Prussia - Knowledge

2163: 2406: 8402: 2535: 4239:'s population. The population grew rapidly from 45 million in 1880 to 56 million in 1900, thanks to declining mortality, even as birth rates declined. About 6 million Germans, primarily young families migrated to the United States, especially the mid-western farming regions. Their place in agriculture was often taken by young Polish farm workers. In addition, large numbers of Polish miners moved to Upper Silesia and many Germans and Poles moved to industrial jobs in the fast-growing cities especially in the Rhineland and Westphalia. In 1910, the population had increased to 40.17 million (62% of the Empire's population). In 1914, Prussia had an area of 354,490 km. In May 1939 Prussia had an area of 297,007 km and a population of 41,915,040 inhabitants. 1936: 3110:. But the empire itself had no right to collect taxes directly from its subjects; the only incomes fully under federal control were the customs duties, common excise duties, and the revenue from postal and telegraph services. While all men above age 25 were eligible to vote in imperial elections, Prussia retained its restrictive three-class voting system. This effectively required the king/emperor and prime minister/chancellor to seek majorities from legislatures elected by two different franchises. In both the kingdom and the empire, the original constituencies were never redrawn to reflect changes in population, meaning that rural areas were grossly overrepresented by the turn of the 20th century. 3898: 2758: 99: 3531: 4228: 2671: 2779:. Bismarck was determined to defeat both the liberals and conservatives and increase Prussian supremacy and influence among the German states. There has been much debate as to whether Bismarck actually planned to create a united Germany when he set out on this journey, or whether he simply took advantage of the circumstances that fell into place. Bismarck curried support from large sections of the people by promising to lead the fight for greater German unification. He successfully guided Prussia through three wars, which unified Germany and brought William the position of 4622: 8039: 3463: 3866: 3146: 1004: 4659:). It pioneered the model of the research university with well-defined career tracks for professors. The United States, for example, paid close attention to German models. Families focused on educating their sons. The traditional schooling for girls was generally provided by mothers and governesses. Elite families increasingly favoured Catholic convent boarding schools for their daughters. Prussia's Kulturkampf laws in the 1870s limited Catholic schools thus providing an opening for a large number of new private schools for girls. 115: 3620: 4582: 3303: 305: 291: 277: 263: 249: 7724: 4601: 2281: 7189: 4995: 2205: 1319: 4190: 1314: 3453: 1717: 3884: 2979: 4012: 4673: 2749:, was appointed by the king. He retained full executive authority, and ministers were responsible only to him. As a result, the grip of the landowning classes, the Junkers, remained unbroken, especially in the eastern provinces. The constitution nevertheless contained a number of liberal elements such as the introduction of jury courts and a catalog of fundamental rights that included freedom of religion, speech and the press. 1709: 2842: 2492: 3071: 2893:. While Hanover hoped in vain for help from Britain (as they had previously been in personal union), Britain stayed out of a confrontation with a continental great power and Prussia satisfied its desire for merging the once separate territories and gaining strong economic and strategic power, particularly from the full access to the resources of the Ruhr. 1630:, the ancestral home of the Prussian ruling family. The land that the Teutonic Knights occupied was flat and covered with fertile soil. The area was perfectly suited to the large-scale raising of wheat. The rise of early Prussia was based on the raising and selling of wheat. Teutonic Prussia became known as the "bread basket of Western Europe" (in German, 2242:". The state of Brandenburg-Prussia became commonly known as "Prussia", although most of its territory, in Brandenburg, Pomerania, and western Germany, lay outside Prussia proper. The Prussian state grew in splendour during the reign of Frederick I, who sponsored the arts at the expense of the treasury. 4828:

also became the capital of the newly founded empire in 1871. The capital city resolution of 1991, which designated Berlin as the federal capital of the reunified Germany, the "Berlin Republic", stands in this tradition. Several federal institutions use buildings from former Prussian institutions, for

2742:

whose votes were weighted according to the amount of taxes paid. In one typical election, the first class (with those who paid the most in taxes) included 4% of voters and the third class (with those who paid the least) had 82%, yet each group chose the same number of electors. The system but assured

2018:

of Poland. As a symbol of vassalage, Albert received a standard with the Prussian coat of arms from the Polish king. The black Prussian eagle on the flag was augmented with a letter "S" (for Sigismundus) and had a crown placed around its neck as a symbol of submission to Poland. Albert I, a member of

4962:

The states on the former territory of the Free State of Prussia are successor states to Prussia in legal terms, particularly in terms of constitutional and international law. North Rhine-Westphalia, the largest successor state to Prussia, maintains its Prussian history and remembrance culture in the

4654:

The German states in the 19th century were world leaders in prestigious education and Prussia set the pace. For boys free public education was widely available, and the gymnasium system for elite students was highly professionalized. The modern university system emerged from the 19th century German

3177:

Prussia nationalised its railways in the 1880s in an effort both to lower rates on freight service and to equalise those rates among shippers. Instead of lowering rates as far as possible, the government ran the railways as a profit-making endeavour, and the railway profits became a major source of

3113:

As a result, Prussia and the German Empire were something of a paradox. Bismarck knew that his new German Empire was now a colossus and economically and militarily dominant in Europe; Britain was still dominant in finance, trade and at sea. He declared Germany a "satisfied" power, using his talents

2959:

As a result of the peace negotiations, the states south of the Main remained theoretically independent, but received the (compulsory) protection of Prussia. Additionally, mutual defence treaties were concluded. However, the existence of these treaties was kept secret until Bismarck made them public

4397:

Much of religious life was often conventional and superficial by any normal, human standard. The state and the bureaucracy kept their distance, preferring to spoon-feed the churches and treat them like children. They saw the churches as channels for education, as a means of instilling morality and

3522:

on 21 March 1933 in the presence of President Paul von Hindenburg. In a propaganda-filled meeting between Hitler and the Nazi Party, the "marriage of old Prussia with young Germany" was celebrated, to win over the Prussian monarchists, conservatives and nationalists and induce them into supporting

3334:

The German government seriously considered breaking up Prussia into smaller states, but eventually traditionalist sentiment prevailed and Prussia became by far the largest state of the Weimar Republic, comprising 60% of its territory. With the abolition of the older Prussian franchise, it became a

2358:

on 1 October 1756. In spite of some victories afterward, his situation became far less comfortable the following years, as he failed in his attempts to knock Austria out of the war and was gradually reduced to a desperate defensive war. However, he never gave up and on 3 November 1760 the Prussian

2693:

student movement, by students who encouraged the use of the black-red-gold flag, discussions of a unified German nation, and a progressive, liberal political system. Because of Prussia's size and economic importance, smaller states began to join its free trade area in the 1820s. Prussia benefited

230: 4833:

uses the Prussian House of Lords building. The Federal President has his first official residence in Bellevue Palace, the first classical building in Prussia. As the central shield of the Reich coat of arms, the Prussian state coat of arms is depicted in the gable above the main entrance to the

3990:

in 1663, but the latter accepted the caveat that these privileges were not to be used to interfere with the exertion of the elector's sovereignty. As in Brandenburg, Frederick William ignored the privilege of the Prussian estates to confirm or veto taxes raised by the elector: while in 1656, an

2818:

In 1863, Denmark introduced a shared constitution for Denmark and Schleswig. This led to conflict with the German Confederation, which authorised the occupation of Holstein by the Confederation, from which Danish forces withdrew. In 1864, Prussian and Austrian forces crossed the border between

2597:

and making full citizens of them. The school system was rearranged, and in 1818 free trade was introduced. The process of army reform ended in 1813 with the introduction of compulsory military service for men. By 1813, Prussia could mobilize almost 300,000 soldiers, more than half of which were

4147:

Unlike its authoritarian pre-1918 predecessor, Prussia from 1918 to 1932 was a promising democracy within Germany. The abolition of the political power of the aristocracy transformed Prussia into a region strongly dominated by the left wing of the political spectrum, with "Red Berlin" and the

2461:. He built the world's best army, and usually won his many wars. He introduced a general civil code, abolished torture and established the principle that the Crown would not interfere in matters of justice. He also promoted an advanced secondary education, the forerunner of today's German 3178:

revenue for the state. The nationalisation of the railways slowed the economic development of Prussia because the state favoured the relatively backward agricultural areas in its railway building. Moreover, the railway surpluses substituted for the development of an adequate tax system.

3106:) retained their own small armies, coming under Imperial control in wartime. The imperial crown was a hereditary office of the House of Hohenzollern, the royal house of Prussia. The Minister President of Prussia was, except for two brief periods (January–November 1873 and 1892–94), also 228: 231: 222: 227: 226: 232: 225: 224: 223: 3985:

of 1655–1660 had strengthened the elector politically, enabling him to reform the constitution of Cleves and Mark in 1660 and 1661 to introduce officials loyal to him and independent of the local estates. In the Duchy of Prussia he confirmed the traditional privileges of the

234: 2249:(1713–1740), the austere "Soldier King", who did not care for the arts but was thrifty and practical. He was the main creator of the vaunted Prussian bureaucracy and the professionalised standing army, which he developed into one of the most powerful in Europe. His troops 233: 229: 3089:

was a version of the North German Confederation's constitution. Officially, the German Empire was a federal state. In practice, Prussia overshadowed the rest of the empire. Prussia included three-fifths of the German territory and two-thirds of its population. The

2296:, whose accomplishments led to his reputation as "Frederick the Great". As crown prince, Frederick had focused, primarily, on philosophy and the arts. He was an accomplished flute player and composer. In 1740, Prussian troops crossed over the undefended border of 3846:

went bankrupt between 1618 and 1625. The margraves further had to yield to the veto of the estates in all issues concerning the "better or worse of the country", in all legal commitments, and in all issues concerning pawn or sale of the elector's real property.

2417:

Silesia, full of rich soils and prosperous manufacturing towns, became a vital region to Prussia, greatly increasing the nation's area, population, and wealth. Success on the battleground against Austria and other powers proved Prussia's status as one of the

2916:. As a result of these territorial gains, Prussia now stretched uninterrupted across the northern two-thirds of Germany and contained two-thirds of Germany's population. The German Confederation was dissolved, and Prussia impelled the 21 states north of the 3969:

chambers to administer and coordinate the elector's domains, tax income and privileges. Such chambers were introduced in Brandenburg in 1652, in Cleves and Mark in 1653, in Pomerania in 1654, in Prussia in 1661 and in Magdeburg in 1680. Also in 1680, the

220: 2647:

region, the centre of Germany's fledgling industrialisation, especially in the arms industry. These territorial gains also meant the doubling of Prussia's population. In exchange, Prussia withdrew from areas of central Poland to allow the creation of

2422:

of Europe. The Silesian Wars began more than a century of rivalry and conflict between Prussia and Austria as the two most powerful states operating within the Holy Roman Empire (although both had extensive territory outside the empire). In 1744, the

3918:(Privy Council for the Electorate), which instead of the estates would function as the supreme advisory council for the elector. While the council was permanently established in 1613, it failed to gain any influence until 1651, owing to the 1847:

officially formed in northern Europe in 1356 as a group of trading cities. This League came to hold a monopoly on all trade leaving the interior of Europe and Scandinavia and on all sailing trade in the Baltic Sea for foreign countries.

1859:(German eastward expansion) process, settlers were invited, bringing changes in the ethnic composition as well as in language, culture, and law of the eastern borders of the German lands. As a majority of these settlers were Germans, 4129:), was appointed by the king. He retained full executive authority and ministers were responsible only to him. As a result, the grip of the landowning classes, the Junkers, remained unbroken, especially in the eastern provinces. The 3377:, who was Prussian minister-president almost continuously from 1920 to 1932, is considered one of the most capable Social Democrats in history. He implemented several trend-setting reforms together with his minister of the interior, 5064:

Prūsa is the word for Baltic Prussia, which is Prussia without the German part of it, Brandenburg-Pomerania. Meanwhile, Prūsija is the word for the German state of Prussia, which is the Prussia most people know about. (Sources:

4163:) that became models for the later Federal Republic of Germany. For instance, a Prussian prime minister could only be forced out of office if there was a "positive majority" for a potential successor. This concept, known as the 4958:

The Rhineland Regional Association in North Rhine-Westphalia - in continuation of the tradition of the Rhine Province and its provincial association - also has the Prussian eagle in the upper part of its association coat of

3981:), which from 1667 replaced the property tax raised in Brandenburg for Brandenburg-Prussia's standing army with the estates' consent, was raised by the elector without consultation with the estates. The conclusion of the 2956:(Federal Council) was appointed by the state governments. The Bundesrat was, in practice, the stronger chamber. Prussia had 17 of 43 votes, and could easily control proceedings through alliances with the other states. 2927:

Prussia was the dominant state in the new confederation, as the kingdom comprised almost four-fifths of the new state's territory and population. Prussia's near-total control over the confederation was secured in the

2068:

of Brandenburg. When Albert Frederick died in 1618 without male heirs, John Sigismund was granted the right of succession to the Duchy of Prussia, then still a Polish fief. From this time the Duchy of Prussia was in

4007:

was introduced only between 1716 and 1720. Owing to Frederick William I's reforms, the state income increased threefold during his reign, and the tax burden per subject reached a level twice as high as in France.

2181:

in Brandenburg-Prussia, an achievement for which he became known as the "Great Elector". Above all, he emphasised the importance of a powerful military to protect the state's disconnected territories, while the

219: 2849:

Bismarck realised that the dual administration of Schleswig and Holstein was only a temporary solution, and tensions rose between Prussia and Austria. The struggle for supremacy in Germany then led to the

1005: 2553:

of 1795, only to go once more to war with France in 1806 as negotiations with that country over the allocation of the spheres of influence in Germany failed. Prussia suffered a devastating defeat against

1916:

During the period of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights, mercenaries from the Holy Roman Empire were granted lands by the Order and gradually formed a new landed Prussian nobility, from which the

2578:. Beyond that, the king was obliged to pay a large indemnity, to cap his army at 42,000 men, and to let the French garrison troops throughout Prussia, effectively making the kingdom a French satellite. 3685:

was initially content to retain the name, Russians having a different historical view of their neighbour and sometime former ally. Nonetheless, by Law No. 46, which was accepted and implemented by the

986: 4863:

In the tradition of the 1st Guards Regiment on Foot, which was introduced in 1806 as the personal regiment of the King of Prussia, the guard battalion at the Federal Ministry of Defense has followed.

4572: 4482:

Prussia contained a relatively large Jewish community, which was mostly concentrated in large urban areas. According to the 1880 census, it was the biggest one in Germany with 363,790 individuals.

2721:

offered Frederick William the crown of a united Germany, he refused on the grounds that he would not accept a crown from a revolutionary assembly without the sanction of Germany's other monarchs.

4985:

emerged from the Evangelical Church of the Union, a church association of the Old Prussian Protestant regional churches, i.e. H. of the churches whose area already belonged to Prussia before 1866

221: 3444:

made it easier, only half a year later, for Hitler to take power decisively in Germany, since he had the whole apparatus of the Prussian government, including the police, at his disposal.

3965:

in Mark and Cleves), which were the highest government agencies regarding jurisdiction, finances and administration. The elector attempted to balance the estates' governments by creating

3418:, which was still part of Prussia at that time) and by using fabricated evidence that the Social Democrats and the Communists were planning a joint "putsch". The Defence Minister General 5937:

Patrick R. Galloway, Eugene A. Hammel, and Ronald D. Lee, "Fertility decline in Prussia, 1875–1910: A pooled cross-section time series analysis." Population studies 48.1 (1994): 135-158

4621: 7684: 4849:, which only allows the head of government to be voted out if a new successor is simultaneously elected, is directly based on a constitutional regulation of the Free State of Prussia. 4167:, became part of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany. Historians regard the Prussian government during the 1920s as far more successful than that of Germany as a whole. 4870:, the presentation march of Friedrich Wilhelm III is a regular part of the federal diplomatic protocol at the reception with military honors and the marching down the front of the 928:

The heads of state listed here are the first and last to hold each title over time. For more information, see individual Prussian state articles (links in above History section).

3588:" ("Groß-Hamburg-Gesetz"), certain exchanges of territory took place. Prussia was extended on 1 April 1937, for instance, by the incorporation of the Free and Hanseatic City of 3577:

This centralising policy went even further in Prussia. From 1934 to 1945, almost all ministries were merged and only a few departments were able to maintain their independence.

