401:
40:
437:. The device had evidently never been subjected to rigorous testing before being approved for production and wartime use. To the consternation of the Cipher Bureau chiefs, the two mathematicians made short work of the
709:
542:. The other three men were sent as slave labor to Germany, where Palluth and Fokczyński perished. All five men protected the secret of Allied decryption of the Enigma cipher.
526:, were captured by the Germans as they tried to cross from France into Spain on the night of 10–11 March 1943. Three other Poles were captured with them,
535:
1082:
1067:
998:
211:
1077:
1013:
471:
of the prewar Cipher Bureau's
Russian section, and Captain François Lane, a French officer accompanying the three Poles.
696:
333:
1072:
1052:
500:
Rejewski and
Zygalski eventually crossed into Spain, where they were arrested and imprisoned. Released after
991:
204:
67:
245:, from September 1940 to 9 November 1942. During this period southern France was under the control of
961:
812:
685:
Enigma: How the German
Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two
1087:
347:
Bertrand remained an officer of the official French intelligence service, nominally controlled by "
1057:
894:
733:
680:
599:
523:
448:
984:
973:
783:
765:
475:
197:
129:
77:
1062:
234:
930:
817:
800:
788:
688:
576:
184:
102:
92:
82:
57:
729:
531:
415:
One unusual task came in July 1941. The Polish Cipher Bureau chiefs asked Polish analysts
8:
965:
482:. When the French authorities there submitted to the Allies and broke with Vichy France,
969:
910:
795:
753:
581:
460:
296:
87:
948:
725:
721:
677:("Enigma: the Greatest Enigma of the War of 1939–1945"), Paris, Librairie Plon, 1973.
464:
352:
308:
692:
741:
670:
539:
325:
304:
939:
749:
551:
468:
300:
919:
905:
824:
757:
745:
479:
459:
staff sailing to France in one of these exchanges were lost. Those lost included
420:
416:
378:
362:
staff to the unoccupied area of southern France. At the Château des Fouzes, near
107:
957:
924:
708:
527:
318:
276:
114:
47:
1046:
1028:
1015:
571:
509:
434:
262:
400:
881:
850:
845:
737:
561:
556:
519:
348:
250:
246:
230:
124:
272:
119:
24:
451:, which periodically exchanged staff with Uzès. When the passenger ship
805:
483:
393:
comprised 15 Poles, 9 Frenchmen, and 7 Spaniards (the latter worked on
284:
97:
501:
407:
Top Polish analysts
Zygalski, Różycki, and Rejewski. Photo taken at
857:
566:
505:
367:
313:
267:
161:
386:
355:. But Bertrand and the service retained substantial independence.
20:
504:
intercessions, they went to
Britain. There they were employed by
341:
336:. Two days later, Major Bertrand flew the essential personnel of
463:, one of the Cipher Bureau's three mathematician-cryptologists,
363:
238:
829:
425:
258:
242:
389:.) There they resumed work against Axis ciphers. The staff at
39:
394:
382:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
493:
on 9 November, two days before the German forces moved. The
691:, Frederick, MD, University Publications of America, 1984,
497:
staff dispersed, attempting to reach Allied territory.
675:
Enigma ou la plus grande énigme de la guerre 1939–1945
489:
Major
Bertrand, anticipating this outcome, evacuated
271:
was reassembled, and worked against German and other
358:In September 1940, Bertrand secretly returned the
317:, where the Poles worked, via teletype line, with
1044:
351:", the quasi-collaborationist regime headed by
992:
455:mysteriously sank on 9 January 1942, several
332:had to be evacuated. On 22 June 1940, France
205:
447:had a branch office in Algeria, directed by
999:
985:
212:
198:
707:
399:
366:, they formed a new intelligence center
319:British cryptologists at Bletchley Park
23:. For the commune in Tarn, France, see
16:French World War II intelligence center
1045:
411:between September 1940 and June 1941.
508:until the war's end, against German
423:to test the security of the Polish
13:
14:
1099:
748:(in back, wearing glasses). 14.
740:. 8. Mary Bertrand, wife of: 9.
