
Wiktionary:Definitions of acronyms and abbreviations
1254:
Beginnings of modern linguistics in the 19th century
3926:viewed linguistics as a formal science; linguistic
1230:
Timeline of discovery of basic linguistics concepts
947:â application of linguistic theory to the field of
3880:and, at least in its theoretical subfields, as a
1080:Schools, movements, and approaches of linguistics
1007:
863:â study of how words combine to form grammatical
783:â teaching specific language and language science
623:â the study of how context contributes to meaning
4381:
3973:language is dependent on a formal and arbitrary
3949:uses empirical approaches to study the physical
1321:How does language serve as a medium of thinking?
684:â study of historical language change over time
573:. Someone who engages in this study is called a
827:â the study of how a second language is learned
669:â describing how a particular language is used
3977:of rules or norms. Furthermore, as studied in
2307:
2026:
631:â the study of language as an abstract object
4285:
3280:
2848:
2441:
2293:
2012:
1588:
756:â the study of language usage on the Internet
579:. Linguistics can be theoretical or applied.
534:
2414:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
791:study of how language influences social life
730:â the study of society's effects on language
605:â the study of meaning as encoded in grammar
16:Overview of and topical guide to linguistics
4150:Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics
4119:
3895:field of research that combines tools from
1306:
923:Subfields, by nonlinguistic factors studied
834:Subfields, by linguistic structures studied
587:
4292:
4278:
3287:
3273:
2855:
2841:
2448:
2434:
2300:
2286:
2019:
2005:
1595:
1581:
1293:Alternate syntactic systems develop in 80s
582:
541:
527:
4087:
4085:
1563:
1218:
724:â the study of word histories and origins
72:Learn how and when to remove this message
4203:
4201:
4199:
3294:
4123:The Handbook of Educational Linguistics
4091:
3988:To enable communication by upholding a
3487:
2862:
1602:
1181:- is the study of terms and their use.
821:â the study of early language formation
4382:
4299:
4082:
649:â language as used and coming from use
4273:
4196:
4146:
3268:
2836:
2455:
2429:
2281:
2000:
1576:
3630:
1251:Medieval philosophical work in Latin
431:Conservative and innovative language
18:
4027:, or that as a noun it must not be
3876:Linguistics can be described as an
13:
1569:Languages by continent and country
14:
4431:
4255:Linguistics and language-related
4220:
3254:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
1335:
1248:Roman elaborations of Greek study
1166:
872:â study of the meaning of words (
718:â the study of the speech faculty
4207:Behme, Christina; Neef, Martin.
4049:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2142:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1903:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1673:Democratic Republic of the Congo
935:fits under Applied linguistics.)
511:
23:
4369:Technology and applied sciences
4241:French<->English glossary
4147:Berns, Margie (20 March 2010).
4016:convertible morphologically to
3872:Linguistics § Nomenclature
3868:Outline of academic disciplines
3642:Language families and languages
1245:Ancient Greek study of language
1151:Systemic functional linguistics
876:) and fixed word combinations (
704:â the study of writing systems
4167:
4140:
4113:
3315:Federated States of Micronesia
2774:British Indian Ocean Territory
1054:Language for specific purposes
1008:Other subfields of linguistics
908:â analysis of language use in
49:is not a field of linguistics.
1:
4344:Natural and physical sciences
4179:Linguistic Society of America
4075:
3918:of linguistics, particularly
1187:- study of special vocabulary
1091:Danish functional linguistics
4237:Glossary of linguistic terms
4210:Essays on Linguistic Realism
4175:"The Science of Linguistics"
4153:. Elsevier. pp. 23â25.
3844:English words without rhymes
2267:United States Virgin Islands
2028:Languages of North America
1241:Ancient Sanskrit grammarians
1141:Stratificational linguistics
1131:Prescription and description
912:(spoken, written, or signed)
371:Functional discourse grammar
237:Ethnography of communication
7:
4420:Outlines of social sciences
4364:Society and social sciences
4359:Religion and belief systems
4042:
3916:disciplinary classification
3679:
2309:Languages of South America
965:the acquisition of language
825:Second-language acquisition
673:Anthropological linguistics
491:Second-language acquisition
43:. The specific problem is:
10:
4436:
4065:Number of words in English
3865:
3491:
1315:How did it/does it evolve?
1302:Deep learning in the 2010s
1222:
169:Syntaxâsemantics interface
4307:
4126:. John Wiley & Sons.
