1916:
1502:. This would technically make the cassowary the largest bird with minor predatory behaviour since, if fruit forms 90% of their diet or 5 kg per day in the wild, than the remaining 10% or 500 grams would largely consist of prey material for protein supplementation. In fact, recent studies in 2013 stated that protein consumption from predated vertebrates and invertebrates was underestimated from previous investigations, and that the percentage of animal predation as part of the cassowary's diet might be higher than initially understood. This underestimation is due to a significant breakdown of protein being observed in the scat of captive birds; for example, the only remains of day-old chickens were body parts composed of keratin, such as feathers, leg scaling and claws. Indeed, in times of food shortage, storm disruptions or changing seasons which result in lower fruit yield (i.e.
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1317:. Other suggested functions include batting through the underbrush, as a weapon in dominance disputes, or pushing aside leaf litter during foraging. The latter three are disputed by biologist Andrew Mack, whose personal observation suggests that the casque amplifies deep sounds. This is related to a discovery that at least the dwarf cassowary and southern cassowary produce very low-frequency sounds, which may aid in communication in dense rainforests. The "boom" vocalization that cassowaries produce is the lowest-frequency bird call known and is at the lower limit of human hearing. Recent study suggests that casque acts as a thermal radiator, offloading heat at high temperatures and restricting heat loss at low temperatures.
1521:- with a recorded predator-prey hunting behaviour. According to ecologists, Wren McLean, when hunting for fish, cassowaries are known to lower themselves in a freshwater pool and open up their feathers. They allow small fish to come and eat their dead skin cells. Once the fish has been baited, they close their feathers which acts like a net, step out of the water, shake themselves and then consume their prey. Outside of fish, the remains of crustaceans such as crabs are also found in their feces, suggesting that the birds also actively hunt these animals as well on occasion, which is confirmed by locals from North Queensland, where the local cassowary population has used the shoreline as a popular crab hunting ground.
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waste saw the diet of the cassowary intaking vast quantities of non-fruit items, this include fungus, carrion, meat, cheese, bones, pasta, chilli and tomato. The high concentration of human activity as well as vehicles, mixed with domesticated animals and less forest coverage, had also changed their behaviours. These 'city' cassowaries were shown to exist in a higher state of activity and rested less than individuals inhabiting more intact swathes of rainforest, actively moving between urban gardens and the rainforest. The study give evidence that these birds showed a surprising amount of flexible foraging strategy that has enabled them to persist in rainforest-fragmented landscapes.
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the ground, and the female either steps on the male's back for a moment before crouching beside him in preparation for copulation, or she may attack. This is often the case with the females pursuing the males in ritualistic chasing behaviours that generally terminate in water. The male cassowary dives into water and submerges himself up to his upper neck and head. The female pursues him into the water, where he eventually drives her to the shallows, where she crouches making ritualistic motions of her head. The two may remain in copulation for extended periods of time. In some cases, another male may approach and run off the first male. He will climb onto her to copulate, as well.
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1732:, and swamp forest. The wild population of cassowaries is threatened by deforestation, hunting, and habitat destruction. Human presence and agricultural activities have also contributed to the decline of their population in some areas. To protect this species, various conservation efforts have been carried out, including preserving natural habitat and enforcing regulations against illegal hunting. In Indonesia, cassowaries are predominantly found in the rainforests of Papua, particularly in lowland and montane areas. In addition, cassowaries are known to inhabit protected areas such as
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1811:, risk assessments on the cassowary as a potential invasive pest states that whilst the birds may have trouble establishing a stable population on the island, they would nonetheless, be considered a destructive element to Tasmania's ecological diversity and recommends strict imports on these birds. Reasons are many. The most notable are the birds' size. Cassowaries would automatically become the island's largest and most dominant terrestrial animal that could bully smaller animals in the same ecological niche. Frugivores such as the
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2013:. A 2003 historical study of 221 cassowary attacks showed that 150 had been against humans; 75% of these had been from cassowaries that had been fed by people, 71% of the time the bird had chased or charged the victim, and 15% of the time they kicked. Of the attacks, 73% involved the birds expecting or snatching food, 5% involved defending their natural food sources, 15% involved defending themselves, and 7% involved defending their chicks or eggs. Only one human death was reported among those 150 attacks.
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1678:, which results in a widespread decline in the Australian mainland. Because of such frequent inter-species conflicts, hunting dogs are one of the biggest enemies for cassowaries, and it is not unheard of for hunting dogs to accidentally kill cassowary chicks instead of feral pigs, with the dogs in-turn, being killed by the nearby adult rooster. Outside of threats from invasive species, the birds are also vulnerable to being unintentionally poisoned as well.
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1636:- adult birds generally ignore them, with some even believing that the dogs take full advantage of the birds' foraging behaviour, as both species share and use the same feeding trail through the forests. It was believed that these dogs follow adult birds to catch small prey attracted to the dropped fruits on the rainforest floor. Nevertheless, there was a report from a native hunter of an exceptionally rare case of a singing dog attacking the
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1574:, as well as actively hunt for small birds and their eggs that flew into their enclosure. Cassowaries from the Garner’s Beach Rehabilitation Centre are unusually predatory beyond even non-captive observations, and will eat protein almost exclusively if given the chance, an odd inversion of the usual frugivorous lifestyle. In terms of hunting domesticated farm animals, it is rare, although one was reported eating a
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646:. Although all ratites can eat meat, cassowaries, by definition, are the most omnivorous and predatory, owing to having the smallest and least herbivorous gastrointestinal tract out of any ratites; akin to true omnivores, as well as the fact that they are one of the only two ratites with a recorded hunting behaviour that is not mere foraging. Therefore, despite being considered an obligate
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and found that motor-vehicle strikes accounted for 55% of the deaths, and dog attacks produced another 18%. Remaining causes of death included hunting (five cases), entanglement in wire (one case), the removal of cassowaries that attacked humans (four cases), and natural causes (18 cases), including tuberculosis (four cases). The cause for 14 cases was indicated as "for unknown reasons".
1466:, 'urbanised' cassowaries have adopted to also feed on picnic blankets, tables and baskets or backyard bird feeders and compost heaps, thereby consuming a wide range of non-natural and non-native foods as well. In fact, cassowaries are known to eat non-edible items, in one case, collection of urban cassowary droppings resulted in many unusual items. Outside of the skeletal remains of a
1659:. When threaten, it is known that cassowary chicks emit different vocalisation calls to indicate the specific threat, such as a hawk for example, before running underneath their father. Adult males aggressively defend their chicks. While adult males usually scare off or kill most predators, a chick will occasionally be separated in the chaos and become a potential target.
1740:, which is the largest national park in Southeast Asia, encompassing a vast range of ecosystems from coastal to alpine environments. These birds play a critical ecological role in seed dispersal, contributing to the regeneration of forests in these protected areas. They can also be easily spotted in some national parks such as Mellwraith Range National Park,
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Likewise, as aforementioned, the high concentration of human activity in the urban ecology also equates to a higher concentration of food diversity and food waste, with these 'urbanised' cassowaries foraging for food scraps, bird feeders and outdoor picnic/food venues without fear from humans or domesticated animals due to the birds' size and reputation.
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call for help and his outcries alerted his wife, who entered the enclosure with a 'stun gun' to repel the female cassowary. By the time the victim was pulled to safety, he had sustained numerous injuries and had lost a substantial amount of blood. He was rushed to the hospital. ... The patient did not survive his injuries.
1397:, although their hunting of small prey is more akin to foraging if they could catch them. Their diverse diet allows the cassowary to adapt to the availability of different food sources in their environment in case of ecological disruption. Despite their similar omnivorous foraging behaviour, cassowaries and introduced
1628:(and even then, the birds are rarely hunted due to their reputation, speed, wariness and self-defence, with juveniles being preferred over adults for ceremonial purposes - on average, it is considered very fortunate for a human hunter to kill one in every five years). With regards to their relationship with the
1470:, which was likely preyed by the cassowary, researchers also found remains of a child’s coloured building blocks, various sized marbles and a very small plastic car that came from a cereal packet. In terms of roadkill, discarded fish was reported, but the most common type of roadkill eaten by cassowaries are
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with New Guinea's other apex predators that also fills a similar niche (i.e. small prey population control) such as the crocodile monitor and the New Guinea harpy eagle; with the latter further partitioning by targeting arboreal prey. Medium-sized animals and imported megafauna on the other hand like
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Courtship and pair-bonding rituals begin with the vibratory sounds broadcast by females. Males approach and run with their necks parallel to the ground while making dramatic movements of their heads, which accentuate the frontal neck region. The female approaches drumming slowly. The male crouches on
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Normally ... he would hold a 'shock stick' and had a second person with him. On that day ... he was alone and had entered the pen to retrieve one of the female's eggs. During the attack, the victim had fallen to the ground and the attack continued for an unknown period of time. The owner was able to
2016:
The first documented human death caused by a cassowary was on April 6, 1926. In
Australia, 16-year-old Phillip McClean and his brother, age 13, came across a cassowary on their property and decided to try to kill it by striking it with clubs. The bird kicked the younger boy, who fell and ran away as
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In extremely urbanised areas where
Cassowaries used to naturally live such as in Queensland, Australia or in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, the local Cassowary population had adapted to its less forested grounds. Increasing urbanisation has increased the likelihood of human-cassowary interaction, a
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The southern cassowary is endangered in
Queensland. Kofron and Chapman, when they assessed the decline of this species, found that of the former cassowary habitat, only 20–25% remains. Habitat loss and fragmentation is the primary cause of decline. They then studied 140 cases of cassowary mortality,
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takes its name from the bird. The bird avoids the poisons of these fruits due to the presence of their incredibly short gastrointestinal tract, the shortest of all ratites in relation to their size. The cassowary's incredibly short and simple digestive tract leads to a short gut retention time which
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Due to their omnivorous nature, cassowaries are able to eat all types of human food, including processed ones if they feel like it, although fruit still remains their favourite choosings. A 2013 study from post-mortem investigations found that a combination of fruit scarcity and abundancy in human
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Nevertheless, Cassowary predatory behaviour seem to be seasonal, with females expressing higher desires for meat during egg production (i.e. autumn and winter) and males expressing the same desires during the pre-breeding season and post-incubation (i.e. autumn and spring). This seasonal behaviour
1529:, so they can't properly butcher their prey. As such, they compensate by using their feet as an anchor before grabbing a morsel and tearing it off with their neck muscles. Even so, cassowaries will hunt larger prey if given the opportunity, such as in one incident where an adult rooster killed an
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Cassowaries are solitary birds except during courtship, egg-laying, and sometimes around ample food supplies. Males and females each maintain separate territories that overlap, of a size of approximately 3 square kilometres in one study. While females move among satellite territories of different
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Hence, cassowaries are both the largest fruit-eating bird, the largest omnivorous bird and the largest opportunistically predatory avian. Cassowaries are very wary of humans, but if provoked, they are capable of inflicting serious, even fatal, injuries upon both dogs and people. The cassowary has
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The female does not care for the eggs or the chicks, but rather moves on within her territory to lay eggs in the nests of several other males. Young cassowaries are brown and have buffy stripes. They are often kept as pets in native villages (in New Guinea), where they are permitted to roam like
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Both male and female cassowaries do not tolerate the presence of others of the same sex, but females are more prone to fight than males, which will generally flee when encountering another male. While males and females may also be territorial and confrontational, this decreases during the mating
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by using his sharp beak as a spear to peck it to death, before butchering the remains for his chicks. Cassowaries are also known to fight one another over the opportunity to eat a dead animal, suggesting that resource competition behaviour between the birds are common. Their cravings for a high
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Likewise, reports of cassowaries hunting and killing small mammals and lizards are quite common, with the birds often using their feet to dig and scour the forest floor for a meal - whether it is prey or fruit - before snatching it up with their beaks and swallowing them whole. As far as larger
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It was found that cassowaries in these urban environments changed their diets accordingly, with urbanised cassowaries actually consuming an even greater proportion of fruits from exotic plants (~30%) but still incorporating a significant proportion of fruits from native plants in their diet.
