Semantics - Knowledge

1153:, it sees language as a wide cognitive ability that is closely related to the conceptual structures used to understand and represent the world. Cognitive semanticists do not draw a sharp distinction between linguistic knowledge and knowledge of the world and see them instead as interrelated phenomena. They study how the interaction between language and human cognition affects the conceptual organization in very general domains like space, time, causation, and action. The contrast between profile and base is sometimes used to articulate the underlying knowledge structure. The profile of a linguistic expression is the aspect of the knowledge structure that it brings to the foreground while the base is the background that provides the context of this aspect without being at the center of attention. For example, the profile of the word 456: 1618: 1565: 1427:, who observed that people usually communicate to cause some reaction in their audience. He held that the meaning of an expression is given by the intended reaction. This means that communication is not just about decoding what the speaker literally said but requires an understanding of their intention or why they said it. For example, telling someone looking for petrol that "there is a garage around the corner" has the meaning that petrol can be obtained there because of the speaker's intention to help. This goes beyond the literal meaning, which has no explicit connection to petrol. 29: 1303: 265:, which is interested in how people use language in communication. An expression like "That's what I'm talking about" can mean many things depending on who says it and in what situation. Semantics is interested in the possible meanings of expressions: what they can and cannot mean in general. In this regard, it is sometimes defined as the study of context-independent meaning. Pragmatics examines which of these possible meanings is relevant in a particular case. In contrast to semantics, it is interested in actual performance rather than in the general 1391: 595: 655:

entity can be both agent and patient, like when someone cuts themselves. An entity has the semantic role of an instrument if it is used to perform the action, for instance, when cutting something with a knife then the knife is the instrument. For some sentences, no action is described but an experience takes place, like when a girl sees a bird. In this case, the girl has the role of the experiencer. Other common semantic roles are location, source, goal, beneficiary, and stimulus.

401: 1760: 2205:, which records events that a person experienced in their life. The comprehension of language relies on semantic memory and the information it carries about word meanings. According to a common view, word meanings are stored and processed in relation to their semantic features. The feature comparison model states that sentences like "a robin is a bird" are assessed on a psychological level by comparing the semantic features of the word 1134: 1001: 1556:(384–322 BCE) introduced various conceptual distinctions that greatly influenced subsequent works in semantics. He developed an early form of the semantic triangle by holding that spoken and written words evoke mental concepts, which refer to external things by resembling them. For him, mental concepts are the same for all humans, unlike the conventional words they associate with those concepts. The 933:. Semasiology starts from words and examines what their meaning is. It is interested in whether words have one or several meanings and how those meanings are related to one another. Instead of going from word to meaning, onomasiology goes from meaning to word. It starts with a concept and examines what names this concept has or how it can be expressed in a particular language. 2171:. Denotational semantics relies on mathematical formalisms to describe the effects of each element of the code. Axiomatic semantics uses deductive logic to analyze which conditions must be in place before and after the execution of a program. Operational semantics interprets the execution of a program as a series of steps, each involving the transition from one 1486:, which introduce the additional idea that there should be some kind of verification procedure to assess whether a sentence is true. They state that the meaning of a sentence consists in the method to verify it or in the circumstances that justify it. For instance, scientific claims often make predictions, which can be used to confirm or disconfirm them using 642:

connection to the physical object. This process is only possible if the language user learned the meaning of the symbol before. The meaning of a specific symbol is governed by the conventions of a particular language. The same symbol may refer to one object in one language, to another object in a different language, and to no object in another language.

1802:(1839–1914) conceived semiotics as a general theory of signs with several subdisciplines, which were later identified by Charles W. Morris (1901–1979) as syntactics, semantics, and pragmatics. In his pragmatist approach to semantics, Peirce held that the meaning of conceptions consists in the entirety of their practical consequences. The philosophy of 2190:

the relation between language and perceptual experience. Other issues concern how people learn new words and relate them to familiar things and concepts, how they infer the meaning of compound expressions they have never heard before, how they resolve ambiguous expressions, and how semantic illusions lead them to misinterpret sentences.

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is the idea that people have of dogs. Language is seen as a medium used to transfer ideas from the speaker to the audience. After having learned the same meaning of signs, the speaker can produce a sign that corresponds to the idea in their mind and the perception of this sign evokes the same idea in

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examines how the meaning of natural language expressions can be represented and processed on computers. It often relies on the insights of formal semantics and applies them to problems that can be computationally solved. Some of its key problems include computing the meaning of complex expressions by

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of an expression is the function it fulfills in a sentence. In the sentence "the boy kicked the ball", the boy has the role of the agent who performs an action. The ball is the theme or patient of this action as something that does not act itself but is involved in or affected by the action. The same

509:, which can be used to show how two expressions with a different sense have the same referent. For instance, the sentence "the morning star is the evening star" is informative and people can learn something from it. The sentence "the morning star is the morning star", by contrast, is an uninformative 442:

Semantics is primarily interested in the public meaning that expressions have, like the meaning found in general dictionary definitions. Speaker meaning, by contrast, is the private or subjective meaning that individuals associate with expressions. It can diverge from the literal meaning, like when a

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refer to the same person but do not mean exactly the same thing. This is particularly relevant when talking about beliefs since a person may understand both expressions without knowing that they point to the same entity. A further problem is given by expressions whose meaning depends on the context,

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is an important subfield of cognitive semantics. Its central idea is that the meaning of terms cannot be understood in isolation from each other but needs to be analyzed on the background of the conceptual structures they depend on. These structures are made explicit in terms of semantic frames. For

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stands for a type of fruit but there is no direct connection between this string of letters and the corresponding physical object. The relation is only established indirectly through the mind of the language user. When they see the symbol, it evokes a mental image or a concept, which establishes the

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what meaning people should associate with particular expressions. Some of its key questions are "How do the meanings of words combine to create the meanings of sentences?", "How do meanings relate to the minds of language users, and to the things words refer to?", and "What is the connection between

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semantics, also referred to as stimulus-response theory, the meaning of an expression is given by the situation that prompts the speaker to use it and the response it provokes in the audience. For instance, the meaning of yelling "Fire!" is given by the presence of an uncontrolled fire and attempts

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To avoid these problems, referential theories often introduce additional devices. Some identify meaning not directly with objects but with functions that point to objects. This additional level has the advantage of taking the context of an expression into account since the same expression may point

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shares with cognitive semantics the idea of studying linguistic meaning from a psychological perspective by examining how humans conceptualize and experience the world. It holds that meaning is not about the objects to which expressions refer but about the cognitive structure of human concepts that

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Psychological semantics examines psychological aspects of meaning. It is concerned with how meaning is represented on a cognitive level and what mental processes are involved in understanding and producing language. It further investigates how meaning interacts with other mental processes, such as

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as a whole. This includes the study of lexical relations between words, such as whether two terms are synonyms or antonyms. Lexical semantics categorizes words based on semantic features they share and groups them into semantic fields unified by a common subject. This information is used to create

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When interpreted in a strong sense, the principle of compositionality states that the meaning of a complex expression is not just affected by its parts and how they are combined but fully determined this way. It is controversial whether this claim is correct or whether additional aspects influence

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Compositionality is often used to explain how people can formulate and understand an almost infinite number of meanings even though the amount of words and cognitive resources is finite. Many sentences that people read are sentences that they have never seen before and they are nonetheless able to

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that dictate how to arrange words to create sentences. These divisions are reflected in the fact that it is possible to master some aspects of a language while lacking others, like when a person knows how to pronounce a word without knowing its meaning. As a subfield of semiotics, semantics has a

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Another causal theory focuses on the meaning of names and holds that a naming event is required to establish the link between name and named entity. This naming event acts as a form of baptism that establishes the first link of a causal chain in which all subsequent uses of the name participate.

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is associated with the concept of the four-legged domestic animal. Sentence meaning falls into the field of phrasal semantics and concerns the denotation of full sentences. It usually expresses a concept applying to a type of situation, as in the sentence "the dog has ruined my blue skirt". The

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incorporated many of the insights of their predecessors to develop a complex theory of language through the perspective of logic. They discerned different kinds of words by their semantic and syntactic roles, such as the contrast between names, common nouns, and verbs. They also discussed the

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Truth conditions play a central role in semantics and some theories rely exclusively on truth conditions to analyze meaning. To understand a statement usually implies that one has an idea about the conditions under which it would be true. This can happen even if one does not know whether the

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refer to the same number. The meanings of these expressions differ not on the level of reference but on the level of sense. Sense is sometimes understood as a mental phenomenon that helps people identify the objects to which an expression refers. Some semanticists focus primarily on sense or

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of a statement are the way the world needs to be for the statement to be true. For example, it belongs to the truth conditions of the sentence "it is raining outside" that raindrops are falling from the sky. The sentence is true if it is used in a situation in which the truth conditions are

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across languages and considers to what extent the cognitive conceptual structures of humans are universal or relative to their linguistic background. Another research topic concerns the psychological processes involved in the application of grammar. Other investigated phenomena include

2089:, looks at the meaning of the premises, in particular, at their truth value. A conclusion follows semantically from a set of premises if the truth of the premises ensures the truth of the conclusion, that is, if any semantic interpretation function that assigns the premises the value 985:. The subject of a sentence usually refers to a specific entity while the predicate describes a feature of the subject or an event in which the subject participates. Arguments provide additional information to complete the predicate. For example, in the sentence "Mary hit the ball", 186:, and how the meanings of the constituents affect one another. Semantics can focus on a specific language, like English, but in its widest sense, it investigates meaning structures relevant to all languages. As a descriptive discipline, it aims to determine how meaning works without 1806:(1848–1925) contributed to semantics on many different levels. Frege first introduced the distinction between sense and reference, and his development of predicate logic and the principle of compositionality formed the foundation of many subsequent developments in formal semantics. 634:, either in its spoken or written form. The central idea of the model is that there is no direct relation between a linguistic expression and what it refers to, as was assumed by earlier dyadic models. This is expressed in the diagram by the dotted line between symbol and referent. 1280:

Pragmatic semantics studies how the meaning of an expression is shaped by the situation in which it is used. It is based on the idea that communicative meaning is usually context-sensitive and depends on who participates in the exchange, what information they share, and what their

1482:" is false in the actual world but there are some possible worlds in which it is true. The extension of a sentence can be interpreted as its truth value while its intension is the set of all possible worlds in which it is true. Truth-conditional semantics is closely related to 1118:

is a subfield of formal semantics that focuses on how information grows over time. According to it, "meaning is context change potential": the meaning of a sentence is not given by the information it contains but by the information change it brings about relative to a context.

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of an expression refers to the situation or circumstances in which it is used and includes time, location, speaker, and audience. It also encompasses other passages in a text that come before and after it. Context affects the meaning of various expressions, like the

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mean and how they are combined. In this regard, the meaning of complex expressions like sentences is different from word meaning since it is normally not possible to deduce what a word means by looking at its letters and one needs to consult a dictionary instead.

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and background assumptions are. It focuses on communicative actions, of which linguistic expressions only form one part. Some theorists include these topics within the scope of semantics while others consider them part of the distinct discipline of pragmatics.

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is a key aspect of how languages construct meaning. It is the idea that the meaning of a complex expression is a function of the meanings of its parts. It is possible to understand the meaning of the sentence "Zuzana owns a dog" by understanding what the words

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refer to different persons in different worlds. This view can also be used to analyze sentences that talk about what is possible or what is necessary: possibility is what is true in some possible worlds while necessity is what is true in all possible worlds.

1633:(354–430) developed a general conception of signs as entities that stand for other entities and convey them to the intellect. He was the first to introduce the distinction between natural and linguistic signs as different types belonging to a common genus. 1059:

to analyze meaning in natural languages. It aims to develop precise logical formalisms to clarify the relation between expressions and their denotation. One of its key tasks is to provide frameworks of how language represents the world, for example, using

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underlying this performance. This includes the topic of additional meaning that can be inferred even though it is not literally expressed, like what it means if a speaker remains silent on a certain topic. A closely related distinction by the semiotician

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connect thought, perception, and action. Conceptual semantics differs from cognitive semantics by introducing a strict distinction between meaning and syntax and by relying on various formal devices to explore the relation between meaning and cognition.

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analyzes the meaning of sentences in terms of their truth conditions. According to this view, to understand a sentence means to know what the world needs to be like for the sentence to be true. Truth conditions can themselves be expressed through

435:. Utterance meaning is studied by pragmatics and is about the meaning of an expression on a particular occasion. Sentence meaning and utterance meaning come apart in cases where expressions are used in a non-literal way, as is often the case with 1505:. The meaning of expressions depends on how they are used inside a game and the same expression may have different meanings in different games. Some versions of this theory identify meaning directly with patterns of regular use. Others focus on 1402:

Ideational theories, also called mentalist theories, are not primarily interested in the reference of expressions and instead explain meaning in terms of the mental states of language users. One historically influential approach articulated by

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to express arguments and assess their correctness. One part of this process is to provide a semantics for a formal language to precisely define what its terms mean. A semantics of a formal language is a set of rules, usually expressed as a

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if it is always possible to exchange expressions with the same reference without affecting the truth value of the sentence. For example, the environment of the sentence "the number 8 is even" is extensional because replacing the expression

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Cultural semantics studies the relation between linguistic meaning and culture. It compares conceptual structures in different languages and is interested in how meanings evolve and change because of cultural phenomena associated with

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Phrasal semantics studies the meaning of sentences. It relies on the principle of compositionality to explore how the meaning of complex expressions arises from the combination of their parts. The different parts can be analyzed as

1546:. It considers the positions of naturalism, which holds that things have their name by nature, and conventionalism, which states that names are related to their referents by customs and conventions among language users. The book 2115:

is how it behaves when a computer runs it. Semantics contrasts with syntax, which is the particular form in which instructions are expressed. The same behavior can usually be described with different forms of syntax. In

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to show how linguistic expressions map to the entities of that model. A common idea is that words refer to individual objects or groups of objects while sentences relate to events and states. Sentences are mapped to a

1756:(1715–1780) accepted and further developed Leibniz's idea of the linguistic nature of thought. Against Locke, he held that language is involved in the creation of ideas and is not merely a medium to communicate them. 1587:

held that all names refer to real objects. It explored how words lead to an understanding of the thing meant and what consequence this relation has to the creation of knowledge. Philosophers of the orthodox school of

1029:. A further compositional device is variable binding, which is used to determine the reference of a term. For example, the last part of the expression "the woman who likes Beethoven" specifies which woman is meant. 11039: 1731:

by John Locke (1632–1704) presented an influential version of the ideational theory of meaning, according to which words stand for ideas and help people communicate by transferring ideas from one mind to another.

483:. The referent of an expression is the object to which the expression points. The sense of an expression is the way in which it refers to that object or how the object is interpreted. For example, the expressions 877:

then the language of first-order logic is the object language and Japanese is the metalanguage. The same language may occupy the role of object language and metalanguage at the same time. This is the case in

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primarily on reference in their analysis of meaning. To grasp the full meaning of an expression, it is usually necessary to understand both to what entities in the world it refers and how it describes them.

1523:. For example, one can infer from "x is a male sibling" that "x is a brother" and one can infer from "x is a brother" that "x has parents". According to inferentialist semantics, the meaning of the word 96:

examines meaning from a psychological perspective and assumes a close relation between language ability and the conceptual structures used to understand the world. Other branches of semantics include

1798:(1806–1873) gave great importance to the role of names to refer to things. He distinguished between the connotation and denotation of names and held that propositions are formed by combining names. 1014:

usually function as predicates and often help to establish connections between different expressions to form a more complex meaning structure. In the expression "Beethoven likes Schubert", the verb

8132: 1649:(1079–1142) was his interest in propositions or the meaning of sentences in contrast to the focus on the meaning of individual words by many of his predecessors. He further explored the nature of 2217:

of the general category. For atypical examples, as in the sentence "a penguin is a bird", there is less overlap in the semantic features and the psychological process is significantly slower.

1837:(1930–1971) formulated a complex formal framework of the semantics of the English language, which was responsible for establishing formal semantics as a major area of research. According to 1535:

Semantics was established as an independent field of inquiry in the 19th century but the study of semantic phenomena began as early as the ancient period as part of philosophy and logic. In

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The study of semantic phenomena began during antiquity but was not recognized as an independent field of inquiry until the 19th century. Semantics is relevant to the fields of formal logic,

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holds that semantics studies the relation between words and the world, pragmatics examines the relation between words and users, and syntax focuses on the relation between different words.