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3406:
3383:
3302:
3241:
3193:
3155:
2870:
2802:
2761:
2721:
2463:
2388:
2315:
2242:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2160:
2034:
1916:
1891:
1610:
1111:Interactional linguistics
961:Developmental linguistics
955:Computational linguistics
949:Speech-Language Pathology
742:Computational linguistics
481:Philosophy of linguistics
381:Interactional linguistics
4405:Knowledge missing topics
4037:mathematically undefined
4000:; for instance, "aunt" (
3461:Northern Mariana Islands
2523:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2262:Turks and Caicos Islands
1658:Central African Republic
1331:How do languages differ?
1307:Questions in linguistics
1283:arises from the work of
1126:Prague linguistic circle
653:Quantitative linguistics
588:Subfields of linguistics
4354:Philosophy and thinking
4020:by the addition of the
3932:American structuralists
3920:theoretical linguistics
3673:List of writing systems
3657:Definitions by language
3426:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2784:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1326:common to all languages
1014:Contrastive linguistics
787:Linguistic anthropology
772:Language revitalization
688:Comparative linguistics
667:Descriptive linguistics
641:Formalism (linguistics)
629:Theoretical linguistics
583:Branches of linguistics
4029:modified syntactically
2913:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2192:British Virgin Islands
1564:Languages of the world
1225:History of linguistics
1219:History of linguistics
1193:Philosophy of language
1146:Structural linguistics
971:Historical linguistics
766:Language documentation
682:Historical linguistics
647:Functional linguistics
635:Generative linguistics
318:Theoretical frameworks
272:Philosophy of language
252:History of linguistics
4339:Mathematics and logic
4250:"Linguistics" section
3965:, the usability of a
3957:. On the other hand,
3605:Ferdinand de Saussure
3409:and other territories
3296:Languages of Oceania
2132:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1818:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1678:Republic of the Congo
1086:Cognitive linguistics
807:Cognitive linguistics
212:Conversation analysis
4324:Geography and places
4319:Culture and the arts
3488:Linguistics scholars
2864:Languages of Europe
2698:United Arab Emirates
1604:Languages of Africa
1472:grammatical function
1269:cognitive revolution
945:Clinical linguistics
933:Constructed language
819:Language development
813:Language acquisition
754:Internet linguistics
748:Forensic linguistics
593:General linguistics
456:Internet linguistics
366:Construction grammar
54:improve this article
39:to meet Knowledge's
4410:Outlines of society
4400:Applied linguistics
3886:scientific journals
3878:academic discipline
3839:Common misspellings
3156:States with limited
2725:limited recognition
2147:Trinidad and Tobago
2042:Antigua and Barbuda
1893:States with limited
1199:Philosophical logic
1185:Terminology science
929:Applied linguistics
916:Linguistic typology
760:Language assessment
736:Applied linguistics
391:Systemic functional
186:Applied linguistics
128:General linguistics
4334:History and events
4329:Health and fitness
4301:Knowledge outlines
4057:Linguistics portal
3893:multi-disciplinary
3652:Official languages
3625:Benjamin Lee Whorf
3620:Nikolai Trubetzkoy
3525:Jean Berko Gleason
3510:Leonard Bloomfield
2457:Languages of Asia
2082:Dominican Republic
1448:grammatical gender
1444:grammatical number
1136:Soviet linguistics
1101:Generative grammar
1029:Discourse analysis
1019:Corpus linguistics
977:Language geography
906:Discourse analysis
900:communicative acts
781:Language education
496:Theory of language
466:Origin of language
421:Autonomy of syntax
376:Grammaticalization
222:Discourse analysis
217:Corpus linguistics
4395:Linguistics lists
4377:
4376:
4312:General reference
4245:SIL International
4160:978-0-08-096503-1
4133:978-1-4443-3104-2
4106:978-0-14-013531-2
4099:. Penguin Books.
3891:Linguistics is a
3807:
3806:
3631:Linguistics lists
3610:August Schleicher
3555:Sir William Jones
3494:List of linguists
3484:
3483:
3476:Wallis and Futuna
3384:Associated states
3262:
3261:
2830:
2829:
2767:other territories
2423:
2422:
2395:other territories
2275:
2274:
2164:other territories
1994:
1993:
1920:other territories
1693:Equatorial Guinea
1476:grammatical voice
1312:What is language?
