837:
1135:). Each G3P molecule is composed of 3 carbons. For the Calvin cycle to continue, RuBP (ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate) must be regenerated. So, 5 out of 6 carbons from the 2 G3P molecules are used for this purpose. Therefore, there is only 1 net carbon produced to play with for each turn. To create 1 surplus G3P requires 3 carbons, and therefore 3 turns of the Calvin cycle. To make one glucose molecule (which can be created from 2 G3P molecules) would require 6 turns of the Calvin cycle. Surplus G3P can also be used to form other carbohydrates such as starch, sucrose, and cellulose, depending on what the plant needs.
686:
23:
1196:, helps this carbamylation process by removing one proton from the lysine and making the binding of the carbon dioxide molecule possible. Even then the RuBisCo enzyme is not yet functional, as it needs a magnesium ion bound to the lysine to function. This magnesium ion is released from the thylakoid lumen when the inner pH drops due to the active pumping of protons from the electron flow. RuBisCo activase itself is activated by increased concentrations of ATP in the stroma caused by its
1035:
814:
678:
3320:
3344:
312:
174:
409:
846:
3356:
3332:
537:, separating the reactions. They are activated in the light (which is why the name "dark reaction" is misleading), and also by products of the light-dependent reaction. These regulatory functions prevent the Calvin cycle from being respired to carbon dioxide. Energy (in the form of ATP) would be wasted in carrying out these reactions when they have no
1073:. The rate of photorespiration is higher at high temperatures. Photorespiration turns RuBP into 3-PGA and 2-phosphoglycolate, a 2-carbon molecule that can be converted via glycolate and glyoxalate to glycine. Via the glycine cleavage system and tetrahydrofolate, two glycines are converted into serine plus
1167:
The thioredoxin/ferredoxin system activates the enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-P phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase, and ribulose-5-phosphatase kinase, which are key points of the process. This happens when light is available, as the
1176:
bond found in all these enzymes. This is a dynamic process as the same bond is formed again by other proteins that deactivate the enzymes. The implications of this process are that the enzymes remain mostly activated by day and are deactivated in the dark when there is no more reduced ferredoxin
840:
The regeneration stage of Calvin's cycle. Substances and their parts are outlined in colors: green - carbon accepting aldoses, pink - ketoses-donors of three-carbon groups, yellow - parts of ketoses remaining after donation of two-carbon keto-groups highlighted in orange. Enzymes are also
1113:
evolved to circumvent photorespiration, but can occur only in certain plants native to very warm or tropical climates—corn, for example. Furthermore, RuBisCOs catalyzing the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis generally exhibit an improved specificity for
1085:. Serine can be converted back to 3-phosphoglycerate. Thus, only 3 of 4 carbons from two phosphoglycolates can be converted back to 3-PGA. It can be seen that photorespiration has very negative consequences for the plant, because, rather than fixing
1018:
Thus, of six G3P produced, five are used to make three RuBP (5C) molecules (totaling 15 carbons), with only one G3P available for subsequent conversion to hexose. This requires nine ATP molecules and six NADPH molecules per three
738:
that is captured by enediol in second step produces an unstable six-carbon compound called 2-carboxy 3-keto 1,5-biphosphoribotol (CKABP) (or 3-keto-2-carboxyarabinitol 1,5-bisphosphate) that immediately splits into 2 molecules of
1676:"The Role of Chloroplast Electron Transport and Metabolites in Modulating Rubisco Activity in Tobacco. Insights from Transgenic Plants with Reduced Amounts of Cytochrome b/f Complex or Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase"
836:
1130:
The immediate products of one turn of the Calvin cycle are 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) molecules, 3 ADP, and 2 NADP. (ADP and NADP are not really "products". They are regenerated and later used again in the
1172:
complex of the thylakoid electron chain when electrons are circulating through it. Ferredoxin then binds to and reduces the thioredoxin protein, which activates the cycle enzymes by severing a
1323:
The results suggested that the integrity of thylakoid membranes may be essential for the organisation of sequential enzymes of the Calvin cycle in vivo and facilitate their functioning.
786:
646:, where six-carbon sugars are oxidized in mitochondria. The carbohydrate products of the Calvin cycle are three-carbon sugar phosphate molecules, or "triose phosphates", namely,
518:. In the following biochemical equations, the chemical species (phosphates and carboxylic acids) exist in equilibria among their various ionized states as governed by the
486:
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages in a cell. In the first stage, light-dependent reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy-storage molecule
702:, RuBP, a 5-carbon compound, by carbon dioxide (a total of 6 carbons) in a two-step reaction. The product of the first step is enediol-enzyme complex that can capture
124:
Though it is also called the "dark reaction", the Calvin cycle does not actually occur in the dark or during night time. This is because the process requires
821:
The next stage in the Calvin cycle is to regenerate RuBP. Five G3P molecules produce three RuBP molecules, using up three molecules of ATP. Since each CO
1149:
These reactions do not occur in the dark or at night. There is a light-dependent regulation of the cycle enzymes, as the third step requires NADPH.