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have meaning even though they do not point to existing entities. Other difficulties concern cases in which different expressions are about the same entity. For instance, the expressions

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have a non-literal meaning that acts as a unit and is not a direct function of its parts. Another topic concerns the meaning of morphemes that make up words, for instance, how negative

1849:(1857–1913), language is a complex network of structural relations and the meanings of words are not fixed individually but depend on their position within this network. The theory of 1454:

refers to an ancient Greek philosopher because, at some point, he was originally named this way and people kept using this name to refer to him. This view was originally formulated by

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associated with the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis and holds instead that the underlying cognitive processes responsible for conceptual structures are independent of the language one speaks.

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perspective by considering the mental acts that endow expressions with meaning. He held that meaning always implies reference to an object and expressions that lack a referent, like

1711:(1588–1679) distinguished between marks, which people use privately to recall their own thoughts, and signs, which are used publicly to communicate their ideas to others. In their 46:. It examines what meaning is, how words get their meaning, and how the meaning of a complex expression depends on its parts. Part of this process involves the distinction between 1137:

Cognitive semantics is interested in the conceptual structures underlying language, which can be articulated through the contrast between profile and base. For instance, the term

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is an early and influential theory in formal semantics that provides a detailed analysis of how the English language can be represented using mathematical logic. It relies on

2041:, that is, whether the premises entail the conclusion. Entailment can be defined in terms of syntax or in terms of semantics. Syntactic entailment, expressed with the symbol 1377:

semantics, which allows expressions to refer not only to entities in the actual world but also to entities in other possible worlds. According to this view, expressions like

381:. There are many forms of non-linguistic meaning that are not examined by semantics. Actions and policies can have meaning in relation to the goal they serve. Fields like 11023: 6950: 3821: 3668: 1684:. Syncategorematic terms lack independent meaning and fulfill other semantic functions, such as modifying or quantifying the meaning of other expressions, like the words 2034:

to the set of all dogs. This way, it is possible to calculate the truth value of the sentence: it is true if Bertie is a member of the set of dogs and false otherwise.

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more narrow focus on meaning in language while semiotics studies both linguistic and non-linguistic signs. Semiotics investigates additional topics like the meaning of

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they evoke, like ideas and conceptual representations. The external side examines how words refer to objects in the world and under what conditions a sentence is true.

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is the person with this name. General terms refer not to a single entity but to the set of objects to which this term applies. In this regard, the meaning of the term

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is an argument. A more fine-grained categorization distinguishes between different semantic roles of words, such as agent, patient, theme, location, source, and goal.

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Perspectives of System Informatics: 4th International Andrei Ershov Memorial Conference, PSI 2001, Akademgorodok, Novosibirsk, Russia, July 2-6, 2001, Revised Papers

1700:(c. 1219/20 – c. 1292), who held that things get names similar to how people get names through some kind of initial baptism. His ideas inspired the tradition of the 1940: 2032: 2012: 1980: 1960: 1782:(1792–1829) is sometimes credited as the father of semantics since he clarified its concept and scope while also making various contributions to its key ideas. 1149:

Cognitive semantics studies the problem of meaning from a psychological perspective or how the mind of the language user affects meaning. As a subdiscipline of

50:. Sense is given by the ideas and concepts associated with an expression while reference is the object to which an expression points. Semantics contrasts with 9165: 404:

Semantics is not focused on subjective speaker meaning and is instead interested in public meaning, like the meaning found in general dictionary definitions.

7424: 7392: 7360: 7328: 1602:(4th–5th century CE) distinguished between different types of words and considered how they can carry different meanings depending on how they are used. In 618:, also called the triangle of meaning, is a model used to explain the relation between language, language users, and the world, represented in the model as 221:

Many related disciplines investigate language and meaning. Semantics contrasts with other subfields of linguistics focused on distinct aspects of language.

882:, in which both the entry term belonging to the object language and the definition text belonging to the metalanguage are taken from the English language. 115:

like the ideas that an expression evokes in the minds of language users. According to causal theories, meaning is determined by causes and effects, which

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to control it or seek safety. Behaviorist semantics relies on the idea that learning a language consists in adopting behavioral patterns in the form of

1519:, also called conceptual role semantics, holds that the meaning of an expression is given by the role it plays in the premises and conclusions of good 1328:

is the set of all cats. Similarly, verbs usually refer to classes of actions or events and adjectives refer to properties of individuals and events.

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As a field of inquiry, semantics has both an internal and an external side. The internal side is interested in the connection between words and the

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is sometimes used in a different sense to refer to compositional semantics or to the study of meaning in the formal languages of systems of logic.

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Theories of meaning explain what meaning is, what meaning an expression has, and how the relation between expression and meaning is established.

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categorization, which is understood as a cognitive heuristic to avoid information overload by regarding different entities in the same way, and

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Semanticists commonly distinguish the language they study, called object language, from the language they use to express their findings, called

9123: 8479: 1444:. One of its key motivations is to avoid private mental entities and define meaning instead in terms of publicly observable language behavior. 8114: 1869:(1929–2014) developed frame semantics as a major approach in this area. The closely related field of conceptual semantics was inaugurated by 8922: 7582:

Burgess, Alexis; Sherman, Brett (2014). "Introduction: A Plea for the Metaphysics of Meaning". In Burgess, Alexis; Sherman, Brett (eds.).

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of the premises on the level of syntax into account and ignore what meaning they express. Semantic entailment, expressed with the symbol

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in "Paco believes that the number 8 is even" is intensional since Paco may not know that the number of planets in the solar system is 8.

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connects a liker to the object of their liking. Other sentence parts modify meaning rather than form new connections. For instance, the

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discussed the relation between the meanings of individual words and full sentences while considering which one is more basic. The book

1237:. For example, address practices encode cultural values and social hierarchies, as in the difference of politeness of expressions like 10775:

Smith, Edward E.; Rips, Lance J.; Shoben, Edward J. (1975). "Semantic Memory and Psychological Semantics". In Bower, Gordon H. (ed.).

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instead of a number as an argument. Dynamic semantics focuses on the run time behavior of programs, that is, what happens during the

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Lexical semantics is the sub-field of semantics that studies word meaning. It examines semantic aspects of individual words and the

11987: 10090: 7212: 10948: 1905:, that assigns meanings to formal language expressions. For example, the language of first-order logic uses lowercase letters for 10705: 9657: 2136:

since they rely on different syntax but can usually be employed to create programs with the same behavior on the semantic level.

1614:, which explored the relation between names and entities while examining how names are required to identify and judge entities. 6942: 798:

or lexical field is a group of words that are all related to the same activity or subject. For instance, the semantic field of

7521: 429:. Different sentences can express the same proposition, like the English sentence "the tree is green" and the German sentence 12230: 11360: 11308: 11287: 11262: 11229: 11177: 11148: 11121: 11092: 11065: 11033: 11006: 10977: 10929: 10902: 10869: 10786: 10759: 10732: 10660: 10637: 10612: 10585: 10562: 10537: 10510: 10483: 10454: 10425: 10396: 10369: 10321: 10294: 10265: 10238: 10215: 10196: 10171: 10144: 10117: 10065: 10038: 10017: 9992: 9965: 9936: 9909: 9880: 9853: 9824: 9797: 9751: 9714: 9687: 9651: 9627: 9608: 9558: 9529: 9502: 9473: 9452: 9427: 9400: 9371: 9348: 9323: 9302: 9283: 9258: 9231: 9202: 9175: 9098: 9077: 9058: 9025: 8996: 8975: 8948: 8916: 8885: 8839: 8812: 8775: 8746: 8719: 8696: 8671: 8642: 8619: 8594: 8573: 8523: 8491: 8462: 8435: 8408: 8381: 8360: 8320: 8293: 8266: 8239: 8212: 8185: 8158: 8126: 8097: 8070: 8036: 8011: 7959: 7927: 7906: 7879: 7850: 7829: 7792: 7765: 7738: 7711: 7676: 7649: 7620: 7593: 7541: 7504: 7477: 7450: 7418: 7386: 7354: 7322: 7295: 7268: 7239: 7187: 7160: 7112: 7064: 7037: 7008: 2383:

The history of semantics is different from historical semantics, which studies how the meanings of words change through time.

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can be used to show the underlying hierarchy employed to combine the different parts. Various grammatical devices, like the

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Semantics studies meaning in language, which is limited to the meaning of linguistic expressions. It concerns how signs are

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Theories of meaning are general explanations of the nature of meaning and how expressions are endowed with it. According to

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in either case. Closely related fields are intercultural semantics, cross-cultural semantics, and comparative semantics.

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The model holds instead that the relation between the two is mediated through a third component. For example, the term

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analyzing their parts, handling ambiguity, vagueness, and context-dependence, and using the extracted information in

791:. It may not always be possible to fully reconstruct the meaning of a word by identifying all its semantic features. 111:, the meaning of an expression is the part of reality to which it points. Ideational theories identify meaning with 12969: 11434: 1112:

to show how meaning is created through the combination of expressions belonging to different syntactic categories.

577:. Whether a statement is true usually depends on the relation between the statement and the rest of the world. The 1369:

to one object in one context and to another object in a different context. For example, the reference of the word

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Glock, Hans-Johann (2012). "What Is a Theory of Meaning? Just When You Thought Conceptual Analysis Was Dead...".

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Riemer, Nick (2016). "Internalist Semantics: Meaning, Conceptualization and Expression". In Riemer, Nick (ed.).

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Malpas, Jeff (2014). "Introduction: Hermeneutics and Philosophy". In Malpas, Jeff; Gander, Hans-Helmuth (eds.).

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Lexical Semantics and Diachronic Morphology: The Development of -hood, -dom and -ship in the History of English

4257: 2213:. The assessment process is fast if their semantic features are similar, which is the case if the example is a 1910: 1857:(1879–1950) as an inquiry into how language represents reality and affects human thought. The contributions of 1497:

states that the meaning of an expression is given by the way it is utilized. This view was first introduced by

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of a program. In particular, it is concerned with detecting errors of syntactically correct programs, such as

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Causal theories hold that the meaning of an expression depends on the causes and effects it has. According to

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Referential theories state that the meaning of an expression is the entity to which it points. The meaning of

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Some semanticists also include the study of lexical units other than words in the field of lexical semantics.

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of another term if the meaning of the first term is included in the meaning of the second term. For example,

162:. It is a systematic inquiry that examines what linguistic meaning is and how it arises. It investigates how 76:

they stand to one another. Phrasal semantics studies the meaning of sentences by exploring the phenomenon of

9637:

Magnus, P. D.; Button, Tim; Thomas-Bolduc, Aaron; Zach, Richard; Loftis, J. Robert; Trueman, Robert (2021).

455: 12195: 12095: 2106: 1786:(1832–1915) followed him in providing a broad conception of the field, for which he coined the French term 332:

and only later acquired its wider meaning regarding any type of sign, including linguistic signs. The word

9731: 7668:

Denying Existence: The Logic, Epistemology and Pragmatics of Negative Existentials and Fictional Discourse

1982:

is a predicate for dog. Classical model-theoretic semantics assigns meaning to these terms by defining an

1625:'s innovations was his focus on the meaning of full sentences rather than the meaning of individual words. 742:, like a bank of a river in contrast to a bank as a financial institution. Hyponymy is closely related to 281:, which studies how words and their meanings changed in the course of history. Another connected field is 203:. Besides its meaning as a field of inquiry, semantics can also refer to theories within this field, like 12351: 11936: 11886: 10008:

Nerlich, Brigitte (2019). "9. The Emergence of Linguistic Semantics in the 19th and Early 20th Century".

1737: 1669:(895–980) held that meaning resides directly in speech and needs to be extracted through interpretation. 1466: 1331: 1072:

Formal semantics further examines how to use formal mechanisms to represent linguistic phenomena such as

362: 204: 191:

what a word means, and the contexts in which it is used?". The main disciplines engaged in semantics are

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by additionally taking into account whether a certain use is considered appropriate in a given society.

12959: 12833: 12495: 12316: 12075: 11815: 11695: 11426: 8047: 1811: 1516: 513:

since the expressions are identical not only on the level of reference but also on the level of sense.

132: 20: 1490:. According to verificationism, sentences that can neither be verified nor falsified are meaningless. 772:, which can refer to the topmost part of the human body or the top-ranking person in an organization. 12838: 12788: 12550: 12439: 12249: 12160: 11760: 11667: 11507: 2152: 1733: 1206: 573:

is a property of statements that accurately present the world and true statements are in accord with

9115: 1672:

An important topic towards the end of the Middle Ages was the distinction between categorematic and

1610:

argued that names play a key role in making distinctions to guide moral behavior. They inspired the

768:

is used if the different meanings are closely related to one another, like the meanings of the word

12898: 12757: 12336: 12085: 10418:

The Popular Encyclopedia of Church History: The People, Places, and Events That Shaped Christianity

2172: 1826: 1745: 1073: 373:

definitions by giving synonymous expressions or paraphrases, like defining the meaning of the term

239: 163: 10163:

Mathematics in Computing: An Accessible Guide to Historical, Foundational and Application Contexts

12893: 12434: 11730: 11657: 11512: 1749: 1736:(1646–1716) understood language as the mirror of thought and tried to conceive the outlines of a 1725:(1625–1695) developed an early precursor of the distinction between intension and extension. The 1210: 1197: 1069:

based on whether their description of the world is in correspondence with its ontological model.

472: 187: 108: 101: 11165: 10471: 8896: 7809: 4580: 4553: 4535: 3782: 3677: 2854: 32:

A central topic in semantics concerns the relation between language, world, and mental concepts.

12923: 12590: 12560: 12535: 12475: 12374: 12306: 11976: 11820: 11755: 11417: 9808: 3543: 2184: 2160: 1983: 1799: 1441: 1175:, which concerns how the language user's bodily experience affects the meaning of expressions. 1093: 982: 937: 879: 835: 183: 179: 11246: 11138: 11109: 11082: 11055: 10857: 10602: 10573: 10500: 10359: 10282: 10226: 10161: 10134: 9897: 9870: 9704: 9546: 9359: 9313: 8938: 8763: 8707: 8630: 8452: 8398: 8371: 8285:

From Cognitive Semantics to Lexical Pragmatics: The Functional Polysemy of Discourse Particles

8175: 8087: 8001: 7666: 7637: 7610: 7494: 7285: 7229: 7150: 6887: 6851: 6842: 6743: 6713: 6704: 6674: 6665: 6635: 6503: 6425: 6365: 6356: 6314: 6260: 5908: 5770: 5761: 5740: 5731: 5683: 5674: 5656: 5395: 5344: 5057: 5031: 4961: 4688: 4679: 4613: 4571: 4526: 4315: 4267: 4118: 4094: 4049: 4040: 3977: 3959: 3932: 3905: 3878: 3851: 3725: 3692: 3641: 3632: 3605: 3522: 3285: 2669: 2654: 2564: 2151:. This is the case, for instance, if a function performing a numerical calculation is given a 1007:, like the constituency-based parse tree, show how expressions are combined to form sentences. 906:

taxonomies to organize lexical knowledge, for example, by distinguishing between physical and

12818: 12712: 12677: 12565: 12540: 12384: 12301: 11951: 11931: 11866: 11750: 11532: 10994: 10886: 10749: 10722: 10413: 10311: 10255: 10055: 9982: 9926: 9841: 9417: 9388: 9192: 9013: 8829: 8736: 8584: 8513: 8310: 8229: 8202: 7949: 7896: 7782: 7755: 7440: 7177: 7102: 7025: 6896: 6800: 6791: 6734: 6695: 6656: 6626: 6617: 6584: 6575: 6554: 5887: 5830: 5791: 5701: 5431: 5119: 5101: 5022: 4934: 4853: 4817: 4787: 4661: 4454: 4445: 4342: 4154: 4127: 4085: 3842: 3573: 3552: 3483: 3420: 3372: 3363: 3028: 2723: 2579: 2345: 2277: 2168: 2156: 2133: 2072: 2044: 1902: 1846: 1779: 1673: 1160: 1150: 1142: 822: 266: 11350: 11298: 11219: 10776: 10386: 10028: 9677: 9519: 9248: 9088: 8283: 8150:

The Cultural Semantics of Address Practices: A Contrastive Study Between English and Italian

8148: 7840: 7728: 7583: 7467: 7080:

Andreou, Marios (2015). "Lexical Negation in Lexical Semantics: The Prefixes in- and dis-".