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There is evidence that the cassowary may have been domesticated by humans thousands of years before the chicken. Some New Guinea
Highlands societies capture cassowary chicks and raise them as semi-tame poultry, for use in ceremonial gift exchanges and as food. They are the only indigenous
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those eggs for 50–52 days, removing or adding litter to regulate the temperature, then protects the chicks, which stay in the nest for about 9 months. He defends them fiercely against all potential predators, including humans. The young males later go off to find a territory of their own.
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is not well studied, and the northern and dwarf cassowaries even less so. Females are larger and more brightly coloured than the males. Adult southern cassowaries are 1.5 to 1.8 m (4 ft 11 in to 5 ft 11 in) tall, although some females may reach 2 m (6 ft
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In captivity, Cassowaries get the majority of their protein source from dog or monkey food. In fact, captive cassowaries consume almost 1 L (0.22 imp gal; 0.26 US gal) of a protein source (such as dog food) in conjunction with 19 L (4.2 imp gal;
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cassowary remains in Papua suggest that indigenous people at the time preferred to harvest eggs rather than adults. They seem to have regulated their consumption of these birds, possibly even collecting eggs and rearing young birds as one of the earliest forms of domestication.
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However, since
Tasmania lack the same levels of fruit diversity as Queensland and New Guinea, assessments believe that the birds would adapt by also eating invertebrates and small vertebrates. This may lead to some competition with the island's endemic insectivores such as the
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The cassowary has solitary habits and breeds less frequently in zoos than other ratites such as ostrich and emu. Unlike other ratites, it lives exclusively in tropical rainforest, and reproducing this habitat carefully is essential. Unlike the emu, which will live with other
1860:, in "mixed Australian fauna" displays, the cassowary does not cohabit well among its own kind. Individual specimens must even be kept in separate enclosures, due to their solitary and aggressive nature. Territoriality is one of their most important characteristics.
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Hand feeding cassowaries poses a significant threat to their survival because it lures them into suburban areas. There, the birds are more susceptible to encounters with vehicles and dogs. Contact with humans encourages cassowaries to take food from picnic tables.
1126:, the stability of specimens (the bright skin of the head and neck—the basis of describing several subspecies—fades in specimens), and the practice of trading live cassowaries for thousands of years, some of which are likely to have escaped or been deliberately
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Australasian animal known to have been partly domesticated by people prior to
European arrival and colonization and by definition, the oldest form of domesticated animal and the largest domesticated bird. The Maring people of Kundagai sacrificed cassowaries (
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Reciprocal ecosystem impact and behavioural interactions between cassowaries, Casuarius casuarius, and humans, homo sapiens: exploring the natural-human environment interface and its implications for endangered species recovery in North
Queensland,
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eciprocal ecosystem impact and behavioural interactions between cassowaries, Casuarius casuarius, and humans, homo sapiens: exploring the natural-human environment interface and its implications for endangered species recovery in North
Queensland,
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As for eating the cassowary, it is supposed to be quite tough. Australian administrative officers stationed in New Guinea were advised that it "should be cooked with a stone in the pot: when the stone is ready to eat, so is the cassowary".
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for thousands of years longer with little to no impact on its population, suggesting that either the cassowaries of New Guinea had long adapted to human-introduced species or that the rich biodiversity of New Guinea allowed for additional
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Webber, Bruce L.; Woodrow, Ian E. (June 2, 2004). "Cassowary frugivory, seed defleshing and fruit fly infestation influence the transition from seed to seedling in the rare
Australian rainforest tree, Ryparosa sp. nov. 1 (Achariaceae)".
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potentially dangerous mix. Although cassowary populations have faced challenges in these urban areas in
Northeastern Australia and parts of New Guinea, the cassowaries have proven to be surprisingly quite adaptable in contrast to the
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Cassowary strikes to the abdomen are among the rarest of all, but in one case in 1995, a dog was kicked in the belly. The blow left no puncture, but severe bruising occurred. The dog later died from an apparent intestinal rupture.
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with their powerful legs. Cassowaries can run at up to 50 km/h (30 mph) through the dense forest and can jump up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in). They are good swimmers, crossing wide rivers and swimming in the sea.
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would themselves, become lethal poison to the birds which are unaware from this contaminated danger. It is unknown why the cassowary population in Australia is in decline, as the New Guinea population has dealt with introduced
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his older brother struck the bird. The older McClean then tripped and fell to the ground. While he was on the ground, the cassowary kicked him in the neck, opening a 1.25-centimetre (0.49 in) wound that severed his
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also are a significant threat to their survival. They destroy nests and eggs of cassowaries, but their worst effect is as competitors for food, which may be catastrophic for the cassowaries during lean times.
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Unlike the majority of birds, cassowaries lack a tongue. Their beaks are pointed, sharp and robust but not serrated, which allows them to pick up fruit or small animals more easily than the short bills of an
1185: in), and weigh 58.5 kg (130 lb). However, it is not uncommon to see exceptionally large females topping the scales beyond 70 kg (150 lb), with the largest maximum recorded being a
2028:
Another human death due to a cassowary was recorded in Florida on April 12, 2019. The bird's owner, a 75-year-old man who had raised the animal, was apparently clawed to death after he fell to the ground.
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The inner or second of the three toes is fitted with a long, straight, murderous nail which can sever an arm or eviscerate an abdomen with ease. There are many records of natives being killed by this bird.
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bones touch each other. These, along with their wedge-shaped body, are thought to be adaptations to ward off vines, thorns, and saw-edged leaves, allowing them to run quickly through the rainforest.
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due to the lack of large terrestrial predators in either Australia or New Guinea; forcing the birds to necessitate the role in controlling the population of small prey animals including other small
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Where trees are dropping fruit, cassowaries come in and feed, with each bird defending a tree from others for a few days. They move on when the fruit is depleted. Fruit, even items as large as
1602:. They are known to disperse seeds over distances greater than a kilometre, thus playing an important role in the ecosystem. Germination rates for seeds of the rare Australian rainforest tree
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Typically, all cassowaries are shy birds that are found in the deep forest. They are adept at disappearing long before a human knows they are there. The southern cassowary of the far north
1137:, and that the dwarf cassowary is more closely related to the Northern Cassowary than either is to the Southern cassowary. A fossil species was reported from Australia, but for reasons of
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opportunistically when small prey is available. Besides fruits, their diet includes flowers, fungi, snails, insects, frogs, lizards, snakes, birds, fish, rats, mice, small marsupials and
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1640:. The incident ended with the singing dog being disemboweled and ripped open by the bird. But generally speaking, both apex animals mutually keep their distance and avoid one another.
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1542:, with the rooster teaching their young how to properly hunt and consume these animals; suggesting that protein forms an important dietary supplement for young cassowaries.
1555:, are avoided by the birds as they are completely incapable nor interested in hunting them. Instead, larger prey animals are controlled by the New Guinea singing dogs, the
1867:) is the most popular species in captivity, and it is fairly common in European and American zoos, where it is known for its unmistakable appearance. As of 2019, only
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protein diet are such, that adult roosters with chicks are known to supply their young with a surprisingly high protein diet such as insects and small birds such as
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in each clutch into a heap of leaf litter prepared by the male. The eggs measure about 9 by 14 cm (3.5 by 5.5 in) – only ostrich and emu eggs are larger.
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to generalist opportunistic predators, as frequent fecal examinations revealed the skeletal remains of entire birds, rodents and fish scales on a constant basis.
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males, they appear to remain within the same territories for most of their lives, mating with the same, or closely related, males over the course of their lives.
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Naish, Darren; Perron, Richard M. (2014). "Structure and function of the cassowary's casque and its implications for cassowary history, biology and evolution".
1932:) in certain rituals. The Kalam people considered themselves related to cassowaries, and did not classify them as birds, but as kin. Consequently, they use the
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Ironically, despite being a threatened species in Queensland, concerns also mount on cassowaries being itself, a potential invasive species on the island of
1455:. As adult waste often contain half-digested fruit which still has nutritional value, so the birds would devour each other's as well as their own droppings.
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Douglass, Kristina; Gaffney, Dylan; Feo, Teresa J.; Bulathsinhala, Priyangi; Mack, Andrew L.; Spitzer, Megan; Summerhayes, Glenn R. (October 5, 2021).
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The Mission Beach community in far north Queensland holds an annual Cassowary Festival in September, where funds are raised to map the bird's habitat.
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Naish, D.; Perron, R. (2016). "Structure and function of the cassowary's casque and its implications for cassowary history, biology and evolution".
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The evolutionary history of cassowaries, as of all ratites, is not well known. Genetic evidence suggests that their closest living relatives are
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such as snakes and lizards. If so, it would make cassowaries one of New Guinea's three terrestrial apex predators, with the other two being the
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are a popular prey item for the birds due to their commonality, ease of catch and being a good protein source. However, rodents that died from
1624:, as well as being one of the largest terrestrial endemic animals in New Guinea. As such, adult cassowaries have no natural enemies other than
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Bulmer, Ralph (March 1967). "Why is the Cassowary Not a Bird? A Problem of Zoological Taxonomy Among the Karam of the New Guinea Highlands".
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allow seeds to remain unharmed during the comparatively soft digestion process and allows them to consume fruits that contain toxins such as
4294:"The southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius johnsonii) remains an important disperser of native plants in fragmented rainforest landscapes"
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1437:. This short gut length also allows the birds to eat a wider variety of protein source, which is unsurprising given their omnivorous diet.
1405:, even though it should have dictated that both species should be in direct competition such as in the case in the cassowary population in
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4204:"Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene sites in the montane forests of New Guinea yield early record of cassowary hunting and egg harvesting"
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New surveys and observations in 2019 has also shown that cassowaries are one of the few ratites - the other being the equally elusive
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587:; the northern cassowary is the most recently discovered and the most threatened. A fourth but extinct species is represented by the
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Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
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often been labelled "the world's most dangerous bird", although in terms of recorded statistics, it pales in comparison to the
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1122:. Validation of these subspecies has proven difficult due to individual variations, age-related variations, the scarcity of
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Bourke, R. Michael: History of agriculture in Papua New Guinea in Food and Agriculture in Papua New Guinea, ANU Press, 2009
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The average lifespan of wild cassowaries is approximately 18–20 years, with those held in captivity living up to 40 years.
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Hence, by technicality, all three species of cassowaries are considered as Asia's largest bird since the extinction of the
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destroyed a large area of cassowary habitat, endangering 200 of the birds – about 10% of the total Australian population.