1792:
2415:
1879:
1772:
1499:
Schulz, L; Guo, Z; Zarzycki, J; Steinchen, W; Schuller, JM; Heimerl, T; Prinz, S; Mueller-Cajar, O; Erb, TJ; Hochberg, GKA (14 October 2022).
73:. The Calvin cycle is present in all photosynthetic eukaryotes and also many photosynthetic bacteria. In plants, these reactions occur in the
1916:
1620:
Konwarh, Rocktotpal; Abda, Ebrahim M.; Haregu, Simatsidk; Singh, Anand Pratap (2022-01-01), Khan, Raju; Murali, S.; Gogoi, Satyabrat (eds.),
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144:
reserves to provide energy for the plant. The Calvin cycle thus happens when light is available independent of the kind of photosynthesis (
2521:
586:
561:
797:(also called G3P, GP, TP, PGAL, GAP) is produced, and the NADPH itself is oxidized and becomes NADP. Again, two NADPH are utilized per
2382:
1122:, in order to minimize the oxygenation reaction. This improved specificity evolved after RuBisCO incorporated a new protein subunit.
829:
molecules produce six G3P molecules, of which five are used to regenerate RuBP, leaving a net gain of one G3P molecule per three CO
2499:
1863:
1851:
1453:"2´-carboxy-3-keto-D-arabinitol 1,5-bisphosphate, the six-carbon intermediate of the ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase reaction"
2543:
2377:
1633:
1435:
1010:(another plant-unique enzyme of the pathway) phosphorylates RuP into RuBP, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, completing the Calvin
2555:
2494:
2181:
376:
246:
1336:
2408:
348:
218:
22:
470:
282:
electron transport chain, as the energy required to reduce the carbon dioxide is provided by NADPH produced during the
109:) reactions to produce sugars in a step-wise process; there is no direct reaction that converts several molecules of CO
525:
The enzymes in the Calvin cycle are functionally equivalent to most enzymes used in other metabolic pathways such as
1909:
1891:, Fifth Edition by Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko and Lubert Stryer. Published by W. H. Freeman and Company (2002).
1402:
1226:
395:
265:
355:
225:
203:
3387:
612:(six-carbon) sugars are not products of the Calvin cycle. Although many texts list a product of photosynthesis as
3360:
290:, also known as C2 cycle, is also coupled to the Calvin cycle, as it results from an alternative reaction of the
1295:"Involvement of thylakoid membranes in supramolecular organisation of Calvin cycle enzymes inAnacystis nidulans"
3382:
3239:
2401:
942:
931:
333:
199:
362:
232:
2682:
2436:
329:
195:
113:
to a sugar. There are three phases to the light-independent reactions, collectively called the Calvin cycle:
976:
are transferred to one of the G3P, giving another Xu5P. This leaves one G3P as the product of fixation of 3
1902:
1674:
Ruuska, Sari A.; Andrews, T. John; Badger, Murray R.; Price, G. Dean; von
Caemmerer, Susanne (2000-02-01).
938:
153:
2959:
2446:
1831:
1621:
871:
344:
214:
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that can be used by the organism (and by animals that feed on it). This set of reactions is also called
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2885:
2856:
2836:
2789:
1248:
861:
857:
794:
663:
647:
582:
295:
1418:
Farazdaghi H (2009). "Modeling the
Kinetics of Activation and Reaction of Rubisco from Gas Exchange".
1294:
97:
and perform further chemical processes on them. The Calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and
2474:
1144:
1132:
946:
699:
530:
283:
118:
94:
1793:"Discoveries in Rubisco (Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase): a historical perspective"
3229:
3145:
2784:
1776:
1654:
Besse, I; Buchanan, B (1997). "Thioredoxin-linked animal and plant processes: the new generation".
1000:
996:
184:
129:
3392:
3167:
3078:
3041:
2925:
2851:
2672:
2655:
2598:
751:
750:
catalyses the phosphorylation of 3-PGA by ATP (which was produced in the light-dependent stage).
747:
322:
188:
1925:
1452:
3085:
3073:
2964:
2829:
2603:
2469:
1991:
1192:
and leads to a non-functional state if left uncarbamylated. A specific activase enzyme, called
667:
565:
487:
86:
533:, but the enzymes in the Calvin cycle are found in the chloroplast stroma instead of the cell
3234:
3131:
3116:
3046:
2969:
2801:
2751:
2660:
2585:
2484:
2076:
2051:
2031:
1656:
1180:
The enzyme RuBisCo has its own, more complex activation process. It requires that a specific
901:
755:
590:
98:
1622:"Chapter 7 - Exemplary evidence of bio-nano crosstalk between carbon dots and plant systems"
3224:
3179:
2954:
2774:
2704:
2461:
2441:
2296:
2106:
2056:
1512:
1464:
992:
909:
875:
369:
239:
8:
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3201:
3126:
3099:
2997:
2979:
2932:
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2766:
2746:
2615:
2610:
2511:
2211:
2081:
1007:
643:
82:
1516:
1489:
Campbell, and Reece
Biology: 8th Edition, page 198. Benjamin Cummings, December 7, 2007.