7054: 6878: 6833: 6764: 6410: 6392: 6296: 6269: 5554: 5545: 5524: 5404: 5377: 5353: 4646: 4631: 4249: 4187: 4169: 4136: 4067: 2884: 2875: 2840: 2546: 2528: 2519: 12803: 12610: 12389: 12115: 12025: 11824: 11785: 11517: 2201:

of meaning that includes the knowledge of language, concepts, and facts. It contrasts with

1838: 1666: 1190: 510: 155: 97: 43: 8738:

States of Mind: American and Post-Soviet Perspectives on Contemporary Issues in Psychology

7056:

Metasemantics and Intersectionality in the Misinformation Age: Truth in Political Struggle

2361:, which profiles a landmass against the background of the surrounding water, and the word 1916: 1778:

In the 19th century, semantics emerged and solidified as an independent field of inquiry.

1676:. Categorematic terms have an independent meaning and refer to some part of reality, like 119:

semantics analyzes in terms of stimulus and response. Further theories of meaning include

8: 12888: 12853: 12798: 12742: 12645: 12630: 12600: 12580: 12555: 12424: 12409: 12165: 12155: 12005: 11961: 11795: 11572: 11487: 9140: 7152:

The Emergence of Semantics in Four Linguistic Traditions: Hebrew, Sanskrit, Greek, Arabic

2226: 2164: 1906: 1866: 1701: 1641:, which popularized its main ideas and inspired reflections on semantic phenomena in the 1617: 1564: 1540: 1498: 1270: 1222: 1202: 1182:

example, words like bride, groom, and honeymoon evoke in the mind the frame of marriage.

1167: 1128: 978: 873:. When a professor uses Japanese to teach their student how to interpret the language of 846: 468: 93: 47: 11297:

Zaefferer, D. (2019). "Introduction: Universals and Semantics". In Zaefferer, D. (ed.).

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Gross, Steven (2016). "(Descriptive) Externalism in Semantics". In Riemer, Nick (ed.).

8552: 6983: 2062: 2017: 1997: 1965: 1945: 1887: 1630: 1172: 1101: 1097: 12241: 10697: 9638: 2128:, which are syntactically different expressions to increase the value of the variable 12913: 12868: 12848: 12808: 12747: 12717: 12697: 12490: 12419: 11981: 11901: 11740: 11622: 11356: 11304: 11283: 11258: 11225: 11173: 11144: 11117: 11088: 11061: 11029: 11002: 10973: 10925: 10898: 10865: 10836: 10782: 10755: 10728: 10656: 10633: 10608: 10581: 10558: 10533: 10506: 10479: 10450: 10421: 10392: 10365: 10317: 10290: 10261: 10234: 10211: 10192: 10167: 10140: 10113: 10061: 10034: 10013: 9988: 9961: 9932: 9905: 9876: 9849: 9820: 9793: 9747: 9710: 9683: 9647: 9623: 9604: 9554: 9525: 9498: 9469: 9448: 9423: 9396: 9367: 9344: 9319: 9298: 9279: 9254: 9227: 9198: 9171: 9094: 9073: 9054: 9021: 8992: 8971: 8944: 8912: 8881: 8835: 8808: 8771: 8742: 8715: 8692: 8667: 8638: 8615: 8590: 8569: 8544: 8519: 8487: 8458: 8431: 8404: 8377: 8356: 8316: 8289: 8262: 8235: 8208: 8181: 8154: 8122: 8093: 8089:

Ethnosyntax: Explorations in Grammar and Culture: Explorations in Grammar and Culture

8066: 8032: 8007: 7955: 7923: 7902: 7875: 7846: 7825: 7788: 7761: 7734: 7707: 7672: 7645: 7616: 7589: 7537: 7500: 7473: 7446: 7414: 7382: 7350: 7318: 7291: 7264: 7235: 7183: 7156: 7108: 7060: 7033: 7004: 6975: 2273: 2198: 2038: 1987: 1893: 1850: 1548: 1510: 1458:

to apply to names only but has been extended to cover other types of speech as well.

1320: 1214: 1115: 1089: 974: 896: 874: 776: 615: 413: 271: 226: 73: 65: 10313:

Semantic Primes and Universal Grammar: Empirical Evidence from the Romance Languages

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The distinction between sense and reference was first introduced by the philosopher

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The study of meaning structures found in all languages is sometimes referred to as

2214: 2112: 1897: 1862: 1854: 1834: 1795: 1713: 1594: 1306:

Referential theories identify meaning with the entities to which expressions point.

1218: 521: 139: 77: 2409:

to refer to this discipline while others understand the term in a different sense.

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Translation Technique in the Peshitta to Ezekiel 1-24: A Frame Semantics Approach

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Kretzmann, Norman (2006). "Semantics, History of". In Borchert, Donald M. (ed.).

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face problems for meaningful expressions that have no clear referent. Names like

1105: 907: 863: 578: 555: 390: 329: 301:

foundations of meaning and aims to explain where it comes from or how it arises.

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Pelletier, Francis Jeffry (1994). "The Principle of Semantic Compositionality".

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to express scientific and philosophical truths. This attempt inspired theorists

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Problems of Semantics: A Contribution to the Analysis of the Language Science

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Indraccolo, Lisa (2020). "Argumentation (Bian 辯)". In Fung, Yiu-ming (ed.).

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is the individual to which they refer. For example, the meaning of the name

775:

The meaning of words can often be subdivided into meaning components called

416:

and investigates the denotation of individual words. It is often related to

92:

to provide precise frameworks of the relation between language and meaning.

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The Footprints of God: Divine Accommodation in Jewish and Christian Thought

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2140: 2066: 1373:

depends on the location in which it is used. A closely related approach is

1081: 1061: 1037:

form, also contribute to meaning and are studied by grammatical semantics.

930: 870: 759: 758:

if it has more than one possible meaning. In some cases, it is possible to

714:

is a hyponym that has characteristic features of the type it belongs to. A

409: 386: 298: 282: 215: 69: 9090:

Compositional Semantics: An Introduction to the Syntax/Semantics Interface

8635:

Scientific Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery: Principles and Foundations

1637:(480–528) wrote a translation of and various comments on Aristotle's book 925:

Lexical semantics is sometimes divided into two complementary approaches:

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Nouwen, Rick; Brasoveanu, Adrian; van Eijck, Jan; Visser, Albert (2022).

1697: 1654: 1571:

developed and compared various semantic theories of the meaning of words.

1506: 1487: 1455: 1436: 1342: 1109: 1066: 1056: 926: 658:

Lexical relations describe how words stand to one another. Two words are

598:

The semiotic triangle aims to explain how the relation between language (

562:

meanings that are not directly reducible to the meanings of their parts.

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Radical Frame Semantics and Biblical Hebrew: Exploring Lexical Semantics

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Leach, Stephen; Tartaglia, James (2018). "Postscript: The Blue Flower".

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Anaphora, Discourse, and Understanding: Evidence from English and French

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Chapman, Siobhan; Routledge, Christopher (2009). "Ideational Theories".

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Semantic Theories in Europe, 1830–1930: From Etymology to Contextuality

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Principles of Object-Oriented Modeling and Simulation with Modelica 2.1

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in the speaker's mind. According to this view, the meaning of the word

1404: 1155: 1138: 1030: 1004: 915: 902: 727: 480: 370: 262: 246:, and natural signs independent of human interaction. Examples include 200: 143: 59: 40: 10848: 1752:(1728–1777) to develop the idea of a general science of sign systems. 1665:(920–1004) identified meaning with the intention of the speaker while 862:, this type of substitution is not always possible. For instance, the 12727: 12545: 12470: 12449: 12379: 12331: 12311: 12207: 11916: 11856: 11735: 11715: 11467: 11462: 11442: 10136:

Construction Grammars: Cognitive Grounding and Theoretical Extensions

8204:

A Theory of Conventional Implicature and Pragmatic Markers in Chinese

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that maps individual constants to specific objects and predicates to

1662: 1553: 1527:

is determined by these and all similar inferences that can be drawn.

1520: 1420: 1282: 1019: 919: 911: 755: 746:, which describes the relation between part and whole. For instance, 711: 631: 550:

meaning. For example, context may affect the meaning of expressions;

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The Poetics of Mind: Figurative Thought, Language, and Understanding

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Programming Languages and Operational Semantics: A Concise Overview

1696:. An early version of the causal theory of meaning was proposed by 1634: 1230: 764: 743: 739: 679: 659: 506: 400: 382: 229:

used in languages and how sounds are connected to form words while

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Linguistics for Language Teachers: Lessons for Classroom Practice

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A possible world is a complete way of how things could have been.

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Cognitive semantics further compares the conceptual patterns and

827: 799: 723: 699: 650:

Many other concepts are used to describe semantic phenomena. The

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Deleuze and Guattari's Philosophy of Freedom: Freedom's Refrains

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An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language

11971: 10080: 9900:. In Bjørner, Dines; Broy, Manfred; Zamulin, Alexandre (eds.). 4216: 3712:, Lead Section, § 1. The Descriptive Scope of Lexical Semantics 1865:(1942–present) provided the foundation of cognitive semantics. 1580: 1557: 1085: 1034: 945: 707: 551: 243: 230: 175: 62:, which investigates how people use language in communication. 51: 10576:. In Kempson, Ruth M.; Fernando, Tim; Asher, Nicholas (eds.). 9872:

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of instructions. The main approaches to dynamic semantics are

1419:

A closely related theory focuses not directly on ideas but on

12505: 11457: 9636: 8901:

Information System Concepts: Towards a Consolidation of Views

8400:

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Nondescriptive Meaning and Reference: An Ideational Semantics

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Static semantics focuses on semantic aspects that affect the

1991: 1584: 1450: 1133: 1052: 570: 485: 436: 369:

they contain. An example is the meaning of words provided in

85: 7148: 5904: 5727: 5697: 5670: 5652: 1000: 11140:

Investigations of the Syntax-semantics-pragmatics Interface

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Teaching Science Students to Communicate: A Practical Guide

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difference between statements, commands, and prohibitions.

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Working with Words: An Introduction to English Linguistics

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Psycholinguistics: An Introduction to Research and Theory

4909:, § 2.1.4 Character and Content, Context and Circumstance 4882:, § 2.1.4 Character and Content, Context and Circumstance 2147:, which arise when an operation receives an incompatible 1913:. To express the sentence "Bertie is a dog", the formula 703: 166:

are built up from different layers of constituents, like

7895:

Dale, Nell B.; Weems, Chip; Headington, Mark R. (2003).

956:

affect the meaning of the words they are part of, as in

505:

The distinction between sense and reference can explain

408:

Linguistic meaning can be analyzed on different levels.

316:, meaning 'relating to signs', which is a derivative of 12271: 11114:

The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences (MITECS)

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The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences (MITECS)

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Key Ideas in Linguistics and the Philosophy of Language

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Metasemantics: New Essays on the Foundations of Meaning

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by one. This difference is also reflected in different

1025:

modifies the color of another entity in the expression

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if they share the same or a very similar meaning, like

80:

or how new meanings can be created by arranging words.

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Blackburn, Simon (2008a). "Causal Theory of Meaning".

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and conceptualized the scope of this field of inquiry.

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Ten Lectures on Field Semantics and Semantic Typology

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Formal logic aims to determine whether arguments are

2020: 2000: 1968: 1948: 1919: 1141:

profiles a straight line against the background of a

682:

have opposite meanings, such as the contrast between

250:

to signal agreement, stripes on a uniform signifying

54:, which studies the rules that dictate how to create 10895:

Futurist Cinema: Studies on Italian Avant-garde Film

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fulfilled, i.e., if there is actually rain outside.

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refer to the same planet, just like the expressions

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Cultural Linguistics and Critical Discourse Studies

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in a different sense to refer to phrasal semantics.