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having variations in between. Contrary to earlier findings, the hollow inside of the casque is spanned with fine fibres.
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Systema Naturae sistens regna tria naturæ, in classes et ordines, genera et species redacta tabulisque aeneis illustrata
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Campbell, Mariana A.; Lawton, Tom; Udyawer, Vinay; Bell-Anderson, Kim S.; Westcott, David; Campbell, Hamish A. (2023).
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The cassowary breeding season starts in May to June. Females lay three to eight large, bright green or pale green-blue
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Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés
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on their heads that grows with age. The casque's shape and size, up to 18 cm (7 in), is species-dependent.
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Cassowaries feed on the fruit of several hundred rainforest species and usually pass viable seeds in large, dense
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of rain forests because they eat fallen fruit whole and distribute seeds across the jungle floor via excrement.
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1989:, American and Australian troops stationed in New Guinea were warned to steer clear of them. In his 1958 book
650:, cassowaries consume a considerable amount of protein throughout their life stages, and throughout the year.
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Eastick, Danielle L., et al. "Cassowary casques act as thermal windows." Scientific reports 9.1 (2019): 1966.
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Malay Words and Malay Things: Lexical Souvenirs from an Exotic Archipelago in German Publications Before 1700
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Kofron, Christopher P. (December 1999). "Attacks to humans and domestic animals by the southern cassowary (
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1278:-like claw that may be 125 mm (5 in) long. This claw is particularly fearsome, since cassowaries
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Davies, Stephen J.J.F. (2003). "Birds I: Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.).
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2854:"A pygmy cassowary (Casuarius lydekkeri) from late Pleistocene bog deposits at Pureni, Papua New Guinea"
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4173:]. illustrations by Christopher Healey. New Zealand: Auckland University Press. pp. 150, 152.
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3347:. Canberra: Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water. p. 19. Archived from
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In captivity, outside of available hand-fed processed protein source, captive cassowaries are known to
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Fruit from at least 26 plant families has been documented in the diet of cassowaries. Fruits from the
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animals go, such as road kill, cassowary beaks - whilst sharp - aren't serrated like those of a true
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This assessment of the danger posed by cassowaries has been repeated in print by authors, including
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Montage of three species; left to right: southern cassowary, northern cassowary and dwarf cassowary
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of each have been described, and some of them have even been suggested as separate species, e.g.,
8336:
7932:
7733:
5302:
4818:
Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals
4059:
3527:"Rare video shows endangered southern cassowary emerging from ocean swim in Far North Queensland"
3507:
2610:
2488:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 7.
1812:
4382:
733:. As the publication date of Linnaeus's sixth edition was before the 1758 starting point of the
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1994:
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barnyard fowl until nearing maturity. Caged birds are regularly bereft of their fresh plumes.
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in Germany has all three species of cassowaries in its collection: single-wattled cassowary (
1737:
1020:
951:
882:
418:
396:
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3413:
2528:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 155.
1200:, the cassowary is the island's second largest terrestrial animal after the introduction of
8316:
7738:
7728:
5661:
5092:
4969:
4719:
4305:
4215:
3130:
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2508:(in Latin) (6th ed.). Stockholmiae (Stockholm): Godofr, Kiesewetteri. pp. 16, 27.
1820:
1560:
4621:
602:, and take a range of other plant foods, including shoots and grass seeds, in addition to
8:
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7681:
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Wenzlow, N.; Hamilton, W. F. (February 18, 2021). "Cassowary Fatally Attacks Its Owner".
4129:
Man and a Half: Essays in Pacific Anthropology and Ethnobiology in Honour of Ralph Bulmer
3770:
3268:
1985:
Cassowaries have a reputation for being dangerous to people and domestic animals. During
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329:
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2318:"Captive Management Guidelines for the Southern Cassowary Casuarius casuarius johnsonii"
2220:
8071:
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6725:
5634:
5490:
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5362:
5131:
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4276:. Canberra: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. p. 23-24.
4251:
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Cassowaries are native to the humid rainforests of New Guinea, nearby smaller islands,
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343:
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4065:. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. 2011. p. 10-11.
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were found to be much higher after passing through a cassowary's gut (92% versus 4%).
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3957:"Feral pigs decimating cassowaries in world heritage-listed Daintree, filmmaker says"
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The same cannot be said with their chicks, however, as they are vulnerable to large
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1632:- one of Papua's only obligate terrestrial apex predator, with the other being the
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5.0 US gal) of fruit a day, which results in 5% of their overall diet.
1219:
All cassowaries' feathers consist of a shaft and loose barbules. They do not have
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7287:
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3342:"National Recovery Plan for the Southern Cassowary Casuarius casuarius johnsonii"
2946:
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2006:
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1578:, nevertheless, captive birds are known to consume day-old chicks and butchered
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4078:"World's most dangerous bird raised by humans 18,000 years ago, study suggests"
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2654:
2577:(4th ed.). London: International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. 1999.
2420:
1937:
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1648:
1429:
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571:, is the third-tallest and second-heaviest living bird, smaller only than the
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2010:
1900:
1832:
1724:, and northeastern Australia. They do, however, venture out into palm scrub,
1579:
1491:
1487:
1486:
Despite their largely frugivorous lifestyle, some consider cassowaries as an
1248:
858:
777:
700:
461:
273:
206:
80:
5205:
4228:
3788:
1772:
A free-ranging cassowary wandering in a tourist park at Etty Bay, Queensland
1474:, which potentially represent the largest prey item consumed by the birds.
1313:
Several functions for the casque have been proposed. One is that they are a
8036:
8024:
7992:
7876:
7561:
7500:
7465:
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7223:
7060:
7048:
6958:
6855:
6767:
6655:
6458:
6374:
5884:
5874:
5167:
5031:"The taxonomic status of Casuarius bennetti papuanus and C. b. westermanni"
4247:
4162:
2439:
2018:
1986:
1790:
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1138:
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6802:
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6381:
6289:
6224:
6166:
6044:
5752:
5646:
5342:
4026:"Cassowary carnival: Queensland town celebrates a famous flightless bird"
2636:
2542:(1910). "Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus".
1966:
1962:
1944:
1518:
1452:
1386:
1213:
1189:
at 85 kg (187 lb) and 190 cm (6 ft 3 in) tall.
1167:
1155:
1141:, this assignment is not certain, and it might belong to the prehistoric
1057:
990:
769:
765:
553:
366:
226:
55:
5558:
4507:"Cassowary, called 'most dangerous bird', attacks and kills Florida man"
4271:"Recovery plan for the southern cassowary Casuarius casuarius johnsonii"
1620:, cassowaries are the island's largest and most dominant and formidable
737:, Brisson, and not Linnaeus, is considered the authority for the genus.
8228:
8076:
8051:
7571:
7566:
7485:
7332:
7193:
6900:
6895:
6860:
6486:
6429:
6399:
6303:
6262:
6197:
6145:
5805:
5763:
5406:
4666:
2479:
2139:(in Indonesian). Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pendidikan. pp. 39, 71.
1761:
1696:
1688:
1683:
1644:
1617:
1535:
1467:
1459:
1425:
1406:
1402:
1398:
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757:
619:
533:
325:
100:
65:
4731:
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4293:
3142:
136:
8241:
8210:
7889:
7611:
7519:
7509:
7490:
7460:
7312:
7272:
7238:
7208:
7143:
7003:
6968:
6890:
6870:
6827:
6509:
6443:
6365:
5959:
5937:
5859:
5812:
5798:
5774:
5619:
5514:
5353:
5239:
5104:
4907:
2668:
1969:, potentially making them the largest urbanised birds in the world.
1857:
1853:
1782:
1725:
1671:
1663:
1567:
1552:
1471:
1463:
1428:, and myrtle families are important items in the diet. The poisonous
1410:
1220:
1205:
1103:
848:
647:
595:
557:
166:
105:
49:
8118:
5159:
4650:
3981:
International), BirdLife International (BirdLife) (August 9, 2018).
3431:
2556:
1309:
Feet of a southern cassowary: Cassowaries use their feet as weapons.
8342:
Higher-level bird taxa restricted to the Australasia-Pacific region
8215:
8141:
8061:
8056:
7866:
7616:
7596:
7591:
7581:
7576:
7445:
7435:
7387:
7350:
7153:
7108:
7083:
7043:
7013:
6963:
6875:
6865:
6581:
6571:
6408:
6282:
6255:
6207:
5570:
5479:
5417:
4871:"Case histories of attacks by the southern cassowary in Queensland"
3744:"Notes on behaviour of New Guinea singing dogs (Canis lupus dingo)"
2380:
1948:
1800:
1604:
1590:
1434:
1421:
1390:
1354:
1240:
1201:
1143:
1102:
Most authorities consider the taxonomic classification above to be
753:
715:
published in 1748, but Linnaeus dropped the genus in the important
599:
186:
125:
95:
90:
75:
70:
60:
4997:
Owen, J. (2003). "Does Rain Forest Bird "Boom" Like a Dinosaur?".
4533:"Cassowary, world's 'most dangerous bird', kills owner in Florida"
4291:
3907:"Cassowary: Description, Pictures, & Fun Facts I TheBirdPedia"
2376:"'World's Most Dangerous Bird' Kills 75-Year-Old Owner In Florida"
1196:. Moreover, not only is the cassowary Asia's largest bird, within
7937:
7801:
7651:
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7307:
7282:
7252:
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6749:
6422:
6388:
6318:
6273:
6185:
6062:
3982:
3760:
Roots, Clive. Flightless birds. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006.
2460:(in French and Latin). Vol. 1. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche.
1895:
1729:
1667:
1575:
1394:
1260:
1244:
1236:
1232:
639:
615:
572:
525:
517:
110:
85:
3228:. James Cook University. Section 2 Page 154 (thesis) or 60 (pdf)
2813:"The history and significance of the fossil Casuarius lydekkeri"
7626:
7526:
7480:
7381:
7360:
7302:
7292:
7262:
7148:
7033:
6880:
6835:
5564:
4765:. Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills MI: Gale Group.
4201:
1808:
1757:
1679:
1507:
1503:
1441:
1275:
1209:
761:
643:
627:
176:
4573:
Abstracts of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences Meeting
3607:
2050:
1805:
Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment
30:
This article is about the genus of birds. For other uses, see
8041:
7641:
7586:
7551:
7546:
7450:
7430:
7218:
7168:
6910:
6787:
5223:
4929:"Low-frequency vocalizations by cassowaries (Casuarius spp.)"
4454:"Authorities: Large, flightless bird kills its Florida owner"
3860:
The Foundation for Australia's Most Endangered Species (FAME)
1955:
1625:
1599:
1481:
1228:
671:
631:
603:
8091:
5219:
3926:
3924:
2244:"Digestive Anatomy and Physiology of the Southern Cassowary"
1879:). If subspecies are recognised, Weltvogelpark Walsrode has
658:, which is recorded to kill two to three humans per year in
7267:
7173:
7018:
6920:
6915:
6840:
6741:
5576:
4945:
10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[1062:LVBCCS]2.0.CO;2
2221:"What Do Cassowaries Eat? (Full Diet, Habits and Behavior)"
1827:
would be denied access to fruit of which they depend upon.