1156:SIL International
1049:Language teaching
1044:Language learning
989:Psycholinguistics
880:), and how these
874:lexical semantics
798:Psycholinguistics
551:
550:
339:Distributionalism
282:Psycholinguistics
82:
81:
74:
41:quality standards
32:This article may
4427:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4271:
4270:
4214:
4205:
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4171:
4165:
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4144:
4138:
4137:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4089:
4059:
4054:
4053:
3943:methodologically
3897:natural sciences
3882:field of science
3834:Ancient Egyptian
3680:
3575:Richard Montague
3570:Ronald Langacker
3530:Joseph Greenberg
3466:Pitcairn Islands
3436:French Polynesia
3421:Christmas Island
3350:Papua New Guinea
3330:Marshall Islands
3303:Sovereign states
3289:
3282:
3275:
3266:
3265:
3194:Dependencies and
3130:Northern Ireland
2871:Sovereign states
2857:
2850:
2843:
2834:
2833:
2820:
2810:
2809:
2779:Christmas Island
2465:Sovereign states
2450:
2443:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2415:
2403:Falkland Islands
2317:Sovereign states
2302:
2295:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2232:Saint Barthélemy
2162:Dependencies and
2035:Sovereign states
2021:
2014:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1981:
1980:(United Kingdom)
1976:Tristan da Cunha
1972:Ascension Island
1964:
1951:
1942:
1918:Dependencies and
1611:Sovereign states
1597:
1590:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1536:compositionality
1285:Richard Montague
1281:formal semantics
1275:Linguistics Wars
1267:Chomsky and the
1074:Text linguistics
1039:Interlinguistics
995:Sociolinguistics
983:Neurolinguistics
728:Sociolinguistics
659:Formal semantics
543:
536:
529:
515:
461:LGBT linguistics
451:Internationalism
426:Compositionality
287:Sociolinguistics
262:Neurolinguistics
257:Interlinguistics
242:Ethnomethodology
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4349:People and self
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4090:
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4078:
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4048:
4045:
3990:lexico-semantic
3955:spoken language
3905:formal sciences
3901:social sciences
3874:
3864:
3633:
3615:Lucien TesniĂšre
3590:Kenneth L. Pike
3545:Louis Hjelmslev
3540:M.A.K. Halliday
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3490:
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3360:Solomon Islands
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3175:Northern Cyprus
3157:
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3045:North Macedonia
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1532:truth condition
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894:â study of how
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197:Anthropological
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4221:External links
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4093:Crystal, David
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3550:Roman Jakobson
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1985:Western Sahara
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1548:presupposition
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1336:Basic concepts
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1279:Compositional
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1167:Related fields
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4039:expression).
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4019:
4015:
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4006:morphological
4003:
4002:/ĂŠ/, /n/, /t/
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3995:
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3972:
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3963:grammatically
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3922:. Linguistic
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3790:English SAMPA
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3768:ICAO spelling
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3566:
3565:George Lakoff
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3560:William Labov
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3454:
3452:
3451:New Caledonia
3449:
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3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3431:Easter Island
3429:
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3405:
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3333:
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3290:
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3255:
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3234:
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3221:
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3214:
3211:
3209:
3208:Faroe Islands
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:South Ossetia
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4261:Scholarpedia
4259:articles on
4208:
4189:
4182:. Retrieved
4178:
4169:
4149:
4142:
4122:
4115:
4096:
4070:Lexicography
3987:
3959:semantically
3940:
3913:
3890:
3875:
3600:Edward Sapir
3520:Noam Chomsky
3498:
3497:
3407:Dependencies
3393:Cook Islands
3185:Transnistria
3147:Vatican City
2763:Dependencies
2693:Turkmenistan
2658:Saudi Arabia
2391:Dependencies
2257:Sint Maarten
2237:Saint Martin
1968:Saint Helena
1939:
1843:South Africa
1833:Sierra Leone
1638:Burkina Faso
1340:
1339:
1261:
1234:
1233:
1208:
1116:Kazan School
1024:Dialectology
898:are used in
888:of sentences
884:to form the
837:
801:
790:
775:
676:
574:
560:
559:
552:
349:Glossematics
329:Constituency
301:interpreting
139:Lexicography
106:
68:
59:
52:Please help
44:
33:
4390:Linguistics
4265:Citizendium
4097:Linguistics
3928:nominalists
3824:Syllabaries
3785:SAMPA chart
3741:English IPA
3668:Orthography
3595:Rasmus Rask
3505:J.L. Austin
3340:New Zealand
3223:Isle of Man
3158:recognition
3105:Switzerland
3040:Netherlands
2822:Asia portal
2723:States with
2643:Philippines
2583:South Korea
2578:North Korea
2473:Afghanistan
2227:Puerto Rico
2137:Saint Lucia
2087:El Salvador
1895:recognition
1848:South Sudan
1738:Ivory Coast
1552:implicature
1508:terminology
1262:tabula rasa
1260:and mental
1258:Behaviorism
1204:topic/theme
1179:Terminology
1064:Orthography
878:phraseology
562:Linguistics
501:Terminology
476:Orthography
396:Usage-based
297:Translating
192:Acquisition
97:Linguistics
56:if you can.