6684: 2434:

In the last 23 years of his reign until 1786, Frederick II, who understood himself as the "first servant of the state", promoted the development of Prussian areas such as the

4034:

reduced to provinces of the monarchy. Frederick William's testament would have divided Brandenburg-Prussia among his sons, but his firstborn son Frederick III (I), with the

4943:

The Prussian government and administration model was decisive for a large number of political institutions at the state level and is still expressed today in terms such as

7154: 3995:

was raised with the estates' consent, the elector by force collected taxes not approved by the Prussian estates for the first time in 1674. From 1704 the Prussian estates

3354:. Unlike in other states of the German Reich, majority rule by democratic parties in Prussia was never endangered. Nevertheless, in East Prussia and some rural areas, the 3385:. For instance, a Prussian minister-president could be forced out of office only if there was a "positive majority" for a potential successor. This concept, known as the 3410:, the government of the Reich deposed the Prussian government on 20 July 1932, under the pretext that the latter had lost control of public order in Prussia (during the 1256:, was officially abolished by an Allied declaration in 1947. The international status of the former eastern territories of the Kingdom of Prussia was disputed until the 1175:

shortly after becoming a kingdom. It became increasingly large and powerful in the 18th and 19th centuries. It had a major voice in European affairs under the reign of

8473: 3366:, the Nazi Party in 1932 became the largest party in most parts of the Free State of Prussia. However, the democratic parties in coalition remained a majority, while 3163:. He turned out to be a man of limited experience, narrow and reactionary views, poor judgment, and occasional bad temper, which alienated former friends and allies. 8401: 2681:

The first half of the 19th century saw a prolonged struggle in Germany between liberals, who wanted a united, federal Germany under a democratic constitution, and

2582: 1218:

lost nearly all of its legal and political importance following the 1932 coup led by Franz von Papen. Subsequently, it was effectively dismantled into Nazi German

2031:

river, later sometimes called "Prussia proper". For the first time, these lands came into the hands of a branch of the Hohenzollern family, who already ruled the

8291: 2604:

of variable quality. The rest consisted of regular soldiers that were deemed excellent by most observers, and very determined to repair the humiliation of 1806.

2807:. When the Danish government tried to integrate Schleswig, but not Holstein, into the Danish state, Prussia led the German Confederation against Denmark in the 2442:

with Austria and Russia in 1772, an act that geographically connected the Brandenburg territories with those of Prussia proper. The partition also added Polish

8611: 7677: 4066:

agencies initially concerned with the administration of the army, but before 1712 transformed into an agency also concerned with general tax and police tasks.

4042:

of 1599, which forbade a division of Hohenzollern territories. In 1689, a new central chamber for all Brandenburg-Prussian territories was established, called

1257: 3804:. The fundamental goal of this institution is protecting the cultural legacy of Prussia. As of 2021, it continues to operate from its headquarters in Berlin. 7918: 3727: 3335:

stronghold of the left. Its incorporation of "Red Berlin" and the industrialised Ruhr Area, both with working-class majorities, ensured left-wing dominance.

2889:. The century-long struggle between Berlin and Vienna for the dominance of Germany was now over. As a sideshow in this war, Prussia defeated Hanover in the 5599: 8606: 4581: 3722: 8428: 8208: 7885: 7640: 6588:

Wheeler, Nicholas C. (October 2011). "The Noble Enterprise of State Building Reconsidering the Rise and Fall of the Modem State in Prussia and Poland".

4813:

as a subject of international law is identical to the federal state initiated and dominated by Prussia, which was founded in 1867 under the name of the

6677: 4567:, East Prussia, most of Pomerania and Silesia, and the eastern part of Brandenburg were either annexed by the Soviet Union or given to Poland, and the 4152:

exerting major influence. During this period a coalition of centre-left parties ruled, predominantly under the leadership (1920–1932) of East Prussian

2261:

said later: "Prussia, is not a state with an army, but an army with a state." Frederick William also settled more than 20,000 Protestant refugees from

6212: 7670: 2450:

Prussia. During this period, he also opened Prussia's borders to immigrants fleeing from religious persecution in other parts of Europe, such as the

2162: 7147: 4117:

according to the amount of taxes paid. This assured dominance by the more well-to-do elements of the population. The upper house (First Chamber or

6171: 4773:

on the former territory of the Free State of Prussia are successor states to Prussia in legal terms, particularly in terms of constitutional and

3929:, the various territories of Brandenburg-Prussia remained politically independent from each other, connected only by the common feudal superior. 6111:"Bachelor of What, Master of Whom? The Humboldt Myth and Historical Transformations of Higher Education in German‐Speaking Europe and the U.S." 2881:, most north German states, and some smaller central German states. Eventually, the better-armed Prussian troops won the crucial victory at the 1283:" have often been used, especially outside Germany, to denote the militarism, military professionalism, aggressiveness, and conservatism of the 5989:

Clark, Christopher (1996). "Confessional Policy and the Limits of State Action: Frederick William III and the Prussian Church Union 1817-40".

4485:

In 1925, 64.9% of the Prussian population was Protestant, 31.3% was Catholic, 1.1% was Jewish, 2.7% was placed in other religious categories.

3945:

as a central authority for all territories in 1651, but this project proved unfeasible. Instead, the elector continued to appoint a governor (

6670: 4846: 3671: 3390: 1681:

and trade abroad. This meant that Poland and Lithuania would be traditional enemies of Prussia, which was still called the Teutonic Knights.

1358: 3422:, who was the prime mover behind the coup manufactured evidence that the Prussian police under Braun's orders were favouring the Communist 8284: 7140: 3930: 2405: 2167: 4430:. Time passed by, and the French Reformed assimilated into the wider Protestant community in Prussia. East Prussia's southern region of 3396:

In contrast to its pre-war authoritarianism, Prussia was a pillar of democracy in the Weimar Republic. This system was destroyed by the

2258: 2218:

On 18 January 1701, Frederick William's son, Elector Frederick III, elevated Prussia from a duchy to a kingdom and crowned himself King

8631: 6853: 6638: 6620: 1183:(1814–15), which redrew the map of Europe following Napoleon's defeat, Prussia acquired rich new territories, including the coal-rich 7911: 5260:

Rosenberg, H. (1943). The Rise of the Junkers in Brandenburg-Prussia, 1410–1653: Part 1. The American Historical Review, 49(1), 1–22.

4419: 3911: 3581:

himself became formally the governor of Prussia. However, his functions were exercised by Hermann Göring as Prussian prime minister.

3196:

of 1918, Wilhelm II abdicated as German Emperor and King of Prussia. Prussia was proclaimed a "Free State" (i.e. a republic, German:

2109: 1491:

with a black cross with gold insert and black imperial eagle. The combination of the black and white colours with the white and red

7693: 3654:

between three of the Allies: the United States, United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union. This included important Prussian cities like

3133: 3028:") to the question of uniting all German-speaking peoples into one state, because it excluded Austria, which remained connected to 2454:. Prussia became a safe haven in much the same way that the United States welcomed immigrants seeking freedom in the 19th century. 2270: 1712:

Situation after the conquest in the late 13th century. Areas in purple under control of the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights.

8391: 3999:

relinquished their right to approve the elector's taxes while formally still entitled to do so. In 1682 the elector introduced an

3487:

After the appointment of Hitler as the new chancellor, the Nazis used the absence of Franz von Papen as an opportunity to appoint

8626: 5026: 4982: 4889:, Federal Defense Ministers and senior military officers, is largely composed of traditional elements of Prussian military music. 4422:

opened the country to the fleeing French Calvinist refugees. In Berlin, they built and worshipped at their own church called the

4389:

from the Lutheran to the Calvinist church. Lutherans and Calvinist congregations all over the kingdom were merged in 1817 by the

3362:

gained more and more influence and popular support, especially from the lower middle class starting in 1930. Except for Catholic

3355: 2065: 4548:. Poles in this Polish-majority province (62% Polish, 38% German) resisted German rule. Also, the southeast portion of Silesia ( 2811:(1848–1851). Because Russia supported Austria, Prussia also conceded predominance in the German Confederation to Austria in the 2035:, since the 15th century. Furthermore, with his renunciation of the Order, Albert could now marry and produce legitimate heirs. 1191:

in 1867, and then of the German Empire in 1871. The Kingdom of Prussia was now so large and so dominant in the new Germany that

8277: 6229:

Avraham, Doron (October 2008). "The Social and Religious Meaning of Nationalism: The Case of Prussian Conservatism 1815–1871".

4493:

In 1871, approximately 2.4 million Poles lived in Prussia, constituting the largest minority. Other minorities were Jews,

4382: 3541: 2942: 2101: 1728: 1662:

during the period of time from 1356 (official founding of the Hanseatic League) until the decline of the League in about 1500.

780: 7977: 6965: 6741: 6459: 6334: 6294: 5973: 5922: 4875: 4300: 3797: 3709: 1995: 1595: 1237: 943:

was introduced in 1792 when Prussia was a Kingdom; the Minister-Presidents shown here are the heads of the Prussian republic.

3082:

were the peak of Prussia's fortunes, but the seeds for potential strife were built into the Prusso-German political system.

7904: 4475:, although this is not the case of eastern Silesia as the majority of Catholics there were German. During the 19th-century 4447:

After 1814, Prussia contained millions of Catholics in the west and in the east. There were substantial populations in the

4086: 3826:

had become highly dependent on the estates (representing counts, lords, knights, and towns, but not prelates, owing to the

3032:

and whose territories included non-German populations. On 18 January 1871 (the 170th anniversary of the coronation of King

3017:, Württemberg and Bavaria, which had remained outside the North German Confederation, accepted incorporation into a united 1894: 5966:

Sprachliche Minderheiten im preussischen Staat: 1815 - 1914; die preußische Sprachenstatistik in Bearbeitung und Kommentar

3700:(officially, the German Democratic Republic) in 1949, the former Prussian territories were reorganised into the states of 3393:. Most historians regard the Prussian government during this time as far more successful than that of Germany as a whole. 2534: 1901:, a coalition of Hanseatic cities of western Prussia, rebelled against the Order and requested help from the Polish king, 8616: 8180: 8070: 8065: 7857: 7750: 7745: 7275: 7270: 6209:

Verwaltungsstrukturreformen in den deutschen Bundesländern. Radikale Reformen auf der Ebene der staatlichen Mittelinstanz

6138: 4074: 5144:

H. M. Scott, "Aping the Great Powers: Frederick the Great and the Defence of Prussia's International Position 1763–86",

3558:(Reich Governors) who were appointed by the chancellor. Parallel to that, the organisation of the party into districts ( 8375: 8350: 8345: 7163: 6629: 6425:(1967) covers 1603–1702; pp. 144–177 for Prussia; pp. 178–200 for other Germany; pp. 111–143 for Austria 4842: 4164: 4153: 3839: 3492: 3386: 3339: 2250: 2011: 1109: 4737: 4479:, Prussian Catholics were forbidden from fulfilling any official functions for the state and were largely distrusted. 2486: 6800: 5235: 4756: 4110: 3086: 3037: 2734: 2665: 2159:

now held a territory free of any feudal obligations, which constituted the basis for their later elevation to kings.

2058: 1969: 114: 98: 7122: 4900:

of the Bundeswehr, is derived from the Prussian Guard Star, which went back to the eight-pointed breast star of the

4709: 2096:(1618–1648), various armies repeatedly marched across the disconnected Hohenzollern lands, especially the occupying 8165: 7842: 7470: 7315: 4563:

was granted not only these two areas, but also areas with a German majority in the province of West Prussia. After

3830:

in 1538). The margraviate's liabilities and tax income as well as the margrave's finances were in the hands of the

3440:

control on Prussia. Papen appointed himself Reich commissioner for Prussia and took control of the government. The

3432:

as part of an alleged plan to foment a Marxist revolution, which he used to get an emergency decree from President

3125: 3118:. Bismarck did not set up his own party. He had mixed success in some of his domestic policies. His anti-Catholic 2608: 2539: 2516: 1634:, or granary). The port cities which rose on the back of this wheat production included: Stettin in Pomerania (now 1532: 8038: 5530: 3001:, Bismarck took advantage of an incident in which the French ambassador had approached William. The government of 2896:

Bismarck desired Austria as an ally in the future, and so he declined to annex any Austrian territory. But in the

2689:

competing for influence. One small movement that signalled a desire for German unification in this period was the

2620: 8621: 2994: 2706: 2675: 2504: 1935: 1249: 7723: 3545: 3327: 1045: 8370: 8004: 7118: 7014: 6551: 6412: 5596: 4716: 4694: 4588: 4114: 4102: 4098: 3205: 3053: 2739: 2725: 2714: 2364: 2324: 2317: 2285: 2246: 1985: 1949: 1874:. Their initially close relationship with the Polish Crown deteriorated after they conquered Polish-controlled 1801: 1615: 1116: – conquered the lands inhabited by them. In 1308, the Teutonic Knights conquered the region of 4792:

Despite its dissolution in 1947, many aspects of Prussia have been preserved to this day in everyday life, in

2140: 1905:. The Teutonic Knights were forced to acknowledge the sovereignty of, and to pay tribute to Casimir IV in the 8383: 8300: 5021: 4656: 4035: 3823: 3745:(officially, the Federal Republic of Germany) in 1949, the former Prussian territories were divided up among 3713: 3139: 2854:(1866), triggered by the dispute over Schleswig and Holstein, with Bismarck using proposed injustices as the 2776: 2227: 1229: 660: 2900:

in 1866, Prussia annexed four of Austria's allies in northern and central Germany – Hanover,

8562: 6276: 5199: 3801: 3790: 3548:" ("Reichsstatthaltergesetz", 30 January 1935) the states were dissolved, in fact if not in law. The state 2890: 2886: 2375: 1906: 1721: 1145: 6433: 5654:

Rainer Fremdling, "Freight Rates and State Budget: The Role of the National Prussian Railways 1880–1913",

4911:

Social Minister Alwin Ziel suggested naming the planned new federal state of Berlin-Brandenburg "Prussia".

2570:

in 1807, the state lost about one-third of its area, including the areas gained from the second and third

1240:

that made up a significant part of Prussia lost the majority of their German population after 1945 as the

8636: 8157: 7927: 7834: 7536: 7188: 6749: 5938: 4723: 3897: 3511: 3132:. He tried to destroy the socialist movement, with limited success. The large Polish population resisted 3124:

inside Prussia (and not the wider German state) was a failure. He ended his support for the anticlerical

1913:) to Poland in the process. Pursuant to the Second Peace of Thorn, two Prussian states were established. 1352: 1241: 1125: 1031: 8572: 7982: 6761: 4600: 3770: 3009:. However, honouring their treaties, the German states joined forces and quickly defeated France in the 2027:

Protestant and secularized the Order's Prussian territories. This was the area east of the mouth of the

8499: 8491: 8335: 8149: 7826: 7662: 7523: 6905: 6716: 5031: 4955:. Today's North Rhine-Westphalia regional associations go back to the Prussian provincial associations. 4814: 4390: 4324: 3367: 3156: 3149: 3142:

became emperor in March 1888, after the death of his father, but he died of cancer only 99 days later.

2921: 2710: 2586: 2528: 2508: 2032: 1940: 1508: 1374: 1346: 1188: 646: 296: 5459: 1187:. The country then grew rapidly in influence economically and politically, and became the core of the 8522: 8175: 7852: 7605: 7055: 7051: 6921: 6893: 4830: 4649: 4090: 3800:

was established and implemented by federal statutes in West Germany in response to a ruling from the

3515: 2983: 2952: 2929: 2882: 2768: 2757: 2546: 2512: 2466: 2439: 2171: 583: 8028: 7223: 4705: 4175: 2866: 2823:. The Austro-Prussian forces defeated the Danes, who surrendered both territories. In the resulting 2685:, who wanted to maintain Germany as a patchwork of independent, monarchical states with Prussia and 8557: 8547: 8075: 7973: 7969: 7755: 7577: 7485: 7280: 7006: 6884: 6790: 6662: 4901: 4893: 4690: 4378: 4055: 3530: 3351: 3160: 2643:

and some other territories. These western lands were of vital importance because they included the

2589:

set about modernising the Prussian state. Among their reforms were the liberation of peasants from

2559: 2482: 2367: 1837: 1754: 1535:

in 1813, was also commonly associated with the country. The region, originally populated by Baltic

1520: 998: 31: 17: 6192: 5210: 3599:. However, most of this territory was not reintegrated back into Prussia but assigned to separate 2936:, assisted by a chancellor responsible only to him. The presidency was a hereditary office of the 2827:

of 1865 Prussia took over the administration of Schleswig while Austria assumed that of Holstein.

2728:

by his own authority in 1850. This conservative document provided for a two-house parliament, the

2623:

contributed crucially (alongside the British and Dutch) to the final victory over Napoleon at the

8355: 8330: 7957: 7132: 6952: 6703: 6644: 4683: 4366: 4227: 4159:. While in office Braun implemented several reforms (together with his Minister of the Interior, 4122: 4078: 3738: 3347: 3172: 2820: 2745: 2293: 2054: 2007: 1461: 1265: 1176: 556: 529: 204: 120: 6615: 6428:

Hornung, Erik. "Immigration and the diffusion of technology: The Huguenot diaspora in Prussia."

5114: 4133:, formed in response to the German revolutions of 1848–1849, aided the conservative government. 3292: 3025: 3005:, expecting another civil war among the German states, declared war against Prussia, continuing 2812: 2394:, a close friend of the king, once described Frederick the Great's Prussia by saying "...it was 1539:

who were Christianised, became a favoured location for immigration by (later mainly Protestant)

1289:

class of landed aristocrats in the East who dominated first Prussia and then the German Empire.