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The Meanings of 'Meaning' 1448:According to this view, the name 1407:holds that expressions stand for 351: 261:Semantics further contrasts with 12975:Meaning (philosophy of language) 11257:. University Press of Kentucky. 8052:(Thesis). University of Toronto. 7954:(2nd ed.). John Benjamins. 6859: 6820: 6808: 6778: 6751: 6721: 6682: 6643: 6604: 6562: 6523: 6490: 6460: 6430: 6415: 6400: 6373: 6343: 6319: 6304: 6277: 6241: 6229: 6205: 6181: 6169: 6145: 6133: 6109: 6085: 6056: 6032: 6002: 5978: 5954: 5925: 5895: 5862: 5838: 5805: 5778: 5748: 5706: 5691: 5661: 5646: 5616: 5592: 5562: 5532: 5505: 5493: 5463: 5451: 5439: 5412: 5382: 5367: 5325: 5313: 5301: 5277: 5265: 5254: 5231: 5219: 5207: 5183: 5153: 5124: 5109: 5071: 5039: 4998: 4975: 4942: 4915: 4885: 4873: 4861: 4834: 4822: 4807: 4795: 4756: 4732: 4696: 4666: 4651: 4636: 4621: 2399: 2386: 2377: 2368: 880:monolingual English dictionaries 11369:from the original on 2024-02-15 11042:from the original on 2024-02-15 10893:. 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"Preface". 11110:"Episodic Vs. Semantic Memory" 11028:. Cambridge University Press. 10939:Szabó, Zoltán Gendler (2020). 10897:. Amsterdam University Press. 10532:. Cambridge University Press. 10364:. Princeton University Press. 10191:. Cambridge University Press. 9954:"Antonymy and Incompatibility" 9416:L'Homme, Marie-Claude (2020). 9253:. Edinburgh University Press. 9220:"Lexical Conceptual Structure" 9197:. Cambridge University Press. 9170:. Cambridge University Press. 9167:A Reference Grammar of Chinese 8518:. Cambridge University Press. 8352:Late Classical Chinese Thought 8315:. Cambridge University Press. 8180:. Cambridge University Press. 8046:Durand, Marion Olivia (2018). 7845:. Cambridge University Press. 7107:. Princeton University Press. 6788:Halpern & Voĭskunskiĭ 1997 6592:, Lead Section, § 4. Semantics 6511:, Lead Section, § 4. Semantics 6472:, Lead Section, § 4. Semantics 5487:, § Abstract, § 1 Introduction 4211:Groenendijk & Stokhof 2009 3790:, § 1.1 Polysemy and Vagueness 2551: 2536: 2500: 2488: 2452: 2423: 2258: 2245: 1929: 1923: 1833:(1917–2003). Tarski's student 1297: 860:intensional or opaque contexts 1: 12466:Antecedent-contained deletion 11947:Principle of compositionality 11166:"3. Knowledge Representation" 11137:Valin, Robert D. Van (2008). 10856:Steinfatt, Thomas M. (2009). 10472:"Lexical Semantics: Overview" 10187:Palmer, Frank Robert (1976). 9551:Semantics of Natural Language 9194:Notes on Logic and Set Theory 9087:Jacobson, Pauline I. (2014). 8710:. In Schantz, Richard (ed.). 8541:Cahiers Ferdinand de Saussure 8454:Theories of Lexical Semantics 8003:Frege: Philosophy of Language 7638:"Truth-conditional Semantics" 7053:Anderson, Derek Egan (2021). 6875:Smith, Rips & Shoben 1975 6830:Smith, Rips & Shoben 1975 6761:Smith, Rips & Shoben 1975 6454:, Lead Section, § 2. Language 5448:, § 3.2.4 Regularities in Use 5401:Boyd, Gasper & Trout 1991 5374:Boyd, Gasper & Trout 1991 5350:Boyd, Gasper & Trout 1991 5094:, § 3.1.1 The Gricean Program 5065:, § 3.1.1 The Gricean Program 4193:Janssen & Zimmermann 2021 2264:Semantics usually focuses on 2233: 2178: 1474:. For example, the sentence " 1385: 630:. The symbol is a linguistic 328:'. It was initially used for 150:Definition and related fields 12096:Philosophical Investigations 10260:. Harvard University Press. 10060:. Indiana University Press. 9981:Mushayabasa, Godwin (2014). 9744:10.4324/9780415249126-X038-1 9250:English Historical Semantics 8153:. Rowman & Littlefield. 8006:. Harvard University Press. 7822:10.4324/9780415249126-U036-1 7612:Panini: A Survey of Research 7609:Cardona, Georgio R. 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Algebraic Semantics 5195:, § Behaviourist Semantics 4992:, § 3.1 Mentalist Theories 4685:Bublitz & Norrick 2011 4046:Berwick & Stabler 2019 3369:Dirven & Verspoor 2004 2950:Leach & Tartaglia 2018 2881:Burgess & Sherman 2014 2318:Some authors use the term 2182: 2104: 1909:and uppercase letters for 1885: 1530: 1416:the mind of the audience. 1126: 1044: 894: 847:extensional or transparent 586:conditions are fulfilled. 566:Truth and truth conditions 356: 154:Semantics is the study of 104:, and cultural semantics. 21:Semantics (disambiguation) 18: 12881: 12839:Question under discussion 12789:Conversational scoreboard 12766: 12670: 12663: 12566:Intersective modification 12551:Homogeneity (linguistics) 12458: 12367: 12360: 12279: 12216: 12161:Philosophy of information 12148: 11997: 11849: 11761:Mediated reference theory 11686: 11433: 11424: 11324:Zalta, Edward N. (2022). 11218:Wierzbicka, Anna (1988). 10968:. In Allan, Keith (ed.). 10651:. In Allan, Keith (ed.). 10578:Philosophy of Linguistics 10445:. In Allan, Keith (ed.). 10391:. John Wiley & Sons. 10358:Pollock, John L. (2017). 10254:Pavel, Thomas G. (1986). 9956:. In Allan, Keith (ed.). 9896:Mosses, Peter D. (2003). 9646:. University of Calgary. 9493:. In Allan, Keith (ed.). 9222:. In Allan, Keith (ed.). 9191:Johnstone, P. T. (1987). 9051:10.1515/9783110226614.688 8766:. In Riemer, Nick (ed.). 8662:. In Allan, Keith (ed.). 8583:Gregory, Paul A. (2017). 8376:. John Wiley & Sons. 8312:Logic, Induction and Sets 8282:Fischer, Kerstin (2013). 8115:"Computational Semantics" 8061:. In Allan, Keith (ed.). 8027:Dummett, Michael (2008). 8000:Dummett, Michael (1981). 7870:. In Allan, Keith (ed.). 7781:Cornish, Francis (1999). 7733:. John Wiley & Sons. 7704:10.1515/9780748631421-033 7522:"Computational Semantics" 7496:Foundations of Pragmatics 7469:The Philosophy of Science 7259:. In Allan, Keith (ed.). 7255:Bezuidenhout, A. (2009). 7094:10.1007/s11525-015-9266-z 7028:. In Riemer, Nick (ed.). 6999:. In Allan, Keith (ed.). 5019:Appiah & Gutmann 1998 4184:Portner & Partee 2008 4166:Portner & Partee 2008 4133:Portner & Partee 2008 3480:Murphy & Koskela 2010 2322:for this type of inquiry. 1738:universal formal language 1734:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1430: 1207:computational linguistics 783:has the semantic feature 645: 560:figurative or non-literal 12899:Distributional semantics 12086:Two Dogmas of Empiricism 11221:The Semantics of Grammar 10885:Strauven, Wanda (2018). 10470:Pustejovsky, J. (2006). 10441:Pustejovsky, J. (2009). 10225:Partee, Barbara (1997). 10189:Semantics: A New Outline 10160:O’Regan, Gerard (2020). 9730:Marti, Genoveva (1998). 9358:Krifka, Manfred (2001). 9312:Kortmann, Bernd (2020). 9068:Jackendoff, Ray (2002). 9012:Jackendoff, Ray (2013). 8564:Gregory, Howard (2016). 8478:Geeraerts, Dirk (2017). 8451:Geeraerts, Dirk (2010). 8397:Gamut, L. T. F. (1991). 8370:Fritzson, Peter (2010). 8309:Forster, Thomas (2003). 7916:Davis, Wayne A. (2005). 7901:. Jones & Bartlett. 7754:Cohen, Jonathan (2009). 7665:Chakrabarti, A. (1997). 7559:"Charles Sanders Peirce" 7528:. Springer Netherlands. 6266:Lepore & Ludwig 2009 5422:Holm & Karlgren 1995 5163:Holm & Karlgren 1995 5013:Holm & Karlgren 1995 4901:Holm & Karlgren 1995 4844:Holm & Karlgren 1995 4772:Holm & Karlgren 1995 4748:Holm & Karlgren 1995 4718:Holm & Karlgren 1995 3549:Kuche & Rowland 2023 2238: 1892:Logicians study correct 1881: 1843:structuralist philosophy 1827:semantic theory of truth 1746:Georg Bernhard Bilfinger 1517:Inferentialist semantics 1484:verificationist theories 277:Semantics is related to 240:non-verbal communication 133:inferentialist semantics 12970:Linguistics terminology 12894:Computational semantics 12631:Subsective modification 12435:Propositional attitudes 11887:Use–mention distinction 11731:Direct reference theory 11245:Williams, Noel (1997). 11108:Tulving, Endel (2001). 10721:Shead, Stephen (2011). 10647:Sanford, A. J. (2009). 10628:Saeed, John I. (2009). 10054:Noth, Winfried (1990). 9601:Understanding Semantics 9462:Leaman, Oliver (2015). 9247:Kay, Christian (2015). 9114:Jansana, Ramon (2022). 8629:Grimm, Stephan (2009). 8086:Enfield, N. J. (2002). 7981:Encyclopædia Britannica 7975:Duignan, Brian (2023). 7808:Crimmins, Mark (1998). 7636:Carston, Robyn (2011). 6772:, pp. 792–793, 796 6596:Jaakko & Sandu 2006 6539:Jaakko & Sandu 2006 6482:Jaakko & Sandu 2006 6446:Jaakko & Sandu 2006 6422:Östman & Fried 2005 6191:Burch & Parker 2024 6142:, pp. 218, 221–223 5392:Morris & Preti 2023 5341:Morris & Preti 2023 5274:, § 3.2.1 Causal Origin 5248:, § 3.2.1 Causal Origin 5171:, pp. 120, 123–125 5147:, § 3.2.1 Causal Origin 4577:Bunt & Muskens 1999 4550:Bunt & Muskens 1999 4532:Bunt & Muskens 1999 4474:, pp. 664–665, 669 2320:compositional semantics 2272:, like the language of 2082:{\displaystyle \vDash } 2054:{\displaystyle \vdash } 1984:interpretation function 1766:coined the French term 1750:Johann Heinrich Lambert 1702:speculative grammarians 1442:stimulus-response pairs 1357:like the deictic terms 1211:artificial intelligence 1198:Computational semantics 942:being under the weather 473:intension and extension 102:computational semantics 58:correct sentences, and 12924:Philosophy of language 12561:Inalienable possession 12541:Free choice inferences 12536:Faultless disagreement 12307:Generalized quantifier 11821:Theory of descriptions 11756:Linguistic determinism 11418:Philosophy of language 11081:Trips, Carola (2009). 10993:Taylor, J. R. (2013). 10964:Taylor, J. R. (2009). 10748:Shi, Zhongzhi (2017). 10310:Peeters, Bert (2006). 9952:Murphy, M. L. (2009). 9928:Key Terms in Semantics 9817:Philosophy of Language 9278:. Palgrave Macmillan. 8937:Hörmann, Hans (2013). 8849:Hess, Leopold (2022). 8828:Heffer, Simon (2014). 8349:Fraser, Chris (2023). 8336:Fraser, Chris (2020). 8201:Feng, Guangwu (2010). 6407:Croft & Cruse 2004 6311:Rowe & Levine 2015 5460:, § 3.2.5 Social Norms 4246:Croft & Cruse 2004 2185:Semantics (psychology) 2083: 2055: 2028: 2008: 1976: 1956: 1936: 1877:In various disciplines 1800:Charles Sanders Peirce 1789: 1775: 1769: 1674:syncategorematic terms 1626: 1572: 1399: 1307: 1264: 1256: 1248: 1240: 1146: 1008: 993:is the predicate, and 611: 471:, also referred to as 464: 431: 405: 389:are interested in the 339: 254:, and the presence of 33: 12819:Plural quantification 12713:Inquisitive semantics 12678:Alternative semantics 11932:Mental representation 11867:Linguistic relativity 11751:Inquisitive semantics 11303:. Walter de Gruyter. 11280:The Study of Language 11278:Yule, George (2010). 11164:Vámos, Tibor (2019). 11087:. Walter de Gruyter. 11001:. Walter de Gruyter. 10966:"Cognitive Semantics" 10918:Sun, Zhenbin (2014). 10804:"Theories of Meaning" 10802:Speaks, Jeff (2021). 10529:Introducing Semantics 10526:Riemer, Nick (2010). 10057:Handbook of Semiotics 10012:. De Gruyter Mouton. 9792:. De Gruyter Mouton. 9732:"Sense and Reference" 9580:Oxford Bibliographies 9576:"Cognitive Semantics" 9545:Lewis, David (2012). 9274:Kearns, Kate (2011). 9045:. De Gruyter Mouton. 8714:. Walter de Gruyter. 8430:. De Gruyter Mouton. 8288:. Walter de Gruyter. 7842:Cognitive Linguistics 7615:. Walter de Gruyter. 7499:. Walter de Gruyter. 7024:Allan, Keith (2015). 6995:Allan, Keith (2009). 5308:Berto & Jago 2023 4925:Berto & Jago 2023 4170:3, 8–10, 35, 127, 324 3302:, pp. 7–8, 10–12 3000:, pp. 1–6, 18–21 2346:linguistic relativity 2278:programming languages 2197:, which is a form of 2169:operational semantics 2134:programming languages 2084: 2056: 2029: 2009: 1977: 1957: 1937: 1903:mathematical function 1847:Ferdinand de Saussure 1821:In the 20th century, 1780:Christian Karl Reisig 1762: 1620: 1567: 1393: 1305: 1273:and uses the pronoun 1168:linguistic typologies 1161:right-angled triangle 1151:cognitive linguistics 1143:right-angled triangle 1136: 1003: 916:individuated entities 597: 458: 403: 344:, which the linguist 267:linguistic competence 31: 12804:Function application 12611:Responsive predicate 12601:Privative adjectives 12116:Naming and Necessity 12026:De Arte Combinatoria 11825:Definite description 11786:Semantic externalism 10754:. World Scientific. 9618:Lyons, John (1996). 9141:"Montague Semantics" 8876:Hoad, T. F. (1993). 8706:Gupta, Anil (2011). 8113:Erk, Katrin (2018). 8057:Edmonds, P. (2009). 4726:, pp. 1414–1415 3940:, pp. 1414–1415 2394:structural semantics 2073: 2045: 2018: 1998: 1994:. The function maps 1966: 1946: 1935:{\displaystyle D(b)} 1917: 1907:individual constants 1839:structural semantics 1667:Abu Mansur al-Azhari 1643:scholastic tradition 1629:In the Middle Ages, 1191:Conceptual semantics 938:Compound expressions 802:includes words like 718:is a prototype of a 624:Thought or Reference 608:Thought or Reference 447:with pain or drugs. 109:referential theories 98:conceptual semantics 19:For other uses, see 12889:Cognitive semantics 12854:Strawson entailment 12799:Existential closure 12743:Situation semantics 12646:Temperature paradox 12616:Rising declaratives 12581:Modal subordination 12556:Hurford disjunction 12516:Discourse relations 12166:Philosophical logic 12156:Analytic philosophy 11962:Sense and reference 11841:Verification theory 11796:Situation semantics 10858:"General Semantics" 10443:"Lexical Semantics" 10227:"Opacity and Scope" 10166:. Springer Nature. 10083:"Dynamic Semantics" 9547:"General Semantics" 9489:Lepore, E. (2009). 9395:. Springer Nature. 9318:. Springer Nature. 9218:Jun, J. S. (2009). 8988:Philosophy of Logic 8660:"Dynamic Semantics" 8589:. Broadview Press. 8480:"Lexical Semantics" 8029:Thought and Reality 7787:. Clarendon Press. 7205:"Impossible Worlds" 7059:. Springer Nature. 6941:AHD Staff (2022a). 6289:, pp. 150, 162 6253:, pp. 150, 162 2309:for both phenomena. 2253:universal semantics 2227:Semantic technology 1867:Charles J. Fillmore 1861:(1941–present) and 1818:, are meaningless. 1499:Ludwig Wittgenstein 1290:Theories of meaning 1223:machine translation 1205:. It forms part of 1203:automatic reasoning 1129:Cognitive semantics 1123:Cognitive semantics 754:. An expression is 507:identity statements 469:sense and reference 451:Sense and reference 432:"der Baum ist grün" 94:Cognitive semantics 48:sense and reference 12934:Semantics of logic 12859:Strict conditional 12829:Quantifier raising 12794:Downward entailing 12774:Autonomy of syntax 12703:Generative grammar 12683:Categorial grammar 12621:Scalar implicature 12526:Epistemic modality 12501:De dicto and de re 12016:Port-Royal Grammar 11912:Family resemblance 11831:Theory of language 11806:Supposition theory 11224:. John Benjamins. 11143:. John Benjamins. 11054:Tondl, L. (2012). 10941:"Compositionality" 10781:. Academic Press. 10676:Seachris, Joshua. 10505:. John Benjamins. 10351:10.1007/BF00763644 10316:. John Benjamins. 10139:. John Benjamins. 10033:. John Benjamins. 9574:Li, Fuyin (2021). 9422:. John Benjamins. 9360:"Compositionality" 7644:. John Benjamins. 7231:Minimalist Parsing 7155:. John Benjamins. 6949:. Harper Collins. 6924:. Harper Collins. 6916:AHD Staff (2022). 6817:, pp. 793–797 6535:, pp. 173–174 6517:, pp. 193–195 6515:Magnus et al. 2021 6442:, pp. 173–174 6238:, pp. 802–803 6217:, pp. 787–789 6199:, pp. 797–799 6178:, pp. 795–796 6157:, pp. 230–231 6127:, pp. 784–785 6121:, pp. 212–213 6103:, pp. 779–780 6097:, pp. 209–210 6074:, pp. 777–778 6068:, pp. 207–208 6044:, pp. 206–207 6020:, pp. 773–774 6014:, pp. 205–206 5996:, pp. 770–771 5990:, pp. 201–202 5972:, pp. 769–770 5966:, pp. 200–201 5943:, pp. 769–770 5937:, pp. 198–199 5905:Bekkum et al. 1997 5880:, pp. 763–764 5874:, pp. 197–198 5856:, pp. 761–762 5850:, pp. 193–195 5823:, pp. 759–761 5728:Bekkum et al. 1997 5724:, pp. 304–307 5698:Bekkum et al. 1997 5671:Bekkum et al. 1997 5653:Bekkum et al. 1997 5634:, pp. 757–758 5628:, pp. 189–191 5610:, pp. 755–756 5604:, pp. 186–187 5586:, pp. 752–753 5574:, pp. 184–185 5228:, pp. 120–121 5216:, pp. 123–125 4969:, pp. 209–210 4897:, pp. 209–210 4804:, pp. 209–210 4780:, pp. 209–210 4498:, pp. 261–263 4480:, pp. 330–332 4217:Nouwen et al. 2022 4213:, pp. 272–273 4024:, pp. 384–385 4012:, pp. 382–383 4000:, pp. 378–380 3985:, pp. 103–104 3892:, pp. 103–104 3751:, pp. 113–115 3500:, pp. 113–115 3476:, pp. 223–226 3452:, pp. 116–120 3404:, pp. 152–155 3398:, pp. 115–116 2952:, pp. 274–275 2934:, pp. 113–114 2928:, pp. 530–531 2791:, pp. 1–3, 14 2175:to another state. 2079: 2063:rules of inference 2051: 2024: 2004: 1972: 1952: 1942:can be used where 1932: 1896:and often develop 1888:Semantics of logic 1776: 1631:Augustine of Hippo 1627: 1573: 1400: 1398:of language users. 