1692:
1621:
1571:
1271:
635:
623:
196:
4888:"Causes of mortality to the endangered Southern Cassowary
3983:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Casuarius casuarius"
2971:. Buzzle.com. Archived from the original on March 15, 2009
2402:
Usurelu, Sergiu; Bettencourt, Vanessa; Melo, Gina (2015).
7541:
6925:
6772:
6242:
5426:
5333:
5324:
4614:"Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification – Genus Casuarius"
4505:
Hackney, Deanna; McLaughlin, Eliott C. (April 15, 2019).
4460:. Alachua, Florida, USA. Associated Press. April 13, 2019
4126:
Healey, Chris (1991). "Why is the Cassowary sacrificed".
3921:
3856:"Planting important habitat to save the Iconic Cassowary"
3693:
1585:
1267:
1256:
1134:
773:
719:
of 1758 and put the southern cassowary together with the
607:
576:
3414:"Cassowaries in the Wet Tropics of Far North Queensland"
3154:
3152:
2852:
Rich, P. V.; Plane, Michael; Schroeder, Natalie (1988).
2238:
2236:
2234:
2054:
Official Lists and Indexes of Names and Works in Zoology
1235:
quills, resembling porcupine quills, with no barbs. The
6710:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
665:
4344:
3955:
Sexton-Mcgrath, Kristy; Stephen, Adam (May 30, 2018).
3121:
Crome, F.; Moore, L (1988). "The cassowary's casque".
2903:
2401:
1227:. Cassowaries have small wings with five or six large
1147:, which was a genus of cassowary-like primitive emus.
5206:"C4 Community for Coastal and Cassowary Conservation"
4405:
4403:
4100:
4098:
3954:
3149:
2231:
1904:
The cassowary is featured on the coat of arms of the
6577:
6539:
6497:
6482:
6350:
6340:
6330:
6239:
6213:
6203:
6193:
6154:
6050:
6040:
5987:
5956:
5924:
5871:
5855:
5786:
5770:
5759:
5748:
4784:
Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies
4688:(6 ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
3098:
2597:
2254:
4674:Clark, Philip (November 5, 1990). "Stay in Touch".
3936:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3061:
3059:
3057:
2924:
2369:
2367:
2021:. The boy died of his injuries shortly thereafter.
1662:However, in the relic populations of north-eastern
735:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
5083:Sclater, P. L. (October 14, 1875). "Cassowaries".
5007:
4804:
4781:
4531:
4400:
4388:
4095:
3040:
3038:
2862:BMR Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics
2851:
2598:
2544:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
2119:
1444:and apples, is swallowed whole. Cassowaries are a
1385:Cassowaries, as aforementioned, are predominantly
1286:All three species have a keratinous, skin-covered
4820:. New York, NY: Facts on File. pp. 178–179.
4504:
4287:
4285:
4283:
3250:Section 3, page 114(pdf) 208(on-page numbering).
3120:
2097:. Collection of group names. 2007. Archived from
8308:
6080:
5191:Transactions of the Zoological Society of London
4927:Mack, Andrew L.; Jones, Josh (October 1, 2003).
4886:Kofron, Christopher P.; Chapman, Angela (2006).
4686:The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World
3537:
3501:
3499:
3328:
3240:
3164:
3054:
2364:
5114:Australia's Dangerous Creatures Reader's Digest
4570:
4334:"Cassowary bird tries to steal a woman's lunch"
4208:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3387:
3035:
2845:
2051:Melville, R. V.; Smith, J. D. D., eds. (1987).
579:. The other two species are represented by the
5591:
5082:
4280:
3980:
3566:
3564:
3318:"Casuarius unappendiculatusnorthern cassowary"
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
1896:Role in Papuan cultures and semi-domestication
1666:, the cassowary population faces threats from
6726:
5530:
5310:
5144:
4885:
4834:
4125:
3930:
3699:
3496:
3104:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2574:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
2395:
2189:
2187:
2185:
5729:
4803:Gilliard, E. Thomas (1958) . "Cassowaries".
4262:
4160:
3804:
3802:
3771:"Giant Cassowaries are Modern-day Dinosaurs"
3737:
3735:
3733:
3731:
2641:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 192–3.
2478:
2323:. Cairns Tropical Zoo. p. 23-24, 73-77.
1670:, and are in danger of being outcompeted by
1159:Close-up of the head of a southern cassowary
682:
4959:
3561:
3371:
3369:
2161:
1890:
1711:
1594:Cassowary feces, containing traces of seeds
708:
6733:
6719:
5537:
5523:
5317:
5303:
5276:"Southern cassowary - Casuarius casuarius"
5136:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4702:
4480:"Cassowary kills man at farm near Alachua"
4075:
3012:
2781:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2182:
1956:Urbanisation of local cassowary population
1747:
1744:, and Jardine National Park in Australia.
1482:Predatory behaviour and hunting techniques
1451:Adult and young cassowaries also practice
135:
5111:
4926:
4317:
4237:
4227:
4060:"PEST RISK ASSESSMENT Southern Cassowary"
4008:"Cyclone puts cassowary in greater peril"
3879:
3799:
3728:
3158:
2555:
2429:
2419:
2373:
2346:
2333:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2274:"Jungle royalty: the enigmatic cassowary"
1401:had co-existed for thousands of years in
598:, although all species are opportunistic
5351:
5278:. ARKive. August 5, 2004. Archived from
4802:
4683:
4680:Cites "authorities" for the death claim.
4350:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3648:Atherton Tablelands Bird Watchers' Cabin
3630:Atherton Tablelands Bird Watchers' Cabin
3572:"Southern Cassowary Casuarius casuarius"
3525:Testa, Christopher (November 13, 2023).
3366:
3088:"This is one bird to be cass-o-wary of!"
3044:
2518:
2498:
2271:
2176:
2134:
1914:
1899:
1767:
1751:
1589:
1376:
1344:
1323:
1304:
1154:
4779:
4594:
4486:. Alachua, Florida, USA. April 13, 2019
4378:
3942:
3750:. Science in New Guinea. p. 46-47.
3608:"Cassowary and chicks feeding on snake"
3394:Haley, Annemaree (September 26, 2022).
3289:
3003:
2881:"The Taxonomy of the Genus Cassowarius"
2452:
2374:Mosbergen, Dominique (April 14, 2019).
2213:
2124:(in Dutch). J.H. De Bussy. p. 146.
1458:In more urbanised areas, especially in
1280:sometimes kick humans and other animals
14:
8309:
5544:
5063:
5028:
4868:
4843:
4760:
4738:
4636:
4611:
4421:
4409:
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4154:
4104:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4046:
3829:Biogeography and ecology of New Guinea
3826:
3810:"New to the area what you should know"
3505:
3339:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3082:
3080:
3029:
3006:Biogeography and ecology of New Guinea
2909:
2826:(10). The Australian Museum: 235–238.
2810:
2798:
2284:
1923:on Indonesia and New Guinea, 1899–1900
1586:Role in seed dispersal and germination
8123:
8122:
6714:
6627:
6132:
6131:
5716:
5557:
5518:
5298:
5014:. New York City: Simon and Schuster.
4816:Gotch, A. F. (1995) . "Cassowaries".
4815:
4673:
4552:from the original on January 12, 2022
4268:
3705:
3551:"Don't Attempt to Cuddle a Cassowary"
3524:
3508:"Daintree's Dinosaur – The Cassowary"
3393:
3292:"10 Colorful Facts About Cassowaries"
3236:
3234:
2920:
2918:
2631:
2538:
2482:; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979).
2336:"Species Feature: Southern Cassowary"
2315:
2151:"Interesting facts about Cassowaries"
920:Northern and western New Guinea, and
814:IUCN status and estimated population
528:bones. Cassowaries are native to the
5256:"Raising the World's Deadliest Bird"
5005:
4996:
4835:Harmer, S.F.; Shipley, A.F. (1899).
4422:Sather, Patrick (October 13, 2021).
4362:
3741:
3248:(phd thesis). James Cook University.
3170:
2619:participating institution membership
764:group, which also includes the emu,
666:Taxonomy, systematics, and evolution
5229:Cassowary videos, photos and sounds
5220:Cassowary and chicks drinking water
4043:
3987:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3548:
3486:"Have you sized up to a cassowary?"
3315:
3302:
3267:. December 18, 2023. Archived from
3077:
1919:Cassowary held as a pet during the
1298:the smallest (tricorn shape), with
1130:to regions away from their origin.
1118:also may be in need of revision to
24:
5185:A Monograph of the Genus Casuarius
5176:
4862:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01206.x
4763:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
4612:Brands, Sheila (August 14, 2008).
4135:. pp. 234–241. Archived from
3845:NY, Ballantine Books: 1971, p. 35.
3468:"Cassowary – The Flightless Birds"
3231:
2915:
2811:Miller, Alden H. (June 19, 1962).
2334:Boettcher, James (June 12, 2018).
2061:
1546:changes allows the cassowaries to
1381:Southern cassowary eating a banana
25:
8353:
8327:Extant Zanclean first appearances
5717:
5198:
4620:. The Taxonomicon. Archived from
4595:Borrell, Brendan (October 2008).
4076:Katie Hunt (September 27, 2021).
2075:. The Trust for Avian Systematics
594:Around 90% of the cassowary diet
8102:
8101:
8090:
6817:
6811:
6695:
6694:
6610:
6604:
6113:
5194:, vol. 15, pt. 5, December 1900.
5010:Predatory Dinosaurs of the World
4875:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
4780:Diamond, Jared M. (March 1997).
4564:
4524:
4498:
4472:
4446:
3843:New Guinea: The Tide is Stemmed.
3290:Mancini, Mark (April 19, 2019).
2820:Records of the Australian Museum
2485:Check-list of Birds of the World
2408:Annals of Medicine & Surgery
1120:Casuarius (bennetti) westermanni
995:
993:, and Yapen, mainly in highlands
970:
926:
901:
857:
824:
780:. These species are recognised:
677:was erected by French scientist
153:
53:
5231:on the Internet Bird Collection
5066:Taxonomy of the Genus Casuarius
4869:Kofron, Christopher P. (2003).
4415:
4326:
4195:
4119:
4110:
4069:
4018:
4000:
3974:
3948:
3899:
3873:
3848:
3835:
3820:
3781:
3763:
3754:
3675:
3654:
3636:
3618:
3600:
3582:
3576:San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance
3518:
3478:
3472:The Amazing Taman Safari - Bali
3460:
3442:
3424:
3406:
3283:
3253:
3241:Bentrupperbaumer, Joan (1997).
3217:Bentrupperbaumer, Joan (1997).
3211:
3185:
3176:
3114:
2997:
2961:
2873:
2832:10.3853/j.0067-1975.25.1962.662
2804:
2625:
2591:
2564:
2532:
2512:
2492:
2472:
2446:
2327:
2199:San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance
1846:
1340:
1315:secondary sexual characteristic
1060:fossils of New South Wales and
805:Scientific name and subspecies
4587:
4575:. Houston, Texas: 590 (H 65).
3506:D’Arcy, Mike (April 2, 2023).
2143:
2128:
2113:
2087:
2044:
1863:The double-wattled cassowary (
1274:. The inner (first) toe has a
1231:. These are reduced to stiff,
1150:
13:
1:
7760:Countries by meat consumption
4890:Casuarius casuarius johnsonii
4848:) in Queensland, Australia".