8552: 8517: 8240: 8170: 8012: 7847: 7630: 7600: 7567: 7027: 6985: 6785: 5325:

Rodney Gothelf, "Frederick William I and the beginnings of Prussian absolutism, 1713–1740." in

4778: 4560: 4407: 4374: 4130: 4027: 3827: 3746: 3693: 3686: 3595:

The Prussian lands transferred to Poland after the Treaty of Versailles were re-annexed during

3343: 3319: 3264: 3129: 3079: 3033: 2909: 2897: 2808: 2458: 2316:(1744–1745) have, historically, been grouped together with the general European war called the 2219: 2208: 2128: 1898: 1524: 1253: 631: 598: 397: 6957: 6820: 3785:

separate from the rest of Western Germany, was admitted to the Federal Republic of Germany as

3424: 3103: 1999: 1500: 8360: 8144: 8113: 7821: 7793: 7559: 7465: 7407: 7091: 7087: 7040: 6876: 4937: 4886: 4627: 4248: 4142: 3941:, started to centralise the Brandenburg-Prussian government with an attempt to establish the 3853: 3315: 3187: 3107: 2937: 2424: 2371: 2156: 2020: 1698: 1627: 1623: 1575: 1571: 1433: 1396: 1215: 1066: 767: 361: 8269: 6443: 4552:) had a Polish majority. But Catholics and Jews did not have equal status with Protestants. 3953:. The most powerful institution in the territories remained the governments of the estates ( 1658:, Lithuania). Wheat production and trade brought Prussia into a close relationship with the 8509: 8478: 8458: 8315: 8080: 8060: 8055: 7986: 7760: 7740: 7592: 7415: 7399: 7285: 7260: 7255: 7060: 6970: 6934: 6765: 6729: 6079:

Karl A. Schleunes, "Enlightenment, reform, reaction: the schooling revolution in Prussia."

5003: 4882: 4592: 4556: 4545: 4264: 4082: 4039: 3926: 3919: 3856: 3758: 3731: 3678: 3639: 3524: 3495:

of 5 March 1933 strengthened the position of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (

3411: 3248: 3228: 3212: 3091: 3049: 3014: 3006: 2990: 2804: 2718: 2653: 2571: 2379: 2093: 1902: 1762: 1734: 1579: 1484: 1062: 1023: 801: 715: 282: 7896: 5282:

Francis L. Carsten, "The Great Elector and the foundation of the Hohenzollern despotism."

4933: 3778: 3766: 3574:) was again appointed by the chancellor who was at the same time chief of the Nazi Party. 8: 8463: 8340: 8224: 8008: 7965: 7423: 7239: 7018: 6998: 6980: 6754: 6745: 6534:

Schulze, Hagen, and Philip G. Dwyer. "Democratic Prussia in Weimar Germany, 1919–33." in

4456: 4411: 4019: 4015: 3982: 3813: 3604: 3585: 3534: 3433: 3419: 3272: 3010: 2973: 2901: 2851: 2836: 2702: 2670: 2594: 2496: 2465:(grammar school) system, which prepares the brightest pupils for university studies. The 2410: 2351: 2313: 2186:(1685) opened Brandenburg-Prussia for the immigration of Protestant refugees (especially 2136: 2074: 2044: 1965: 1789:

in 1219 and 1222. In 1226 Duke Konrad invited the Teutonic Knights to conquer the Baltic

1774: 1603: 1384: 1370: 1206:

The Kingdom ended in 1918 along with other German monarchies that were terminated by the

1161: 741: 711: 537: 417: 402: 392: 5952:

Regional Variations in the Economic Development of Germany During the Nineteenth Century

5204: 3462: 2724:

The Frankfurt Parliament was forced to dissolve in 1849, and Frederick William issued a

2265:

in thinly populated East Prussia, which was eventually extended to the west bank of the

2077:, consisted of geographically disconnected territories in Prussia, Brandenburg, and the 1991: 1921:

would evolve to take a major role in the militarization of Prussia and, later, Germany.

8103: 8000: 7947: 7942: 7783: 7708: 7305: 7218: 7208: 7203: 7095: 7075: 7067: 6975: 6941: 6812: 6777: 6770: 6565: 6529: 6509: 6397: 6387: 6377: 6260: 6246: 6014: 6006: 4944: 4835: 4179: 4101:

dated from 1848, but was only briefly in effect as it had been forced on the king. The

3817: 3762: 3632: 3503: 3323: 3115: 3029: 2913: 2874: 2862: 2824: 2803:, both of which had close ties with each other, although only Holstein was part of the 2796: 2729: 2628: 2624: 2567: 2462: 2355: 2347: 2335: 2321: 2309: 2254: 2199: 2152: 1887: 1871: 1797: 1694: 1599: 1583: 1439: 1390: 1180: 1165: 1086: 1078: 754: 412: 407: 6562:

The Course of German History: A Survey of the Development of German History since 1815

6211:. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2008, ISBN 978-3-531-15774-0, S. 162 ( 4361:. The majority of the Prussian population was Lutheran, although there were dispersed 3865: 3232: 3145: 2933: 1419: 8445: 8320: 8023: 7992: 7713: 7383: 7310: 7213: 7110: 6869: 6864: 6848: 6840: 6833: 6828: 6601: 6547: 6498: 6455: 6408: 6405:

A History of Modern Germany (3 vol 1959–64); vol 1: The Reformation; vol 2: 1648–1840

6341: 6330: 6290: 6282: 6273:

Germany and the great powers, 1866–1914: A study in public opinion and foreign policy

6250: 6018: 5969: 5918: 5231: 4774: 4770: 4730: 4541: 4468: 4398:

obedience, or for propagating useful things, just like bee-keeping or potato-farming.

4235:

In 1871, Prussia's population numbered 24.69 million, accounting for 60% of the

4171: 4070: 3782: 3651: 3624: 3554: 3311: 3276: 3252: 3193: 2961: 2870: 2800: 2772: 2761: 2640: 2524: 2383: 2301: 2274: 2231: 2178: 2048: 2015: 1953: 1786: 1207: 1082: 1049: 899: 525: 502: 444: 382: 268: 254: 167: 79: 6304: 5570: 5133:

When the Stakes Are High – Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers

3488: 3407: 1816:). Around 1252 they finished the conquest of the northernmost Prussian tribe of the 1225: 694: 8601: 8567: 7503: 7338: 6912: 6734: 6711: 6597: 6473:

Muncy, Lysbeth W. "The Junkers and the Prussian Administration from 1918 to 1939."

6238: 5998: 4948: 4904:. The guard star can also be found on the bell trees of the Bundeswehr music corps. 4607: 4423: 4386: 4338: 3987: 3628: 3099: 2878: 2360: 2190:), and he established a bureaucracy to carry out state administration efficiently. 2183: 2148: 2144: 1981: 1930: 1918: 1844: 1800:, the Order established an independent state that came to control Prūsa. After the 1782: 1750: 1690: 1666: 1659: 1619: 1607: 1492: 1480: 1476: 1364: 1305: 1194: 1153: 1113: 1101: 958: 894: 728: 387: 7370: 3398: 8098: 7778: 7513: 7493: 7475: 7354: 7346: 7323: 7178: 7083: 6721: 6633: 6488: 6449: 6324: 6320: 6125:

Aneta Niewęgłowska, "Secondary Schools for Girls in Western Prussia, 1807-1911."

5603: 4568: 4393:, which came under tight royal control. In Protestant regions, writes Nipperdey: 3627:(in dark green) that are completely or mostly situated inside the old borders of 3619: 3415: 3403: 3296: 3284: 3201: 3045: 2905: 2686: 2649: 2612: 2575: 2478: 2239: 2235: 2212: 2124: 2082: 1977: 1833: 1778: 1465: 1211: 1157: 1052: 990: 880: 679: 612: 564: 548: 497: 487: 377: 372: 348: 104: 65: 6626: 2438:. At the same time he built up Prussia's military power and participated in the 8468: 8453: 8418: 8198: 8126: 8118: 8108: 7996: 7875: 7803: 7798: 7788: 7625: 7431: 7391: 7328: 6990: 6725: 6575: 6374:

Restoration, Revolution, Reaction: Economics and Politics in Germany, 1815–1871

6353:

Glees, Anthony. "Albert C. Grzesinski and the politics of Prussia, 1926–1930."

6158: 5868: 4926: 4537: 4427: 4370: 4342: 4189: 3934: 3507: 3429: 3244: 3240: 2780: 2690: 2550: 2387: 2147:(November 1656). In 1657 the Polish king renewed this grant in the treaties of 2097: 2086: 2070: 2062: 1883: 1328: 1027: 514: 6314: 6002: 2940:

rulers of Prussia. There was also a two-house parliament. The lower house, or

2177:

Frederick William I succeeded in organizing the electorate by establishing an

181: 8595: 7544: 7460: 7455: 7362: 6900: 6242: 6057:

Grundriss der Statistik. II. Gesellschaftsstatistik by Wilhelm Winkler, p. 36

4922: 4871: 4818: 4635: 4549: 4472: 4435: 4328: 4304: 4252: 4236: 4160: 3705: 3682: 3378: 3363: 3302: 3260: 3095: 3065: 3018: 2743:

dominance by the more well-to-do men of the population. The upper house, the

2443: 2343: 2339: 2328: 2327:

had died on 20 October 1740. He was succeeded to the throne by his daughter,

2305: 2113: 1957: 1910: 1790: 1611: 1587: 1555: 1536: 1378: 1340: 1149: 1129: 1097: 1070: 1035: 887: 534: 510: 310: 6649: 4881:

The Bundeswehr's Great Tattoo, played particularly when bidding farewell to

3659: 2105: 1647: 1074: 326: 8256: 8247: 8136: 8016: 7961: 7813: 7022: 6888: 5009: 4564: 4502: 4460: 4292: 4202: 4106: 3750: 3742: 3697: 3596: 3578: 3560: 3456: 3359: 3288: 3256: 3002: 2998: 2917: 2682: 2280: 2223: 1825: 1766: 1742: 1245: 1233: 1137: 1011: 873: 551: 192: 138: 4897: 3838:(Great Committee) of the estates. This was because of concessions made by 3094:

was, in practice, an enlarged Prussian army, although the other kingdoms (

2997:

to the Spanish throne was escalated both by France and Bismarck. With his

1413: 304: 290: 276: 262: 248: 8047: 7732: 6916: 5070: 5015: 4994: 4908: 4867: 4514: 4476: 4415: 4354: 4346: 4332: 3872: 3701: 3307: 3306:

Federal states of the Weimar Republic, with Prussia in light gray. After

3120: 2855: 2520: 2419: 2342:(the northwestern half of Silesia). In the next year, 1742, he conquered 2204: 2024: 1945: 1854: 1769:. In 1225 he expelled them, and they transferred their operations to the 1651: 1559: 1548: 1515: 1504: 1469: 1449: 1301: 1280: 1273: 1172: 1133: 7692: 5591:

Henry A. Kissinger, "The white revolutionary: Reflections on Bismarck."

5377:

Robert A. Kahn, A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526–1918 (1974) p. 96.

4231:

Ethnic structure of the eastern regions of Prussia between 1817 and 1823

4206: 3689:

on 25 February 1947, Prussia was officially proclaimed to be dissolved.

2563: 2108:, the historic capital of the Duchy of Prussia, in 1637. His successor, 1829: 1708: 1655: 8538: 8410: 8190: 7867: 7265: 6478: 6110: 6084: 6010: 5913:

Büsch, Otto; Ilja Mieck; Wolfgang Neugebauer (1992). Otto Büsch (ed.).

5578: 5066: 4857: 4853: 4697: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4526: 4506: 4452: 4350: 4312: 4256: 4198: 4194: 4156: 3938: 3608: 3452: 3374: 3280: 2695: 2636: 2378:, was finally able to hold the whole of Silesia against a coalition of 2257:. In view of the size of the army in relation to the total population, 1860: 1770: 1738: 1678: 1528: 1488: 1318: 1269: 1248:

both absorbed these territories and had most of its German inhabitants

911: 522: 507: 473: 367: 6451:

Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte: vom Alten Reich bis Weimar (1495–1934)

6358: 5287: 5149: 3499:

or "Nazi" Party), although they did not achieve an absolute majority.

3283:

was created mainly from formerly Prussian territories, except present

3013:

in 1870. Following victory under Bismarck's and Prussia's leadership,

2631:

was the recovery of her lost territories, as well as the whole of the

2562:, leading Frederick William III and his family to flee temporarily to 2300:

and rapidly conquered the region. Silesia was the richest province of

2135:

from the Polish crown. In January 1656, during the first phase of the

1716: 1313: 1252:

by 1950. Prussia, deemed "a bearer of militarism and reaction" by the

4782: 4510: 4448: 4441: 4362: 4358: 4276: 4260: 4149: 3643: 3570: 3544:" ("Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs", 30 January 1934) and the " 3236: 2978: 2632: 2507:(1786–1797), Prussia annexed additional Polish territory through the 2451: 2435: 2078: 1875: 1821: 1817: 1674: 1591: 1261: 1117: 453: 6692: 4672: 4210: 4050:). This chamber functioned as a superior agency of the territories' 4011: 3883: 3589: 3491:

federal commissioner for the Prussian ministry of the interior. The

3268: 2738:

was elected by all males over the age of 25. They were divided into

2003: 1879: 1639: 5055:

Monarchy abolished in 1918, abolished as a state of Germany in 1947

4786: 4518: 4498: 4438: 4403: 4308: 4296: 4288: 4003:

to Pomerania and in 1688 to Magdeburg, while in Cleves and Mark an

3786: 3650:, were annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union in 1945 owing to the 3181: 2947: 2600: 2555: 2428: 2391: 2262: 2187: 2073:

with the Margraviate of Brandenburg. The resulting state, known as

1758: 1635: 1105: 1040: 785: 540: 517: 463: 449: 7162: 5912: 2932:

drafted for it by Bismarck in 1867. Executive power was held by a

1152:, becoming a province of Poland, and the eastern part, called the 1046:

an emergency decree transferring powers of the Prussian government

8423: 8325: 8203: 7880: 7635: 6860: 4952: 4810: 4793: 4655:

universities, especially Friedrich Wilhelm University (now named

4464: 4431: 4183: 3842:

in 1541 in return for financial aid by the estates; however, the

3667: 3663: 3647: 3519: 3382: 3224: 3220: 2841: 2792: 2590: 2297: 2028: 1813: 1805: 1746: 1540: 1429: 1200: 1141: 1057: 1019: 807: 482: 468: 5617:

Bismarck's first war: the campaign of Schleswig and Jutland 1864

5569: 5094:

Fischer, Michael; Senkel, Christian (2010). Klaus Tanner (ed.).

4809:

In the federal government according to the prevailing view, the

4383:

John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg and Grand Duke of Prussia

4365:

minorities in central and western parts of the state especially

3781:. The Saar region, which had been administered by the French as 3552:

were abolished and the state governments were now controlled by

2491: 2469:

was emulated in various countries, including the United States.

2363:. Despite being several times on the verge of defeat Frederick, 8365: 7953: 6795: 6326:

The Other Prussia. Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569–1772

4968: 4825: 4522: 4272: 3807: 3655: 3564:) gained increasing importance, as the official in charge of a 3041: 2694:

greatly from the creation in 1834 of the German Customs Union (

2619:) against the French occupation. Prussian troops under Marshal 2399: 2395: 2292:

Frederick William I died in 1740 and was succeeded by his son,

2120: 1867: 1809: 1670: 1496: 1445: 1425: 1334: 1121: 545: 333: 42: 38: 6645:

Foundation for Prussian Palaces and Gardens Berlin-Brandenburg

6350:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2011); 157pp. Emphasis on historiography. 4038:'s backing, succeeded in becoming the sole ruler based on the 4030:(reign: 1688–1713), the Brandenburg Prussian territories were 3677:

As part of their wartime goals, the Western allies sought the

3338:

From 1919 to 1932, Prussia was governed by a coalition of the

3159:

after a difficult youth and conflicts with his British mother

2861:

On the Austrian side stood the south German states (including

2652:

under Russian sovereignty. In 1815 Prussia became part of the

2053:

Brandenburg and Prussia united two generations later. In 1594

1882:

in 1308. Eventually, Poland and Lithuania, allied through the

1224:

in 1935. Nevertheless, some Prussian ministries were kept and

8299: 8090: 7770: 6394:

The state and the industrial revolution in Prussia, 1740–1870

6348:

Brandenburg-Prussia, 1466–1806: The Rise of a Composite State

4964: 4797: 4530: 4494: 4385:

declared himself for the Calvinist creed and transferred the

4280: 4268: 3774: 3754: 3496: 3216: 3211:

Almost all of Germany's territorial losses, specified in the

3070: 2611:, Prussia quit its alliance with France and took part in the 2266: 1804:

joined the Teutonic Order in 1237, the Order also controlled

1527:

in 1701, was often associated with the whole of Prussia. The

5485: 5483: 5469: 5467: 5314:

The administrative reforms of Frederick William I of Prussia

4247:

Apart from ethnic Germans the country was inhabited also by

4062:) emerged as a second central agency, superior to the local 3949:) for each territory, who in most cases was a member of the 3933:(ruled 1640–1688), who envisioned the transformation of the 2446:

to the kingdom, allowing Frederick to re-style himself King

2131:

of Poland for the Duchy of Prussia, which was still held in

7926: 5437: 5435: 4284: 3834:, an institution not controlled by the elector, and of the 2698:), which included most German states but excluded Austria. 2644: 2549:, but remained quiet for more than a decade because of the 2132: 1961: 1836:

defined the final border between Prussia and the adjoining

1643: 1220: 1184: 976: 5917:(in German). Vol. 2. Berlin: de Gruyter. p. 42. 1866:

The Knights of the Teutonic Order were subordinate to the

1665:

The expansion of Prussia based on its connection with the

973: 6495:

Weimar Prussia, 1918–1925: The Unlikely Rock of Democracy

6287:

Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947

5894:

Weimar Prussia, 1918-1925: The Unlikely Rock of Democracy

5480: 5464: 5096:

Reichsgründung 1871: Ereignis, Beschreibung, Inszenierung

1507:, resulted in the black-white-red commercial flag of the 1260:

in 1990, but its return to Germany remains a cause among

970: 5432: 5209:. New York: The Polish Book Importing Company. pp. 3350:; from 1921 to 1925, coalition governments included the 6384:

The social foundations of German unification, 1858–1871

5135:, (University of Michigan Press, 2002), pp 27, 225–228. 3024:

The empire was a "Lesser German" solution (in German, "

2427:

fell to Prussia following the extinction of its ruling

6407:. Vol. 3: 1840–1945. Princeton University Press. 4662: 3540:

In the centralised state created by the Nazis in the "

2795:

was at the time in personal union with the Duchies of

1511:, which became the flag of the German Empire in 1871. 1258:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

1199:

and other Prussian élites identified more and more as

6046:

Protestants, Catholics and Jews in Germany, 1800–1914

4540:, where the Polish nation had originated, became the 6098:

State, society, and university in Germany: 1700-1914

3287:

district, which was part of the Kingdom of Bavaria.