1468:
3324:
3290:
3152:
3121:
3002:
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2625:
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2538:
2528:
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2116:
2111:
1823:
1759:
1597:
1536:
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1243:
1110:
969:
740:
538:
149:
145:
1500:
1152:
There are two regulation systems at work when the cycle must be turned on or off: the
674:, which had been produced in the light-dependent stage. The three steps involved are:
3343:
3305:
3270:
3253:
3191:
3109:
3104:
3032:
3017:
2987:
2908:
2875:
2846:
2841:
2816:
2806:
2726:
2714:
2593:
2506:
2311:
2191:
2046:
1860:
1848:
1815:
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1713:
1708:
1695:
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1629:
1602:
1540:
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1431:
1398:
1359:
1314:
1275:
1222:
1193:
1031:
molecules. The equation of the overall Calvin cycle is shown diagrammatically below.
1827:
1763:
105:
for the plant to use. These substrates are used in a series of reduction-oxidation (
3348:
3265:
2920:
2779:
2756:
2709:
2650:
2036:
1807:
1743:
1734:
Bassham JA (2003). "Mapping the carbon reduction cycle: a personal retrospective".
1703:
1687:
1592:
1584:
1520:
1472:
1423:
1351:
1306:
1265:
1257:
1070:
743:(also written as 3-phosphoglyceric acid, PGA, 3PGA, or 3-PGA), a 3-carbon compound.
503:
287:
1501:"Evolution of increased complexity and specificity at the dawn of form I Rubiscos"
941:(one of only three enzymes of the Calvin cycle that are unique to plants) cleaves
3206:
3162:
3157:
3051:
3027:
2861:
2824:
2677:
2667:
2550:
2321:
2286:
1867:
1855:
1427:
1197:
526:
413:
1293:
Sainis, Jayashree
Krishna; Dani, Diksha Narhar; Dey, Gautam Kumar (2003-01-01).
1164:
enzyme activation, active in the Calvin cycle, which involves its own activase.
685:
3090:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3013:
3009:
2992:
2949:
2880:
2741:
2736:
2721:
2533:
2451:
2176:
1986:
1884:
1775:. Biochemistry and Biophysics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Archived from
1568:
1367:
1038:
The overall equation of the Calvin cycle (black circles represent carbon atoms)
495:
451:
443:
160:
in their vacuoles every night and release it by day to make this process work.
74:
66:
62:
1811:
1747:
1573:"Variations in the Calvin–Benson cycle: selection pressures and optimization?"
1422:. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. Vol. 29. pp. 275–294.
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3295:
3184:
3140:
2865:
2699:
2694:
2687:
2565:
2256:
2151:
2041:
2016:
2011:
1699:
1318:
1169:
973:
965:
905:
897:
793:
of 1,3BPGA by NADPH (which is another product of the light-dependent stage).
466:
462:
458:
114:
1524:
1392:
1310:
3172:
3022:
2937:
2913:
2903:
2895:
2796:
2731:
2630:
2479:
2301:
2281:
2246:
2241:
2231:
2226:
2206:
2186:
2096:
2066:
2026:
2006:
1996:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1819:
1755:
1717:
1606:
1532:
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1363:
1279:
1185:
833:
molecules (as would be expected from the number of carbon atoms involved).
436:
2570:
2351:
2346:
2316:
2271:
2216:
2156:
2141:
2136:
2101:
2061:
1951:
1941:
1936:
1691:
1588:
1153:
474:
447:
78:
2393:
1880:
The
Biochemistry of the Calvin Cycle at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
758:
are the products. (However, note that two 3-PGAs are produced for every
3196:
2336:
2331:
2276:
2261:
2201:
2166:
2161:
2131:
2091:
2071:
2001:
1981:
1157:
1034:
336: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
157:
1894:
1390:
1261:
1160:
activation system, which activates some of the cycle enzymes; and the
813:
726:. Thus, enediol-enzyme complex is the real carboxylase/oxygenase. The
677:
3258:
2560:
2425:
2251:
2236:
2221:
2171:
2146:
1572:
602:
480:
279:
311:
173:
3280:
2341:
2266:
2196:
2126:
2121:
1946:
1355:
867:
454:
988:, with generation of three pentoses that can be converted to Ru5P.
964:
generates two more G3P. The ketose S7P has two carbons removed by
853:
The regeneration stage can be broken down into a series of steps.
3300:
2356:
2086:
1956:
1173:
1161:
1042:
695:
662:
molecule is incorporated into one of two three-carbon molecules (
534:
515:
477:
291:
133:
70:
1451:
Lorimer, G.H.; Andrews, T.J.; Pierce, J.; Schloss, J.V. (1986).
408:
2021:
1557:.Toronto:Nelson College Indigenous,1st ed, Vol. 1, 2010, pg 151
1181:
845:
609:
511:
141:
137:
790:
671:
499:
491:
439:
278:
The reactions of the Calvin cycle are closely coupled to the
125:
106:
102:
101:
power of NADPH from the light dependent reactions to produce
90:
1391:
Campbell, Neil A.; Brad
Williamson; Robin J. Heyden (2006).