1308: 1271:these distinctions 1147: 1102:higher-order logic 1098:Montague semantics 1062:ontological models 1009: 612: 465: 406: 34: 12960:Concepts in logic 12942: 12941: 12914:Logic translation 12877: 12876: 12869:Universal grinder 12849:Squiggle operator 12809:Meaning postulate 12748:Supervaluationism 12718:Intensional logic 12698:Dynamic semantics 12659: 12658: 12491:Crossover effects 12440:Tense–aspect–mood 12420:Lexical semantics 12239: 12238: 11741:Dynamic semantics 11362:978-9-004-53518-3 11310:978-3-110-87052-7 11289:978-0-521-76527-5 11264:978-0-813-10939-8 11231:978-9-027-23019-5 11193:Whiting, Daniel. 11179:978-0-429-60697-7 11150:978-9-027-20572-8 11123:978-0-262-73144-7 11094:978-3-484-30527-4 11067:978-9-400-98364-9 11035:978-1-107-54420-8 11008:978-3-110-80419-5 10979:978-0-080-95969-6 10931:978-3-642-54865-9 10904:978-9-048-52523-2 10871:978-1-412-95937-7 10788:978-0-080-86359-7 10761:978-981-314-582-5 10734:978-9-004-22218-2 10698:"Classical Logic" 10662:978-0-080-95969-6 10639:978-1-405-15639-4 10614:978-1-317-34928-0 10587:978-0-444-51747-0 10574:"Meaning and Use" 10564:978-0-415-66173-7 10539:978-0-521-85192-3 10512:978-9-027-24952-4 10485:978-0-080-44854-1 10456:978-0-080-95969-6 10427:978-0-736-94807-4 10420:. Harvest House. 10398:978-0-470-75818-2 10371:978-1-400-88646-3 10323:978-9-027-23091-1 10296:978-0-190-87342-4 10267:978-0-674-29966-5 10240:978-0-262-62114-4 10217:978-1-138-68182-8 10198:978-0-521-20927-4 10173:978-3-030-34209-8 10146:978-9-027-21823-0 10119:978-0-429-66352-9 10067:978-0-253-20959-7 10040:978-9-027-27726-8 10019:978-3-110-37373-8 9994:978-9-004-27443-3 9967:978-0-080-95969-6 9938:978-1-847-06276-5 9931:. A&C Black. 9911:978-3-540-45575-2 9882:978-1-350-32361-2 9855:978-0-824-72219-7 9826:978-3-110-20329-5 9813:Sprachphilosophie 9799:978-3-110-37373-8 9753:978-0-415-25069-6 9716:978-8-437-08579-1 9689:978-1-317-67664-5 9653:979-8-527-34950-4 9629:978-0-521-21473-5 9610:978-0-415-82673-0 9560:978-9-401-02557-7 9531:978-0-191-53749-3 9504:978-0-080-95969-6 9475:978-1-472-56945-5 9454:978-1-315-38592-1 9429:978-9-027-26178-6 9402:978-3-030-91628-2 9373:978-0-262-73144-7 9350:978-0-028-65788-2 9325:978-3-476-05678-8 9304:978-0-028-65788-2 9285:978-0-333-71701-1 9260:978-0-748-64479-7 9233:978-0-080-95969-6 9204:978-0-521-33692-5 9177:978-0-521-76939-6 9100:978-0-199-67714-6 9079:978-0-198-27012-6 9060:978-3-110-22661-4 9027:978-0-199-37663-6 8998:978-0-080-46663-7 8977:978-3-030-29033-7 8950:978-1-461-26211-4 8918:978-0-387-34870-4 8887:978-0-192-83098-2 8841:978-1-446-47380-1 8814:978-1-137-40808-2 8777:978-1-317-41245-8 8748:978-0-19-510351-9 8721:978-3-110-88666-5 8698:978-0-415-66173-7 8673:978-0-080-95969-6 8644:978-3-642-02788-8 8621:978-1-399-50460-7 8596:978-1-77048-594-5 8575:978-0-415-21610-4 8525:978-0-521-42992-4 8493:978-0-199-38465-5 8464:978-0-198-70030-2 8437:978-3-110-22661-4 8410:978-0-226-28084-4 8383:978-0-470-93761-7 8362:978-0-192-59168-5 8338:"School of Names" 8322:978-0-521-53361-4 8295:978-3-110-82864-1 8268:978-0-080-95969-6 8241:978-1-447-16368-8 8214:978-1-849-50934-3 8187:978-1-107-71766-4 8160:978-1-498-57928-5 8128:978-0-199-38465-5 8099:978-0-191-58179-3 8072:978-0-080-95969-6 8038:978-0-199-20727-5 8013:978-0-674-31931-8 7961:978-9-027-29541-5 7929:978-0-191-60309-9 7908:978-0-763-70490-2 7881:978-0-080-95969-6 7852:978-0-521-66770-8 7831:978-0-415-25069-6 7794:978-0-198-70028-9 7767:978-0-191-60960-2 7740:978-1-786-30128-4 7713:978-0-748-63142-1 7678:978-0-792-34388-2 7651:978-9-027-20787-6 7622:978-3-110-80010-4 7595:978-0-191-64835-9 7543:978-9-401-14231-1 7506:978-3-110-21426-0 7479:978-0-262-52156-7 7452:978-9-004-36262-8 7420:978-0-199-54143-0 7388:978-0-199-54143-0 7356:978-0-199-54143-0 7324:978-0-199-54143-0 7297:978-3-825-24528-3 7270:978-0-080-95969-6 7241:978-0-198-79508-7 7189:978-0-791-49628-2 7162:978-9-027-29881-2 7114:978-1-400-82209-6 7066:978-3-030-73339-1 7039:978-1-317-41245-8 7010:978-0-080-95969-6 2822:Bezuidenhout 2009 2795:Bezuidenhout 2009 2771:Bezuidenhout 2009 2510:Bezuidenhout 2009 2292:is an antonym of 2274:first-order logic 2266:natural languages 2199:general knowledge 2193:One key topic is 2039:deductively valid 2027:{\displaystyle D} 2007:{\displaystyle b} 1975:{\displaystyle D} 1955:{\displaystyle b} 1853:was developed by 1851:general semantics 1748:(1693–1750), and 1639:On Interpretation 1549:On Interpretation 1321:George Washington 1215:cognitive science 1116:Dynamic semantics 968:Phrasal semantics 908:abstract entities 897:Lexical semantics 891:Lexical semantics 875:first-order logic 777:semantic features 616:semiotic triangle 590:Semiotic triangle 546:understand them. 414:lexical semantics 272:Charles W. Morris 74:lexical relations 66:Lexical semantics 12982: 12919:Linguistics wars 12844:Semantic parsing 12733:Montague grammar 12668: 12667: 12511:Deontic modality 12365: 12364: 12352:Truth conditions 12287:Compositionality 12280:Central concepts 12266: 12259: 12252: 12243: 12242: 12201:Formal semantics 12149:Related articles 12141: 12131: 12121: 12111: 12101: 12091: 12081: 12071: 12061: 12051: 12041: 12031: 12021: 12011: 11781:Relevance theory 11776:Phallogocentrism 11411: 11404: 11397: 11388: 11387: 11377: 11375: 11374: 11345: 11343: 11341: 11320: 11318: 11317: 11293: 11274: 11272: 11271: 11241: 11239: 11238: 11214: 11212: 11210: 11189: 11187: 11186: 11160: 11158: 11157: 11133: 11131: 11130: 11104: 11102: 11101: 11077: 11075: 11074: 11050: 11048: 11047: 11018: 11016: 11015: 10989: 10987: 10986: 10960: 10958: 10956: 10935: 10914: 10912: 10911: 10881: 10879: 10878: 10852: 10823: 10821: 10819: 10798: 10796: 10795: 10771: 10769: 10768: 10751:Mind Computation 10744: 10742: 10741: 10717: 10715: 10713: 10692: 10690: 10688: 10672: 10670: 10669: 10643: 10624: 10622: 10621: 10597: 10595: 10594: 10568: 10549: 10547: 10546: 10522: 10520: 10519: 10495: 10493: 10492: 10466: 10464: 10463: 10437: 10435: 10434: 10414:"Abelard, Peter" 10408: 10406: 10405: 10381: 10379: 10378: 10354: 10333: 10331: 10330: 10306: 10304: 10303: 10277: 10275: 10274: 10257:Fictional Worlds 10250: 10248: 10247: 10221: 10202: 10183: 10181: 10180: 10156: 10154: 10153: 10129: 10127: 10126: 10102: 10100: 10098: 10077: 10075: 10074: 10050: 10048: 10047: 10023: 10004: 10002: 10001: 9977: 9975: 9974: 9948: 9946: 9945: 9921: 9919: 9918: 9892: 9890: 9889: 9865: 9863: 9862: 9836: 9834: 9833: 9803: 9784: 9763: 9761: 9760: 9726: 9724: 9723: 9699: 9697: 9696: 9672: 9670: 9668: 9662: 9645: 9633: 9614: 9595: 9593: 9591: 9570: 9568: 9567: 9541: 9539: 9538: 9514: 9512: 9511: 9485: 9483: 9482: 9458: 9439: 9437: 9436: 9412: 9410: 9409: 9383: 9381: 9380: 9354: 9335: 9333: 9332: 9308: 9289: 9270: 9268: 9267: 9243: 9241: 9240: 9214: 9212: 9211: 9187: 9185: 9184: 9160: 9158: 9156: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9110: 9108: 9107: 9083: 9064: 9037: 9035: 9034: 9008: 9006: 9005: 8981: 8960: 8958: 8957: 8933: 8931: 8930: 8891: 8872: 8870: 8845: 8834:. Random House. 8824: 8822: 8821: 8787: 8785: 8784: 8758: 8756: 8755: 8731: 8729: 8728: 8702: 8683: 8681: 8680: 8654: 8652: 8651: 8625: 8606: 8604: 8603: 8579: 8560: 8535: 8533: 8532: 8508: 8506: 8505: 8474: 8472: 8471: 8447: 8445: 8444: 8420: 8418: 8417: 8393: 8391: 8390: 8366: 8345: 8332: 8330: 8329: 8305: 8303: 8302: 8278: 8276: 8275: 8251: 8249: 8248: 8224: 8222: 8221: 8197: 8195: 8194: 8170: 8168: 8167: 8143: 8141: 8140: 8109: 8107: 8106: 8082: 8080: 8079: 8059:"Disambiguation" 8053: 8042: 8023: 8021: 8020: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7971: 7969: 7968: 7944: 7942: 7941: 7912: 7891: 7889: 7888: 7862: 7860: 7859: 7835: 7804: 7802: 7801: 7777: 7775: 7774: 7750: 7748: 7747: 7723: 7721: 7720: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7661: 7659: 7658: 7632: 7630: 7629: 7605: 7603: 7602: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7553: 7551: 7550: 7516: 7514: 7513: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7462: 7460: 7459: 7435: 7433: 7432: 7403: 7401: 7400: 7371: 7369: 7368: 7339: 7337: 7336: 7307: 7305: 7304: 7280: 7278: 7277: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7172: 7170: 7169: 7145: 7124: 7122: 7121: 7097: 7076: 7074: 7073: 7049: 7047: 7046: 7020: 7018: 7017: 6991: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6902: 6863: 6857: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6806: 6782: 6776: 6755: 6749: 6725: 6719: 6686: 6680: 6647: 6641: 6608: 6602: 6598:, pp. 17–20 6566: 6560: 6541:, pp. 13–14 6527: 6521: 6494: 6488: 6484:, pp. 17–18 6464: 6458: 6448:, pp. 13–14 6434: 6428: 6419: 6413: 6404: 6398: 6377: 6371: 6347: 6341: 6323: 6317: 6308: 6302: 6281: 6275: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6227: 6209: 6203: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6167: 6149: 6143: 6137: 6131: 6119:Meier-Oeser 2019 6113: 6107: 6095:Meier-Oeser 2019 6089: 6083: 6066:Meier-Oeser 2019 6060: 6054: 6042:Meier-Oeser 2019 6036: 6030: 6012:Meier-Oeser 2019 6006: 6000: 5988:Meier-Oeser 2019 5982: 5976: 5964:Meier-Oeser 2019 5958: 5952: 5935:Meier-Oeser 2019 5929: 5923: 5899: 5893: 5872:Meier-Oeser 2019 5866: 5860: 5848:Meier-Oeser 2019 5842: 5836: 5815:Meier-Oeser 2019 5809: 5803: 5782: 5776: 5752: 5746: 5710: 5704: 5695: 5689: 5680:Chakrabarti 1997 5665: 5659: 5650: 5644: 5626:Meier-Oeser 2019 5620: 5614: 5602:Meier-Oeser 2019 5596: 5590: 5572:Meier-Oeser 2019 5566: 5560: 5536: 5530: 5515:Meier-Oeser 2019 5509: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5424:, pp. 23–24 5416: 5410: 5386: 5380: 5371: 5365: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5289:, pp. 45–46 5281: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5258: 5252: 5235: 5229: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5187: 5181: 5157: 5151: 5136:, pp. 51–52 5128: 5122: 5113: 5107: 5075: 5069: 5043: 5037: 5002: 4996: 4979: 4973: 4946: 4940: 4919: 4913: 4903:, pp. 21–22 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4846:, pp. 21–22 4838: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4774:, pp. 21–22 4760: 4754: 4750:, pp. 21–22 4736: 4730: 4720:, pp. 20–21 4714:, pp. 51–52 4700: 4694: 4670: 4664: 4655: 4649: 4640: 4634: 4625: 4619: 4598: 4592: 4562: 4556: 4547: 4541: 4517: 4508: 4490: 4484: 4466: 4460: 4442:Mushayabasa 2014 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4417:, pp. 76–77 4412: 4406: 4402:, pp. 83–84 4389: 4383: 4366: 4360: 4359:, pp. 74–75 4354: 4348: 4335:, pp. 74–75 4327: 4321: 4308:, pp. 74–75 4300: 4294: 4289: 4283: 4282:, pp. 73–74 4277: 4271: 4261: 4255: 4242:, pp. 73–74 4229: 4223: 4205: 4199: 4178: 4172: 4163: 4157: 4148: 4142: 4109: 4100: 4076: 4070: 4061: 4055: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3968: 3962: 3953: 3944: 3923: 3917: 3869: 3863: 3833: 3827: 3800: 3794: 3779:Pustejovsky 2006 3773: 3767: 3764:Pustejovsky 2009 3761: 3755: 3737: 3731: 3716:Pustejovsky 2009 3704: 3698: 3683:Pustejovsky 2009 3674:Pustejovsky 2006 3653: 3647: 3625:, pp. 22–23 3617: 3611: 3591: 3585: 3564: 3558: 3534: 3528: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3468: 3462: 3458:, pp. 63–70 3444: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3414: 3408: 3390: 3384: 3380:, pp. 13–16 3356:, pp. 25–26 3348: 3339: 3328:Truth Conditions 3312: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3278:, pp. 11–12 3264: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3219:, pp. 25–28 3211: 3205: 3201:, pp. 27–28 3187: 3181: 3163: 3157: 3139: 3133: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3073: 3067: 3063:, pp. 12–13 3045:, pp. 21–22 3037: 3031: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2988:, pp. 21–22 2980: 2974: 2944: 2938: 2920: 2914: 2896: 2890: 2866: 2860: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2812:, pp. 12–13 2807: 2801: 2783: 2777: 2759: 2753: 2735: 2729: 2702: 2696: 2692:, pp. 30–31 2686:, pp. 12–13 2678: 2672: 2663: 2657: 2648: 2642: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2585: 2555: 2549: 2540: 2534: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2456: 2450: 2427: 2410: 2403: 2397: 2390: 2384: 2381: 2375: 2372: 2366: 2355: 2349: 2342: 2336: 2333:formal semantics 2329: 2323: 2316: 2310: 2303: 2297: 2287: 2281: 2270:formal languages 2262: 2256: 2249: 2127: 2123: 2101:Computer science 2088: 2086: 2085: 2080: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2052: 2033: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2013: 2011: 2010: 2005: 1981: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1961: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1941: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1898:formal languages 1873:(1945–present). 1863:Ronald Langacker 1855:Alfred Korzybski 1835:Richard Montague 1812:phenomenological 1796:John Stuart Mill 1792: 1772: 1721:(1612–1694) and 1714:Port-Royal Logic 1267: 1259: 1251: 1243: 1233:, religion, and 1219:machine learning 1041:Formal semantics 989:is the subject, 750:is a meronym of 706:is a hyponym of 698:. One term is a 579:truth conditions 522:Compositionality 517:Compositionality 434: 379:adult male sheep 342: 330:medical symptoms 324:, the noun for ' 322: 314: 216:mental phenomena 140:computer science 82:Formal semantics 78:compositionality 39:is the study of 12990: 12989: 12985: 12984: 12983: 12981: 12980: 12979: 12945: 12944: 12943: 12938: 12873: 12762: 12723:Lambda calculus 12655: 12626:Sloppy identity 12586:Opaque contexts 12521:Donkey anaphora 12486:Counterfactuals 12454: 12356: 12275: 12270: 12240: 12235: 12212: 12191:School of Names 12144: 12139: 12129: 12119: 12109: 12106:Of Grammatology 12099: 12089: 12079: 12069: 12059: 12049: 12039: 12029: 12019: 12009: 11993: 11845: 11791:Semantic holism 11771:Non-cognitivism 11711:Conventionalism 11682: 11429: 11420: 11415: 11385: 11380: 11372: 11370: 11363: 11339: 11337: 11326:"Gottlob Frege" 11315: 11313: 11311: 11290: 11269: 11267: 11265: 11236: 11234: 11232: 11208: 11206: 11184: 11182: 11180: 11155: 11153: 11151: 11128: 11126: 11124: 11099: 11097: 11095: 11072: 11070: 11068: 11045: 11043: 11036: 11013: 11011: 11009: 10984: 10982: 10980: 10954: 10952: 10932: 10909: 10907: 10905: 10876: 10874: 10872: 10817: 10815: 10793: 10791: 10789: 10766: 10764: 10762: 10739: 10737: 10735: 10711: 10709: 10686: 10684: 10667: 10665: 10663: 10640: 10619: 10617: 10615: 10592: 10590: 10588: 10565: 10544: 10542: 10540: 10517: 10515: 10513: 10490: 10488: 10486: 10461: 10459: 10457: 10432: 10430: 10428: 10403: 10401: 10399: 10376: 10374: 10372: 10328: 10326: 10324: 10301: 10299: 10297: 10272: 10270: 10268: 10245: 10243: 10241: 10218: 10199: 10178: 10176: 10174: 10151: 10149: 10147: 10124: 10122: 10120: 10096: 10094: 10072: 10070: 10068: 10045: 10043: 10041: 10020: 9999: 9997: 9995: 9972: 9970: 9968: 9943: 9941: 9939: 9916: 9914: 9912: 9887: 9885: 9883: 9860: 9858: 9856: 9831: 9829: 9827: 9800: 9758: 9756: 9754: 9721: 9719: 9717: 9694: 9692: 9690: 9666: 9664: 9660: 9654: 9643: 9630: 9611: 9589: 9587: 9565: 9563: 9561: 9536: 9534: 9532: 9509: 9507: 9505: 9480: 9478: 9476: 9455: 9434: 9432: 9430: 9407: 9405: 9403: 9378: 9376: 9374: 9351: 9330: 9328: 9326: 9305: 9286: 9265: 9263: 9261: 9238: 9236: 9234: 9209: 9207: 9205: 9182: 9180: 9178: 9154: 9152: 9129: 9127: 9105: 9103: 9101: 9080: 9061: 9032: 9030: 9028: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8978: 8955: 8953: 8951: 8928: 8926: 8919: 8903:. Springer US. 8888: 8842: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8753: 8751: 8749: 8726: 8724: 8722: 8699: 8678: 8676: 8674: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8622: 8601: 8599: 8597: 8576: 8530: 8528: 8526: 8503: 8501: 8494: 8469: 8467: 8465: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8415: 8413: 8411: 8388: 8386: 8384: 8363: 8327: 8325: 8323: 8300: 8298: 8296: 8273: 8271: 8269: 8246: 8244: 8242: 8219: 8217: 8215: 8192: 8190: 8188: 8165: 8163: 8161: 8138: 8136: 8129: 8104: 8102: 8100: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8039: 8018: 8016: 8014: 7990: 7988: 7966: 7964: 7962: 7939: 7937: 7930: 7909: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7857: 7855: 7853: 7832: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7656: 7654: 7652: 7627: 7625: 7623: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7572: 7570: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7511: 7509: 7507: 7484: 7482: 7480: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7430: 7428: 7421: 7398: 7396: 7389: 7366: 7364: 7357: 7334: 7332: 7325: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7246: 7244: 7242: 7218: 7216: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7015: 