2338:

on 10 April 1741, Frederick succeeded in conquering

967: 964: 6506:

Weimar Prussia, 1925–1933: The Illusion of Strength

2014:and received the title "Duke of Prussia" from King 1948:. After admitting the dependence of Prussia to the 961: 6423:Great Britain and Europe in the eighteenth century 6259: 6193:Präsentiermarsch Friedrich Wilhelms III. auf 4785:that the Free State of Prussia concluded with the 3674:, mostly to the Western zones, or was driven out. 2815:in 1850, resulting in a return to the status quo. 2457:Frederick the Great (reigned 1740–1786) practised 4136: 3910:To reduce the influence of the estates, in 1604, 2519:(1797–1840), announced the union of the Prussian 1038:when it united the German states in 1871. It was 8593: 3291:became an exclave, only reachable by ship. (the 3182:The Free State of Prussia in the Weimar Republic 2487:War of the Sixth Coalition § War in Germany 1626:; and a small detached area in the south called 6157:BGH, Urteil 31 January 1955, Az. II ZR 234/53, 5202: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5533:[The Prussian Three-Class Franchise]. 4471:. Communities in Poland were often ethnically 3447: 3074:Prussia in the German Empire from 1871 to 1918 2627:of June 1815. Prussia's reward in 1815 at the 2581:In response to this defeat, reformers such as 2354:) Frederick won a victory over Austria at the 2143:who later granted him full sovereignty in the 2100:. The ineffective and militarily weak Elector 1828:, which developed into the major port city of 71: 8612:States and territories disestablished in 1947 8285: 7912: 7678: 7148: 6678: 6654: 6627:Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation website 5854: 5852: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5757: 5755: 5093: 3391:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany 2701:In 1848 the liberals saw an opportunity when 2346:(the southeastern half). Furthermore, in the 1162:union of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia 8254: 8245: 6485:Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck: 1800–1866 6033:Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck: 1800–1866 5188:God's Playground: A History of Poland Vol. l 5102: 4847:Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany 3808:Administrative and constitutional frameworks 3215:, were areas that had been part of Prussia: 2057:, granddaughter of Albert I and daughter of 1852: 1586:(including much of the present-day state of 1546: 1284: 1192: 1134:immigration from central and western Germany 937: 909: 901: 885: 871: 324: 202: 179: 136: 57: 6301:The politics of the Prussian Army 1640–1945 6257: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5869:"Adolf Heinrich Graf von Arnim-Boitzenburg" 5401:The Anchor Atlas of World History: Volume 1 5388:Frederick the Great: the Magnificent Enigma 5353:Frederick the Great: The Magnificent Enigma 5226:Robert S. Hoyt and Stanley Chodorow (1976) 3642:, mainly Eastern Prussia, Western Prussia, 3247:. Many of the areas Prussia annexed in the 2234:, allowed Frederick only to title himself " 1570:Before its abolition, the territory of the 1069:ruled Prussia, expanding its size with the 805: 146: 8607:States and territories established in 1525 8292: 8278: 7919: 7905: 7685: 7671: 7155: 7141: 6685: 6671: 5849: 5840: 5822: 5796: 5782: 5764: 5752: 4856:is, in a modified form, the symbol of the 3510:a few weeks earlier on 27 February, a new 2877:in the north. On the side of Prussia were 1781:, had unsuccessfully attempted to conquer 1720:The Teutonic Order (orange) following the 303: 289: 275: 261: 247: 27:European state, existing from 1525 to 1947 6514: 6319: 4757:Learn how and when to remove this message 4420:Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg 2869:), some central German states (including 2359:king won another battle, the hard-fought 7694:States of the North German Confederation 6035:(Princeton University Press, 2014) p 356 5899: 5399:Hermann Kinder & Werner Hilgermann, 4993: 4488: 4345:Lutheranism in 1525. In the wake of the 4226: 4188: 4069:The Kingdom of Prussia functioned as an 4010: 3618: 3611:during much of the duration of the war. 3529: 3523:and subsequently voting in favor of the 3461: 3451: 3301: 3144: 3069: 3054:the French capital was still under siege 2977: 2840: 2756: 2669: 2533: 2490: 2404: 2279: 2203: 2161: 2061:(reigned 1568–1618), married her cousin 1934: 1715: 1707: 1531:, a military decoration created by King 280: 6587: 6541: 6402: 6363: 6311:The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia To 1786 6228: 5173:Robert S. Hoyt & Stanley Chodorow, 5027:List of museums and galleries in Berlin 4936:contains the house coat of arms of the 4178:, executive power remained vested in a 3802:Federal Constitutional Court of Germany 3476: Territory lost after World War II 3381:, which were also models for the later 1990:On 10 April 1525, after signing of the 1519:("to each, his own"), the motto of the 1487:. The Teutonic Order wore a white coat 1164:in 1618 led to the proclamation of the 14: 8594: 6582:The Making of Modern Europe, 1648–1780 6526:A Social History of Germany, 1648–1914 5963: 5572:Constitution of the Kingdom of Prussia 5203:Lewinski-Corwin, Edward Henry (1917). 5071:https://wirdeins.twanksta.org/#Prūsija 3542:Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich 3470: Territory lost after World War I 3402:("Prussian coup") of Reich Chancellor 3114:to preserve peace, for example at the 2967: 2946:(Diet), was elected by universal male 2830: 2819:Holstein and Schleswig initiating the 2752: 2334:By defeating the Austrian Army at the 2304:. It signalled the beginning of three 2245:Frederick I was succeeded by his son, 2038: 1729:Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights 212:("Hail to thee in the Victor's Crown") 8273: 7900: 7666: 7136: 6666: 6653: 6464: 6289:(2009), a standard scholarly history 5988: 5531:"Das Preußische Dreiklassenwahlrecht" 5528: 5412:James K. Pollock & Homer Thomas, 4803: 4634:) were the mass expulsions of ethnic 4349:, Prussia was dominated by two major 3974:came under the aegis of the elector. 3798:Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation 3614: 3330:were formed from the remaining parts. 3128:and worked instead with the Catholic 2659: 2193: 1654:, Russia); and Memel in Prussia (now 1238:Former eastern territories of Germany 997: 6068:History of Modern Germany: 1648–1840 5915:Handbuch der preussischen Geschichte 5656:Journal of European Economic History 5456:Frederick the Great: King of Prussia 5067:https://wirdeins.twanksta.org/#Prūsa 4695:adding citations to reliable sources 4666: 4418:. Prussian monarchs, beginning with 4406:population after the issuing of the 4170:Similar to other German states both 4113:represented all taxpayers, who were 4087:Adolf Heinrich von Arnim-Boitzenburg 3044:" (not "Emperor of Germany") in the 1886:(1385), defeated the Knights in the 6538:(Routledge, 2014) pp. 211–229. 5957: 4892:The police star, the emblem of the 4663:Continuation of Prussian traditions 3903:... according to the design of 1900 3889:... according to the design of 1702 2912:. Prussia also won full control of 2703:revolutions broke out across Europe 2545:Prussia took a leading part in the 2139:(1654–1660), he received the duchy 1924: 1798:struggles against the Old Prussians 1381:(Poland 1454/1466 – 1772) 24: 7164:States of the German Confederation 6222: 4998:The Alte Nationalgalerie in Berlin 4843:constructive vote of no confidence 4165:constructive vote of no confidence 3977:Frederick William I's excise tax ( 3708:, with the remaining parts of the 3387:constructive vote of no confidence 3370:and Nazis were in the opposition. 3204:and in 1920 received a democratic 2472: 2012:Grand Master of the Teutonic Order 1638:, Poland); Danzig in Prussia (now 25: 8648: 8632:1947 disestablishments in Prussia 6639:Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz 6609: 6584:(3rd ed. 2003). pp. 427–462. 6536:Modern Prussian History 1830–1947 5710:, London: Macmillan, 1967 p. 253. 5529:Peter, Jelena (1 February 2000). 5316:(Harvard University Press, 2013). 4915: 4217: 4111:Prussian House of Representatives 4109:parliament. The lower house, the 3155:At age 29, Wilhelm became Kaiser 3087:Constitution of the German Empire 2786: 2735:Prussian House of Representatives 2615:during the "Wars of Liberation" ( 2269:river, and other regions. In the 2059:Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia 1820:as well as of the western Baltic 1703: 1171:Prussia entered the ranks of the 8400: 8037: 7722: 7187: 6602:10.5129/001041510X13815229366480 5658:, Spring 1980, Vol. 9#1 pp 21–40 5249:A History of East Central Europe 4963:form of the Prussian Museums in 4671: 4620: 4599: 4580: 3896: 3882: 3864: 3568:(the head of which was called a 3275:under the administration of the 3059: 2155:. With Prussia, the Brandenburg 2104:(1619–1640) fled from Berlin to 1317: 1312: 1156:from 1525, a feudal fief of the 957: 217: 113: 97: 6544:The Rise of Brandenburg Prussia 6467:Germany in Western Civilization 6201: 6186: 6164: 6151: 6132: 6119: 6103: 6090: 6073: 6060: 6051: 6038: 6025: 5982: 5944: 5931: 5886: 5861: 5739: 5726: 5713: 5700: 5687: 5674: 5661: 5648: 5643:Bismarck and Germany: 1862–1890 5635: 5622: 5609: 5585: 5562: 5549: 5522: 5509: 5496: 5448: 5419: 5406: 5393: 5380: 5371: 5358: 5345: 5332: 5319: 5306: 5293: 5276: 5263: 5254: 5241: 5220: 5193: 4682:needs additional citations for 4077:, after which Prussia became a 4075:German revolutions of 1848–1849 3720:abolished in 1952 in favour of 2995:Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern 2845:Expansion of Prussia, 1807–1871 2141:as a fief from the Swedish king 1646:in Livonia (now Riga, Latvia); 1148:split Prussia into the western 1104: – an organized 1073:. Prussia, with its capital at 8627:1525 establishments in Prussia 7514:Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf 6465:Maehl, William Harvey (1979). 6329:. Cambridge University Press. 6258:Barraclough, Geoffrey (1947). 5180: 5167: 5154: 5138: 5125: 5087: 5058: 5049: 4975: 4925:shows, among other things the 4852:The Prussian war award of the 4589:Frederick William I of Prussia 4137:Prussia inside Weimar Republic 3295:) or by a railway through the 2318:War of the Austrian Succession 1986:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland 1863:became the dominant language. 1802:Livonian Brothers of the Sword 1761:knights, headquartered in the 1343:(pre – 13th century) 1337:(983 – 12th century) 931: 924: 13: 1: 8301:States of the Weimar Republic 6693:Territories and provinces of 6262:The Origins of Modern Germany 6198:, retrieved 12 November 2010. 6114:European Journal of Education 5535:Deutsches Historisches Museum 5414:Germany: In Power and Eclipse 5327:The Rise of Prussia 1700–1830 5230:. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 5037: 5022:East Prussian Regional Museum 4983:Union of Evangelical Churches 4657:Humboldt University of Berlin 4610: 4402:Prussia received significant 4222: 4182:and in laws established by a 4180:Minister-President of Prussia 3796:One year later, in 1957, the 3714:Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania 2960:in 1867 when France tried to 2777:Minister President of Prussia 2666:German revolutions of 1848–49 2621:Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher 1996:Polish–Teutonic War (1519–21) 1994:, which officially ended the 1230:Minister President of Prussia 1077:and then, when it became the 6366:The Rise and Fall of Prussia 6146:(Error: unknown archive URL) 5329:(Routledge, 2014) pp. 47–67. 5200:Edward Henry Lewinski Corwin 4777:. For example, the state of 4643: 4242: 4099:Prussia's first constitution 3916:Geheimer Rat für die Kurmark 3822:In the mid-16th century the 3791:1955 Saar Statute referendum 3389:, was carried over into the 2891:Battle of Langensalza (1866) 2887:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder 2609:defeat of Napoleon in Russia 2273:(1720), he acquired half of 2119:Frederick William I went to 1907:Second Peace of Thorn (1466) 1722:Second Peace of Thorn (1466) 1565: 1146:Second Peace of Thorn (1466) 1136:, and, in the south, it was 1065:in 1947. For centuries, the 7: 7928:States of the German Empire 6521:, stress on cultural topics 6515:Reinhardt, Kurt F. (1961). 6364:Haffner, Sebastian (1998). 6048:(Bloomsbury Academic, 2001) 4989: 4876:Federal Ministry of Defense 4811:Federal Republic of Germany 4318: 3739:Western Zones of occupation 3448:Prussia and the Third Reich 3428:in street clashes with the 3383:Federal Republic of Germany 3251:, such as the provinces of 3166: 1897:(1454–1466) began when the 1495:colours of the free cities 1100:; in the 13th century, the 1032:State of the Teutonic Order 436:the Kingdom of Prussia 1880 10: 8653: 8617:Former countries in Europe 6717:Margraviate of Brandenburg 6231:European History Quarterly 6044:Helmut Walser Smith, ed.. 5098:. Münster: Waxmann Verlag. 5032:List of museums in Germany 4932:The large coat of arms of 4921:The state coat of arms of 4874:'s honor formation at the 4815:North German Confederation 4647: 4391:Prussian Union of churches 4325:Prussian Union of Churches 4322: 4140: 4115:divided into three classes 4103:1850 Prussian Constitution 3811: 3185: 3170: 3078:The two decades after the 3063: 2971: 2922:North German Confederation 2834: 2663: 2509:Second Partition of Poland 2476: 2197: 2112:(1640–1688), reformed the 2042: 2033:Margraviate of Brandenburg 1975: 1928: 1909:, losing western Prussia ( 1726: 1688: 1684: 1677:off from the coast of the 1590:and parts of the state of 1574:included the provinces of 1562:along the border regions. 1509:North German Confederation 1375:Prince-Bishopric of Warmia 1347:Margraviate of Brandenburg 1292: 1279:The terms "Prussian" and " 1189:North German Confederation 364:(until early 18th century) 297:North German Confederation 36: 29: 8535: 8508: 8490: 8444: 8437: 8409: 8398: 8308: 8233: 8217: 8189: 8176:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 8135: 8089: 8046: 8035: 7935: 7866: 7853:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 7812: 7769: 7731: 7720: 7701: 7649: 7618: 7591: 7558: 7484: 7451: 7444: 7382: 7337: 7301: 7294: 7248: 7232: 7196: 7185: 7171: 7107: 7038: 6958:Principality of Neuchâtel 6932: 6811: 6702: 6660: 6655:Links to related articles 6355:English Historical Review 6003:10.1017/S0018246X00024730 5641:David Graham Williamson, 5427:Germany: A Modern History 5284:English Historical Review 5228:Europe in the Middle Ages 4650:Prussian education system 4148:industrial centre of the 4060:Generalkriegskommissariat 3914:created a council called 3482: Present-day Germany 2989:The controversy with the 2547:French Revolutionary Wars 2513:Third Partition of Poland 2503:During the reign of King 2467:Prussian education system 2440:First Partition of Poland 2382:, the Habsburg monarchy, 2010:resigned his position as 1479:were already used by the 1026:that originated from the 920: 867: 863: 853: 843: 833: 829: 824: 820: 798: 777: 764: 751: 738: 725: 721: 707: 703: 688: 673: 669: 659: 655: 640: 625: 621: 611: 607: 592: 577: 573: 563: 493: 481: 429: 340: 325: 320: 244: 159: 131: 93: 88: 52: 7983:Lauenburg and Bütow Land 6623:chronology and summaries 6430:American Economic Review 6357:89.353 (1974): 814–834. 