3275:
1450:
1189:
841:
highlighted: aldolases in purple and transketolases in red.
544:
The sum of reactions in the Calvin cycle is the following:
1849:
Rubisco
Activase, from the Plant Physiology Online website
1498:
1244:"A plastic photosynthetic adaptation to arid environments"
915:
E4P and a DHAP (formed from one of the G3P from the second
681:
Calvin cycle step 1 (black circles represent carbon atoms)
642:, this is mainly for convenience to match the equation of
3285:
770:
that enters the cycle, so this step utilizes two ATP per
1673:
519:
163:
1861:
Thioredoxins, from the Plant
Physiology Online website
1619:
949:, releasing an inorganic phosphate ion into solution.
1653:
1334:
494:. The Calvin cycle uses these compounds to convert
1885:The Calvin Cycle and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
3374:
1397:. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall.
1770:
1566:
65:is a series of chemical reactions that convert
2409:
1910:
1292:
1188:to activate the enzyme. This lysine binds to
1138:
825:molecule produces two G3P molecules, three CO
429:reductive pentose phosphate cycle (RPP cycle)
16:Light-independent reactions in photosynthesis
1417:
878:(6C). A phosphate ion is lost into solution.
849:Simplified C3 cycle with structural formulas
658:In the first stage of the Calvin cycle, a CO
1790:
1216:
666:or G3P), where it uses up two molecules of
294:enzyme, and its final byproduct is another
202:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2416:
2402:
1917:
1903:
1733:
1583:(6) (published 27 March 2019): 1697–1701.
1221:. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 21.
21:
2423:
2383:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
1707:
1596:
1269:
490:and the moderate-energy hydrogen carrier
396:Learn how and when to remove this message
266:Learn how and when to remove this message
1555:Biology: Exploring the Diversity of Life
1444:
1033:
972:(R5P), and the two carbons remaining on
860:converts one of the G3P reversibly into
844:
835:
812:
787:glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
684:
676:
407:
27:The internal structure of a chloroplast
1924:
1241:
3375:
1791:Portis, Archie; Parry, Martin (2007).
1337:"The path of carbon in photosynthesis"
1335:Bassham J, Benson A, Calvin M (1950).
908:are added to a G3P, giving the ketose
817:Regeneration stage of the Calvin cycle
457:. The cycle was discovered in 1950 by
132:. In the dark, plants instead release
128:, which is short-lived and comes from
2397:
2378:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1898:
1168:ferredoxin protein is reduced in the
1014:. This requires the input of one ATP.
164:Coupling to other metabolic pathways
85:. These reactions take the products (
3331:
1628:, Academic Press, pp. 155–173,
334:adding citations to reliable sources
305:
200:adding citations to reliable sources
167:
69:and hydrogen-carrier compounds into
3355:
1626:Carbon Dots in Agricultural Systems
689:Calvin cycle steps 2 and 3 combined
13:
1842:
471:University of California, Berkeley
154:crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)
14:
3404:
1873:
864:(DHAP), also a 3-carbon molecule.
754:(glycerate-1,3-bisphosphate) and
442:reactions that take place in the
425:Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle
412:Overview of the Calvin cycle and
3354:
3342:
3330:
3319:
3318:
1097:, this process leads to loss of
999:. Xu5P is converted into RuP by
939:Sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase
310:
172:
1667:
1647:
1613:
1560:
1547:
1045:also reacts competitively with
896:F6P has two carbons removed by
698:catalyses the carboxylation of
321:needs additional citations for
301:
77:, the fluid-filled region of a
51:photosynthetic carbon reduction
1773:"Photosynthetic Dark Reaction"
1577:Journal of Experimental Botany
1492:
1483:
1411:
1384:
1328:
1286:
1235:
1210:
943:sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate
932:sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate
874:convert a G3P and a DHAP into
1:
2683:Interface and colloid science
2437:Glossary of chemical formulae
1203:
930:fixation) are converted into
1609:– via Oxford Academic.
1457:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B
1428:10.1007/978-1-4020-9237-4_12
7:
2960:Bioorganometallic chemistry
2447:List of inorganic compounds
1299:Journal of Plant Physiology
1217:Silverstein, Alvin (2008).
1125:
872:fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
117:, reduction reactions, and
39:light-independent reactions
10:
3409:
2886:Dynamic covalent chemistry
2857:Enantioselective synthesis
2837:Physical organic chemistry
2790:Organolanthanide chemistry
1142:
1139:Light-dependent regulation
904:(E4P). The two carbons on
862:dihydroxyacetone phosphate
858:Triose phosphate isomerase
795:Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
664:glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
648:glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
583:glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
3314:
3217:
2978:
2894:
2815:
2765:
2641:
2584:
2475:Electroanalytical methods
2460:
2432:
2365:
1932:
1812:10.1007/s11120-007-9225-6
1242:Cushman, John C. (2001).