7013: 7011: 6956: 6954: 6931: 6929: 6911: 6906: 6905: 6901: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6825: 6821: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6435: 6431: 6420: 6416: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6324: 6320: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6246: 6242: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6186: 6182: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6150: 6146: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947:Blackburn 2008b 5930: 5926: 5922: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5884:Provenzola 2013 5867: 5863: 5859: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5767:Indraccolo 2020 5753: 5749: 5745: 5711: 5707: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5666: 5662: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5510: 5506: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5468: 5464: 5456: 5452: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5387: 5383: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5330: 5326: 5322:, pp. 8–11 5318: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5295:, pp. 8–11 5282: 5278: 5270: 5266: 5261:Blackburn 2008a 5259: 5255: 5251: 5241:Blackburn 2008a 5236: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5140:Blackburn 2008a 5129: 5125: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4890: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4839: 4835: 4827: 4823: 4812: 4808: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4671: 4667: 4656: 4652: 4641: 4637: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4563: 4559: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4518: 4511: 4507: 4502:Jackendoff 2011 4491: 4487: 4483: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4437: 4433: 4425: 4421: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4367: 4363: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4286: 4278: 4274: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4179: 4175: 4164: 4160: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4110: 4103: 4099: 4082:Bohnemeyer 2021 4077: 4073: 4064:Wierzbicka 1988 4062: 4058: 4054: 4032: 4028: 4022:Jackendoff 2002 4020: 4016: 4010:Jackendoff 2002 4008: 4004: 3998:Jackendoff 2002 3996: 3992: 3988: 3969: 3965: 3954: 3947: 3943: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3884:Jackendoff 2002 3870: 3866: 3862: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3774: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3597:Blackburn 2008c 3592: 3588: 3584: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3508: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3445: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3349: 3342: 3338: 3335:, pp. 8–10 3320:, pp. 9–10 3313: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3265: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3238:Cunningham 2009 3236: 3232: 3228: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3169:Cunningham 2009 3164: 3160: 3156: 3145:Cunningham 2009 3140: 3136: 3132: 3121:Cunningham 2009 3110: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3038: 3034: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2956:Cunningham 2009 2945: 2941: 2937: 2926:Cunningham 2009 2921: 2917: 2913: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2846:AHD Staff 2022a 2832: 2828: 2820: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2720:Jackendoff 2013 2703: 2699: 2695: 2679: 2675: 2664: 2660: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2619: 2615: 2607: 2603: 2595: 2588: 2584: 2556: 2552: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2505: 2501: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2413: 2407:psychosemantics 2404: 2400: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2356: 2352: 2343: 2339: 2330: 2326: 2317: 2313: 2304: 2300: 2288: 2284: 2263: 2259: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2223: 2203:episodic memory 2195:semantic memory 2187: 2181: 2125: 2121: 2109: 2103: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2019: 2016: 2015: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1890: 1884: 1879: 1831:Donald Davidson 1742:Christian Wolff 1719:Antoine Arnauld 1612:School of Names 1581:orthodox school 1533: 1476:Hillary Clinton 1472:possible worlds 1464: 1433: 1388: 1349:Roger Bannister 1300: 1292: 1188: 1179:Frame semantics 1131: 1125: 1106:lambda calculus 1049: 1043: 970: 899: 893: 888: 864:embedded clause 648: 592: 568: 556:kick the bucket 519: 453: 391:meaning of life 359: 354: 293:in particular. 242:, conventional 152: 125:verificationist 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12988: 12978: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12940: 12939: 12937: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12909:Inferentialism 12906: 12904:Formal grammar 12901: 12896: 12891: 12885: 12883: 12879: 12878: 12875: 12874: 12872: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12824:Possible world 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12770: 12768: 12764: 12763: 12761: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12708:Glue semantics 12705: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12674: 12672: 12671:Formal systems 12665: 12661: 12660: 12657: 12656: 12654: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12596:Polarity items 12593: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12481:Conservativity 12478: 12473: 12468: 12462: 12460: 12456: 12455: 12453: 12452: 12447: 12445:Quantification 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12371: 12369: 12362: 12358: 12357: 12355: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12322:Presupposition 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12283: 12281: 12277: 12276: 12269: 12268: 12261: 12254: 12246: 12237: 12236: 12234: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12217: 12214: 12213: 12211: 12210: 12205: 12204: 12203: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12152: 12150: 12146: 12145: 12143: 12142: 12132: 12122: 12112: 12102: 12092: 12082: 12072: 12062: 12052: 12042: 12032: 12022: 12012: 12001: 11999: 11995: 11994: 11992: 11991: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11942:Presupposition 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11853: 11851: 11847: 11846: 11844: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11721:Deconstruction 11718: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11692: 11690: 11684: 11683: 11681: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11439: 11437: 11431: 11430: 11425: 11422: 11421: 11414: 11413: 11406: 11399: 11391: 11384: 11383:External links 11381: 11379: 11378: 11361: 11346: 11321: 11309: 11294: 11288: 11275: 11263: 11242: 11230: 11215: 11190: 11178: 11161: 11149: 11134: 11122: 11105: 11093: 11078: 11066: 11051: 11034: 11019: 11007: 10990: 10978: 10961: 10936: 10930: 10915: 10903: 10882: 10870: 10853: 10835:(3): 304–311. 10824: 10799: 10787: 10772: 10760: 10745: 10733: 10718: 10693: 10673: 10661: 10644: 10638: 10625: 10613: 10598: 10586: 10569: 10563: 10550: 10538: 10523: 10511: 10496: 10484: 10467: 10455: 10438: 10426: 10409: 10397: 10382: 10370: 10355: 10334: 10322: 10307: 10295: 10278: 10266: 10251: 10239: 10222: 10216: 10203: 10197: 10184: 10172: 10157: 10145: 10130: 10118: 10103: 10078: 10066: 10051: 10039: 10024: 10018: 10005: 9993: 9978: 9966: 9949: 9937: 9922: 9910: 9893: 9881: 9875:. Bloomsbury. 9866: 9854: 9848:. EPFL Press. 9837: 9825: 9804: 9798: 9785: 9775:(2): 205–211. 9764: 9752: 9727: 9715: 9700: 9688: 9673: 9652: 9634: 9628: 9615: 9609: 9596: 9571: 9559: 9542: 9530: 9515: 9503: 9486: 9474: 9468:. Bloomsbury. 9459: 9453: 9440: 9428: 9413: 9401: 9384: 9372: 9355: 9349: 9336: 9324: 9309: 9303: 9290: 9284: 9271: 9259: 9244: 9232: 9215: 9203: 9188: 9176: 9161: 9136: 9111: 9099: 9084: 9078: 9065: 9059: 9038: 9026: 9009: 8997: 8982: 8976: 8961: 8949: 8934: 8917: 8892: 8886: 8873: 8846: 8840: 8825: 8813: 8788: 8776: 8759: 8747: 8732: 8720: 8712:What Is Truth? 8703: 8697: 8684: 8672: 8655: 8643: 8626: 8620: 8607: 8595: 8580: 8574: 8561: 8536: 8524: 8509: 8492: 8475: 8463: 8448: 8436: 8421: 8409: 8394: 8382: 8367: 8361: 8346: 8333: 8321: 8306: 8294: 8279: 8267: 8252: 8240: 8225: 8213: 8198: 8186: 8171: 8159: 8144: 8127: 8110: 8098: 8083: 8071: 8054: 8043: 8037: 8024: 8012: 7997: 7972: 7960: 7945: 7928: 7913: 7907: 7892: 7880: 7863: 7851: 7836: 7830: 7805: 7793: 7778: 7766: 7751: 7739: 7724: 7712: 7689: 7677: 7662: 7650: 7633: 7621: 7606: 7594: 7579: 7554: 7542: 7517: 7505: 7490: 7478: 7463: 7451: 7436: 7419: 7404: 7387: 7372: 7355: 7340: 7323: 7308: 7296: 7281: 7269: 7252: 7240: 7225: 7200: 7188: 7173: 7161: 7146: 7125: 7113: 7098: 7088:(4): 391–410. 7077: 7065: 7050: 7038: 7021: 7009: 6997:"Introduction" 6992: 6974:(1/4): 11–29. 6963: 6943:"Hermeneutics" 6938: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6890: 6881: 6872: 6865: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6845: 6836: 6826: 6819: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6794: 6784: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6767: 6757: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6737: 6731:Fernández 2014 6727: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6707: 6698: 6692:Fernández 2014 6688: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6668: 6659: 6653:Fernández 2014 6649: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6629: 6620: 6614:Fernández 2014 6610: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6593: 6587: 6581:Johnstone 1987 6578: 6568: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6548: 6547:, Lead Section 6542: 6536: 6529: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6496: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6479: 6473: 6466: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6436: 6429: 6414: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6386: 6379: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6362:Steinfatt 2009 6359: 6349: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6332: 6325: 6318: 6303: 6300: 6299: 6290: 6283: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6263: 6254: 6247: 6240: 6236:Kretzmann 2006 6228: 6225: 6224: 6221:Pelletier 1994 6218: 6215:Kretzmann 2006 6211: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6197:Kretzmann 2006 6194: 6187: 6180: 6176:Kretzmann 2006 6168: 6165: 6164: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6125:Kretzmann 2006 6122: 6115: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6101:Kretzmann 2006 6098: 6091: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6075: 6072:Kretzmann 2006 6069: 6062: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6048:Kretzmann 2006 6045: 6038: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6021: 6018:Kretzmann 2006 6015: 6008: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5994:Kretzmann 2006 5991: 5984: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5970:Kretzmann 2006 5967: 5960: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5941:Kretzmann 2006 5938: 5931: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5911: 5901: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5881: 5878:Kretzmann 2006 5875: 5868: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5854:Kretzmann 2006 5851: 5844: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5824: 5821:Kretzmann 2006 5818: 5811: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5794: 5784: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5764: 5754: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5734: 5725: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5677: 5667: 5660: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5635: 5632:Kretzmann 2006 5629: 5622: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5608:Kretzmann 2006 5605: 5598: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5584:Kretzmann 2006 5581: 5575: 5568: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5548: 5542:Geeraerts 2010 5538: 5531: 5528: 5527: 5518: 5511: 5504: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5482: 5476: 5469: 5462: 5450: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5425: 5418: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5398: 5388: 5381: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5361:, p. 1027 5356: 5347: 5338: 5331: 5324: 5312: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5290: 5283: 5276: 5264: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5243: 5237: 5230: 5218: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5201:, p. 1026 5196: 5189: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5177:, p. 1026 5172: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5142: 5137: 5130: 5123: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5060: 5051: 5045: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5025: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4964: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4928: 4927:, Lead Section 4921: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4891: 4884: 4872: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4847: 4840: 4833: 4821: 4806: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4762: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4745: 4738: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4708:, Lead Section 4702: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4682: 4672: 4665: 4650: 4635: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4610:Geeraerts 2010 4607: 4600: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4583: 4574: 4568:Geeraerts 2010 4564: 4557: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4529: 4523:Geeraerts 2010 4519: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4499: 4492: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4475: 4468: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4448: 4438: 4431: 4419: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4368: 4361: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4336: 4329: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4309: 4302: 4295: 4284: 4272: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4219:, Lead Section 4214: 4207: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4190: 4180: 4173: 4158: 4151:Moeschler 2007 4143: 4140: 4139: 4130: 4124:Moeschler 2007 4121: 4115:Geeraerts 2010 4111: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4088: 4078: 4071: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4043: 4033: 4026: 4014: 4002: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3980: 3970: 3963: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3935: 3925: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3908: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3871: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3854: 3845: 3835: 3828: 3825: 3824: 3815: 3809: 3806:Geeraerts 2017 3802: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3788:Geeraerts 2017 3785: 3775: 3768: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3746: 3743:Geeraerts 2017 3739: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3719: 3713: 3710:Geeraerts 2017 3706: 3699: 3696: 3695: 3686: 3680: 3671: 3662: 3661:, Lead Section 3659:Geeraerts 2017 3655: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3635: 3626: 3619: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3599: 3593: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3576: 3566: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3546: 3536: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3516: 3509: 3502: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3477: 3470: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3453: 3446: 3436: 3424: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3399: 3392: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3375: 3366: 3357: 3350: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3330: 3324:Blackburn 2008 3321: 3314: 3304: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3279: 3276:Pelletier 1994 3273: 3272:, Lead Section 3266: 3254: 3252:, Lead Section 3242: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3225:, pp. 7–9 3220: 3213: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3196: 3195:, Lead Section 3189: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3177:, pp. 7–9 3172: 3165: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3153:, pp. 