6268:, covers medieval period 6243:10.1177/0265691408094531 6109:Ash, Mitchell G. (2006) 6081:Central European History 5968:. Marburg: Herder-Inst. 5148:12#3 (1994) pp. 286–307 4056:General War Commissariat 4048:Generalfinanzdirektorium 3955:Landständische Regierung 3824:margraves of Brandenburg 3771:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 3584:As provided for in the " 3293:Sea Service East Prussia 3161:Victoria, Princess Royal 2574:, which now fell to the 2560:Battle of Jena-Auerstedt 2515:in 1795. His successor, 2483:Battle of Jena-Auerstedt 1838:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1521:Order of the Black Eagle 1242:Polish People's Republic 1228:remained in his role as 1085:, decisively shaped the 434:Religious confessions in 37:Not to be confused with 32:Prussia (disambiguation) 6127:Acta Poloniae Historica 6096:Charles E. McClelland, 5964:Belzyt, Leszek (1998). 5286:65.255 (1950): 175–202 5115:"Population of Germany" 4591:welcoming the expelled 4341:was the first state to 4186:elected by the people. 4123:Prussian House of Lords 4079:constitutional monarchy 3963:Geheime Landesregierung 3777:to create the state of 3773:were later merged with 3173:Prussian state railways 2920:river into forming the 2821:Second War of Schleswig 2746:Prussian House of Lords 2251:only briefly saw action 2055:Duchess Anna of Prussia 1472:on a white background. 1462:coat of arms of Prussia 1399:(1918 – 1947) 1393:(1701 – 1918) 1387:(1618 – 1701) 1367:(1525 – 1618) 1361:(1356 – 1806) 1355:(1224 – 1525) 1266:Federation of Expellees 1203:and less as Prussians. 930: 923: 557:Allied-occupied Germany 530:constitutional republic 205:Heil dir im Siegerkranz 72: 8622:History of Brandenburg 8255: 8246: 8241:German colonial empire 8171:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 7848:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 6432:104.1 (2014): 84–122. 6403:Holborn, Hajo (1982). 6392:Henderson, William O. 6309:Fay, Sidney Bradshaw. 5991:The Historical Journal 5858:Kotulla (2008), p. 270 5846:Kotulla (2008), p. 269 5837:Kotulla (2008), p. 266 5819:Kotulla (2008), p. 267 5793:Kotulla (2008), p. 265 5779:Kotulla (2008), p. 263 5761:Kotulla (2008), p. 262 5706:Wheeler-Bennett, John 4999: 4817:and expanded into the 4779:North Rhine-Westphalia 4638:between 1885 and 1890. 4561:Second Polish Republic 4434:was mostly made up of 4408:Edict of Fontainebleau 4400: 4232: 4214: 4197:settlements along the 4131:Prussian Secret Police 4023: 3828:Protestant Reformation 3747:North Rhine-Westphalia 3726:(districts), but were 3694:Soviet occupation zone 3687:Allied Control Council 3638:The areas east of the 3635: 3546:Law on Reich Governors 3537: 3484: 3459: 3331: 3265:Second Polish Republic 3152: 3080:unification of Germany 3075: 2993:over the candidacy of 2986: 2950:. The upper house, or 2846: 2809:First War of Schleswig 2764: 2732:. The lower house, or 2678: 2542: 2500: 2459:enlightened absolutism 2414: 2289: 2215: 2174: 2019:a cadet branch of the 2002:of the Polish capital 1973: 1899:Prussian Confederation 1890:(Tannenberg) in 1410. 1853: 1724: 1713: 1547: 1452:(1947–1952, from 1990) 1422:(1920–1939, from 1945) 1379:Royal (Polish) Prussia 1359:Elector of Brandenburg 1285: 1268:and various political 1193: 994: 938: 910: 902: 886: 872: 806: 788:, loss of independence 742:Union with Brandenburg 336:(1701–1806; 1806–1947) 203: 180: 147: 137: 58: 6477:9.4 (1947): 482–501. 6382:Hamerow, Theodore S. 6372:Hamerow, Theodore S. 6271:Carroll, E. Malcolm. 6083:12.4 (1979): 315-342 5312:Reinhold A. Dorwart, 5175:Europe in Middle Ages 4997: 4628:Prussian deportations 4489:Non-German population 4395: 4323:Further information: 4230: 4192: 4143:Free State of Prussia 4121:), later renamed the 4016:Prussian King's Crown 4014: 3710:Province of Pomerania 3622: 3533: 3465: 3455: 3352:German People's Party 3328:West Prussia district 3305: 3259:, as well as eastern 3188:Free State of Prussia 3148: 3073: 3052:outside Paris, while 2981: 2844: 2760: 2673: 2540:Frederick William III 2537: 2517:Frederick William III 2494: 2425:County of East Frisia 2408: 2283: 2226:of 16 November 1700, 2207: 2165: 2116:to defend the lands. 2021:House of Hohenzollern 1938: 1851:In the course of the 1719: 1711: 1699:Free State of Prussia 1689:Further information: 1572:Free State of Prussia 1533:Frederick William III 1434:Recovered Territories 1397:Free State of Prussia 1331:(965 – 983) 1216:Free State of Prussia 1067:House of Hohenzollern 1022:state centred on the 768:Free State of Prussia 341:Common languages 8351:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 8346:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 8218:Imperial Territories 8071:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 8066:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 7987:Starostwo of Draheim 7751:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 7746:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 7276:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 7271:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 6971:Grand Duchy of Posen 6590:Comparative Politics 6580:Treasure, Geoffrey. 6542:Shennan, M. (1997). 5873:The Prussian Machine 5708:The Nemesis of Power 5602:24 June 2021 at the 5425:Marshall Dill, Jr., 5366:A History of Prussia 5340:A History of Prussia 5271:A History of Prussia 5206:A History of Prussia 5162:A History of Prussia 5004:Alte Nationalgalerie 4691:improve this article 4593:Salzburg Protestants 4557:Treaty of Versailles 4546:Partitions of Poland 4265:Prussian Lithuanians 4259:in West Prussia and 4083:Frederick William IV 4040:House Treaty of Gera 3759:Rhineland-Palatinate 3732:German reunification 3716:. These states were 3679:abolition of Prussia 3525:Enabling Act of 1933 3318:came largely to the 3249:partitions of Poland 3213:Treaty of Versailles 3092:Imperial German Army 3026:kleindeutsche Lösung 3007:Franco-German enmity 2991:Second French Empire 2883:Battle of Königgrätz 2813:Punctation of Olmütz 2805:German Confederation 2719:Frankfurt Parliament 2709:agreed to convene a 2707:Frederick William IV 2676:Frederick William IV 2654:German Confederation 2595:Emancipation of Jews 2572:Partitions of Poland 2505:Frederick William II 2312:(1740–1742) and the 2288:, "the Soldier-King" 2157:Hohenzollern dynasty 1903:Casimir IV Jagiellon 1763:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1735:Andrew II of Hungary 1485:Hohenzollern dynasty 1475:The black and white 1179:(1740–1786). At the 1024:North European Plain 420:(until 20th century) 283:German Confederation 30:For other uses, see 8181:Waldeck and Pyrmont 7858:Waldeck and Pyrmont 7476:Waldeck and Pyrmont 7041:Territorial reforms 6999:Province of Prussia 6632:18 May 2010 at the 6519:. Vol. 2 vols. 6517:Germany: 2000 Years 6483:Nipperdey, Thomas. 6421:Horn, David Bayne. 6129:99 (2009): 137-160. 5416:(1952) pp. 297–302. 5403:(1974) pp. 282–283. 5043:Informational notes 4800:and even in names. 4555:As a result of the 4517:(101,500 in 1905), 4513:(248,000 in 1905), 4455:, eastern parts of 4412:Louis XIV of France 4267:(in East Prussia), 4251:minorities such as 4020:Hohenzollern Castle 3983:Second Northern War 3857:residence in Berlin 3814:Brandenburg-Prussia 3623:Map of the current 3605:Danzig-West Prussia 3586:Greater Hamburg Act 3535:Paul von Hindenburg 3434:Paul von Hindenburg 3425:Rotfrontkämpferbund 3420:Kurt von Schleicher 3320:2nd Polish Republic 3273:Free City of Danzig 3108:imperial chancellor 3011:Franco-Prussian War 2974:Franco-Prussian War 2968:Franco-Prussian War 2852:Austro-Prussian War 2837:Austro-Prussian War 2831:Austro-Prussian War 2753:Wars of unification 2497:Brandenburg-Prussia 2402:in the afternoon." 2314:Second Silesian War 2286:Frederick William I 2271:Treaty of Stockholm 2247:Frederick William I 2137:Second Northern War 2110:Frederick William I 2075:Brandenburg-Prussia 2045:Brandenburg-Prussia 2039:Brandenburg-Prussia 1966:Sigismund I the Old 1895:Thirteen Years' War 1796:During 60 years of 1385:Brandenburg-Prussia 1371:Malbork Voivodeship 1335:Lutician federation 1177:Frederick the Great 712:Early modern Europe 515:semi-constitutional 8637:Historical regions 8005:Schleswig-Holstein 7123:Jülich-Cleves-Berg 7115: 7076:Posen-West Prussia 7015:Schleswig-Holstein 6641:(picture archive). 6621:Preußen-Chronik.de 6616:population history 6475:Review of Politics 6448:Kotulla, Michael. 6440:History of Prussia 6346:Friedrich, Karin. 6283:Clark, Christopher 6031:Thomas Nipperdey, 5645:(Routledge, 2013). 5351:Robert B. Asprey, 5000: 4945:Minister-president 4907:In 2002, the then 4883:Federal Presidents 4836:Reichstag building 4824:Prussia's capital 4804:Federal government 4509:(72,500 in 1905), 4414:and the following 4263:in East Prussia), 4233: 4215: 4064:Kriegskommissariat 4026:Under the rule of 4024: 3947:Kurfürstlicher Rat 3840:Elector Joachim II 3818:Kingdom of Prussia 3763:Schleswig-Holstein 3636: 3633:Kingdom of Prussia 3615:The end of Prussia 3555:Reichsstatthaltern 3538: 3514:was opened in the 3504:Reichstag building 3493:Reichstag election 3485: 3460: 3373:The East Prussian 3332: 3324:Posen-West Prussia 3153: 3116:Congress of Berlin 3076: 2987: 2962:acquire Luxembourg 2914:Schleswig-Holstein 2847: 2825:Gastein Convention 2765: 2730:Landtag of Prussia 2679: 2660:Wars of liberation 2629:Congress of Vienna 2625:Battle of Waterloo 2598:conscripts of the 2568:Treaties of Tilsit 2543: 2501: 2415: 2356:Battle of Lobositz 2348:Third Silesian War 2336:Battle of Mollwitz 2322:Holy Roman Emperor 2310:First Silesian War 2290: 2255:Great Northern War 2216: 2200:Kingdom of Prussia 2194:Kingdom of Prussia 2175: 2123:in 1641 to render 1974: 1888:Battle of Grunwald 1872:Holy Roman Emperor 1725: 1714: 1695:Kingdom of Prussia 1616:Schleswig-Holstein 1440:Kaliningrad Oblast 1391:Kingdom of Prussia 1181:Congress of Vienna 1166:Kingdom of Prussia 1087:history of Germany 1079:Kingdom of Prussia 999:[ˈpʁɔʏsn̩] 755:Kingdom of Prussia 661:Minister-President 331:(1525–1701; 1806) 8587: 8586: 8581: 8580: 8531: 8530: 8267: 8266: 7894: 7893: 7838: 7830: 7660: 7659: 7614: 7613: 7540: 7527: 7440: 7439: 7384:Ernestine duchies 7130: 7129: 7111:Province of Posen 6961:(1814–1848) 6849:Western Pomerania 6841:Minden-Ravensberg 6742:Farther Pomerania 6570:Taylor, A. J. P. 6560:Taylor, A. J. P. 6504:Orlow, Dietrich. 6493:Orlow, Dietrich. 6460:978-3-540-48705-0 6336:978-0-521-58335-0 6295:978-0-7139-9466-7 6237:(38#4): 525–550. 5975:978-3-87969-267-5 5950:Frank B. Tipton, 5924:978-3-11-008322-4 5632:(1955) pp. 70–91. 5355:(1986) pp. 34–35. 5131:Vesna Danilovic, 4934:Baden-Württemberg 4902:Black Eagle Order 4775:international law 4767: 4766: 4759: 4741: 4632:Polenausweisungen 4573:forcibly expelled 4542:Province of Posen 4469:Province of Posen 4095:Ministerpräsident 4071:absolute monarchy 4044:Geheime Hofkammer 4028:Frederick III (I) 3931:Frederick William 3927:Thirty Years' War 3920:Thirty Years' War 3912:Joachim Frederick 3779:Baden-Württemberg 3767:Württemberg-Baden 3652:Treaty of Potsdam 3625:states of Germany 3310:the provinces of 3277:League of Nations 3200:) within the new 3194:German Revolution 3150:Kaiser Wilhelm II 2773:Otto von Bismarck 2762:Otto von Bismarck 2711:National Assembly 2558:'s troops in the 2525:Reformed churches 2308:(1740–1763). The 2275:Swedish Pomerania 2232:Holy Roman Empire 2230:, emperor of the 2179:absolute monarchy 2129:Władysław IV Vasa 2094:Thirty Years' War 2049:Holy Roman Empire 2016:Zygmunt I the Old 1954:Albert of Prussia 1464:, as well as the 1458: 1457: 1264:politicians, the 1232:until the end of 1208:German Revolution 1140:by settlers from 1096:derives from the 1050:German Chancellor 950: 949: 939:Ministerpräsident 690:• 1933–1945 642:• 1888–1918 627:• 1701–1713 594:• 1688–1701 579:• 1525–1568 526:semi-presidential 503:Absolute monarchy 445:United Protestant 269:Holy Roman Empire 255:Holy Roman Empire 235: 188:"Song of Prussia" 16:(Redirected from 8644: 8483: 8442: 8441: 8404: 8388: 8380: 8371:Schaumburg-Lippe 8294: 8287: 8280: 8271: 8270: 8260: 8251: 8166:Schaumburg-Lippe 8161: 8153: 8123: 8041: 8020: 7990: 7921: 7914: 7907: 7898: 7897: 7843:Schaumburg-Lippe 7836: 7828: 7726: 7687: 7680: 7673: 7664: 7663: 7584: 7583: 7574: 7573: 7551: 7550: 7538: 7533: 7532: 7525: 7520: 7519: 7510: 7509: 7504:Reuss-Lobenstein 7500: 7499: 7471:Schaumburg-Lippe 7449: 7448: 7428: 7420: 7412: 7404: 7396: 7375: 7367: 7359: 7351: 7339:Anhalt (Ascania) 7320: 7299: 7298: 7191: 7157: 7150: 7143: 7134: 7133: 7116: 7100: 7080: 7072: 7064: 7031: 7011: 7003: 6995: 6962: 6945: 6944: 6935:Post-Congress of 6925: 6913:New East Prussia 6909: 6897: 6881: 6873: 6857: 6845: 6837: 6825: 6782: 6774: 6758: 6738: 6712:Duchy of Prussia 6687: 6680: 6673: 6664: 6663: 6651: 6650: 6605: 6557: 6520: 6470: 6453:(Springer, 2008) 6418: 6369: 6340: 6321:Friedrich, Karin 6267: 6265: 6254: 6216: 6207:Markus Reiners: 6205: 6199: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6168: 6162: 6155: 6149: 6147: 6144:at bundestag.de 6143: 6136: 6130: 6123: 6117: 6107: 6101: 6094: 6088: 6077: 6071: 6064: 6058: 6055: 6049: 6042: 6036: 6029: 6023: 6022: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5961: 5955: 5948: 5942: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5910: 5897: 5892:Dietrich Orlow, 5890: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5865: 5859: 5856: 5847: 5844: 5838: 5835: 5820: 5817: 5794: 5791: 5780: 5777: 5762: 5759: 5750: 5743: 5737: 5730: 5724: 5717: 5711: 5704: 5698: 5691: 5685: 5678: 5672: 5665: 5659: 5652: 5646: 5639: 5633: 5626: 5620: 5615:Michael Embree, 5613: 5607: 5595:(1968): 888–924 5589: 5583: 5582: 5576: 5566: 5560: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5526: 5520: 5513: 5507: 5500: 5494: 5487: 5478: 5471: 5462: 5452: 5446: 5439: 5430: 5423: 5417: 5410: 5404: 5397: 5391: 5384: 5378: 5375: 5369: 5362: 5356: 5349: 5343: 5336: 5330: 5323: 5317: 5310: 5304: 5297: 5291: 5280: 5274: 5267: 5261: 5258: 5252: 5251:, (2001), p. 30. 