297:German conquest of Poland in 1939
1083:1942 disestablishments in France
484:Germany occupied southern France
377:was apparently derived from the
334:signed an armistice with Germany
285:Germany occupied southern France
38:
1068:Spanish people of World War II
703:
648:
635:
622:
609:
593:
275:ciphers, including the German
1:
1078:1940 establishments in France
664:
480:landed in French North Africa
265:who had previously worked at
945:Russian Section cryptologist
900:German Section cryptologists
7:
889:Chief of Radio Intelligence
687:, edited and translated by
545:
538:. Langer and Ciężki became
19:For the city in Spain, see
10:
1104:
518:s Polish military chiefs,
290:
18:
326:German invasion of France
303:escaped to France. Major
33:The Enigma cipher machine
936:Chief of Russian Section
587:
891:Chief of German Section
299:, key personnel of the
1073:Spanish cryptographers
1053:Cipher Bureau (Poland)
776:Methods and technology
761:
712:Polish-French-Spanish
412:
397:and Spanish ciphers).
711:
403:
340:to French-controlled
962:Stanisław Leśniewski
766:Polish Cipher Bureau
689:Christopher Kasparek
577:Ultra (cryptography)
506:British intelligence
474:On 8 November 1942,
435:rotor cipher machine
301:Polish Cipher Bureau
257:, the predominantly
249:and not occupied by
78:Polish Cipher Bureau
1025: /
966:Stefan Mazurkiewicz
772:
681:Kozaczuk, Władysław
606:, 1984, pp. 118–47.
309:French intelligence
1029:44.0216°N 4.4341°E
970:Franciszek Pokorny
931:Wiktor Michałowski
895:Maksymilian Ciężki
764:
762:
734:Maksymilian Ciężki
619:, 1984, p. 134–35.
600:Władysław Kozaczuk
524:Maksymilian Ciężki
449:Maksymilian Ciężki
413:
1009:
1008:
974:Wacław Sierpiński
730:Edward Fokczyński
671:Bertrand, Gustave
532:Edward Fokczyński
321:to break Enigma.
222:
221:
1095:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1001:
994:
987:
818:Cryptologic bomb
773:
763:
742:Gustave Bertrand
659:
652:
646:
639:
633:
626:
620:
613:
607:
597:
540:prisoners of war
512:"hand" ciphers.
305:Gustave Bertrand
214:
207:
200:
42:
30:
29:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1088:History of Gard
1043:
1042:
1034:44.0216; 4.4341
1033:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1005:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
949:Piotr Smoleński
947:
942:
938:
933:
929:
920:Henryk Zygalski
915:
906:Marian Rejewski
897:
893:
890:
888:
884:
880:
825:Zygalski sheets
789:Enigma "double"
768:
758:Marian Rejewski
746:Henryk Zygalski
726:Piotr Smoleński
722:Henri Braquenié
706:
667:
662:
658:, 1984, p. 156.
653:
649:
645:, 1984, p. 139.
640:
636:
632:, 1984, p. 128.