4846:Casuarius casuarius johnsonii
4837:The Cambridge Natural History
4703:Crome, F.; Moore, L. (1988).
4597:"Invasion of the Cassowaries"
3742:Bino, Robert (January 1996).
3662:"Tropical Topics - Cassowary"
2404:"Abdominal trauma by ostrich"
2032:
520:: flightless birds without a
8047:Non-vegetarian food in India
7765:Countries by meat production
4982:10.1080/08912963.2014.985669
4896:Pacific Conservation Biology
3814:Guardians of the Wet Tropics
3718:"The New Guinea Singing Dog"
2947:10.1080/08912963.2014.985669
2466:Vol. 5: p. 10, Plate 1 fig 2
2340:Australian Wildlife Journeys
2037:
1940:when eating cassowary meat.
1279:
899:or single-wattled cassowary
822:or double-wattled cassowary
707:in the sixth edition of his
563:Three cassowary species are
7:
7770:Food and drink prohibitions
5182:Rothschild, Walter (1899).
5064:Perron, Richard M. (2016).
5029:Perron, Richard M. (2011).
4811:. New York City: Doubleday.
4746:. Oxford University Press.
3931:Kofron & Chapman (2006)
3700:Webber & Woodrow (2004)
3105:Harmer & Shipley (1899)
2137:Kamus Bahasa Biak-Indonesia
2120:F.J.F. Van Hasselt (1947).
1875:) and Bennett's cassowary (
1349:Juvenile southern cassowary
10:
8358:
6809:
6628:
3880:UNEP-WCMC (May 22, 2017).
3340:Dennis, Andrew J. (2023).
3197:Smithsonian's National Zoo
3067:"Biology & Physiology"
2421:10.1016/j.amsu.2014.12.004
2354:"What Do Cassowaries Eat?"
1980:
1873:Casuarius unappendiculatus
1742:Paluma Range National Park
1611:
1243:are degenerate, and their
911:Casuarius unappendiculatus
699:). The Swedish naturalist
377:Moehr, 1752 nomen rejectum
305:Casuarius unappendiculatus
32:Cassowary (disambiguation)
29:
8131:
8085:
7983:
7918:
7875:
7827:
7812:Psychology of eating meat
7787:
7752:
7672:
7665:
7416:
7356:Black soldier fly maggots
7341:
7237:
7059:
6939:
6826:
6748:
6690:
6636:
6623:
6601:
6554:
6535:
6526:
6496:
6466:
6457:
6398:
6364:
6326:
6317:
6272:
6250:
6238:
6184:
6153:
6144:
6140:
6127:
6110:
6076:
6031:
5986:
5955:
5923:
5870:
5851:
5840:
5785:
5744:
5740:
5725:
5712:
5672:
5654:
5645:
5627:
5618:
5600:
5587:
5553:
5476:
5415:
5405:
5341:
5006:Paul, Gregory S. (1988).
4892:in Queensland, Australia"
4807:Living Birds of the World
4676:The Sydney Morning Herald
4424:"10 Birds That Can't Fly"
4304:(4). Australia: 787–802.
4167:Birds of my Kalam Country
3590:"Cassowary and bandicoot"
3490:Daintree Discovery Centre
3092:Atlas of Living Australia
2989:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2606:Oxford English Dictionary
2454:Brisson, Mathurin Jacques
1991:Living Birds of the World
1033:
964:
895:
818:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
772:, as well as the extinct
703:had introduced the genus
516:. They are classified as
349:
342:
289:
284:
265:
258:
150:Scientific classification
148:
143:
134:
41:
27:Genus of flightless birds
7885:Beef hormone controversy
6740:
5148:Functional Plant Biology
5068:. Quantum Conservation.
4999:National Geographic News
4788:. W.W. Norton & Co.
4705:"The cassowary's casque"
4684:Clements, James (2007).
3886:World Heritage Datasheet
2316:Biggs, James R. (2013).
1891:Relationship with humans
1841:eastern barred bandicoot
1837:southern brown bandicoot
1712:Distribution and habitat
679:Mathurin Jacques Brisson
4229:10.1073/pnas.2100117118
3882:"Lorentz National Park"
3626:"Cassowary season 2021"
3159:Mack & Jones (2003)
2611:Oxford University Press
2272:Pickrell, John (2019).
2248:Cassowaries and Kakapos
2122:Noemfoorsch Woordenboek
1813:common brushtail possum
1748:Status and conservation
1653:New Guinea singing dogs
1630:New Guinea singing dogs
1570:on either live or dead
1510:), the birds turn from
1372:
1266:Cassowaries have three-
968:or Bennett's cassowary
687:published in 1760. The
567:. The most common, the
482:
7910:Water holding capacity
5247:Encyclopedia Americana
5112:Underhill, D. (1993).
4740:Davies, Stephen J.J.F.
3004:Ziegler, A.C. (1982).
2095:"Part 7 - Vertebrates"
2003:
1995:Ernest Thomas Gilliard
1924:
1912:
1869:Weltvogelpark Walsrode
1817:common ringtail possum
1773:
1765:
1595:
1500:New Guinea singing dog
1382:
1350:
1310:
1160:
745:
709:
683:
457:
388:, 1800 non Latham 1790
8289:Paleobiology Database
7895:Feed conversion ratio
7797:Ethics of eating meat
5445:Kangaroo Island emu (
4607:on December 13, 2012.
4269:Latch, Peter (2007).
4171:Mn̄mon Yad Kalam Yakt
4142:on September 28, 2020
3596:. September 16, 2016.
3436:Cassowary Conservancy
3094:. September 26, 2023.
2278:Australian Geographic
1999:
1918:
1903:
1771:
1755:
1738:Lorentz National Park
1593:
1380:
1348:
1324:Behaviour and ecology
1308:
1223:(tail feathers) or a
1158:
1114:. The taxonomic name
7948:Environmental impact
5381:Northern cassowary (
5363:Southern cassowary (
5051:on November 22, 2015
4914:on November 16, 2017
4744:Ratites and Tinamous
4601:Smithsonian Magazine
4014:. February 27, 2011.
3683:"Southern Cassowary"
3669:Animal Diversity Web
3454:Our Breathing Planet
3396:"Southern Cassowary"
3381:Daintree Cassowaries
3322:Animal Diversity Web
3261:"Southern Cassowary"
3193:"Southern cassowary"
2969:"The Cassowary Bird"
2073:aviansystematics.org
1821:eastern pygmy possum
1616:In its main home of
1561:New Guinea crocodile
1424:, palm, wild grape,
1294:has the largest and
924:, mainly in lowlands
855:, mainly in lowlands
556:), and northeastern
8322:Birds of New Guinea
5383:C. unappendiculatus
5097:1875Natur..12..516S
5044:(1). Archived from
4974:2016HBio...28..507N
4724:1988EmuAO..88..123C
4484:The Gainesville Sun
4310:2023AusEc..48..787C
4220:2021PNAS..11800117D
4214:(40): e2100117118.
3827:Bulmer, S. (1982).
3418:Friend of the Earth
3135:1988EmuAO..88..123C
2939:2016HBio...28..507N
2653:Cognates occur in
2609:(Online ed.).
2057:. ICZN. p. 17.
1906:Indonesian province
1825:little pygmy possum
1803:. According to the
1734:Wasur National Park
1582:from time to time.
1557:saltwater crocodile
1300:C. unappendiculatus
1048:Casuarius lydekkeri
1040:or small cassowary
834:Casuarius casuarius
798:
748:cognate of several
697:Casuarius casuarius
330:Casuarius lydekkeri
294:Casuarius casuarius
8072:Warmed-over flavor
7840:Semi-vegetarianism
5429:D. novaehollandiae
4962:Historical Biology
4850:Journal of Zoology
4624:on October 5, 2016
4618:sn2000.taxonomy.nl
4540:. April 14, 2019.
4161:Majnep, Ian Saem;
3909:. December 9, 2021
3831:. The Hague: Junk.
3644:"Day: May 2, 2024"
3549:Buckley, Michael.
3492:. August 21, 2022.
3008:. The Hague: Junk.
2927:Historical Biology
2101:on October 5, 2016
1925:
1913:
1877:Casuarius bennetti
1789:In February 2011,
1774:
1766:
1718:East Nusa Tenggara
1702:niche partitioning
1596:
1540:red-browed finches
1383:
1351:
1311:
1187:southern cassowary
1161:
980:Casuarius bennetti
897:Northern cassowary
820:Southern cassowary
783:
760:) are part of the
752:spoken around the
740:Cassowaries (from
693:southern cassowary
581:northern cassowary
569:southern cassowary
538:Western New Guinea
316:Casuarius bennetti
310:Northern cassowary
299:Southern cassowary
268:Struthio casuarius
8304:
8303:
8276:Open Tree of Life
8125:Taxon identifiers
8116:
8115:
7783:
7782:
6708:
6707:
6686:
6685:
6619:
6618:
6599:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6453:
6452:
6313:
6312:
6234:
6233:
6158:Opisthodactylidae
6134:Notopalaeognathae
6123:
6122:
6108:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6082:Notopalaeognathae
6072:
6071:
5836:
5835:
5708:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5455:King Island emu (
5447:D. n. baudinianus
5437:D. n. diemenensis
5401:
5400:
5372:Dwarf cassowary (
5241:"Cassowary"
5236:Ingersoll, Ernest
5075:978-3-86523-272-4
4732:10.1071/MU9880123
4695:978-0-8014-4501-9
4434:on March 28, 2023
4319:10.1111/aec.13309
3555:perceptive travel
3377:"Cassowary Foods"
3143:10.1071/MU9880123
3071:Rainforest Rescue
2648:978-3-447-05492-8
2617:(Subscription or
2584:978-0-85301-006-7
2135:Soeparno (1977).
1987:World War II
1934:Pandanus register
1921:Siboga Expedition
1885:C. u. rufotinctus
1881:C. b. westermanni
1856:species, such as
1676:domesticated dogs
1634:crocodile monitor
1496:crocodile monitor
1100:
1099:
1054:
986:
917:
840:
811:Size and ecology
796:
768:, ostriches, and
750:related languages
596:consists of fruit
447:
446:
441:
430:
422:
411:
400:
389:
378:
370:
359:
336:
322:
311:
300:
254:
235:
129:
16:(Redirected from
8349:
8332:Flightless birds
8297:
8296:
8284:
8283:
8271:
8270:
8258:
8257:
8245:
8244:
8232:
8231:
8219:
8218:
8206:
8205:
8193:
8192:
8180:
8179:
8167:
8166:
8165:
8152:
8151:
8150:
8120:
8119:
8105:
8104:
8095:
8094:
8067:Roadkill cuisine
7862:Meat alternative
7857:Plant-based diet
7775:Meat substitutes
7670:
7669:
6821:
6815:
6735:
6728:
6721:
6712:
6711:
6698:
6697:
6649:Incognitoolithus
6625:
6624:
6614:
6609:
6608:
6579:
6541:
6533:
6532:
6499:
6484:
6464:
6463:
6352:
6342:
6332:
6324:
6323:
6248:
6247:
6243:Dinornithiformes
6241:
6215:
6205:
6195:
6156:
6151:
6150:
6142:
6141:
6129:
6128:
6118:
6117:
6078:
6077:
6052:
6042:
5989:
5958:
5926:
5873:
5857:
5849:
5848:
5843:Struthioniformes
5788:
5772:
5761:
5750:
5742:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5727:
5726:
5714:
5713:
5652:
5651:
5625:
5624:
5598:
5597:
5589:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5555:
5554:
5539:
5532:
5525:
5516:
5515:
5413:
5412:
5349:
5348:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5296:
5295:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5262:. March 17, 2023
5251:
5243:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5171:
5141:
5135:
5127:
5108:
5105:10.1038/012516a0
5079:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5050:
5035:
5025:
5013:
5002:
4993:
4956:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4910:. Archived from
4908:10.1071/PC060175
4882:
4865:
4840:
4831:
4812:
4810:
4799:
4787:
4776:
4757:
4735:
4709:
4699:
4679:
4670:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4608:
4603:. Archived from
4581:
4580:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4535:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4430:. Archived from
4419:
4413:
4407:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4376:
4370:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4289:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4241:
4231:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4141:
4134:
4123:
4117:
4114:
4108:
4102:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4056:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3852:
3846:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3806:
3797:
3796:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3739:
3726:
3725:
3714:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3666:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3568:
3559:
3558:
3546:
3535:
3534:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3456:. June 27, 2016.