5245: 5239: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5197: 5191: 5184: 5178: 5171: 5165: 5158: 5152: 5142: 5136: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5111: 5100: 5099: 5091: 5074: 5062: 5056: 5053: 4949:Regierungsbezirk 4845:anchored in the 4781:is bound to the 4762: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4742: 4740: 4699: 4675: 4667: 4624: 4615: 4612: 4608:Berlin Cathedral 4603: 4584: 4424:French Cathedral 4387:Berlin Cathedral 4343:officially adopt 4339:Duchy of Prussia 4283:(in Schleswig), 4207:Memel (Klaipėda) 4089:Prussia's first 3988:Prussian estates 3925:Until after the 3900: 3886: 3868: 3787:a separate state 3640:Oder–Neisse line 3629:Imperial Germany 3481: 3475: 3469: 3348:German Democrats 3340:Social Democrats 3231:to Denmark; the 2705:. Alarmed, King 2617:Befreiungskriege 2511:in 1793 and the 2398:in the morning, 2361:Battle of Torgau 2352:Seven Years' War 2302:Habsburg Austria 2184:Edict of Potsdam 2145:Treaty of Labiau 1992:Treaty of Kraków 1982:Duchy of Prussia 1931:Duchy of Prussia 1925:Duchy of Prussia 1858: 1845:Hanseatic League 1793:on his borders. 1751:Teutonic Knights 1691:Duchy of Prussia 1667:Hanseatic League 1660:Hanseatic League 1650:in Prussia (now 1612:Austrian Silesia 1552: 1523:created by King 1503:, as well as of 1481:Teutonic Knights 1477:national colours 1416:area (from 1918) 1365:Duchy of Prussia 1321: 1316: 1297: 1296: 1288: 1198: 1160:up to 1657. The 1154:Duchy of Prussia 1114:German crusaders 1102:Teutonic Knights 1063:an Allied decree 1034:. It formed the 1009: 1008: 1007: 1001: 989: 983: 982: 979: 978: 975: 972: 969: 966: 963: 941: 935:The position of 934: 927: 915: 905: 895:German gold mark 891: 877: 816:25 February 1947 811: 729:Duchy of Prussia 699: 684: 651: 636: 603: 588: 330: 329: 314: 307: 300: 293: 286: 279: 272: 265: 258: 251: 237: 236: 213: 208: 185: 155: 150: 142: 117: 101: 83: 75: 69: 61: 50: 49: 21: 8652: 8651: 8647: 8646: 8645: 8643: 8642: 8641: 8592: 8591: 8588: 8583: 8582: 8577: 8537: 8527: 8504: 8486: 8481: 8479:Weimar-Eisenach 8433: 8405: 8396: 8386: 8378: 8304: 8298: 8268: 8263: 8229: 8225:Alsace–Lorraine 8213: 8185: 8159: 8151: 8131: 8121: 8085: 8081:Weimar-Eisenach 8061:Hesse-Darmstadt 8042: 8033: 7985:and the former 7981:(including the 7980: 7951: 7931: 7925: 7895: 7890: 7862: 7808: 7765: 7761:Weimar-Eisenach 7741:Hesse-Darmstadt 7727: 7718: 7697: 7691: 7661: 7656: 7645: 7610: 7587: 7581: 7580: 7571: 7570: 7554: 7548: 7547: 7530: 7529: 7517: 7516: 7507: 7506: 7497: 7496: 7494:Reuss-Ebersdorf 7480: 7436: 7426: 7418: 7416:Gotha-Altenburg 7410: 7402: 7400:Coburg-Saalfeld 7394: 7378: 7373: 7365: 7357: 7349: 7333: 7318: 7290: 7286:Weimar-Eisenach 7261:Hesse-Darmstadt 7244: 7228: 7192: 7183: 7167: 7161: 7131: 7126: 7114: 7103: 7098: 7084:Halle-Merseburg 7078: 7070: 7058: 7045: 7042: 7034: 7025: 7009: 7001: 6993: 6960: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6936: 6928: 6919: 6903: 6891: 6879: 6867: 6851: 6843: 6831: 6823: 6807: 6780: 6768: 6762:Lauenburg–Bütow 6752: 6732: 6698: 6691: 6656: 6634:Wayback Machine 6612: 6596:(44#1): 21–38. 6554: 6415: 6337: 6299:Craig, Gordon. 6266:(2nd ed.). 6225: 6223:Further reading 6220: 6219: 6206: 6202: 6191: 6187: 6177: 6175: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6156: 6152: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6124: 6120: 6108: 6104: 6095: 6091: 6078: 6074: 6065: 6061: 6056: 6052: 6043: 6039: 6030: 6026: 5997:(4): 985–1004. 5987: 5983: 5976: 5962: 5958: 5949: 5945: 5936: 5932: 5925: 5911: 5900: 5891: 5887: 5877: 5875: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5857: 5850: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5823: 5818: 5797: 5792: 5783: 5778: 5765: 5760: 5753: 5744: 5740: 5731: 5727: 5718: 5714: 5705: 5701: 5692: 5688: 5679: 5675: 5666: 5662: 5653: 5649: 5640: 5636: 5628:A.J.P. Taylor, 5627: 5623: 5614: 5610: 5604:Wayback Machine 5590: 5586: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5554: 5550: 5540: 5538: 5527: 5523: 5514: 5510: 5501: 5497: 5488: 5481: 5472: 5465: 5453: 5449: 5440: 5433: 5424: 5420: 5411: 5407: 5398: 5394: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5363: 5359: 5350: 5346: 5337: 5333: 5324: 5320: 5311: 5307: 5298: 5294: 5281: 5277: 5268: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5246: 5242: 5225: 5221: 5198: 5194: 5186:Norman Davies, 5185: 5181: 5172: 5168: 5159: 5155: 5143: 5139: 5130: 5126: 5113: 5112: 5103: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5077: 5063: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5040: 4992: 4978: 4918: 4872:guard battalion 4806: 4763: 4752: 4746: 4743: 4700: 4698: 4688: 4676: 4665: 4652: 4646: 4639: 4625: 4616: 4613: 4604: 4595: 4585: 4569:German-speaking 4491: 4335: 4321: 4299:, Russians (in 4249:ethnolinguistic 4245: 4225: 4220: 4211:Danzig (Gdańsk) 4154:Social Democrat 4145: 4139: 3961:in Prussia and 3908: 3907: 3906: 3905: 3904: 3901: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3887: 3878: 3877: 3876: 3871:... during the 3869: 3860: 3859: 3836:Großer Ausschuß 3820: 3812:Main articles: 3810: 3741:, which became 3696:, which became 3672:population fled 3617: 3516:Garrison Church 3483: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3450: 3416:Altona, Hamburg 3404:Franz von Papen 3344:Catholic Centre 3297:Polish corridor 3233:Memel Territory 3229:North Schleswig 3202:Weimar Republic 3192:Because of the 3190: 3184: 3175: 3169: 3068: 3062: 3046:Hall of Mirrors 3036:), William was 2976: 2970: 2898:Peace of Prague 2839: 2833: 2791:The Kingdom of 2789: 2755: 2668: 2662: 2650:Congress Poland 2613:Sixth Coalition 2576:Duchy of Warsaw 2489: 2479:Napoleonic Wars 2477:Main articles: 2475: 2473:Napoleonic Wars 2240:King of Prussia 2236:King in Prussia 2213:King in Prussia 2202: 2196: 2051: 2043:Main articles: 2041: 1988: 1978:Prussian Homage 1976:Main articles: 1941:Prussian Homage 1933: 1927: 1834:Treaty of Melno 1791:Prussian tribes 1779:Duke of Masovia 1731: 1706: 1701: 1687: 1568: 1466:flag of Prussia 1420:Klaipėda Region 1295: 1212:Weimar Republic 1158:Crown of Poland 1053:Franz von Papen 1003: 1002: 985: 960: 956: 946: 908: 898: 893: 884: 881:Prussian thaler 879: 856: 846: 836: 813: 794:30 January 1934 791: 773:9 November 1918 770: 760:18 January 1701 757: 744: 731: 697: 691: 682: 680:Friedrich Ebert 676: 649: 643: 634: 628: 601: 595: 586: 580: 555: 544: 533: 528: 521: 513: 506: 501: 498:Feudal monarchy 476: 471: 466: 461: 457: 447: 442: 438: 435: 425: 424: 423: 362:Baltic Prussian 356: 347: 332: 316: 315: 308: 301: 294: 287: 273: 266: 259: 252: 240: 239: 238: 218: 214: 211: 210: 200: 198: 189: 187: 177: 175: 174: 172: 166: 164: 154:("God with us") 153: 152: 144: 127: 126: 125: 123: 118: 110: 109: 107: 102: 84: 77: 70: 63: 55: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8650: 8640: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8585: 8584: 8579: 8578: 8576: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8544: 8542: 8533: 8532: 8529: 8528: 8526: 8525: 8520: 8514: 8512: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8502: 8496: 8494: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8484: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8450: 8448: 8439: 8435: 8434: 8432: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8415: 8413: 8407: 8406: 8399: 8397: 8395: 8394: 8389: 8381: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8312: 8310: 8306: 8305: 8297: 8296: 8289: 8282: 8274: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8261: 8252: 8243: 8237: 8235: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8227: 8221: 8219: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8195: 8193: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8155: 8147: 8141: 8139: 8137:Principalities 8133: 8132: 8130: 8129: 8124: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8095: 8093: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8052: 8050: 8044: 8043: 8036: 8034: 8032: 8031: 8026: 8021: 7945: 7939: 7937: 7933: 7932: 7924: 7923: 7916: 7909: 7901: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7872: 7870: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7832: 7824: 7818: 7816: 7814:Principalities 7810: 7809: 7807: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7775: 7773: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7737: 7735: 7729: 7728: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7716: 7711: 7705: 7703: 7699: 7698: 7690: 7689: 7682: 7675: 7667: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7654: 7650: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7622: 7620: 7616: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7608: 7603: 7597: 7595: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7585: 7575: 7564: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7542: 7534: 7521: 7511: 7501: 7490: 7488: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7452: 7446: 7445:Principalities 7442: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7434: 7429: 7424:Hildburghausen 7421: 7413: 7405: 7397: 7388: 7386: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7376: 7368: 7360: 7352: 7343: 7341: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7313: 7308: 7302: 7296: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7252: 7250: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7236: 7234: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7200: 7198: 7194: 7193: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7181: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7168: 7160: 7159: 7152: 7145: 7137: 7128: 7127: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7101: 7081: 7073: 7068:Greater Berlin 7065: 7048: 7046: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7032: 7012: 7004: 6996: 6991:Rhine Province 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6955: 6949: 6947: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6926: 6910: 6898: 6882: 6874: 6858: 6846: 6838: 6826: 6817: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6783: 6775: 6759: 6739: 6719: 6714: 6708: 6706: 6700: 6699: 6690: 6689: 6682: 6675: 6667: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6648: 6647: 6642: 6636: 6624: 6618: 6611: 6610:External links 6608: 6607: 6606: 6585: 6578: 6568: 6558: 6552: 6539: 6532: 6524:Sagarra, Eda. 6522: 6512: 6502: 6491: 6481: 6471: 6462: 6446: 6436: 6426: 6419: 6413: 6400: 6390: 6380: 6370: 6361: 6351: 6344: 6335: 6317: 6307: 6297: 6280: 6269: 6255: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6200: 6185: 6163: 6150: 6142:(Date missing) 6131: 6118: 6102: 6089: 6072: 6066:Hajo Holborn, 6059: 6050: 6037: 6024: 5981: 5974: 5956: 5943: 5930: 5923: 5898: 5885: 5860: 5848: 5839: 5821: 5795: 5781: 5763: 5751: 5738: 5725: 5712: 5699: 5686: 5673: 5660: 5647: 5634: 5621: 5608: 5584: 5561: 5548: 5521: 5508: 5495: 5479: 5463: 5454:David Fraser, 5447: 5431: 5418: 5405: 5392: 5390:, pp. 195–208. 5379: 5370: 5357: 5344: 5331: 5318: 5305: 5292: 5275: 5262: 5253: 5247:Daniel Stone, 5240: 5219: 5192: 5179: 5177:(1976) p. 629. 5166: 5153: 5146:German History 5137: 5124: 5101: 5085: 5084: 5076: 5075: 5057: 5047: 5046: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5013: 5007: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4972: 4960: 4956: 4941: 4930: 4927:Prussian eagle 4917: 4916:Within Germany 4914: 4913: 4912: 4905: 4894:Federal Police 4890: 4879: 4864: 4861: 4850: 4839: 4822: 4805: 4802: 4765: 4764: 4679: 4677: 4670: 4664: 4661: 4648:Main article: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4626: 4619: 4617: 4605: 4598: 4596: 4586: 4579: 4538:Greater Poland 4490: 4487: 4428:Gendarmenmarkt 4320: 4317: 4279:(in Silesia), 4271:(in Lusatia), 4244: 4241: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4218:Social history 4216: 4141:Main article: 4138: 4135: 4105:established a 4091:prime minister 4054:chambers. The 3935:personal union 3902: 3895: 3894: 3893: 3888: 3881: 3880: 3879: 3870: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3849: 3809: 3806: 3789:following the 3783:a protectorate 3616: 3613: 3489:Hermann Göring 3478: 3472: 3466: 3449: 3446: 3263:, went to the 3245:Czechoslovakia 3241:Hultschin area 3186:Main article: 3183: 3180: 3171:Main article: 3168: 3165: 3064:Main article: 3061: 3058: 2972:Main article: 2969: 2966: 2856:reason for war 2835:Main article: 2832: 2829: 2788: 2787:Schleswig Wars 2785: 2781:German Emperor 2754: 2751: 2691:Burschenschaft 2664:Main article: 2661: 2658: 2551:Peace of Basel 2474: 2471: 2198:Main article: 2195: 2192: 2102:George William 2071:personal union 2066:John Sigismund 2040: 2037: 1929:Main article: 1926: 1923: 1884:Union of Krewo 1824:, and erected 1755:military order 1727:Main article: 1705: 1704:Teutonic Order 1702: 1686: 1683: 1567: 1564: 1554:), as well as 1499:, Hamburg and 1456: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1443: 1437: 1423: 1417: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1394: 1388: 1382: 1368: 1362: 1356: 1353:Teutonic Order 1350: 1344: 1338: 1332: 1329:Northern March 1323: 1322: 1309: 1308: 1294: 1291: 1226:Hermann Göring 1144:. The imposed 1126:monastic state 1110:military order 1028:secularization 1016:Prūsija, Prūsa 948: 947: 945: 944: 929: 921: 918: 917: 869: 865: 864: 861: 860: 857: 854: 851: 850: 847: 844: 841: 840: 837: 834: 831: 830: 827: 826: 822: 821: 818: 817: 814: 799: 796: 795: 792: 778: 775: 774: 771: 765: 762: 761: 758: 752: 749: 748: 747:27 August 1618 745: 739: 736: 735: 732: 726: 723: 722: 719: 718: 709: 708:Historical era 705: 704: 701: 700: 695:Hermann Göring 692: 689: 686: 685: 677: 674: 671: 670: 667: 666: 663: 657: 656: 653: 652: 644: 641: 638: 637: 629: 626: 623: 622: 619: 618: 615: 609: 608: 605: 604: 596: 593: 590: 589: 581: 578: 575: 574: 571: 570: 567: 561: 560: 495: 491: 490: 485: 479: 478: 431: 427: 426: 422: 421: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 358: 357: 352: 351: 342: 338: 337: 322: 318: 317: 302: 288: 274: 260: 246: 245: 242: 241: 216: 215: 190: 157: 156: 129: 128: 119: 112: 111: 103: 96: 95: 94: 91: 90: 86: 85: 56: 53: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8649: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8599: 8597: 8590: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8534: 8524: 8523:Sondershausen 8521: 8519: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8507: 8501: 8498: 8497: 8495: 8493: 8489: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8443: 8440: 8436: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8408: 8403: 8393: 8390: 8385: 8382: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8302: 8295: 8290: 8288: 8283: 8281: 8276: 8275: 8272: 8259: 