1145:Light-dependent reactions
1133:light-dependent reactions
947:sedoheptulose-7-phosphate
934:(7C) by aldolase enzyme.
881:Then fixation of another
700:ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
531:pentose phosphate pathway
284:light dependent reactions
130:light-dependent reactions
119:ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate
95:light-dependent reactions
3230:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
3146:Supramolecular chemistry
2785:Organometallic chemistry
1771:Diwan, Joyce J. (2005).
1420:Photosynthesis in silico
1001:phosphopentose epimerase
997:phosphopentose isomerase
653:
3388:Carbohydrate metabolism
3168:Combinatorial chemistry
3079:Food physical chemistry
3042:Environmental chemistry
2926:Bioorthogonal chemistry
2852:Retrosynthetic analysis
2673:Chemical thermodynamics
2656:Spectroelectrochemistry
2599:Computational chemistry
1800:Photosynthesis Research
1748:10.1023/A:1024929725022
1525:10.1126/science.abq1416
1394:Biology: Exploring Life
1311:10.1078/0176-1617-00849
893:generates two more G3P.
752:1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
748:phosphoglycerate kinase
514:of the cycle is called
3240:of element discoveries
3086:Agricultural chemistry
3074:Carbohydrate chemistry
2965:Bioinorganic chemistry
2830:Alkane stereochemistry
2775:Coordination chemistry
2604:Mathematical chemistry
2470:Instrumental chemistry
1992:Biological engineering
1477:10.1098/rstb.1986.0046
1039:
991:R5P is converted into
850:
842:
818:
690:
682:
416:
3383:Biochemical reactions
3235:Timeline of chemistry
3132:Post-mortem chemistry
3117:Clandestine chemistry
3047:Atmospheric chemistry
2970:Biophysical chemistry
2802:Solid-state chemistry
2752:Equilibrium chemistry
2661:Photoelectrochemistry
2077:Developmental biology
2052:Computational biology
2032:Cellular microbiology
1657:Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin.
1553:Russell, Wolfe et al.
1037:
902:erythrose-4-phosphate
848:
839:
816:
688:
680:
670:and two molecules of
411:
121:(RuBP) regeneration.
3225:History of chemistry
3180:Chemical engineering
2955:Bioorganic chemistry
2705:Structural chemistry
2442:List of biomolecules
2297:Reproductive biology
2182:Mathematical biology
2107:Evolutionary biology
2057:Conservation biology
1692:10.1104/pp.122.2.491
993:ribulose-5-phosphate
952:Fixation of a third
910:xylulose-5-phosphate
876:fructose 6-phosphate
330:improve this article
196:improve this section
156:); CAM plants store
3248:The central science
3202:Ceramic engineering
3127:Forensic toxicology
3100:Chemistry education
2998:Radiation chemistry
2980:Interdisciplinarity
2933:Medicinal chemistry
2871:Fullerene chemistry
2747:Microwave chemistry
2616:Molecular mechanics
2611:Molecular modelling
2082:Ecological genetics
1926:Branches of biology
1517:2022Sci...378..155S
1469:1986RSPTB.313..397L
1008:phosphoribulokinase
644:aerobic respiration
83:thylakoid membranes
43:bio synthetic phase
3291:Chemical substance
3153:Chemical synthesis
3122:Forensic chemistry
3003:Actinide chemistry
2945:Clinical chemistry
2626:Molecular geometry
2621:Molecular dynamics
2576:Elemental analysis
2529:Separation process
2373:History of biology
2307:Structural biology
2292:Relational biology
2117:Generative biology
2112:Freshwater biology
1866:2008-06-16 at the
1854:2009-02-18 at the
1589:10.1093/jxb/erz078
1111:C4 carbon fixation
1040:
970:ribose-5-phosphate
851:
843:
819:
741:3-phosphoglycerate
691:
683:
417:
296:glyceraldehyde-3-P
150:C4 carbon fixation
146:C3 carbon fixation
3370:
3369:
3306:Quantum mechanics
3271:Chemical compound
3254:Chemical reaction
3192:Materials science
3110:General chemistry
3105:Amateur chemistry
3033:Photogeochemistry
3018:Stellar chemistry
2988:Nuclear chemistry
2909:Molecular biology
2876:Polymer chemistry
2847:Organic synthesis
2842:Organic reactions
2807:Ceramic chemistry
2797:Cluster chemistry
2727:Chemical kinetics
2715:Molecular physics
2594:Quantum chemistry
2507:Mass spectrometry
2391:
2390:
2312:Synthetic biology
2192:Molecular biology
2047:Cognitive biology
1635:978-0-323-90260-1
1511:(6616): 155–160.
1463:(1162): 397–407.