3446:
3440:
3439:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3400:Daintree Safaris
3391:
3385:
3384:
3373:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3353:
3346:
3337:
3326:
3325:
3313:
3300:
3299:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3271:on July 26, 2024
3257:
3251:
3249:
3238:
3229:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3199:. March 23, 2023
3189:
3183:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3147:
3146:
3118:
3112:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3063:
3052:
3042:
3033:
3027:
3010:
3009:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2988:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2922:
2913:
2912:, pp. 54–8.
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2891:on March 5, 2016
2887:. Archived from
2877:
2871:
2870:
2858:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2817:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2779:
2778:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2614:
2602:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2433:
2423:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2282:
2281:
2269:
2252:
2251:
2240:
2229:
2228:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2191:
2180:
2174:
2159:
2158:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2048:
1993:, ornithologist
1512:primary consumer
1446:keystone species
1270:feet with sharp
1184:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1088:
1062:Papua New Guinea
1053:Rothschild, 1911
1052:
1024:
999:
984:
974:
955:
930:
915:
905:
886:
861:
839:(Linnaeus, 1758)
838:
828:
799:
791:
782:
714:
686:
542:Papua New Guinea
530:tropical forests
504:flightless birds
501:
498:
495:
476:
473:
470:
436:
428:
417:
406:
395:
384:
376:
365:
355:
334:
320:
309:
298:
249:
230:
158:
157:
139:
123:
122:
52:
45:Temporal range:
39:
38:
21:
8357:
8356:
8352:
8351:
8350:
8348:
8347:
8346:
8307:
8306:
8305:
8300:
8292:
8287:
8279:
8274:
8266:
8261:
8253:
8248:
8240:
8235:
8227:
8222:
8214:
8209:
8201:
8196:
8188:
8183:
8175:
8170:
8161:
8160:
8155:
8146:
8145:
8140:
8127:
8117:
8112:
8097:Food portal
8089:
8081:
8003:Case-ready meat
7985:
7979:
7953:Factory farming
7914:
7871:
7823:
7789:
7779:
7748:
7661:
7418:
7412:
7337:
7242:
7233:
7055:
6935:
6906:Lamb and mutton
6822:
6816:
6807:
6744:
6739:
6709:
6704:
6682:
6632:
6615:
6603:
6587:
6550:
6522:
6492:
6449:
6394:
6360:
6309:
6268:
6230:
6180:
6175:Opisthodactylus
6136:
6119:
6112:
6096:
6068:
6027:
5991:Ergilornithidae
5982:
5951:
5945:Galligeranoides
5919:
5907:Palaeophasianus
5892:Galligeranoides
5866:
5845:
5832:
5827:Pseudocrypturus
5781:
5734:
5721:
5688:
5668:
5641:
5614:
5608:Avemetatarsalia
5593:Avemetatarsalia
5583:
5560:
5559:
5549:
5543:
5513:
5504:
5472:
5435:Tasmanian emu (
5397:
5337:
5323:
5285:
5283:
5274:
5265:
5263:
5254:
5234:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5201:
5179:
5177:Further wording
5174:
5160:10.1071/FP03214
5129:
5128:
5124:
5076:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5033:
5022:
4917:
4915:
4828:
4796:
4773:
4754:
4707:
4696:
4651:10.2307/2798651
4627:
4625:
4590:
4585:
4584:
4569:
4565:
4555:
4553:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4515:
4513:
4503:
4499:
4489:
4487:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4463:
4461:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4437:
4435:
4420:
4416:
4408:
4401:
4393:
4389:
4377:
4373:
4361:
4357:
4351:Gilliard (1958)
4349:
4345:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4298:Austral Ecology
4290:
4281:
4273:
4267:
4263:
4200:
4196:
4181:
4159:
4155:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4124:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4103:
4096:
4086:
4084:
4074:
4070:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4044:
4034:
4032:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4012:The Independent
4006:
4005:
4001:
3991:
3989:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3963:
3953:
3949:
3941:
3937:
3929:
3922:
3912:
3910:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3890:
3888:
3878:
3874:
3864:
3862:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3840:
3836:
3825:
3821:
3808:
3807:
3800:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3740:
3729:
3716:
3715:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3632:. June 6, 2021.
3624:
3623:
3619:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3570:
3569:
3562:
3547:
3538:
3523:
3519:
3504:
3497:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3392:
3388:
3375:
3374:
3367:
3357:
3355:
3354:on July 3, 2023
3351:
3344:
3338:
3329:
3316:Neikirk, Rose.
3314:
3303:
3288:
3284:
3274:
3272:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3239:
3232:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3150:
3119:
3115:
3103:
3099:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3065:
3064:
3055:
3045:Gilliard (1958)
3043:
3036:
3032:, pp. 75–7
3028:
3013:
3002:
2998:
2982:
2981:
2974:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2923:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2815:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2782:
2649:
2630:
2626:
2616:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2537:
2533:
2517:
2513:
2497:
2493:
2477:
2473:
2451:
2447:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2372:
2365:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2332:
2328:
2320:
2314:
2285:
2270:
2255:
2242:
2241:
2232:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2183:
2177:Clements (2007)
2175:
2162:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2133:
2129:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2007:Gregory S. Paul
1983:
1958:
1898:
1893:
1849:
1756:A road sign in
1750:
1736:in Merauke and
1714:
1649:monitor lizards
1614:
1588:
1548:niche partition
1484:
1375:
1343:
1326:
1194:Arabian ostrich
1181:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1153:
1116:C. (b) papuanus
1112:C. (b) papuanus
1095:
1092:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1051:
1042:
1038:Pygmy cassowary
1028:
1022:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1006:
994:
983:
966:Dwarf cassowary
959:
953:
944:
943:
938:
937:
925:
914:
890:
884:
875:
874:
869:
868:
856:
847:, northeastern
837:
797:– Four species
711:Systema Naturae
668:
589:pygmy cassowary
585:dwarf cassowary
499:
496:
493:
474:
471:
468:
335:Pygmy cassowary
333:
321:Dwarf cassowary
319:
308:
297:
280:
271:
248:
229:
152:
130:
121:
120:
119:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
47:
46:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8355:
8345:
8344:
8339:
8337:Apex predators
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8302:
8301:
8299:
8298:
8285:
8272:
8259:
8246:
8233:
8220:
8207:
8194:
8181:
8168:
8153:
8137:
8135:
8129:
8128:
8114:
8113:
8111:
8110:
8108:Category: Meat
8099:
8086:
8083:
8082:
8080:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8033:
8032:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8011:
8010:
8000:
7995:
7989:
7987:
7981:
7980:
7978:
7977:
7976:
7975:
7973:Slaughterhouse
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7924:
7922:
7916:
7915:
7913:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7881:
7879:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7853:
7852:
7850:Pollotarianism
7847:
7845:Pescetarianism
7837:
7831:
7829:
7825:
7824:
7822:
7821:
7820:
7819:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7793:
7791:
7785:
7784:
7781:
7780:
7778:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7756:
7754:
7750:
7749:
7747:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7715:
7714:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7678:
7676:
7667:
7663:
7662:
7660:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7523:
7522:
7517:
7507:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7422:
7420:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7375:
7374:
7373:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7347:
7345:
7339:
7338:
7336:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7249:
7247:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7065:
7063:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7053:
7052:
7051:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6945:
6943:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6832:
6830:
6824:
6823:
6810:
6808:
6806:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6754:
6752:
6746:
6745:
6738:
6737:
6730:
6723:
6715:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6659:
6652:
6645:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6621:
6620:
6617:
6616:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6585:
6575:
6568:
6560:
6558:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6548:
6536:
6530:
6528:Casuariiformes
6524:
6523:
6521:
6520:
6513:
6505:
6503:
6501:Aepyornithidae
6494:
6493:
6491:
6490:
6480:
6472:
6470:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6440:
6433:
6426:
6419:
6412:
6404:
6402:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6392:
6385:
6378:
6370:
6368:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6348:
6338:
6327:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6307:
6300:
6293:
6286:
6278:
6276:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6266:
6259:
6251:
6245:
6236:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6221:
6211:
6201:
6190:
6188:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6178:
6171:
6162:
6160:
6148:
6138:
6137:
6125:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6086:
6084:
6074:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6059:
6048:
6037:
6035:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6018:
6015:Sinoergilornis
6011:
6004:
5996:
5994:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5973:
5965:
5963:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5949:
5941:
5933:
5931:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5896:
5888:
5880:
5878:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5852:
5846:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5823:
5816:
5809:
5802:
5794:
5792:
5790:Lithornithidae
5783:
5782:
5780:
5779:
5768:
5757:
5745:
5735:
5730:
5723:
5722:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5684:
5678:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5655:
5649:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5628:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5601:
5595:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5579:
5573:
5567:
5551:
5550:
5542:
5541:
5534:
5527:
5519:
5510:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5494:
5485:
5483:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5462:
5451:
5441:
5433:(subspecies: †
5423:
5421:
5410:
5403:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5387:
5378:
5369:
5359:
5357:
5346:
5339:
5338:
5326:Casuariiformes
5322:
5321:
5314:
5307:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5282:on May 3, 2006
5272:
5252:
5232:
5226:
5217:
5200:
5199:External links
5197:
5196:
5195:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5142:
5122:
5109:
5091:(311): 516–7.
5080:
5074:
5061:
5026:
5020:
5003:
4994:
4968:(4): 507–518.
4957:
4924:
4883:
4866:
4841:
4832:
4826:
4813:
4800:
4794:
4777:
4771:
4758:
4752:
4736:
4718:(2): 123–124.
4700:
4694:
4681:
4671:
4634:
4609:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4563:
4523:
4497:
4471:
4445:
4414:
4399:
4387:
4379:Diamond (1997)
4371:
4355:
4343:
4325:
4279:
4261:
4194:
4179:
4153:
4118:
4109:
4094:
4068:
4042:
4017:
3999:
3973:
3947:
3943:Borrell (2008)
3935:
3920:
3898:
3872:
3847:
3834:
3819:
3798:
3780:
3762:
3753:
3727:
3704:
3692:
3674:
3653:
3650:. May 2, 2024.