627:
623:
614:
610:
598:
594:
590:
548:
465:Piotr Smoleński
421:Henryk Zygalski
417:Marian Rejewski
293:
283:shut down when
218:
189:
171:
108:Zygalski sheets
68:Breaking Enigma
62:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1101:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1058:Enigma machine
1055:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
996:
989:
981:
978:
977:
958:Jan Kowalewski
952:
943:
934:
928:
927:
925:Antoni Palluth
922:
916:
914:
913:
908:
902:
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876:
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872:
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866:
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579:
574:
569:
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559:
554:
547:
544:
536:Kazimierz Gaca
528:Antoni Palluth
353:Marshal Pétain
292:
289:
277:Enigma machine
241:, in southern
220:
219:
217:
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209:
202:
194:
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115:Bletchley Park
112:
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105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
74:
71:
70:
64:
63:
61:
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54:
51:
50:
48:Enigma machine
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1089:
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983:
982:
980:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
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946:
941:
940:Jan Graliński
937:
932:
926:
923:
921:
918:
917:
912:
911:Jerzy Różycki
909:
907:
904:
903:
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797:
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790:
787:
785:
782:
781:
780:
779:
775:
774:
771:
770:Biuro Szyfrów
767:
759:
755:
754:Jerzy Różycki
751:
750:Jan Graliński
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
698:
697:0-89093-547-5
694:
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686:
682:
679:
676:
672:
669:
668:
657:
651:
644:
638:
631:
625:
618:
612:
605:
601:
596:
592:
583:
582:Jerzy Różycki
580:
578:
575:
573:
572:Enigma cipher
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
552:Cipher Bureau
550:
549:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
469:Jan Graliński
466:
462:
461:Jerzy Różycki
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:
422:
418:
410:
406:
402:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
381:name for the
380:
376:
372:
369:
365:
361:
356:
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350:
345:
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331:
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322:
320:
316:
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306:
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288:
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282:
278:
274:
270:
269:
264:
263:cryptanalysts
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
233:clandestine
232:
228:
227:
215:
210:
208:
203:
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196:
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128:
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118:
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109:
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89:
86:
84:
81:
80:
79:
76:
75:
73:
72:
69:
66:
65:
59:
58:Enigma rotors
56:
55:
53:
52:
49:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
32:
31:
26:
22:
1063:Vichy France
1010:
953:
944:
935:
899:
887:Deputy Chief
886:
882:Gwido Langer
877:
862:
851:Kabaty Woods
846:Saxon Palace
813:Card catalog
769:
738:Gwido Langer
717:
713:
684:
674:
655:
650:
642:
637:
629:
624:
616:
611:
603:
595:
562:Kabaty Woods
557:Saxon Palace
520:Gwido Langer
515:
514:
499:
494:
490:
488:
473:
456:
452:
444:
443:
438:
430:
424:
414:
408:
404:
390:
374:
370:
359:
357:
349:Vichy France
346:
337:
329:
323:
312:
311:established
294:
280:
266:
254:
251:Nazi Germany
247:Vichy France
235:intelligence
231:World War II
225:
224:
223:
166:
1032: /
704:Staff photo
453:Lamoricière
324:During the
125:Herivel tip
120:Banburismus
25:Cadix, Tarn
1047:Categories
1017:44°01′18″N
806:Cyclometer
718:From left:
665:References
654:Kozaczuk,
641:Kozaczuk,
628:Kozaczuk,
615:Kozaczuk,
405:From left:
295:After the
237:center at
98:Cyclometer
1020:4°26′03″E
871:Personnel
838:Locations
716:center.
502:Red Cross
368:codenamed
858:PC Bruno
567:PC Bruno
546:See also
385:city of
360:PC Bruno
338:PC Bruno
330:PC Bruno
314:PC Bruno
279:cipher.
268:PC Bruno
261:team of
162:PC Bruno
756:. 20.
752:. 18.
744:. 13.
478:forces
395:Italian
383:Spanish
342:Algeria
291:History
176:Related
83:Doubles
954:Others
830:Lacida
736:. 7.
732:. 5.
728:. 3.
724:. 2.
695:
656:Enigma
643:Enigma
630:Enigma
617:Enigma
604:Enigma
534:, and
516:Cadix'
476:Allied
439:Lacida
426:Lacida
379:French
259:Polish
243:France
229:was a
878:Chief
863:Cadix
801:Clock
796:Grill
784:"ANX"
714:Cadix
588:Notes
495:Cadix
491:Cadix
457:Cadix
445:Cadix
409:Cadix
391:Cadix
387:Cádiz
375:Cadix
371:Cadix
281:Cadix
255:Cadix
253:. At
226:Cadix
185:Ultra
167:Cadix
155:Hut 8
150:Hut 6
145:Hut 4
140:Hut 3
135:Bombe
103:Bomba
93:Clock
88:Grill
21:Cádiz
693:ISBN
522:and
467:and
429:(or
419:and
364:Uzès
273:Axis
239:Uzès
130:Crib
720:1.
431:LCD
373:. (
307:of
1049::
683:,
673:,
602:,
530:,
510:SS
486:.
441:.
433:)
344:.
328:,
287:.
1000:e
993:t
986:v
760:.
699:.
213:e
206:t
199:v
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