4384:Categories
4076:References
3979:pragmatics
3909:humanities
3907:, and the
3866:See also:
3773:Phoenician
3763:Morse code
3535:Paul Grice
3515:Franz Bopp
3075:San Marino
3035:Montenegro
3015:Luxembourg
2995:Kazakhstan
2898:Azerbaijan
2703:Uzbekistan
2678:Tajikistan
2593:Kyrgyzstan
2573:Kazakhstan
2493:Bangladesh
2483:Azerbaijan
2222:Montserrat
2217:Martinique
2212:Guadeloupe
2067:Costa Rica
1950:(Portugal)
1908:Somaliland
1828:Seychelles
1793:Mozambique
1778:Mauritania
1763:Madagascar
1718:The Gambia
1653:Cape Verde
1543:Pragmatics
1528:entailment
1504:vocabulary
1483:Lexicology
1368:derivation
1364:declension
1356:inflection
1347:Morphology
1264:hypothesis
1223:See also:
1059:Lexicology
1001:Stylistics
896:utterances
892:Pragmatics
855:Morphology
708:Graphetics
702:Graphemics
621:Pragmatics
615:Morphology
609:Lexicology
567:scientific
471:Orismology
356:Functional
344:Generative
334:Dependency
154:Pragmatics
144:Morphology
134:Diachronic
4018:plurality
4010:syntactic
3983:semiotics
3951:acoustics
3947:phonetics
3811:Ideograms
3664:Alphabets
3637:Languages
3310:Australia
3213:Gibraltar
3010:Lithuania
2789:Hong Kong
2743:Palestine
2668:Sri Lanka
2663:Singapore
2543:Indonesia
2380:Venezuela
2325:Argentina
2207:Greenland
2122:Nicaragua
2097:Guatemala
1783:Mauritius
1515:Semantics
1388:allophone
1379:Phonology
1210:Discourse
1173:Semiotics
1161:Tagmemics
870:Semantics
865:sentences
849:Phonology
843:Phonetics
722:Etymology
716:Phonetics
696:Phonology
603:Semantics
569:study of
446:Iconicity
441:Etymology
361:Cognitive
324:Formalist
277:Phonetics
267:Philology
159:Semantics
149:Phonology
4415:Outlines
4184:17 April
4095:(1990).
4043:See also
3998:phonemes
3994:sequence
3924:realists
3819:Japanese
3758:Katakana
3753:Hiragana
3716:Georgian
3709:Cyrillic
3694:Armenian
3325:Kiribati
3233:Svalbard
3218:Guernsey
3165:Abkhazia
3135:Scotland
3090:Slovenia
3085:Slovakia
3060:Portugal
2918:Bulgaria
2812:Category
2733:Abkhazia
2683:Thailand
2638:Pakistan
2618:Mongolia
2613:Maldives
2608:Malaysia
2508:Cambodia
2370:Suriname
2360:Paraguay
2345:Colombia
2172:Anguilla
2107:Honduras
2077:Dominica
2052:Barbados
1974: /
1970: /
1963:(France)
1957: /
1935: /
1931: /
1883:Zimbabwe
1858:Tanzania
1708:Ethiopia
1703:Eswatini
1683:Djibouti
1648:Cameroon
1633:Botswana
1440:modality
1424:category
1400:syllable
1372:compound
1360:paradigm
1352:morpheme
1324:What is
1069:Rhetoric
886:meanings
576:linguist
571:language
247:Forensic
227:Distance
174:Typology
89:a series
87:Part of
34:require
3971:natural
3849:Acronym
3832:Mixed:
3815:Chinese
3795:Shavian
3748:Kannada
3699:Braille
3689:Aramaic
3647:ISO 639
3471:Tokelau
3375:Vanuatu
3125:England
3115:Ukraine
3065:Romania
3025:Moldova
2983:Ireland
2978:Iceland
2973:Hungary
2963:Germany
2958:Georgia
2948:Finland
2943:Estonia
2938:Denmark
2923:Croatia
2908:Belgium
2903:Belarus
2893:Austria
2888:Armenia
2883:Andorra
2878:Albania
2708:Vietnam
2623:Myanmar
2603:Lebanon
2533:Georgia
2488:Bahrain
2478:Armenia
2375:Uruguay