8258: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8238: 8236: 8232: 8226: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8216: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8188: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8156: 8154: 8152:(Junior Line) 8148: 8146: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8138: 8134: 8128: 8125: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8096: 8094: 8092: 8088: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8049: 8048:Grand Duchies 8045: 8040: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7988: 7984: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7934: 7929: 7922: 7917: 7915: 7910: 7908: 7903: 7902: 7899: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7865: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7833: 7831: 7829:(Junior Line) 7825: 7823: 7820: 7819: 7817: 7815: 7811: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7768: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7734: 7733:Grand Duchies 7730: 7725: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7700: 7695: 7688: 7683: 7681: 7676: 7674: 7669: 7668: 7665: 7652: 7651: 7648: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7617: 7607: 7606:Sondershausen 7604: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7590: 7579: 7576: 7569: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7546: 7545:Reuss-Schleiz 7543: 7541: 7535: 7528: 7526:(Junior Line) 7522: 7515: 7512: 7505: 7502: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7483: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7461:Liechtenstein 7459: 7457: 7456:Hesse-Homburg 7454: 7453: 7450: 7447: 7443: 7433: 7430: 7425: 7422: 7417: 7414: 7409: 7406: 7401: 7398: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7381: 7372: 7369: 7364: 7361: 7356: 7353: 7348: 7345: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7336: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7300: 7297: 7293: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7249:Grand duchies 7247: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7195: 7190: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7165: 7158: 7153: 7151: 7146: 7144: 7139: 7138: 7135: 7124: 7120: 7112: 7106: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7082: 7077: 7074: 7069: 7066: 7062: 7057: 7056:Upper Silesia 7053: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7037: 7029: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7013: 7008: 7005: 7000: 6997: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6931: 6923: 6918: 6914: 6911: 6907: 6902: 6901:South Prussia 6899: 6895: 6890: 6886: 6883: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6855: 6850: 6847: 6842: 6839: 6835: 6830: 6827: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6787: 6784: 6779: 6776: 6772: 6767: 6763: 6760: 6756: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6740: 6736: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6701: 6696: 6688: 6683: 6681: 6676: 6674: 6669: 6668: 6665: 6659: 6652: 6646: 6643: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6586: 6583: 6579: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6545: 6540: 6537: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6447: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6406: 6401: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6362: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6349: 6345: 6343: 6342:online review 6338: 6332: 6328: 6327: 6322: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6227: 6226: 6214: 6210: 6204: 6197: 6196: 6189: 6173: 6167: 6160: 6154: 6140: 6135: 6128: 6122: 6116:41.2: 245-267 6115: 6112: 6106: 6099: 6093: 6086: 6082: 6076: 6069: 6063: 6054: 6047: 6041: 6034: 6028: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5985: 5977: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5953: 5947: 5940: 5934: 5926: 5920: 5916: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5895: 5889: 5874: 5870: 5864: 5855: 5853: 5843: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5758: 5756: 5749:, pp. 670–682 5748: 5742: 5736:, pp. 655–670 5735: 5729: 5723:, pp. 647–648 5722: 5716: 5709: 5703: 5696: 5690: 5684:, pp. 630–639 5683: 5677: 5670: 5664: 5657: 5651: 5644: 5638: 5631: 5625: 5618: 5612: 5605: 5601: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5580: 5575: 5573: 5565: 5558: 5552: 5536: 5532: 5525: 5518: 5512: 5505: 5499: 5492: 5486: 5484: 5476: 5470: 5468: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5444: 5438: 5436: 5429:(1970) p. 39. 5428: 5422: 5415: 5409: 5402: 5396: 5389: 5383: 5374: 5367: 5361: 5354: 5348: 5341: 5335: 5328: 5322: 5315: 5309: 5302: 5296: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5272: 5266: 5257: 5250: 5244: 5237: 5236:0-15-524712-3 5233: 5229: 5223: 5216: 5215:lizard union. 5212: 5208: 5207: 5201: 5196: 5190:(1982) p. 81. 5189: 5183: 5176: 5170: 5164:(1978) p. 35. 5163: 5157: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5134: 5128: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5097: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4996: 4984: 4980: 4979: 4970: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4939: 4938:Hohenzollerns 4935: 4931: 4928: 4924: 4923:Saxony-Anhalt 4920: 4919: 4910: 4906: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4823: 4820: 4819:German Empire 4816: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4801: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4771:German states 4761: 4758: 4750: 4739: 4736: 4732: 4729: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4715: 4711: 4708: – 4707: 4703: 4702:Find sources: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4680:This section 4678: 4674: 4669: 4668: 4660: 4658: 4651: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4623: 4618: 4609: 4602: 4597: 4594: 4590: 4583: 4578: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4559:in 1919, the 4558: 4553: 4551: 4550:Upper Silesia 4547: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4399: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4353:confessions: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4330: 4329:Old Lutherans 4326: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4237:German Empire 4229: 4212: 4208: 4205:spanned from 4204: 4201:coastline of 4200: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4161:Carl Severing 4158: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3959:Oberratsstube 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3899: 3885: 3874: 3867: 3858: 3855: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3706:Saxony-Anhalt 3703: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3580: 3575: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3464: 3458: 3454: 3445: 3443: 3442:Preußenschlag 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3412:Bloody Sunday 3409: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3399:Preußenschlag 3394: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3379:Carl Severing 3376: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3364:Upper Silesia 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3261:Upper Silesia 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3189: 3179: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3141: 3140:Frederick III 3137: 3135: 3134:Germanisation 3131: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3117: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3081: 3072: 3067: 3066:German Empire 3060:German Empire 3057: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3020: 3019:German Empire 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2965: 2963: 2957: 2955: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2838: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2767:In 1862 King 2763: 2759: 2750: 2748: 2747: 2741: 2740:three classes 2737: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2683:conservatives 2677: 2672: 2667: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2602: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2444:Royal Prussia 2441: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2413:, "the Great" 2412: 2407: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2368:Great Britain 2366: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2350:(part of the 2349: 2345: 2344:Upper Silesia 2341: 2340:Lower Silesia 2337: 2332: 2330: 2329:Maria Theresa 2326: 2323: 2320:(1740–1748). 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2306:Silesian Wars 2303: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2173: 2169: 2168:Great Elector 2164: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2050: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1958:Ducal Prussia 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1922: 1920: 1914: 1912: 1911:Royal Prussia 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1862: 1857: 1856: 1849: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1783:pagan Prussia 1780: 1777:, the Polish 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1733:In 1211 King 1730: 1723: 1718: 1710: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1594:in Germany); 1593: 1589: 1588:Saxony-Anhalt 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1551: 1550: 1542: 1538: 1537:Old Prussians 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1468:, depicted a 1467: 1463: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1341:Old Prussians 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1290: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1202: 1197: 1196: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1150:Royal Prussia 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1098:Old Prussians 1095: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1071:Prussian Army 1068: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1051: 1047: 1044:dissolved by 1043: 1042: 1037: 1036:German Empire 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1006: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 981: 954: 942: 940: 933: 926: 922: 919: 914: 913: 906: 904: 896: 890: 889: 888:Vereinsthaler 882: 876: 875: 870: 866: 862: 858: 852: 848: 842: 838: 832: 828: 823: 819: 815: 810: 809: 803: 797: 793: 789: 787: 782: 776: 772: 769: 763: 759: 756: 750: 746: 743: 737: 734:10 April 1525 733: 730: 724: 720: 717: 713: 710: 706: 702: 696: 693: 687: 681: 678: 672: 668: 664: 662: 658: 654: 648: 645: 639: 633: 630: 624: 620: 616: 614: 610: 606: 600: 597: 591: 585: 582: 576: 572: 568: 566: 562: 558: 553: 550: 547: 542: 539: 536: 535:Authoritarian 531: 527: 524: 519: 516: 512: 511:parliamentary 509: 504: 499: 496: 492: 489: 486: 484: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 451: 446: 441: 437: 432: 428: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 398:Lower Sorbian 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 363: 360: 359: 355: 350: 346: 343: 339: 335: 328: 323: 319: 312: 311:German Empire 306: 298: 292: 284: 278: 270: 264: 256: 250: 243: 207: 206: 196: 194: 186: 184: 183: 171: 170: 162: 158: 151: 149: 148:Nobiscum deus 143: 141: 140: 134: 130: 122: 116: 106: 100: 92: 87: 81: 74: 67: 60: 51: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 8589: 8536:Unrecognized 8482:(until 1920) 8387:(until 1929) 8257:Mitteleuropa 8248:Mittelafrika 8160:(Elder Line) 8158:Reuss-Greiz 8122:(until 1876) 8114:Coburg-Gotha 8017:West Prussia 7974:Hohenzollern 7970:Hesse-Nassau 7962:East Prussia 7837:(Elder Line) 7835:Reuss-Greiz 7794:Coburg-Gotha 7582:(until 1850) 7572:(until 1850) 7560:Hohenzollern 7549:(until 1848) 7539:(Elder Line) 7537:Reuss-Greiz 7508:(until 1824) 7498:(until 1824) 7427:(until 1826) 7419:(until 1826) 7408:Coburg-Gotha 7403:(until 1826) 7374:(until 1847) 7366:(until 1863) 7358:(until 1863) 7240:Hesse-Kassel 7023:Hesse-Nassau 7007:Hohenzollern 6889:West Prussia 6694: 6593: 6589: 6581: 6571: 6561: 6543: 6535: 6525: 6516: 6505: 6494: 6484: 6474: 6466: 6450: 6439: 6438:Koch, H. W. 6429: 6422: 6404: 6393: 6383: 6373: 6365: 6354: 6347: 6325: 6310: 6300: 6286: 6272: 6261: 6234: 6230: 6208: 6203: 6194: 6188: 6176:. Retrieved 6172:"Geschichte" 6166: 6153: 6134: 6126: 6121: 6113: 6105: 6097: 6092: 6080: 6075: 6067: 6062: 6053: 6045: 6040: 6032: 6027: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5965: 5959: 5951: 5946: 5933: 5914: 5893: 5888: 5876:. Retrieved 5872: 5863: 5842: 5747:Iron Kingdom 5746: 5741: 5734:Iron Kingdom 5733: 5728: 5721:Iron Kingdom 5720: 5715: 5707: 5702: 5695:Iron Kingdom 5694: 5689: 5682:Iron Kingdom 5681: 5676: 5671:, pp 620–624 5669:Iron Kingdom 5668: 5663: 5655: 5650: 5642: 5637: 5629: 5624: 5616: 5611: 5592: 5587: 5577:– via 5571: 5564: 5557:Iron Kingdom 5556: 5551: 5539:. Retrieved 5534: 5524: 5517:Iron Kingdom 5516: 5511: 5504:Iron Kingdom 5503: 5498: 5491:Iron Kingdom 5490: 5475:Iron Kingdom 5474: 5455: 5450: 5443:Iron Kingdom 5442: 5426: 5421: 5413: 5408: 5400: 5395: 5387: 5382: 5373: 5365: 5360: 5352: 5347: 5342:pp. 100–102. 5339: 5338:H. W. Koch, 5334: 5326: 5321: 5313: 5308: 5301:Iron Kingdom 5300: 5295: 5283: 5278: 5270: 5269:H. W. Koch, 5265: 5256: 5248: 5243: 5227: 5222: 5214: 5205: 5195: 5187: 5182: 5174: 5169: 5161: 5160:H. W. Koch, 5156: 5145: 5140: 5132: 5127: 5118: 5095: 5089: 5080: 5079: 5060: 5051: 5042: 5041: 5010:Altes Museum 4868:state visits 4829:example the 4791: 4768: 4753: 4744: 4734: 4727: 4720: 4713: 4701: 4689:Please help 4684:verification 4681: 4653: 4631: 4571:populations 4565:World War II 4554: 4536:The area of 4535: 4492: 4484: 4481: 4461:West Prussia 4446: 4401: 4396: 4379:Hesse-Nassau 4336: 4315:and others. 