3635:
3617:
3599:
3581:
3560:
3536:
3517:
3512:Daintree Coast
3495:
3477:
3459:
3441:
3423:
3405:
3386:
3365:
3327:
3301:
3282:
3252:
3230:
3210:
3184:
3175:
3163:
3148:
3129:(2): 123–124.
3113:
3097:
3076:
3053:
3034:
3011:
2996:
2960:
2933:(4): 507–518.
2914:
2902:
2872:
2844:
2803:
2780:
2647:
2624:
2590:
2583:
2563:
2531:
2520:Linnaeus, Carl
2511:
2500:Linnaeus, Carl
2491:
2471:
2445:
2394:
2363:
2345:
2326:
2283:
2253:
2230:
2212:
2181:
2160:
2155:Heritage Lodge
2142:
2127:
2112:
2086:
2060:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
1982:
1979:
1957:
1954:
1938:Kalam language
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1848:
1845:
1749:
1746:
1722:Maluku Islands
1713:
1710:
1613:
1610:
1587:
1584:
1580:domestic fowls
1527:predatory bird
1483:
1480:
1430:cassowary plum
1374:
1371:
1342:
1339:
1325:
1322:
1152:
1149:
1106:, but several
1098:
1097:
1087: EX
1082:
1064:
1055:
1044:
1031:
1030:
1023: LC
1018:
1000:
987:
976:
962:
961:
954: LC
949:
931:
918:
907:
893:
892:
885: LC
880:
862:
841:
830:
816:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
778:elephant birds
721:common ostrich
667:
664:
656:common ostrich
514:Casuariiformes
445:
444:
443:
442:
431:
423:
412:
401:
390:
379:
371:
360:
347:
346:
340:
339:
338:
337:
323:
312:
301:
287:
286:
282:
281:
272:
263:
262:
256:
255:
241:
237:
236:
224:
220:
219:
217:Casuariiformes
214:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
146:
145:
141:
140:
132:
131:
116:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8354:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8314:
8312:
8295:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8264:
8260:
8256:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8225:
8221:
8217:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8186:
8182:
8178:
8173:
8169:
8164:
8158:
8154:
8149:
8143:
8139:
8138:
8136:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8121:
8109:
8100:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8087:
8084:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8031:
8028:
8027:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8015:Cultured meat
8013:
8009:
8006:
8005:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7990:
7988:
7982:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7925:
7923:
7921:
7920:Meat industry
7917:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7882:
7880:
7878:
7874:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7842:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7835:Vegetarianism
7833:
7832:
7830:
7826:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7807:Animal rights
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7794:
7792:
7786:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7757:
7755:
7751:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7675:
7671:
7668:
7666:List articles
7664:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7567:Luncheon meat
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7512:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7423:
7421:
7415:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7383:
7379:
7376:
7372:
7369:
7368:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7344:
7340:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7250:
7248:
7246:
7240:
7236:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7164:Pacific saury
7162:
7160:
7159:Orange roughy
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7062:
7058:
7050:
7047:
7046:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6942:
6938:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6825:
6820:
6814:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6736:
6731:
6729:
6724:
6722:
6717:
6716:
6713:
6701:
6693:
6692:
6689:
6679:
6678:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6646:
6644:
6643:
6639:
6638:
6635:
6631:
6626:
6622:
6613:
6607:
6584:
6583:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6569:
6567:
6566:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6553:
6546:
6545:
6538:
6537:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6514:
6512:
6511:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6502:
6495:
6489:
6488:
6481:
6479:
6478:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6469:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6446:
6445:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6427:
6425:
6424:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6386:
6384:
6383:
6379:
6377:
6376:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6367:
6363:
6357:
6356:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6345:Querandiornis
6339:
6337:
6336:
6329:
6328:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6316:
6306:
6305:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6287:
6285:
6284:
6283:Anomalopteryx
6280:
6279:
6277:
6275:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6253:
6252:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6237:
6227:
6226:
6222:
6220:
6219:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6202:
6200:
6199:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6187:
6183:
6177:
6176:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6130:
6126:
6116:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6065:
6064:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6055:Pachystruthio
6049:
6047:
6046:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6033:Struthionidae
6030:
6024:
6023:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6012:
6010:
6009:
6005:
6003:
6002:
6001:Amphipelargus
5998:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5985:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5954:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5928:Palaeotididae
5922:
5916:
5915:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5889:
5887:
5886:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5869:
5862:
5861:
5854:
5853:
5850:
5847:
5844:
5839:
5829:
5828:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5820:Paracathartes
5817:
5815:
5814:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5784:
5777:
5776:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5733:
5732:Palaeognathae
5728:
5724:
5720:
5719:Palaeognathae
5715:
5711:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5674:Palaeognathae
5671:
5663:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5644:
5636:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5578:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5566:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5552:
5547:
5540:
5535:
5533:
5528:
5526:
5521:
5520:
5517:
5501:
5500:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5432:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5414:
5411:
5408:
5404:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5347:
5345:(cassowaries)
5344:
5340:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5320:
5315:
5313:
5308:
5306:
5301:
5300:
5297:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5248:
5242:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5218:
5207:
5203:
5202:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5180:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5154:(5): 505–16.
5153:
5149:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5125:
5123:0-86438-018-6
5119:
5115:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5077:
5071:
5067:
5062:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5032:
5027:
5023:
5021:9780671619466
5017:
5012:
5011:
5004:
5000:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4939:(4): 1062–8.
4938:
4934:
4930:
4925:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4891:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4856:(4): 375–81.
4855:
4851:
4847:
4842:
4838:
4833:
4829:
4827:0-8160-3377-3
4823:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4808:
4801:
4797:
4795:0-393-03891-2
4791:
4786:
4785:
4778:
4774:
4772:0-7876-5784-0
4768:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4753:0-19-854996-2
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4706:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4628:September 21,
4623:
4619:
4615:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4592:
4579:
4574:
4567:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4538:The Telegraph
4534:
4527:
4512:
4508:
4501:
4485:
4481:
4475:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4410:Kofron (2003)
4406:
4404:
4396:
4395:Kofron (1999)
4391:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4368:
4364:
4359:
4353:, p. 27.
4352:
4347:
4339:
4335:
4329:
4320:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4272:
4265:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4198:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4180:9780196479538
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4163:Bulmer, Ralph
4157:
4138:
4131:
4130:
4122:
4113:
4106:
4105:Bulmer (1967)
4101:
4099:
4087:September 28,
4083:
4079:
4072:
4061:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4013:
4009:
4003:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3939:
3932:
3927:
3925:
3908:
3902:
3891:September 28,
3887:
3883:
3876:
3865:September 28,
3861:
3857:
3851:
3844:
3841:Vader, John,
3838:
3830:
3823:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3803:
3794:
3790:
3789:"Cassowaries"
3784:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3757:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3701:
3696:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3670:
3663:
3657:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3565:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3500:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3247:
3246:
3237:
3235:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3214:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3179:
3172:
3167:
3160:
3155:
3153:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3031:
3030:Davies (2003)
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3007:
3000:
2992:
2986:
2975:September 20,
2970:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2919:
2911:
2910:Perron (2011)
2906:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2855:
2848:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2799:Davies (2002)
2795:
2793:
2791:
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2787:
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2777:
2775:
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2698:
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2677:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2633:Mahdi, Waruno
2628:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2601:
2594:
2586:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2571:"Article 3".
2567:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2515:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2462:Vol. 1, p. 46
2459:
2455:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2383:
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2260:
2258:
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2245:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2205:September 18,
2200:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2138:
2131:
2123:
2116:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2074:
2070:
2069:"Cassuaridae"
2064:
2056:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2011:Jared Diamond
2008:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1833:eastern quoll
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1778:
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1759:
1754:
1745:
1743:
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1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1684:rat poisoning
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1657:Papuan eagles
1654:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1638:dwarf species
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1592:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
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1549:
1543:
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1537:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1492:mesopredators
1489:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1438:
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1427:
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1419:
1414:
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1396:
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1379:
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1366:
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1318:
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1307:
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1301:
1297:
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1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1252:
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1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1169:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1004:
1001:
998:
992:
988:
982:
981:
977:
975:
973:
967:
963:
960:
957:
956:
950:
947:
941:
935:
932:
929:
923:
919:
913:
912:
908:
906:
904:
898:
894:
891:
888:
887:
881:
878:
872:
866:
863:
860:
854:
850:
846:
842:
836:
835:
831:
829:
827:
821:
817:
800:
794:
789:
788:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
731:
727:in the genus
726:
722:
718:
717:tenth edition
713:
712:
706:
702:
701:Carl Linnaeus
698:
694:
690:
685:
680:
676:
673:
663:
661:
657:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:invertebrates
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
512:in the order
511:
510:
506:of the genus
505:
492:
488:
484:
480:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
439:
435:
432:
427:
424:
420:
416:
413:
409:
405:
402:
398:
394:
391:
387:
383:
380:
375:
372:
368:
364:
361:
358:
354:
351:
350:
348:
345:
341:
332:
331:
327:
324:
318:
317:
313:
307:
306:
302:
296:
295:
291:
290:
288:
283:
279:
275:
270:
269:
264:
261:
257:
252:
247:
246:
242:
239:
238:
233:
228:
225:
222:
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:Palaeognathae
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
156:
151:
147:
142:
138:
133:
127:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
51:
40:
37:
33:
19:
8132:
8037:Mystery meat
7993:Arachnophagy
7933:Branch house
7900:Preservation
7877:Meat science
7828:Alternatives
7817:Meat paradox
7739:Smoked foods
7378:Grasshoppers
7323:Sea cucumber
7318:Shrimp/prawn
6757:
6677:Tsondabornis
6675:
6668:
6661:
6656:Medioolithus
6654:
6647:
6642:Diamantornis
6640:
6580:
6570:
6564:
6563:
6542:
6515:
6508:
6485:
6475:
6459:Novaeratitae
6442:
6435:
6428:
6421:
6414:
6407:
6387:
6380:
6375:Crypturellus
6373:
6355:Roveretornis
6353:
6343:
6333:
6302:
6295:
6288:
6281:
6263:Megalapteryx
6261:
6254:
6223:
6216:
6206:
6196:
6173:
6165:
6061:
6053:
6043:
6020:
6013:
6006:
5999:
5975:
5968:
5943:
5936:
5912:
5905:
5900:Geranodornis
5898:
5890:
5885:Eogeranoides
5883:
5875:Geranoididae
5858:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5804:
5797:
5773:
5762:
5751:
5497:
5491:E. guljaruba
5489:
5478:
5465:
5456:
5446:
5436:
5428:
5416:
5392:C. lydekkeri
5390:
5382:
5373:
5365:C. casuarius
5364:
5352:
5329:
5284:. Retrieved
5280:the original
5264:. Retrieved
5259:
5245:
5209:. Retrieved
5189:
5184:
5151:
5147:
5113:
5088:
5084:
5065:
5055:November 21,
5053:. Retrieved
5046:the original
5041:
5037:
5009:
4998:
4965:
4961:
4936:
4932:
4916:. Retrieved
4912:the original
4902:(3): 175–9.