7–9 3148: 3141: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3117:, pp. 7–9 3111: 3104: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3087:, pp. 5–6 3082: 3075: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3058: 3057:, pp. 1–6 3052: 3051:, pp. 5–6 3046: 3039: 3032: 3017: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2995: 2994:, pp. 5–6 2989: 2982: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2965: 2964:, pp. 1–2 2959: 2953: 2946: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2929: 2922: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2905: 2898: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2878: 2868: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2848: 2843: 2833: 2826: 2814: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2792: 2785: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2768: 2761: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2749:, pp. 4–6 2744: 2737: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2717: 2711: 2710:, pp. 4–5 2704: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2687: 2680: 2673: 2658: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2638:, pp. 4–6 2633: 2627: 2626:, Lead Section 2620: 2613: 2601: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2576:Fernández 2014 2573: 2567: 2557: 2550: 2543:Zaefferer 2019 2535: 2532: 2531: 2525:Zaefferer 2019 2522: 2513: 2506: 2499: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2482:, pp. 2–3 2477: 2471: 2470:, Lead Section 2465: 2464:, pp. 4–5 2458: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2446:, Lead Section 2441: 2435: 2433:AHD Staff 2022 2429: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2398: 2385: 2376: 2367: 2350: 2337: 2324: 2311: 2298: 2282: 2257: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2230: 2222: 2219: 2183:Main article: 2180: 2177: 2105:Main article: 2102: 2099: 2078: 2050: 2023: 2014:to Bertie and 2003: 1990:of objects or 1971: 1951: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1886:Main article: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1871:Ray Jackendoff 1808:Edmund Husserl 1537:ancient Greece 1532: 1529: 1503:language games 1463: 1460: 1432: 1429: 1387: 1384: 1375:possible world 1312:singular terms 1299: 1296: 1291: 1288: 1253:in Spanish or 1187: 1184: 1127:Main article: 1124: 1121: 1088:, mass terms, 1078:intensionality 1074:quantification 1045:Main article: 1042: 1039: 969: 966: 895:Main article: 892: 889: 887: 884: 647: 644: 591: 588: 567: 564: 518: 515: 452: 449: 412:is studied by 358: 355: 353: 352:Basic concepts 350: 151: 148: 127:theories, the 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12987: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12952: 12950: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12886: 12884: 12880: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12771: 12769: 12765: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12675: 12673: 12669: 12666: 12662: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12591:Performatives 12589: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12571:Logophoricity 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12463: 12461: 12457: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12405:Evidentiality 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12372: 12370: 12366: 12363: 12359: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12284: 12282: 12278: 12274: 12267: 12262: 12260: 12255: 12253: 12248: 12247: 12244: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12218: 12215: 12209: 12206: 12202: 12199: 12198: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12186:Scholasticism 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12153: 12151: 12147: 12138: 12137: 12133: 12128: 12127: 12123: 12118: 12117: 12113: 12108: 12107: 12103: 12098: 12097: 12093: 12088: 12087: 12083: 12078: 12077: 12073: 12068: 12067: 12063: 12057: 12053: 12048: 12047: 12043: 12038: 12037: 12033: 12028: 12027: 12023: 12018: 12017: 12013: 12008: 12007: 12003: 12002: 12000: 11996: 11990: 11989: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11854: 11852: 11848: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11826: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11801:Structuralism 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11726:Descriptivism 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11706:Contrastivism 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11693: 11691: 11689: 11685: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11440: 11438: 11436: 11432: 11428: 11423: 11419: 11412: 11407: 11405: 11400: 11398: 11393: 11392: 11389: 11368: 11364: 11358: 11354: 11353: 11347: 11335: 11331: 11327: 11322: 11312: 11306: 11302: 11301: 11295: 11291: 11285: 11281: 11276: 11266: 11260: 11256: 11252: 11250: 11243: 11233: 11227: 11223: 11222: 11216: 11204: 11200: 11196: 11191: 11181: 11175: 11172:. CRC Press. 11171: 11167: 11162: 11152: 11146: 11142: 11141: 11135: 11125: 11119: 11116:. MIT Press. 11115: 11111: 11106: 11096: 11090: 11086: 11085: 11079: 11069: 11063: 11059: 11058: 11052: 11041: 11037: 11031: 11027: 11026: 11020: 11010: 11004: 11000: 10996: 10991: 10981: 10975: 10971: 10967: 10962: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10937: 10933: 10927: 10923: 10922: 10916: 10906: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10890: 10887:"Marinetti's 10883: 10873: 10867: 10863: 10859: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10842: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10825: 10813: 10809: 10805: 10800: 10790: 10784: 10780: 10779: 10773: 10763: 10757: 10753: 10752: 10746: 10736: 10730: 10726: 10725: 10719: 10707: 10703: 10699: 10694: 10683: 10679: 10674: 10664: 10658: 10654: 10650: 10645: 10641: 10635: 10631: 10626: 10616: 10610: 10607:. Routledge. 10606: 10605: 10599: 10589: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10570: 10566: 10560: 10557:. Routledge. 10556: 10551: 10541: 10535: 10531: 10530: 10524: 10514: 10508: 10504: 10503: 10497: 10487: 10481: 10477: 10473: 10468: 10458: 10452: 10448: 10444: 10439: 10429: 10423: 10419: 10415: 10410: 10400: 10394: 10390: 10389: 10383: 10373: 10367: 10363: 10362: 10356: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10340: 10335: 10325: 10319: 10315: 10314: 10308: 10298: 10292: 10288: 10284: 10279: 10269: 10263: 10259: 10258: 10252: 10242: 10236: 10233:. MIT Press. 10232: 10228: 10223: 10219: 10213: 10209: 10204: 10200: 10194: 10190: 10185: 10175: 10169: 10165: 10164: 10158: 10148: 10142: 10138: 10137: 10131: 10121: 10115: 10112:. Routledge. 10111: 10110: 10104: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10079: 10069: 10063: 10059: 10058: 10052: 10042: 10036: 10032: 10031: 10025: 10021: 10015: 10011: 10006: 9996: 9990: 9986: 9985: 9979: 9969: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9950: 9940: 9934: 9930: 9929: 9923: 9913: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9894: 9884: 9878: 9874: 9873: 9867: 9857: 9851: 9847: 9843: 9838: 9828: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9810: 9805: 9801: 9795: 9791: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9774: 9770: 9765: 9755: 9749: 9745: 9741: 9738:. Routledge. 9737: 9733: 9728: 9718: 9712: 9708: 9707: 9701: 9691: 9685: 9682:. Routledge. 9681: 9680: 9674: 9659: 9655: 9649: 9642: 9641: 9635: 9631: 9625: 9621: 9616: 9612: 9606: 9602: 9597: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9572: 9562: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9543: 9533: 9527: 9524:. Clarendon. 9523: 9522: 9516: 9506: 9500: 9496: 9492: 9487: 9477: 9471: 9467: 9466: 9460: 9456: 9450: 9447:. Routledge. 9446: 9441: 9431: 9425: 9421: 9420: 9414: 9404: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9385: 9375: 9369: 9366:. MIT Press. 9365: 9361: 9356: 9352: 9346: 9342: 9337: 9327: 9321: 9317: 9316: 9310: 9306: 9300: 9296: 9291: 9287: 9281: 9277: 9272: 9262: 9256: 9252: 9251: 9245: 9235: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9216: 9206: 9200: 9196: 9195: 9189: 9179: 9173: 9169: 9168: 9162: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9137: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9112: 9102: 9096: 9092: 9091: 9085: 9081: 9075: 9071: 9066: 9062: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9039: 9029: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9010: 9000: 8994: 8990: 8989: 8983: 8979: 8973: 8969: 8968: 8962: 8952: 8946: 8942: 8941: 8935: 8924: 8920: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8898: 8893: 8889: 8883: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8847: 8843: 8837: 8833: 8832: 8826: 8816: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8789: 8779: 8773: 8770:. Routledge. 8769: 8765: 8760: 8750: 8744: 8740: 8739: 8733: 8723: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8704: 8700: 8694: 8691:. Routledge. 8690: 8685: 8675: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8656: 8646: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8627: 8623: 8617: 8613: 8608: 8598: 8592: 8588: 8587: 8581: 8577: 8571: 8568:. Routledge. 8567: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8543:(65): 51–79. 8542: 8537: 8527: 8521: 8517: 8516: 8510: 8499: 8495: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8476: 8466: 8460: 8456: 8455: 8449: 8439: 8433: 8429: 8428: 8422: 8412: 8406: 8402: 8401: 8395: 8385: 8379: 8375: 8374: 8368: 8364: 8358: 8354: 8353: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8334: 8324: 8318: 8314: 8313: 8307: 8297: 8291: 8287: 8286: 8280: 8270: 8264: 8260: 8259: 8253: 8243: 8237: 8233: 8232: 8226: 8216: 8210: 8206: 8205: 8199: 8189: 8183: 8179: 8178: 8172: 8162: 8156: 8152: 8151: 8145: 8134: 8130: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8111: 8101: 8095: 8091: 8090: 8084: 8074: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8055: 8051: 8050: 8044: 8040: 8034: 8031:. Clarendon. 8030: 8025: 8015: 8009: 8005: 8004: 7998: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7973: 7963: 7957: 7953: 7952: 7946: 7935: 7931: 7925: 7921: 7920: 7914: 7910: 7904: 7900: 7899: 7893: 7883: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7864: 7854: 7848: 7844: 7843: 7837: 7833: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7816:. Routledge. 7815: 7811: 7806: 7796: 7790: 7786: 7785: 7779: 7769: 7763: 7759: 7758: 7752: 7742: 7736: 7732: 7731: 7725: 7715: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7696: 7690: 7680: 7674: 7670: 7669: 7663: 7653: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7634: 7624: 7618: 7614: 7613: 7607: 7597: 7591: 7587: 7586: 7580: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7555: 7545: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7518: 7508: 7502: 7498: 7497: 7491: 7481: 7475: 7472:. MIT Press. 7471: 7470: 7464: 7454: 7448: 7444: 7443: 7437: 7426: 7422: 7416: 7412: 7411: 7405: 7394: 7390: 7384: 7380: 7379: 7373: 7362: 7358: 7352: 7348: 7347: 7341: 7330: 7326: 7320: 7316: 7315: 7309: 7299: 7293: 7289: 7288: 7282: 7272: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7253: 7243: 7237: 7233: 7232: 7226: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7201: 7191: 7185: 7181: 7180: 7174: 7164: 7158: 7154: 7153: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7126: 7116: 7110: 7106: 7105: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7078: 7068: 7062: 7058: 7057: 7051: 7041: 7035: 7032:. Routledge. 7031: 7027: 7022: 7012: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6964: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6939: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6914: 6913: 6898: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6873: 6871:, p. 792 6870: 6867: 6866: 6862: 6853: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6823: 6816: 6811: 6802: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6781: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6754: 6745: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6724: 6715: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6702: 6701:Fritzson 2010 6699: 6697: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6685: 6676: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6662:Fritzson 2010 6660: 6658: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6646: 6637: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6607: 6597: 6594: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6565: 6556: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6540: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6526: 6516: 6513: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6493: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6463: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6433: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6412: 6408: 6403: 6394: 6390: 6387: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6376: 6367: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6346: 6336: 6333: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6322: 6316: 6312: 6307: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6280: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6244: 6237: 6232: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6208: 6198: 6195: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6177: 6172: 6162: 6159: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6141: 6136: 6126: 6123: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6112: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6079: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6059: 6050:, p. 777 6049: 6046: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6035: 6026:, p. 210 6025: 6022: 6019: 6016: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6005: 5995: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5981: 5971: 5968: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5957: 5948: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5928: 5919: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5898: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5865: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5822: 5819: 5817:, p. 192 5816: 5813: 5812: 5808: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5781: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5751: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5716:Aklujkar 1970 5714: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5699: 5694: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5658: 5654: 5649: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5535: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5517:, p. 182 5516: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5501: 5496: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5466: 5459: 5454: 5447: 5442: 5433: 5429: 5428:Strauven 2018 5426: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5385: 5379: 5375: 5370: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5321: 5316: 5309: 5304: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5273: 5268: 5262: 5257: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5234: 5227: 5222: 5215: 5210: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5103: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5042: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4945: 4936: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4876: 4869: 4864: 4855: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4837: 4831:, p. 211 4830: 4825: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4803: 4798: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4690: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4615: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4514: 4504:, p. 688 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4479: 4478:Fillmore 2009 4476: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4423: 4416: 4411: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4358: 4353: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4317: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4288: 4281: 4276: 4269: 4265: 4264:Kortmann 2020 4260: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4204: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4138: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4106: 4096: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4051: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4018: 4011: 4006: 3999: 