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266:... That the Government of the Congo Free State having, at its inception, guaranteed to the Powers that its Native subjects should be governed with humanity, and that no trading monopoly or privilege should be permitted within its dominions, this House requests His Majesty's Government to confer with the other Powers, signatories of the Berlin General Act by virtue of which the Congo Free State exists, in order that measures may be adopted to abate the evils prevalent in that State.
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soldiers of the Congo
Administration of King Leopold. Copies of the Report were sent by the British government to the Belgian government as well as to nations who were signatories to the Berlin Agreement in 1885, under which much of Africa had been partitioned. The British Parliament demanded a meeting of the fourteen signatory powers to review the 1885 Berlin Agreement.
281:
Casement met and became friends with Morel just before the publication of his report in 1904 and realized that he had found the ally he had sought. Casement convinced Morel to establish an organization for dealing specifically with the Congo question. With
Casement's and Dr. Guinness's assistance, he
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and other critics of the King's
Congolese policy, forced a reluctant Leopold II to set up an independent commission of enquiry. Its findings confirmed Casement's report in every detail. This led to the arrest and punishment of officials who had been responsible for murders during a rubber-collection
304:
The
Casement Report comprises forty pages of the Parliamentary Papers, to which is appended another twenty pages of individual statements gathered by Casement as Consul, including several detailing grim tales of killings, mutilations, kidnappings and cruel beatings of the native population by
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For many years prior to the
Casement Report there were reports from the Congo alleging widespread abuses and exploitation of the native population. In 1895, the situation was reported to Dr Henry Grattan Guinness (1861–1915), a missionary doctor. He had established the
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While the Report was issued as a
Command paper in 1904, and was laid before the Houses of Parliament, the original was not published in full until 1985, in an annotated book by two Belgian professors of the history of colonialism.
176:'death like a dog', adding, "Have we all been wrong in believing that the most audacious foreigner – not to speak of any savage chief – would think once, twice and even trice, before he laid hands on a subject of
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Lothaire was acquitted twice, first in April 1896 by a tribunal in Boma. In August 1896, the appeal was confirmed in
Brussels by the Supreme Court of Congo, paving the way for the rehabilitation of Lothaire.
116:. Stokes was found guilty of selling guns, gunpowder and detonators to the Congo Free State's Afro-Arab enemies. On 14 January 1895 he was sentenced to death and was hanged the next day (hoisted on a tree).
135:, remarked that "he was no loss to us, although he was an honest man." The news of Stokes' execution was received with indifference by the British Foreign Office. When the German ambassador asked
143:, whether the British government planned to take any steps regarding the execution of this "well-known character", Sanderson wrote: "I do not quite understand why the Germans are pressing us."
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Despite these findings, Leopold managed to retain personal control of the Congo until 1908, when the
Parliament of Belgium annexed the Congo Free State and took over its administration as the
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57:. This report was instrumental in Leopold finally relinquishing his private holdings in Africa. Leopold had held ownership of the Congolese state since 1885, granted to him by the
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565:
140:
187:. Together, Britain and Germany pressured the Congo Free State to put Lothaire on trial, which they eventually did, a first trial was held in the city of
366:
Roger Louis, W. (1965). "The Stokes Affair and the
Origins of the Anti-Congo Campaign, 1895–1896". Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire. 43: 572–584.
357:
Roger Louis, W. (1965). "The Stokes Affair and the
Origins of the Anti-Congo Campaign, 1895–1896". Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire. 43: 572–584.
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expedition in 1903 (including one Belgian national who was given a five-year sentence for causing the shooting of at least 122 Congolese natives).
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286:, which worked to end Leopold's control of the Congo Free State. Branches of the association were established as far away as the United States.
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191:. The Free State paid compensation to the British (150,000 francs) and Germans (100,000 francs) and made it impossible by decree to impose
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http://breac.nd.edu/articles/the-three-lives-of-the-casement-report-its-impact-on-official-reactions-and-popular-opinion-in-belgium/
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to investigate. His report was published in 1904, confirmed Morel's accusations, and had a considerable impact on public opinion.
498:, 1 April 2016, Breac: A Digital Journal of Irish Studies, Keough-Naughton Institute for Irish Studies University of Notre Dame.