1437:978-1-4020-9236-7
1262:10.1104/pp.010818
504:organic compounds
406:
405:
398:
380:
286:. The process of
276:
275:
268:
250:
3400:
3358:
3357:
3346:
3334:
3333:
3322:
3321:
3266:Chemical element
2921:Chemical biology
2780:Magnetochemistry
2757:Mechanochemistry
2710:Chemical physics
2651:Electrochemistry
2556:Characterization
2418:
2411:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2037:Chemical biology
1919:
1912:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1838:
1836:
1830:. Archived from
1797:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1767:
1722:
1721:
1711:
1680:Plant Physiology
1671:
1665:
1664:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1600:
1571:(1 March 2019).
1567:Schreier, Tina;
1564:
1558:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1366:. Archived from
1341:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1273:
1256:(4): 1439–1448.
1249:Plant Physiology
1239:
1233:
1232:
1214:
1194:RuBisCo activase
1108:
1107:
1106:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1071:photorespiration
1068:
1067:
1066:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1030:
1029:
1028:
987:
986:
985:
963:
962:
961:
929:
928:
927:
892:
891:
890:
808:
807:
806:
781:
780:
779:
769:
768:
767:
737:
736:
735:
725:
724:
723:
713:
712:
711:
641:
640:
639:
631:
630:
622:
621:
580:
578:
577:
559:
558:
557:
539:net productivity
401:
394:
390:
387:
381:
379:
338:
314:
306:
288:photorespiration
271:
264:
260:
257:
251:
249:
208:
176:
168:
25:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3310:
3213:
3207:Polymer science
3163:Click chemistry
3158:Green chemistry
3052:Ocean chemistry
3028:Biogeochemistry
2974:
2890:
2862:Total synthesis
2825:Stereochemistry
2811:
2761:
2678:Surface science
2668:Thermochemistry
2637:
2580:
2551:Crystallography
2456:
2428:
2422:
2392:
2387:
2361:
2322:Systems biology
2287:Quantum biology
1928:
1923:
1876:
1868:Wayback Machine
1856:Wayback Machine
1845:
1843:Further reading
1834:
1795:
1782:
1780:
1736:Photosynth. Res
1726:
1725:
1672:
1668:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1618:
1614:
1569:Hibberd, Julian
1565:
1561:
1552:
1548:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1389:
1385:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1291:
1287:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1198:phosphorylation
1147:
1141:
1128:
1121:
1117:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1020:
995:(Ru5P, RuP) by
984:
981:
980:
979:
977:
960:
957:
956:
955:
953:
935:
926:
923:
922:
921:
919:
889:
886:
885:
884:
882:
832:
828:
824:
805:
802:
801:
800:
798:
778:
775:
774:
773:
771:
766:
763:
762:
761:
759:
734:
731:
730:
729:
727:
722:
719:
718:
717:
715:
710:
707:
706:
705:
703:
661:
656:
638:
635:
634:
633:
629:
626:
625:
624:
620:
617:
616:
615:
613:
600:
596:
576:
573:
572:
571:
569:
556:
553:
552:
551:
549:
527:gluconeogenesis
508:carbon fixation
435:is a series of
414:carbon fixation
402:
391:
385:
382:
339:
337:
327:
315:
304:
272:
261:
255:
252:
209:
207:
193:
177:
166:
112:
31:
30:
29:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3406:
3396:
3395:
3393:Photosynthesis
3390:
3385:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3352:
3340:
3328:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3251:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3091:Soil chemistry
3083:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3069:Food chemistry
3066:
3064:Carbochemistry
3061:
3059:Clay chemistry
3056:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3020:
3014:Astrochemistry
3010:Cosmochemistry
3007:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2993:Radiochemistry
2984:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2950:Neurochemistry
2947:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2900:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2881:Petrochemistry
2878:
2873:
2868:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2821:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2742:Spin chemistry
2739:
2737:Photochemistry
2734:
2729:
2724:
2722:Femtochemistry
2719:
2718:
2717:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2534:Chromatography
2531:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2452:Periodic table
2449:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2177:Marine biology
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1987:Bioinformatics
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1882:
1875:
1874:External links
1872:
1871:
1870:
1858:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1837:on 2012-03-12.
1806:(1): 121–143.
1788:
1768:
1742:(1–3): 35–52.
1730:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1686:(2): 491–504.