2350:Ecuador
2330:Bolivia
2202:Curaçao
2187:Bonaire
2182:Bermuda
2112:Jamaica
2092:Grenada
2047:Bahamas
1959:RĂ©union
1955:Mayotte
1946:Madeira
1941:(Spain)
1937:Melilla
1868:Tunisia
1838:Somalia
1823:Senegal
1808:Nigeria
1798:Namibia
1788:Morocco
1753:Liberia
1748:Lesotho
1698:Eritrea
1668:Comoros
1643:Burundi
1618:Algeria
1520:meaning
1500:lexicon
1419:Grammar
1392:segment
1384:phoneme
1034:Grammar
882:compose
565:is the
555:outline
202:Applied
112:History
107:Outline
36:cleanup
4157:
4130:
4103:
4033:adverb
4031:by an
4022:suffix
3967:formal
3828:Korean
3731:Hebrew
3726:Korean
3721:Gothic
3704:Coptic
3684:Arabic
3666:&
3580:PÄáčini
3446:Hawaii
3370:Tuvalu
3228:Jersey
3170:Kosovo
3110:Turkey
3100:Sweden
3080:Serbia
3070:Russia
3055:Poland
3050:Norway
3030:Monaco
3000:Latvia
2968:Greece
2953:France
2928:Cyprus
2753:Taiwan
2688:Turkey
2653:Russia
2588:Kuwait
2568:Jordan
2558:Israel
2518:Cyprus
2503:Brunei
2498:Bhutan
2355:Guyana
2335:Brazil
2127:Panama
2117:Mexico
2062:Canada
2057:Belize
1978:
1961:
1948:
1878:Zambia
1873:Uganda
1813:Rwanda
1768:Malawi
1728:Guinea
1623:Angola
1556:deixis
1492:lexeme
1468:clause
1464:phrase
1459:Syntax
1432:aspect
1408:stress
861:Syntax
597:Syntax
517:Portal
415:Topics
164:Syntax
3930:(the
3780:Runic
3365:Tonga
3355:Samoa
3345:Palau
3335:Nauru
3203:Ă
land
3140:Wales
3095:Spain
3020:Malta
2990:Italy
2794:Macau
2713:Yemen
2673:Syria
2648:Qatar
2628:Nepal
2563:Japan
2538:India
2528:Egypt
2513:China
2340:Chile
2177:Aruba
2102:Haiti
1933:Ceuta
1853:Sudan
1803:Niger
1758:Libya
1743:Kenya
1723:Ghana
1713:Gabon
1688:Egypt
1628:Benin
1524:sense
1496:lemma
1428:tense
910:texts
117:Index
47:lexis
4263:and
4257:wiki
4239:and
4186:2018
4155:ISBN
4128:ISBN
4101:ISBN
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4008:and
3981:and
3961:and
3870:and
3817:and
3800:Thai
3441:Guam
3398:Niue
3320:Fiji
2633:Oman
2598:Laos
2553:Iraq
2548:Iran
2365:Peru
2247:Saba
2072:Cuba
1863:Togo
1773:Mali
1663:Chad
1488:word
1452:case
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299:and
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4243:at
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2765:and
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4386::
4198:^
4188:.
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4084:^
4025:-s
3911:.
3903:,
3899:,
3826:-
3813:-
1554:,
1550:,
1534:,
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1526:,
1522:,
1506:,
1502:,
1498:,
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1398:,
1394:,
1390:,
1386:,
1370:,
1366:,
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1358:,
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800:â
789:â
774:â
675:â
91:on
4293:e
4286:t
4279:v
4163:.
4136:.
4109:.
3288:e
3281:t
3274:v
2856:e
2849:t
2842:v
2449:e
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2435:v
2301:e
2294:t
2287:v
2020:e
2013:t
2006:v
1596:e
1589:t
1582:v
1328:?
951:.
542:e
535:t
528:v
75:)
69:(
64:)
60:(
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