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188:
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136:
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Pierre-Luc Plasman (Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium) and Catherine Thewissen (Université catholique de Louvain),
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slavers in the eastern Congo region. Stokes was arrested and taken to Captain Lothaire in Lindi, who immediately formed a
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255:
214:– by Roger Casement and E. D. Morel – which in its turn put pressure on the Belgian government, which helped lead to the
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The Stokes Affair mobilized British public opinion against the Congo Free State. It also damaged the reputation of King
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as a benevolent despot, which he had cultivated with so much effort. The case helped encourage the foundation of the
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In August 1895, the attention of the British press was drawn to this case by Lionel Decle, a journalist for the
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in 1889, and was promised action by King Leopold later in 1895, but nothing changed. H. R. Fox-Bourne of the
496:
The Three Lives of the Casement Report: Its Impact on Official Reactions and Popular Opinion in Belgium
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Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1904-1924
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452:
Roger Casement: The Black Diaries with a Study of His Background, Sexuality and Irish Political Life
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also wrote several articles about the Leopoldian government's behaviour in the Congo Free State.
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507:, Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Nieuwste Geschiedenis (Revue belge d'histoire contemporaine), 2002.
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128:
119:
To Lothaire, Charles Stokes was no more than a criminal whose hanging was fully justified.
403:
Université Catholique de Louvain: Centre d'Histoire de l'Afrique (1985). Pp. xxviii + 174.
61:, in which he exploited its natural resources (mostly rubber) for his own private wealth.
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Casements Kongo dagboek, Ă©Ă©n van de zogenoemde Black Diaries, was geen vervalsing
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As a result, the case became an international incident, better known as the
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The Eyes of Another Race: Roger Casement's Congo Report and 1903 Diary
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Subsequently, the British consul at Boma in the Congo, the Irishman
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152:. The press began to report on these events in great detail, The
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Le Rapport Casement (EnquĂŞtes et documents d'histoire africaine)
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on European citizens. Stokes's body was returned to his family.
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Democratic Republic of the Congo–United Kingdom relations
472:Ă“ SĂocháin, SĂ©amas and Michael O’Sullivan, eds. (2004).
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Commons debate of 20 May 1903; (downloaded 23 Nov 2016)
333:. However the final push came from Leopold's successor
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Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
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British Parliamentary Papers, LXII. (1904, Cd. 1933).
489:Roger Casement: Imperialist, Rebel, Revolutionary
33:was a 1904 document written at the behest of the
566:Opposition to atrocities in the Congo Free State
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170:'horrified amazement through the British race',
341:had the satisfaction of dissolving itself.
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41:(1864–1916)—a British diplomat and future
158:emphasized 'bloodthirsty precipitation',
49:which was under the private ownership of
561:Reports of the United Kingdom government
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254:On 20 May 1903 a motion by the Liberal
164:a 'painful and disgraceful death', The
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16:1904 report on atrocities in the Congo
84:Through intercepted letters, Captain
476:. University College Dublin Press.
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571:Political controversies in Belgium
450:Dudgeon, Jeffrey (2002 and 2016).
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399:Vellut J-L, and Vangroenweghe D.;
312:The Belgian Parliament, pushed by
216:annexation of the Congo Free State
131:, for years the British Consul in
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551:Belgium–United Kingdom relations
469:. Greenwood Press: Westport, CT.
262:, resulting in this resolution:
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531:1904 in international relations
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316:political leader and statesman
417:Popplewell, Richard J (1995),
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241:Aborigines' Protection Society
218:by the Belgian state in 1908.
127:, then 'he deserved hanging'.
47:abuses in the Congo Free State
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536:1904 in the Congo Free State
465:Gondola, Ch. Didier (2002).
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247:in 1903, and the journalist
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487:Ă“ SĂocháin, SĂ©amas (2008).
386:Foreign Office Blue Books,
258:was debated in the British
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541:1904 in the United Kingdom
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43:Irish independence fighter
576:Royal scandals in Belgium
491:. Dublin: Lilliput Press.
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245:Civilisation in Congoland
339:Congo Reform Association
284:Congo Reform Association
212:Congo Reform Association
96:-campaign, learned that
137:Sir Thomas H. Sanderson
108:to sell weapons to the
88:, the commander of the
462:. Includes 1903 diary.
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208:Leopold II of Belgium
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467:The History of Congo
276:Balfour's government
237:Congo-Balolo Mission
167:Liverpool Daily Post
282:set up and ran the
222:Publicity 1895–1903
173:The Daily Telegraph
337:, and in 1912 the
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274:was instructed by
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243:had published
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178:Queen Victoria
121:Lord Salisbury
98:Charles Stokes
92:forces in the
76:Congo Arab war
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454:. Belfast.
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230:E. D. Morel
193:martial law
45:—detailing
515:Categories
345:References
155:Daily News
65:Background
325:Aftermath
314:socialist
161:The Times
110:Zanzibari
100:(born in
388:1904 Cd.
133:Zanzibar
55:Belgium
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290:Report
139:, the
102:Dublin
94:Ituri
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390:1933
189:Boma
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78:and
29:The
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53:of
37:by
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