3994: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3950: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3922: 3912: 3911:Jacobson 2014 3909: 3907: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3886:, p. 378 3885: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3823: 3819: 3816: 3814:, p. 106 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3766:, p. 479 3765: 3760: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3727: 3723: 3720: 3718:, p. 476 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3694: 3690: 3687: 3685:, p. 476 3684: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3643: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3607: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3524: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3499: 3494: 3485: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3441: 3433: 3428: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3345: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3309: 3301: 3296: 3287: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3251: 3246: 3240:, p. 531 3239: 3234: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3176: 3173: 3171:, p. 526 3170: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3152: 3149: 3147:, p. 527 3146: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3125: 3123:, p. 526 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3096: 3086: 3083: 3081:, p. 113 3080: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3015:, p. 111 3014: 3009: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2958:, p. 526 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2910:, p. 428 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2872:Anderson 2021 2870: 2869: 2865: 2856: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2824:, p. 875 2823: 2818: 2811: 2806: 2797:, p. 875 2796: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2773:, p. 875 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2716:, p. 463 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2671: 2667: 2666:Williams 1997 2662: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2624:Crimmins 1998 2622: 2621: 2617: 2610: 2605: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2516:Jacobson 2014 2514: 2512:, p. 875 2511: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2496: 2491: 2481: 2478: 2476:, p. 735 2475: 2472: 2469: 2468:Crimmins 1998 2466: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2445: 2444:Crimmins 1998 2442: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2408: 2402: 2395: 2389: 2380: 2371: 2364: 2360: 2354: 2347: 2341: 2334: 2328: 2321: 2315: 2308: 2302: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2261: 2254: 2248: 2244: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2119: 2114: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2048: 2040: 2035: 2021: 2001: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1969: 1949: 1926: 1920: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1889: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1859:George Lakoff 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1823:Alfred Tarski 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1804:Gottlob Frege 1801: 1797: 1793: 1791: 1785: 1781: 1773: 1771: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1744:(1679–1754), 1743: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1729: 1724: 1723:Pierre Nicole 1720: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1709:Thomas Hobbes 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1647:Peter Abelard 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1624: 1623:Peter Abelard 1619: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1604:ancient China 1601: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1577:ancient India 1570: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1544: 1538: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1445: 1443: 1438: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1397: 1396:mental states 1392: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1304: 1295: 1287: 1284: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1260: 1258: 1252: 1250: 1244: 1242: 1236: 1232: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1048: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1006: 1002: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 965: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 934: 932: 928: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 904: 898: 883: 881: 876: 872: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 848: 843: 841: 837: 833: 829: 824: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 792: 790: 786: 782: 778: 773: 771: 767: 766: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 656: 653: 652:semantic role 643: 640: 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 609: 605: 602:) and world ( 601: 596: 587: 583: 580: 576: 572: 563: 561: 557: 553: 547: 543: 540: 536: 532: 528: 523: 514: 512: 508: 503: 500: 496: 492: 488: 487: 482: 478: 474: 470: 462: 461:Gottlob Frege 457: 448: 446: 440: 438: 433: 428: 423: 419: 415: 411: 402: 398: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 349: 347: 343: 341: 335: 331: 327: 323: 321: 315: 313: 307: 302: 300: 297:examines the 296: 295:Metasemantics 292: 288: 284: 280: 275: 273: 268: 264: 259: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 236: 232: 228: 224: 219: 217: 212: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 147: 145: 141: 136: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 113:mental states 110: 105: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 61: 57: 56:grammatically 53: 49: 45: 42: 38: 30: 26: 22: 12864:Type shifter 12834:Quantization 12784:Continuation 12651:Veridicality 12531:Exhaustivity 12496:Cumulativity 12415:Indexicality 12395:Definiteness 12390:Conditionals 12317:Logical form 12134: 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526: 520: 504: 498: 494: 491:evening star 490: 486:morning star 484: 466: 444: 441: 421: 410:Word meaning 407: 397:in general. 387:spirituality 378: 374: 360: 346:Michel Bréal 337: 333: 317: 309: 305: 303: 299:metaphysical 283:hermeneutics 276: 260: 220: 213: 208: 153: 137: 106: 70:word meaning 64: 36: 35: 25: 12779:Context set 12753:Type theory 12636:Subtrigging 12400:Disjunction 12327:Proposition 12171:Linguistics 12136:Limited Inc 12056:On Denoting 11882:Proposition 11533:de Saussure 11498:Ibn Khaldun 11209:17 February 10818:10 February 10712:19 February 10097:13 February 9620:Semantics 1 9590:10 February 9155:12 February 9130:19 February 7991:17 February 7977:"Semantics" 7810:"Semantics" 7573:22 February 7219:17 February 6918:"Semantics" 6895:, pp. 6886:, pp. 6877:, pp. 6832:, pp. 6763:, pp. 6742:, pp. 6710:Mosses 2003 6694:, pp. 6671:Mosses 2003 6655:, pp. 6625:, pp. 6616:, pp. 6574:, pp. 6533:Riemer 2010 6502:, pp. 6440:Riemer 2010 6424:, pp. 6383:Taylor 2009 6364:, pp. 6329:Murphy 2009 6287:Harris 2017 6268:, pp. 6251:Harris 2017 6024:Martin 1953 5914:Leaman 2015 5797:Fraser 2020 5760:, pp. 5758:Fraser 2023 5730:, pp. 5700:, pp. 5655:, pp. 5638:Durand 2018 5553:, pp. 5473:Speaks 2021 5458:Speaks 2021 5446:Speaks 2021 5394:, pp. 5359:Lepore 2009 5343:, pp. 5320:Kearns 2011 5293:Kearns 2011 5272:Speaks 2021 5246:Speaks 2021 5199:Lepore 2009 5175:Lepore 2009 5145:Speaks 2021 5100:, pp. 5092:Speaks 2021 5063:Speaks 2021 5056:, pp. 5054:Pearce 2022 5030:, pp. 5028:Pearce 2022 4990:Speaks 2021 4960:, pp. 4952:Speaks 2021 4907:Speaks 2021 4880:Speaks 2021 4868:Speaks 2021 4852:, pp. 4816:, pp. 4786:, pp. 4766:Speaks 2021 4706:Speaks 2021 4687:, pp. 4645:, pp. 4643:Farese 2018 4579:, pp. 4552:, pp. 4534:, pp. 4496:Riemer 2010 4472:Gawron 2011 4453:, pp. 4427:Taylor 2009 4415:Taylor 2009 4400:Taylor 2009 4372:Taylor 2009 4357:Taylor 2009 4341:, pp. 4339:Taylor 2013 4333:Taylor 2009 4306:Taylor 2009 4280:Taylor 2009 4248:, pp. 4240:Taylor 2009 4186:, pp. 4168:, pp. 4153:, pp. 4135:, pp. 4126:, pp. 4117:, pp. 3958:, pp. 3913:, p. 5 3896:Riemer 2010 3877:, pp. 3841:, pp. 3820:, pp. 3818:Taylor 2017 3781:, pp. 3724:, pp. 3676:, pp. 3667:, pp. 3665:Taylor 2017 3631:, pp. 3623:Riemer 2010 3604:, pp. 3602:Partee 1997 3581:, § Summary 3572:, pp. 3551:, pp. 3540:Meulen 2008 3521:, pp. 3417:Heffer 2014 3378:Riemer 2010 3371:, pp. 3362:, pp. 3354:Palmer 1976 3333:Kearns 2011 3300:Löbner 2013 3282:Krifka 2001 3217:Riemer 2010 3199:Riemer 2010 3055:Löbner 2013 3043:Riemer 2010 3027:, pp. 2998:Löbner 2013 2986:Riemer 2010 2962:Löbner 2013 2904:, p. 2 2902:Riemer 2010 2883:, pp. 2837:Malpas 2014 2767:, p. 1 2747:Riemer 2010 2743:, p. 5 2690:Riemer 2016 2636:Riemer 2010 2632:, p. 5 2611:, p. 2 2609:Riemer 2010 2480:Riemer 2010 2440:, p. 4 2145:type errors 2141:compilation 1816:green is or 1698:Roger Bacon 1694:necessarily 1595:Vākyapadīya 1511:conventions 1488:observation 1456:Saul Kripke 1437:behaviorist 1343:Santa Claus 1298:Referential 1110:type theory 1067:truth value 1057:mathematics 1031:Parse trees 1005:Parse trees 927:semasiology 838:expression 830:expression 779:. The word 477:connotation 427:proposition 367:information 363:interpreted 287:methodology 193:linguistics 188:prescribing 164:expressions 117:behaviorist 90:mathematics 12949:Categories 12929:Pragmatics 12576:Mirativity 12342:Speech act 12297:Entailment 12292:Denotation 12231:Discussion 12226:Task Force 12176:Pragmatics 11967:Speech act 11897:Categories 11811:Symbiosism 11766:Nominalism 11678:Watzlawick 11558:Bloomfield 11478:Chrysippus 11373:2024-02-15 11340:9 February 11316:2024-02-04 11270:2024-02-10 11237:2024-02-15 11185:2024-02-23 11156:2024-02-15 11129:2024-02-19 11100:2024-02-15 11073:2024-02-09 11046:2024-02-15 11014:2024-02-15 10985:2024-02-04 10955:7 February 10910:2024-02-18 10891:Revisited" 10889:Tattilismo 10877:2024-02-24 10794:2024-02-19 10767:2024-02-19 10740:2024-02-15 10668:2024-02-04 10620:2024-02-24 10593:2024-02-18 10545:2024-02-04 10518:2024-02-09 10491:2024-02-15 10462:2024-02-04 10433:2024-02-23 10404:2024-02-15 10377:2024-02-15 10329:2024-02-15 10302:2024-02-18 10273:2024-02-18 10246:2024-02-24 10179:2024-02-19 10152:2024-02-23 10125:2024-02-09 10073:2024-02-09 10046:2024-02-23 10000:2024-02-15 9973:2024-02-04 9944:2024-02-09 9917:2024-02-19 9888:2024-02-18 9861:2024-02-15 9832:2024-02-24 9759:2024-02-09 9722:2024-02-15 9695:2024-02-23 9566:2024-02-04 9537:2024-02-23 9510:2024-02-04 9481:2024-02-23 9435:2024-02-15 9408:2024-02-24 9379:2024-02-09 9331:2024-02-25 9266:2024-02-23 9239:2024-02-04 9210:2024-02-19 9183:2024-02-24 9106:2024-02-04 9033:2024-02-04 9004:2024-02-19 8956:2024-02-24 8929:2024-02-18 8820:2024-02-23 8783:2024-02-19 8754:2024-02-19 8727:2024-02-23 8679:2024-02-04 8650:2024-02-19 8602:2024-02-19 8531:2024-02-18 8504:2024-02-15 8470:2024-02-15 8443:2024-02-15 8416:2024-02-09 8389:2024-02-19 8328:2024-02-19 8301:2024-02-23 8274:2024-02-04 8247:2024-02-04 8220:2024-02-18 8193:2024-02-15 8166:2024-02-15 8139:2024-02-15 8105:2024-02-15 8078:2024-02-04 8019:2024-02-09 7967:2024-02-09 7940:2024-02-18 7887:2024-02-04 7858:2024-02-23 7800:2024-02-24 7773:2024-02-19 7746:2024-02-23 7719:2024-02-18 7684:2024-02-23 7657:2024-02-10 7628:2024-02-23 7601:2024-02-23 7549:2024-02-15 7512:2024-02-15 7485:2024-02-18 7458:2024-02-15 7431:2024-02-24 7399:2024-02-23 7367:2024-02-18 7335:2024-02-09 7303:2024-02-15 7276:2024-02-04 7247:2024-02-15 7195:2024-02-23 7168:2024-02-23 7120:2024-02-18 7082:Morphology 7072:2024-02-23 7045:2024-02-23 7016:2024-02-04 6957:31 January 6932:31 January 6850:, p. 6841:, p. 6799:, p. 6797:Cohen 2009 6790:, p. 6733:, p. 6712:, p. 6703:, p. 6673:, p. 6664:, p. 6634:, p. 6583:, p. 6553:, p. 6500:Grimm 2009 6409:, p. 6391:, p. 6355:, p. 6313:, p. 6295:, p. 6259:, p. 6257:Gupta 2011 6223:, Abstract 6161:Allan 2015 5916:, p. 5907:, p. 5886:, p. 5829:, p. 5827:Benin 2012 5790:, p. 5769:, p. 5739:, p. 5722:Staal 1966 5682:, p. 5673:, p. 5578:Allan 2015 5544:, p. 5523:, p. 5430:, p. 5403:, p. 5376:, p. 5352:, p. 5335:Glock 2012 5226:Lyons 1996 5214:Lyons 1996 5169:Lyons 1996 5134:Glock 2012 5118:, p. 5086:Glock 2012 5021:, p. 4967:Davis 2005 4958:Rooij 2012 4933:, p. 4931:Pavel 1986 4895:Davis 2005 4850:Gibbs 1994 4829:Davis 2005 4814:Gibbs 1994 4802:Davis 2005 4784:Gibbs 1994 4778:Davis 2005 4742:Glock 2012 4724:Bagha 2011 4712:Glock 2012 4678:, p. 4660:, p. 4612:, p. 4570:, p. 4525:, p. 4451:Shead 2011 4444:, p. 4314:, p. 4266:, p. 4093:, p. 4084:, p. 4066:, p. 4048:, p. 4039:, p. 4037:Valin 2008 3976:, p. 3938:Bagha 2011 3931:, p. 3904:, p. 3859:, Abstract 3850:, p. 3848:Trips 2009 3691:, p. 3640:, p. 3629:Gamut 1991 3579:Jiang 2016 3513:Saeed 2009 3482:, p. 3456:Saeed 2009 3432:Saeed 2009 3419:, p. 3402:Saeed 2009 3284:, p. 3270:Szabó 2020 3250:Marti 1998 3193:Marti 1998 3127:Saeed 2009 3100:Zalta 2022 3061:Saeed 2009 3013:Tondl 2012 2874:, p. 2853:, p. 2851:Vámos 2019 2741:Saeed 2009 2722:, p. 2708:Saeed 2009 2684:Gross 2016 2668:, p. 2653:, p. 2630:Saeed 2009 2578:, p. 2570:Saeed 2009 2563:, p. 2561:Lewis 2012 2545:, p. 2527:, p. 2518:, p. 2495:Allan 2009 2462:Saeed 2009 2438:Saeed 2009 2234:References 2179:Psychology 2118:JavaScript 1911:predicates 1790:semantique 1770:semantique 1651:universals 1600:Bhartṛhari 1569:Bhartṛhari 1521:inferences 1495:use theory 1425:Paul Grice 1421:intentions 1405:John Locke 1386:Ideational 1283:intentions 1173:embodiment 1156:hypotenuse 1139:hypotenuse 903:vocabulary 728:homophones 668:automobile 481:denotation 371:dictionary 340:semantique 312:semantikos 263:pragmatics 201:philosophy 144:psychology 129:use theory 84:relies on 60:pragmatics 41:linguistic 12955:Semantics 12728:Mereology 12664:Formalism 12546:Givenness 12471:Cataphora 12459:Phenomena 12450:Vagueness 12380:Ambiguity 12332:Reference 12312:Intension 12302:Extension 12208:Semiotics 12196:Semantics 12046:Alciphron 11982:Statement 11917:Intension 11857:Ambiguity 11736:Dramatism 11716:Cratylism 11468:Eubulides 11463:Aristotle 11443:Confucius 11355:. Brill. 10841:0003-0279 10727:. Brill. 10630:Semantics 9987:. Brill. 9276:Semantics 9043:Semantics 8566:Semantics 8549:0068-516X 8427:Semantics 8207:. Brill. 7445:. Brill. 6980:0378-1143 6618:10, 14–15 6335:Noth 1990 5485:Hess 2022 5116:Feng 2010 5098:Feng 2010 4628:Zhao 2023 4606:, Summary 4588:, Summary 3812:Noth 1990 3749:Yule 2010 3498:Yule 2010 3450:Yule 2010 3396:Yule 2010 3360:Noth 1990 3079:Yule 2010 2932:Yule 2010 2908:Hoad 1993 2474:King 2006 2417:Citations 2331:The term 2215:prototype 2165:axiomatic 2157:execution 2149:data type 2126:i = i + 1 2077:⊨ 2049:⊢ 1894:reasoning 1663:Ibn Faris 1554:Aristotle 1541:dialogue 1020:adjective 979:predicate 962:dishonest 958:inanimate 920:vagueness 836:anaphoric 756:ambiguous 712:prototype 632:signifier 511:tautology 395:existence 365:and what 334:semantics 306:semantics 304:The word 291:scripture 279:etymology 235:the rules 233:examines 223:Phonology 197:semiotics 180:sentences 168:morphemes 160:languages 37:Semantics 12882:See also 12767:Concepts 12641:Telicity 12476:Coercion 12430:Negation 12425:Modality 12375:Anaphora 12221:Category 12181:Rhetoric 12006:Cratylus 11977:Sentence 11952:Property 11872:Language 11850:Concepts 11688:Theories 11653:Strawson 11638:Davidson 11628:Hintikka 11623:Anscombe 11568:Vygotsky 11523:Mauthner 11493:Averroes 11483:Zhuangzi 11473:Diodorus 11453:Cratylus 11367:Archived 11334:Archived 11203:Archived 11040:Archived 10949:Archived 10864:. Sage. 10812:Archived 10706:Archived 10091:Archived 9667:27 March 9658:Archived 9584:Archived 9149:Archived 9124:Archived 8923:Archived 8855:Synthese 8557:24324915 8498:Archived 8133:Archived 7985:Archived 7934:Archived 7567:Archived 7425:Archived 7393:Archived 7361:Archived 7329:Archived 7213:Archived 6988:41688671 6951:Archived 6926:Archived 6893:Shi 2017 5788:Sun 2014 5551:Kay 2015 4604:Erk 2018 4586:Erk 2018 3879:141, 156 2968:Seachris 2714:Jun 2009 2221:See also 1682:Socrates 1635:Boethius 1543:Cratylus 1478:won the 1231:politics 1094:modality 995:the ball 983:argument 946:prefixes 886:Branches 834:and the 796:semantic 765:polysemy 744:meronymy 740:homonyms 680:Antonyms 676:purchase 660:synonyms 628:Referent 604:Referent 558:" carry 418:concepts 383:religion 256:vultures 12965:Grammar 12385:Binding 11988:more... 11892:Concept 11633:Dummett 11608:Gadamer 11603:Chomsky 11588:Derrida 11578:Russell 11563:Bergson 11548:Tillich 11508:Leibniz 11448:Gorgias 9781:2103327 7290:. 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