4246: 4234: 4203:East Prussia 4169: 4146: 4126: 4119:Erste Kammer 4118: 4094: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4051: 4047: 4046:(from 1713: 4043: 4031: 4025: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3978: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3951:Geheimer Rat 3950: 3946: 3943:Geheimer Rat 3942: 3924: 3922:(1618–1648) 3915: 3909: 3854:Hohenzollern 3843: 3835: 3831: 3821: 3795: 3751:Lower Saxony 3743:West Germany 3736: 3721: 3717: 3698:East Germany 3691: 3676: 3637: 3600: 3597:World War II 3594: 3583: 3576: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3549: 3539: 3506:having been 3501: 3486: 3457:Adolf Hitler 3441: 3437: 3423: 3397: 3395: 3372: 3360:Adolf Hitler 3337: 3333: 3316:West Prussia 3289:East Prussia 3279:. Also, the 3257:West Prussia 3210: 3206:constitution 3197: 3191: 3176: 3154: 3138: 3130:Centre Party 3119: 3112: 3084: 3077: 3023: 3003:Napoleon III 2999:Ems Dispatch 2988: 2958: 2951: 2941: 2938:Hohenzollern 2930:constitution 2926: 2902:Hesse-Kassel 2895: 2860: 2848: 2817: 2790: 2766: 2744: 2733: 2726:constitution 2723: 2715:constitution 2713:and grant a 2700: 2680: 2616: 2606: 2599: 2580: 2566:. Under the 2544: 2502: 2456: 2447: 2433: 2420:great powers 2416: 2411:Frederick II 2376:Hesse-Kassel 2333: 2294:Frederick II 2291: 2244: 2224:Crown Treaty 2217: 2176: 2118: 2091: 2052: 1989: 1950:Polish Crown 1939: 1915: 1892: 1865: 1850: 1842: 1826:Memel Castle 1795: 1743:Transylvania 1732: 1664: 1631: 1628:Hohenzollern 1624:Hesse-Nassau 1576:East Prussia 1569: 1544: 1514: 1513: 1474: 1459: 1278: 1274:irredentists 1246:Soviet Union 1234:World War II 1219: 1205: 1173:great powers 1170: 1093: 1091: 1056: 1055:in 1932 and 1039: 1015: 1012:Old Prussian 952: 951: 936: 932: 925: 878:(until 1750) 874:Reichsthaler 855:• 1939 845:• 1871 835:• 1816 784: 716:Contemporary 675:• 1918 552:dictatorship 549:single-party 538:presidential 458: 439: 433: 353: 344: 193:Royal anthem 191: 178: 168: 160: 145: 139:Gott mit uns 135: 133:Motto: 132: 121:Coat of arms 47: 8573:Würzburg SR 8548:Bavarian SR 8510:Schwarzburg 8411:City-states 8392:Württemberg 8379:(from 1920) 8303:(1919–1933) 8191:City-states 8150:Reuss-Gera 8029:Württemberg 7958:Brandenburg 7950:as a whole 7930:(1871–1918) 7868:City-states 7827:Reuss-Gera 7696:(1866–1871) 7619:Free cities 7593:Schwarzburg 7578:Sigmaringen 7531:(from 1848) 7524:Reuss-Gera 7518:(1824-1848) 7411:(from 1826) 7395:(from 1826) 7350:(from 1863) 7319:(from 1839) 7233:Electorates 7224:Württemberg 7166:(1815–1866) 7119:Lower Rhine 7002:(1824–1878) 6953:Brandenburg 6917:New Silesia 6877:East Frisia 6750:Halberstadt 6704:Before 1701 6697:(1525–1947) 6174:(in German) 5537:(in German) 5016:Bode Museum 4976:In churches 4909:Brandenburg 4887:Chancellors 4866:As part of 4614: 1900 4515:Lithuanians 4477:Kulturkampf 4451:, parts of 4416:dragonnades 4381:. In 1613, 4367:Brandenburg 4355:Lutheranism 4347:Reformation 4333:Kulturkampf 4255:(including 4176:at the time 4107:two-chamber 4022:Collection) 3873:Renaissance 3702:Brandenburg 3508:set on fire 3408:coup d'état 3308:World War I 3271:became the 3121:Kulturkampf 3104:Württemberg 3034:Frederick I 2867:Württemberg 2717:. When the 2499:, 1600–1795 2365:allied with 2253:during the 2220:Frederick I 2209:Frederick I 2092:During the 2000:main square 1946:Jan Matejko 1870:and to the 1855:Ostsiedlung 1753:, a German 1652:Kaliningrad 1642:, Poland); 1580:Brandenburg 1560:Lithuanians 1549:Ostsiedlung 1525:Frederick I 1516:Suum cuique 1505:Brandenburg 1489:embroidered 1483:and by the 1470:black eagle 1450:Brandenburg 1442:(from 1945) 1436:(from 1945) 1349:(1157–1618) 1302:Brandenburg 1300:History of 1281:Prussianism 1270:revanchists 1128:was mostly 916:(1924–1947) 907:(1914–1923) 897:(1873–1914) 892:(1857–1873) 883:(1750–1857) 632:Frederick I 599:Frederick I 559:(1945–1947) 554:(1933–1945) 543:(1932–1933) 532:(1918–1932) 520:(1848–1918) 505:(1701–1848) 500:(1525–1701) 472:0.2% Other 459:Minorities: 354:Minorities: 309:Within the 295:Within the 281:Within the 267:Within the 253:Within the 199:(1795–1918) 182:Preußenlied 176:(1830–1840) 165:(1820–1830) 124:(1701–1871) 108:(1803–1892) 8596:Categories 8558:Bottleneck 8539:separatist 8518:Rudolstadt 8474:Saxe-Gotha 8438:Until 1920 8013:Westphalia 7601:Rudolstadt 7266:Luxembourg 7043:after 1918 6986:Westphalia 6813:After 1701 6801:St. Thomas 6791:Gold Coast 6730:Ravensberg 6553:0415129389 6414:0691007969 6178:17 January 5579:Wikisource 5119:tacitus.nu 5038:References 4878:is played. 4858:Bundeswehr 4854:Iron Cross 4747:March 2024 4717:newspapers 4544:after the 4527:Kursenieki 4507:Kashubians 4453:Westphalia 4436:Germanised 4375:Westphalia 4351:Protestant 4313:Hungarians 4223:Population 4195:Kursenieki 4157:Otto Braun 4127:Herrenhaus 4085:appointed 4073:until the 4052:Amtskammer 3972:Kreditwerk 3967:Amtskammer 3939:real union 3844:Kreditwerk 3832:Kreditwerk 3660:Königsberg 3609:Wartheland 3406:. In this 3375:Otto Braun 3368:Communists 3356:Nazi Party 3281:Saargebiet 3157:Wilhelm II 3050:Versailles 3038:proclaimed 2771:appointed 2696:Zollverein 2637:Westphalia 2607:After the 2587:Hardenberg 2529:one church 2495:Growth of 2325:Charles VI 2106:Königsberg 1964:from King 1861:Low German 1771:Baltic Sea 1739:Burzenland 1679:Baltic Sea 1648:Königsberg 1632:Kornkammer 1604:Westphalia 1529:Iron Cross 1130:Germanised 1075:Königsberg 912:Reichsmark 903:Papiermark 859:41,915,040 849:24,689,000 839:10,349,000 825:Population 647:Wilhelm II 494:Government 483:Demonym(s) 477:0.1% Other 418:Slovincian 403:Kursenieki 393:Lithuanian 368:Low German 327:Königsberg 105:State flag 8553:Bremen SR 8541:movements 8469:Meiningen 8454:Altenburg 8376:Thuringia 8356:Oldenburg 8331:Brunswick 8127:Meiningen 8119:Lauenburg 8109:Altenburg 8104:Brunswick 8076:Oldenburg 7997:Rhineland 7978:Pomerania 7804:Meiningen 7799:Lauenburg 7789:Altenburg 7784:Brunswick 7756:Oldenburg 7653:partially 7631:Frankfurt 7568:Hechingen 7432:Meiningen 7392:Altenburg 7329:Lauenburg 7306:Brunswick 7281:Oldenburg 7117:From the 7092:Kurhessen 7088:Magdeburg 6966:Pomerania 6942:(1814–15) 6821:Neuchâtel 6778:Magdeburg 6251:145574435 6019:159976974 5368:, p. 105. 5081:Citations 4898:Feldjäger 4831:Bundesrat 4783:concordat 4706:"Prussia" 4644:Education 4511:Masurians 4449:Rhineland 4442:Masurians 4371:Rhineland 4363:Calvinist 4359:Calvinism 4277:Moravians 4243:Ethnicity 4193:In 1649, 4150:Ruhr Area 4081:and King 3734:in 1990. 3728:recreated 3712:going to 3644:Pomerania 3571:Gauleiter 3512:Reichstag 3436:imposing 3285:Saarpfalz 3237:Lithuania 3198:Freistaat 2984:Wilhelm I 2953:Bundesrat 2943:Reichstag 2934:president 2910:Frankfurt 2797:Schleswig 2769:Wilhelm I 2639:, 40% of 2633:Rhineland 2463:gymnasium 2452:Huguenots 2436:Oderbruch 2431:dynasty. 2228:Leopold I 2222:. In the 2188:Huguenots 2081:lands of 2079:Rhineland 2023:became a 1998:, in the 1956:receives 1876:Pomerelia 1840:in 1422. 1822:Curonians 1818:Skalvians 1759:crusading 1675:Lithuania 1669:cut both 1610:(without 1600:Rhineland 1596:Pomerania 1592:Thuringia 1566:Territory 1493:Hanseatic 1460:The main 1414:Działdowo 1262:far-right 1210:. In the 1168:in 1701. 1138:Polonised 1118:Pomerelia 1108:medieval 1092:The name 1081:in 1701, 987:‹See Tfd› 802:Abolition 781:Abolition 474:Christian 454:Calvinist 440:Majority: 430:Religion 413:Wymysorys 408:Kashubian 345:Official: 173:"Prussia" 89:1525–1947 7936:Kingdoms 7702:Kingdoms 7355:Bernburg 7311:Holstein 7197:Kingdoms 7113:in 1848. 6829:Guelders 6786:Colonies 6630:Archived 6574:(1955) 6572:Bismarck 6508:(1991). 6487:(1996). 6323:(2000). 6303:(1955) 6279:; 862pp. 6159:Volltext 6139:Archived 5878:27 March 5697:, p. 652 5630:Bismarck 5600:Archived 5593:Daedalus 5519:ch 13–14 5386:Asprey, 5018:, Berlin 5012:, Berlin 5006:, Berlin 4990:See also 4896:and the 4821:in 1871. 4787:Holy See 4519:Walloons 4503:Dutchmen 4499:Frisians 4467:and the 4439:Lutheran 4404:Huguenot 4319:Religion 4309:Italians 4297:Walloons 4289:Frisians 4032:de facto 3997:de facto 3957:, named 3718:de facto 3550:landtage 3326:and the 3167:Railways 3126:Liberals 3040:"German 2948:suffrage 2801:Holstein 2601:Landwehr 2556:Napoleon 2521:Lutheran 2429:Cirksena 2392:Voltaire 2263:Salzburg 2259:Mirabeau 2238:", not " 2172:his wife 2153:Bromberg 2127:to King 2025:Lutheran 2008:Albert I 1972:in 1525. 1787:crusades 1775:Konrad I 1737:granted 1656:Klaipėda 1636:Szczecin 1250:expelled 1244:and the 1132:through 1124:. Their 1106:Catholic 1041:de facto 1018:) was a 868:Currency 786:de facto 584:Albert I 541:republic 518:monarchy 488:Prussian 464:Catholic 450:Lutheran 169:Borussia 80:Prussian 18:Prussian 8602:Prussia 8568:Rhenish 8563:Bavaria 8424:Hamburg 8384:Waldeck 8361:Prussia 8326:Bavaria 8204:Hamburg 8091:Duchies 8009:Silesia 7966:Hanover 7948:Prussia 7943:Bavaria 7881:Hamburg 7771:Duchies 7709:Prussia 7636:Hamburg 7316:Limburg 7295:Duchies 7219:Hanover 7209:Bavaria 7204:Prussia 7179:Austria 7172:Empires 7109:Became 7028:1866–68 7019:Hanover 6981:Silesia 6894:1772–73 6861:Silesia 6856:/ 1815) 6766:Draheim 6695:Prussia 6564:(1945) 6528:(1977) 6497:(1986) 6489:excerpt 6442:(1987) 6396:(1958) 6386:(1969) 6376:(1958) 6313:(1937) 6275:(1938) 6195:YouTube 6100:(1980). 6011:2639865 5954:(1976). 5896:(1986). 5745:Clark, 5732:Clark, 5719:Clark, 5693:Clark, 5680:Clark, 5667:Clark, 5619:(2007). 5597:online 5555:Clark, 5541:3 April 5515:Clark, 5502:Clark, 5489:Clark, 5473:Clark, 5458:(2001) 5441:Clark, 5299:Clark, 5238:p. 629. 4953:Landrat 4794:culture 4731:scholar 4465:Ermland 4457:Silesia 4432:Masuria 4301:Wojnowo 4257:Kashubs 4184:Landtag 4036:emperor 3937:into a 3737:In the 3723:Bezirke 3692:In the 3668:Stettin 3664:Breslau 3648:Silesia 3520:Potsdam 3225:Belgium 3221:Malmedy 3096:Bavaria 3042:Emperor 3030:Hungary 2982:Kaiser 2875:Hanover 2873:), and 2863:Bavaria 2793:Denmark 2687:Austria 2591:serfdom 2372:Hanover 2298:Silesia 2063:Elector 2029:Vistula 1919:Junkers 1814:Estonia 1806:Livonia 1749:to the 1747:fiefdom 1685:History 1620:Hanover 1608:Silesia 1541:Germans 1432:within 1430:Masuria 1406:Present 1377:within 1306:Prussia 1293:Symbols 1201:Germans 1195:Junkers 1142:Masovia 1094:Prussia 1058:de jure 1030:of the 995:Preußen 953:Prussia 900:German 808:de jure 800:• 779:• 766:• 753:• 740:• 727:• 683:(first) 635:(first) 587:(first) 523:Federal 508:Federal 388:Swedish 383:Frisian 321:Capital 313:in 1871 299:in 1870 285:in 1815 271:in 1797 257:in 1714 161:Anthem: 59:Preußen 54:Prussia 8459:Coburg 8446:Ernest 8429:Lübeck 8419:Bremen 8366:Saxony 8316:Anhalt 8309:States 8209:Lübeck 8199:Bremen 8099:Anhalt 8024:Saxony 8001:Saxony 7954:Berlin 7886:Lübeck 7876:Bremen 7779:Anhalt 7714:Saxony 7641:Lübeck 7626:Bremen 7371:Köthen 7363:Dessau 7347:Anhalt 7324:Nassau 7214:Saxony 7099:(1944) 7096:Nassau 7079:(1922) 7071:(1920) 7010:(1850) 6994:(1822) 6976:Saxony 6937:Vienna 6880:(1744) 6844:(1719) 6824:(1707) 6796:Arguin 6781:(1680) 6746:Minden 6722:Cleves 6576:online 6566:online 6550: 6530:online 6510:online 6499:online 6479:online 6458: 6444:online 6434:online 6411: 6398:online 6388:online 6378:online 6359:online 6333: 6315:online 6305:online 6293: 6277:online 6249: 6213:online 6085:online 6017: 6009: 5972: 5939:online 5921: 5574: 5460:online 5364:Koch, 5288:online 5273:p. 33. 5234: 5150:online 4969:Minden 4826:Berlin 4733: 4726: 4719: 4712: 4704: 4529:, and 4523:Czechs 4473:Polish 4331:, and 4305:French 4273:Czechs 4261:Mazurs 4199:Baltic 4005:Akzise 4001:Akzise 3993:Akzise 3979:Akzise 3875:period 3730:after 3683:Stalin 3670:. The 3666:, and 3656:Danzig 3590:Lübeck 3579:Hitler 3480: 3474: 3468: 3269:Danzig 3239:; the 3100:Saxony 2906:Nassau 2885:under 2871:Saxony 2641:Saxony 2593:, the 2485:, and 2400:Athens 2396:Sparta 2388:Russia 2384:France 2380:Saxony 2170:" and 2149:Wehlau 2125:homage 2121:Warsaw 2098:Swedes 2083:Cleves 2004:Kraków 1984:, and 1970:Poland 1880:Danzig 1868:papacy 1832:. The 1810:Latvia 1773:area. 1697:, and 1671:Poland 1640:Gdańsk 1584:Saxony 1501:Lübeck 1497:Bremen 1446:Berlin 1426:Warmia 1286:Junker 1254:Allies 1214:, the 1122:Danzig 1083:Berlin 1020:German 991:German 698:(last) 665: 650:(last) 617: 602:(last) 569: 469:Jewish 462:33.8% 443:64.6% 378:Danish 373:Polish 349:German 334:Berlin 197: 163: 76: 66:German 62: 43:Persia 39:Russia 8500:Reuss 8492:Reuss 8464:Gotha 8341:Lippe 8336:Hesse 8321:Baden 8234:Other 8145:Lippe 8056:Baden 7993:Posen 7822:Lippe 7486:Reuss 7466:Lippe 7256:Baden 7052:Lower 6865:Glatz 6247:S2CID 6148:(PDF) 6070:2:274 6015:S2CID 6007:JSTOR 5559:ch 14 5506:ch 10 5493:ch 11 5477:ch 12 4965:Wesel 4959:arms. 4798:sport 4796:, in 4738:JSTOR 4724:books 4636:Poles 4587:King 4531:Sorbs 4495:Danes 4293:Dutch 4281:Danes 4269:Sorbs 4253:Poles 3775:Baden 3755:Hesse 3497:NSDAP 3438:Reich 3312:Posen 3253:Posen 3217:Eupen 3015:Baden 2879:Italy 2674:King 2583:Stein 2564:Memel 2538:King 2527:into 2409:King 2284:King 2267:Neman 2166:The " 1960:as a 1830:Memel 1808:(now 1745:as a 1556:Poles 1120:with 467:1.3% 73:Prūsa 7121:and 7061:1919 6922:1795 6906:1793 6885:East 6870:1742 6854:1720 6834:1713 6771:1657 6755:1648 6735:1614 6726:Mark 6548:ISBN 6456:ISBN 6409:ISBN 6331:ISBN 6291:ISBN 6180:2024 5970:ISBN 5919:ISBN 5880:2023 5543:2023 5445:ch 7 5303:ch 4 5232:ISBN 4981:The 4967:and 4951:and 4841:The 4769:The 4710:news 4606:The 4377:and 4357:and 4337:The 4285:Jews 4275:and 4174:and 3816:and 3769:and 3761:and 3704:and 3646:and 3607:and 3601:Gaue 3561:Gaue 3502:The 3346:and 3314:and 3255:and 3219:and 3102:and 3085:The 2918:Main 2908:and 2865:and 2799:and 2645:Ruhr 2585:and 2523:and 2386:and 2374:and 2151:and 2133:fief 2114:army 2087:Mark 2085:and 2047:and 1962:fief 1893:The 1878:and 1843:The 1812:and 1767:Acre 1673:and 1644:Riga 1558:and 1545:see 1448:and 1373:and 1304:and 1272:and 1221:Gaue 1185:Ruhr 613:King 565:Duke 546:Nazi 6598:doi 6239:doi 5999:doi 5211:628 4693:by 4426:on 4410:by 4303:), 4209:to 4172:now 4097:). 3631:'s 3603:of 3566:Gau 3518:of 3414:of 3358:of 3243:to 3235:to 3223:to 3048:at 2775:as 1968:of 1944:by 1785:in 1765:at 1757:of 1741:in 1614:); 1112:of 1061:by 1048:to 714:to 41:or 8598:: 8015:, 8011:, 8007:, 8003:, 7999:, 7995:, 7991:, 7976:, 7972:, 7968:, 7964:, 7960:, 7956:, 7094:/ 7090:/ 7086:/ 7054:/ 7021:/ 7017:/ 6915:/ 6887:/ 6863:/ 6764:/ 6748:/ 6744:/ 6728:/ 6724:/ 6594:44 6592:. 6546:. 6285:. 6245:. 6235:38 6233:. 6013:. 6005:. 5995:39 5993:. 5901:^ 5871:. 5851:^ 5824:^ 5798:^ 5784:^ 5766:^ 5754:^ 5482:^ 5466:^ 5434:^ 5213:. 5117:. 5104:^ 5069:, 4947:, 4885:, 4789:. 4611:c. 4575:. 4533:. 4525:, 4521:, 4505:, 4501:, 4497:, 4463:, 4459:, 4444:. 4373:, 4369:, 4327:, 4311:, 4307:, 4295:, 4291:, 4287:, 3793:. 3765:. 3757:, 3753:, 3749:, 3681:. 3662:, 3658:, 3592:. 3527:. 3430:SA 3342:, 3322:; 3299:. 3267:. 3227:; 3208:. 3136:. 3098:, 3056:. 3021:. 2964:. 2924:. 2904:, 2858:. 2783:. 2656:. 2635:, 2531:. 2481:, 2448:of 2390:. 2370:, 2331:. 2277:. 2211:, 2089:. 2006:, 1980:, 1952:, 1693:, 1622:; 1618:; 1606:; 1602:; 1598:; 1582:; 1578:; 1428:, 1276:. 1236:. 1089:. 1014:: 1010:; 993:: 984:, 812:) 790:) 452:, 8293:e 8286:t 8279:v 8019:) 7989:) 7952:( 7920:e 7913:t 7906:v 7686:e 7679:t 7672:v 7156:e 7149:t 7142:v 7125:. 7063:) 7059:( 7030:) 7026:( 6924:) 6920:( 6908:) 6904:( 6896:) 6892:( 6872:) 6868:( 6852:( 6836:) 6832:( 6773:) 6769:( 6757:) 6753:( 6737:) 6733:( 6686:e 6679:t 6672:v 6604:. 6600:: 6556:. 6501:. 6469:. 6417:. 6368:. 6339:. 6253:. 6241:: 6215:) 6182:. 6161:. 6087:. 6021:. 6001:: 5978:. 5941:. 5927:. 5882:. 5606:. 5581:. 5545:. 5290:. 5121:. 5073:) 4971:. 4940:. 4929:. 4860:. 4838:. 4760:) 4754:( 4749:) 4745:( 4735:· 4728:· 4721:· 4714:· 4687:. 4630:( 4213:. 4125:( 4093:( 4058:( 4018:( 1543:( 980:/ 977:ə 974:ʃ 971:ʌ 968:r 965:p 962:ˈ 959:/ 955:( 804:( 783:( 456:) 448:( 209:" 201:" 195:: 82:) 78:( 68:) 64:( 45:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index