1666:
1646:
1634:
1612:
1559:
1546:
1491:
1482:
1443:
1436:
1410:
1403:
1383:
1356:10.2172/910351
1327:
1285:
1234:
1227:
1219:Photosynthesis
1208:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1184:amino acid be
1143:Main article:
1140:
1137:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1079:
1063:
1051:
1025:
1016:
1015:
1004:
989:
982:
958:
950:
924:
918:
917:
916:
913:
894:
887:
879:
865:
830:
826:
822:
811:
810:
803:
789:catalyses the
783:
776:
764:
744:
732:
720:
708:
659:
655:
652:
636:
627:
618:
607:
606:
598:
597: (P
594:
574:
554:
496:carbon dioxide
452:photosynthetic
404:
403:
345:"Calvin cycle"
318:
316:
309:
303:
300:
274:
273:
215:"Calvin cycle"
180:
178:
171:
165:
162:
110:
67:carbon dioxide
63:photosynthesis
47:dark reactions
26:
20:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3405:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3363:
3362:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3296:Chemical bond
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3185:Stoichiometry
3183:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3141:Nanochemistry
3139:
3138:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2866:Semisynthesis
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2700:Sonochemistry
2698:
2696:
2695:Cryochemistry
2693:
2689:
2688:Micromeritics
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:Wet chemistry
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2257:Phylogenetics
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2152:Human biology
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:Chronobiology
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2017:Biotechnology
2015:
2013:
2012:Biostatistics
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1869:
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1779:on 2005-03-16
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1404:0-13-250882-6
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1387:
1373:on 2009-02-19
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1228:9780822567981
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1199:
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1171:
1170:photosystem I
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1123:
1118:relative to O
1112:
1072:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
975:
974:transketolase
971:
967:
966:transketolase
951:
948:
944:
940:
937:
936:
933:
914:
911:
907:
906:transketolase
903:
899:
898:transketolase
895:
880:
877:
873:
869:
866:
863:
859:
856:
855:
854:
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838:
834:
815:
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611:
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528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
482:
479:
476:
473:by using the
472:
468:
467:Andrew Benson
464:
463:James Bassham
460:
459:Melvin Calvin
456:
453:
449:
445:
441:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
415:
410:
400:
397:
389:
386:December 2023
378:
375:
371:
368:
364:
361:
357:
354:
350:
347: –
346:
342:
341:Find sources:
335:
331:
325:
324:
319:This section
317:
313:
308:
307:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
270:
267:
259:
256:December 2023
248:
245:
241:
238:
234:
231:
227:
224:
220:
217: –
216:
212:
211:Find sources:
205:
201:
197:
191:
190:
186:
181:This section
179:
175:
170:
169:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
115:carboxylation
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
24:
3359:
3347:
3335:
3323:
3173:Biosynthesis
3023:Geochemistry
2938:Pharmacology
2914:Cell biology
2904:Biochemistry
2732:Spectroscopy
2631:VSEPR theory
2480:Spectroscopy
2424:Branches of
2302:Sociobiology
2282:Protistology
2247:Photobiology
2242:Pharmacology
2232:Parasitology
2227:Paleontology
2207:Neuroscience
2187:Microbiology
2097:Epidemiology
2067:Cytogenetics
2027:Cell biology
2007:Biosemiotics
1997:Biomechanics
1977:Biogeography
1972:Biochemistry
1967:Bacteriology
1962:Astrobiology
1889:Biochemistry
1888:
1832:the original
1803:
1799:
1781:. Retrieved
1777:the original
1739:
1735:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1639:, retrieved
1625:
1615:
1580:
1576:
1562:
1554:
1549:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1485:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1419:
1413:
1393:
1386:
1375:. Retrieved
1368:the original
1350:(2): 781–7.
1347:
1343:
1330:
1322:
1305:(1): 23–32.
1302:
1298:
1288:
1253:
1247:
1237:
1218:
1212:
1186:carbamylated
1179:
1166:
1151:
1148:
1129:
1041:
1017:
1011:
852:
820:
657:
608:
601:= inorganic
543:
524:
507:
485:
432:
428:
424:
421:Calvin cycle
420:
418:
392:
383:
373:
366:
359:
352:
340:
328:Please help
323:verification
320:
302:Calvin cycle
277:
262:
253:
243:
236:
229:
222:
210:
194:Please help
182:
123:
81:outside the
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
35:Calvin cycle
34:
32:
3361:WikiProject
2586:Theoretical
2571:Calorimetry
2352:Xenobiology
2347:Virophysics
2317:Systematics
2272:Primatology
2217:Ornithology
2157:Ichthyology
2142:Herpetology
2137:Gerontology
2102:Epigenetics
2062:Cryobiology
1952:Agrostology
1942:Aerobiology
1937:Abiogenesis
1344:J Biol Chem
1177:available.
1154:thioredoxin
1057:instead of
785:The enzyme
746:The enzyme
694:The enzyme
585:(G3P) + 6
475:radioactive
448:chloroplast
437:biochemical
140:from their
79:chloroplast
3377:Categories
3197:Metallurgy
2896:Biological
2462:Analytical
2337:Toxicology
2332:Teratology
2277:Proteomics
2262:Physiology
2202:Neontology
2167:Lipidology
2162:Immunology
2132:Geobiology
2092:Embryology
2072:Dendrology
2002:Biophysics
1982:Biogeology
1783:2012-10-24
1641:2023-04-22
1377:2013-07-03
1204:References
1158:ferredoxin
510:. The key
356:newspapers
298:molecule.
226:newspapers
158:malic acid
3259:Catalysis
2767:Inorganic
2561:Titration
2426:chemistry
2252:Phycology
2237:Pathology
2222:Osteology
2212:Nutrition
2172:Mammalogy
2147:Histology
1700:1532-2548
1541:252897276
1319:0176-1617
1006:Finally,
968:, giving
900:, giving
791:reduction
603:phosphate
481:carbon-14
455:organisms
280:thylakoid
183:does not
136:into the
3325:Category
3281:Molecule
3218:See also
2643:Physical
2366:See also
2342:Virology
2327:Taxonomy
2267:Pomology
2197:Mycology
2127:Genomics
2122:Genetics
1947:Agronomy
1864:Archived
1852:Archived
1828:39767233
1820:17665149
1764:52854452
1756:16228564
1718:10677442
1607:30916343
1533:36227987
1364:14774424
1280:11743087
1126:Products
868:Aldolase
529:and the
433:C3 cycle
99:reducing
3337:Commons
3301:Alchemy
2817:Organic
2357:Zoology
2087:Ecology
1957:Anatomy
1663:: 1–11.
1598:6436154
1513:Bibcode
1505:Science
1465:Bibcode
1271:1540176
1174:cystine
1162:RuBisCo
1043:RuBisCO
912:(Xu5P).
782:fixed.)
696:RuBisCO
650:(G3P).
535:cytosol
516:RuBisCO
478:isotope
469:at the
370:scholar
292:RuBisCO
240:scholar
204:removed
189:sources
134:sucrose
71:glucose
3349:Portal
2495:UV-Vis
2022:Botany
1826:
1818:
1762:
1754:
1716:
1706:
1698:
1632:
1605:
1595:
1539:
1531:
1434:
1401:
1362:
1317:
1278:
1268:
1225:
1182:lysine
809:fixed.
610:Hexose
512:enzyme
465:, and
444:stroma
372:
365:
358:
351:
343:
242:
235:
228:
221:
213:
152:, and
142:starch
138:phloem
103:sugars
75:stroma
2522:MALDI
2490:Raman
1887:from
1835:(PDF)
1824:S2CID
1796:(PDF)
1760:S2CID
1709:58886
1537:S2CID
1371:(PDF)
1340:(PDF)
1012:cycle
945:into
672:NADPH
654:Steps
593:+ 8 P
562:NADPH
502:into
500:water
492:NADPH
440:redox
377:JSTOR
363:books
247:JSTOR
233:books
126:NADPH
107:redox
93:) of
91:NADPH
59:cycle
49:, or
3276:Atom
2544:HPLC
1816:PMID
1752:PMID
1714:PMID
1696:ISSN
1630:ISBN
1603:PMID
1529:PMID
1432:ISBN
1399:ISBN
1360:PMID
1315:ISSN
1276:PMID
1223:ISBN
1190:RuBP
870:and
589:+ 9
587:NADP
568:+ 5
564:+ 9
560:+ 6
498:and
419:The
349:news
219:news
187:any
185:cite
89:and
33:The
3286:Ion
2517:ICP
2500:NMR
1808:doi
1744:doi
1704:PMC
1688:doi
1684:122
1593:PMC
1585:doi
1521:doi
1509:378
1473:doi
1461:313
1424:doi
1352:doi
1348:185
1307:doi
1303:160
1266:PMC
1258:doi
1254:127
1069:in
756:ADP
714:or
668:ATP
591:ADP
566:ATP
488:ATP
450:in
446:of
431:or
332:by
198:by
87:ATP
61:of
55:PCR
3379::
3016:/
3012:/
2864:/
2539:GC
2512:EI
2485:IR
1822:.
1814:.
1804:94
1802:.
1798:.
1758:.
1750:.
1740:76
1738:.
1712:.
1702:.
1694:.
1682:.
1678:.
1661:38
1624:,
1601:.
1591:.
1581:70
1579:.
1575:.
1535:.
1527:.
1519:.
1507:.
1503:.
1471:.
1459:.
1455:.
1430:.
1358:.
1346:.
1342:.
1321:.
1313:.
1301:.
1297:.
1274:.
1264:.
1252:.
1246:.
1200:.
1114:CO
1109:.
1099:CO
1087:CO
1075:CO
1059:CO
1021:CO
978:CO
954:CO
920:CO
883:CO
799:CO
772:CO
760:CO
728:CO
704:CO
628:12
581:→
550:CO
548:3
541:.
522:.
520:pH
483:.
461:,
427:,
423:,
148:,
57:)
45:,
41:,
37:,
3250:"
3246:"
2417:e
2410:t
2403:v
1918:e
1911:t
1904:v
1810::
1786:.
1766:.
1746::
1720:.
1690::
1587::
1543:.
1523::
1515::
1479:.
1475::
1467::
1440:.
1426::
1407:.
1380:.
1354::
1309::
1282:.
1260::
1231:.
1156:/
1120:2
1116:2
1104:2
1092:2
1080:2
1064:2
1052:2
1047:O
1026:2
1003:.
983:2
959:2
925:2
888:2
831:2
827:2
823:2
804:2
777:2
765:2
733:2
721:2
716:O
709:2
660:2
637:6
632:O
623:H
619:6
614:C
605:)
599:i
595:i
579:O
575:2
570:H
555:2
399:)
393:(
388:)
384:(
374:·
367:·
360:·
353:·
326:.
269:)
263:(
258:)
254:(
244:·
237:·
230:·
223:·
206:.
192:.
111:2
53:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