4899:
4895:
4889:
4878:
4874:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4839:. Macmillan.
4836:
4817:
4806:
4783:
4762:
4743:
4715:
4711:
4685:
4675:
4642:
4638:
4626:. Retrieved
4622:the original
4617:
4605:the original
4600:
4576:
4572:
4566:
4554:. Retrieved
4537:
4526:
4514:. Retrieved
4510:
4500:
4488:. Retrieved
4483:
4474:
4462:. Retrieved
4457:
4448:
4436:. Retrieved
4432:the original
4427:
4417:
4390:
4374:
4358:
4346:
4337:
4328:
4301:
4297:
4264:
4211:
4207:
4197:
4170:
4166:
4156:
4144:. Retrieved
4137:the original
4128:
4121:
4112:
4085:. Retrieved
4081:
4071:
4035:November 10,
4033:. Retrieved
4030:SBS Language
4029:
4020:
4011:
4002:
3990:. Retrieved
3986:
3976:
3964:. Retrieved
3960:
3950:
3938:
3913:February 17,
3911:. Retrieved
3901:
3889:. Retrieved
3885:
3875:
3863:. Retrieved
3859:
3850:
3842:
3837:
3828:
3822:
3813:
3792:
3783:
3774:
3765:
3756:
3748:ResearchGate
3747:
3721:
3695:
3686:
3677:
3671:. p. 4.
3668:
3656:
3647:
3638:
3629:
3620:
3611:
3602:
3593:
3584:
3575:
3554:
3530:
3520:
3511:
3489:
3480:
3471:
3462:
3453:
3444:
3435:
3432:"What we do"
3426:
3417:
3408:
3399:
3389:
3380:
3356:. Retrieved
3349:the original
3321:
3296:Mental Floss
3295:
3285:
3273:. Retrieved
3269:the original
3265:Forestry.com
3264:
3255:
3243:
3226:(phd thesis)
3218:
3213:
3201:. Retrieved
3196:
3187:
3178:
3166:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3100:
3091:
3070:
3005:
2999:
2973:. Retrieved
2963:
2930:
2926:
2905:
2893:. Retrieved
2889:the original
2884:
2875:
2866:
2860:
2847:
2835:. Retrieved
2823:
2819:
2806:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2652:
2637:
2627:
2604:
2593:
2573:
2566:
2547:
2543:
2534:
2524:
2514:
2504:
2494:
2484:
2474:
2457:
2448:
2414:(1): 41–43.
2411:
2407:
2397:
2385:. Retrieved
2379:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2329:
2277:
2247:
2224:
2215:
2203:. Retrieved
2198:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2130:
2121:
2115:
2103:. Retrieved
2099:the original
2089:
2077:. Retrieved
2072:
2063:
2053:
2046:
2027:
2023:
2019:jugular vein
2015:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1984:
1975:
1971:
1959:
1942:
1929:
1926:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:C. casuarius
1864:
1862:
1850:
1847:In captivity
1829:
1798:
1795:
1791:Cyclone Yasi
1788:
1779:
1775:
1715:
1706:
1661:
1642:
1615:
1603:
1597:
1576:baby chicken
1565:
1544:
1531:emerald dove
1523:
1516:
1488:apex species
1485:
1476:
1457:
1450:
1439:
1415:
1384:
1367:
1359:
1352:
1341:Reproduction
1335:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1312:
1299:
1295:
1292:C. casuarius
1291:
1285:
1265:
1253:
1218:
1204:such as the
1191:
1168:rain forests
1162:
1142:
1139:biogeography
1132:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1046:
1041:
1027:
1021:
1014:
1008:
1002:
989:New Guinea,
978:
969:
958:
952:
945:
939:
933:
909:
900:
889:
883:
876:
870:
864:
832:
823:
802:Common name
786:
785:
739:
728:
725:greater rhea
704:
696:
689:type species
684:Ornithologie
674:
669:
660:South Africa
652:
618:, and small
593:
562:
546:The Moluccas
508:
507:
490:
465:
449:
448:
434:Hippalectryo
433:
425:
414:
403:
392:
381:
373:
362:
352:
328:
314:
303:
292:
266:
260:Type species
244:
243:
203:Infraclass:
36:
8317:Casuariidae
8237:iNaturalist
8157:Wikispecies
8020:Entomophagy
8008:Meat diaper
7998:Cannibalism
7674:Meat dishes
7456:Charcuterie
7419:preparation
7403:Mopane worm
7393:Mezcal worm
6556:Casuariidae
6544:Diogenornis
6517:Mullerornis
6468:Apterygidae
6416:Nothoprocta
6382:Nothocercus
6297:Euryapteryx
6167:Diogenornis
6045:Orientornis
5753:Asteriornis
5662:Maniraptora
5647:Maniraptora
5546:Palaeognath
5457:D. n. minor
5374:C. bennetti
5343:Casuariidae
5330:cassowaries
5038:Bull. B.O.C
4881:(1): 335–8.
4645:(1): 5–25.
4588:Cited texts
4363:Paul (1988)
3992:January 28,
3966:January 28,
3793:Wet Tropics
3687:Attica Park
3450:"Cassowary"
3171:Owen (2003)
2600:"cassowary"
2550:: 317–335.
2540:Allen, J.A.
2480:Mayr, Ernst
2195:"Cassowary"
1967:New Zealand
1945:Pleistocene
1943:Studies on
1930:C. bennetti
1764:, Australia
1536:honeyeaters
1453:corprophagy
1387:frugivorous
1296:C. bennetti
1225:preen gland
1214:fallow deer
1151:Description
1058:Pleistocene
991:New Britain
985:Gould, 1857
916:Blyth, 1860
853:Aru Islands
620:vertebrates
554:Aru Islands
497:horned head
472:bird strong
450:Cassowaries
429:Perry, 1811
227:Casuariidae
8311:Categories
8077:White meat
8052:Pink slime
8030:Artificial
7905:Tenderness
7790:psychology
7788:Ethics and
7622:Salt-cured
7328:Sea urchin
6896:Guinea pig
6670:Psammornis
6487:Proapteryx
6430:Rhynchotus
6400:Nothurinae
6335:Miniothura
6304:Pachyornis
6198:Heterorhea
6146:Rheiformes
6091:see below↓
6008:Ergilornis
5806:Fissuravis
5764:Eremopezus
5683:see below↓
5407:Dromaiidae
5116:. Sydney.
4918:January 6,
4428:AZ Animals
2869:: 377–389.
2751:, Windesi
2621:required.)
2358:AZ Animals
2033:References
1910:West Papua
1783:Feral pigs
1762:Queensland
1697:feral cats
1689:wild boars
1672:wild boars
1618:New Guinea
1472:bandicoots
1468:honeyeater
1460:Queensland
1426:nightshade
1407:Queensland
1403:New Guinea
1399:wild boars
1391:omnivorous
1247:bones and
1233:keratinous
1198:New Guinea
1165:Queensland
1128:introduced
1108:subspecies
851:, and the
845:New Guinea
758:New Guinea
534:New Guinea
454:Indonesian
8177:Casuarius
8163:Casuarius
8133:Casuarius
7968:Slaughter
7890:Drip loss
7612:Rillettes
7572:Marinated
7510:Forcemeat
7496:Fermented
7436:Barbecued
7408:Palm grub
7239:Shellfish
7209:Swordfish
7144:Mahi Mahi
6974:Crocodile
6949:Alligator
6828:Livestock
6758:Cassowary
6565:Casuarius
6510:Aepyornis
6444:Tinamotis
6437:Taoniscus
6366:Tinaminae
6319:Tinamidae
6218:Protorhea
6022:Urmiornis
5960:Eogruidae
5938:Palaeotis
5860:Remiornis
5813:Lithornis
5799:Calciavis
5775:Limenavis
5635:Theropoda
5620:Theropoda
5563:Kingdom:
5467:D. ocypus
5354:Casuarius
5286:April 19,
5266:April 19,
5211:April 19,
5132:cite book
4659:0025-1496
4556:April 16,
4546:0307-1235
4516:April 16,
4490:April 13,
4464:April 13,
4438:March 28,
4256:238203829
4189:251862814
3722:The INDog
3245:Australia
3222:Australia
2885:perron.eu
2837:March 20,
2669:Elpaputih
2387:April 15,
2079:August 5,
2038:Citations
1858:kangaroos
1854:sympatric
1726:grassland
1664:Australia
1553:rusa deer
1464:Australia
1435:cyanogens
1411:Australia
1362:incubates
1360:The male
1221:rectrices
1206:rusa deer
1202:Cervidaes
1124:specimens
1104:monotypic
849:Australia
843:southern
787:Casuarius
705:Casuarius
675:Casuarius
648:frugivore
600:omnivores
558:Australia
524:on their
509:Casuarius
491:kasu weri
479:Tok Pisin
426:Cassowara
353:Casoarius
245:Casuarius
173:Kingdom:
167:Eukaryota
48:5–0
42:Cassowary
18:Casuarius
8142:Wikidata
8062:Red meat
8057:Raw meat
7986:subjects
7867:Veganism
7734:Meatball
7597:Pemmican
7582:Meatloaf
7577:Meatball
7417:Cuts and
7398:Silkworm
7388:Mealworm
7366:Crickets
7278:Crayfish
7258:Calamari
7154:Milkfish
7139:Mackerel
7134:Kingfish
7109:Flounder
7009:Pangolin
6994:Kangaroo
6979:Elephant
6964:Bushmeat
6700:Category
6663:Namornis
6582:Emuarius
6572:Dromaius
6409:Eudromia
6256:Dinornis
6208:Hinasuri
6063:Struthio
5977:Sonogrus
5914:Paragrus
5571:Chordata
5569:Phylum:
5565:Animalia
5499:E. gidju
5480:Emuarius
5418:Dromaius
5260:BirdNote
5238:(1920).
5168:32688922
4990:84497795
4953:86025843
4742:(2002).
4550:Archived
4458:ABC News
4248:34580213
4165:(1977).
4146:July 30,
3961:ABC News
3531:ABC News
3275:July 26,
3203:July 13,
2985:cite web
2955:84497795
2735:kasawari
2721:kasawari
2714:asawallo
2707:asuwalyo
2704:Nusalaut
2700:kasawari
2683:Masiwang
2679:asuwalia
2676:Manusela
2635:(2007).
2557:2246/678
2522:(1758).
2502:(1748).
2456:(1760).
2440:25685344
2381:HuffPost
2225:Birdfact
1949:Holocene
1823:and the
1801:Tasmania
1668:vehicles
1605:Ryparosa
1559:and the
1498:and the
1422:podocarp
1249:sphenoid
1241:coracoid
1144:Emuarius
754:Moluccas
730:Struthio
723:and the
630:, small
583:and the
466:man suar
419:Billberg
404:Oxyporus
397:Billberg
393:Chelarga
386:Lacépède
344:Synonyms
285:Species
274:Linnaeus
223:Family:
187:Chordata
183:Phylum:
177:Animalia
163:Domain:
128:– Recent
126:Pliocene
8229:5429309
8148:Q201231
8025:Marbled
7984:Related
7963:Packing
7938:Butcher
7802:Carnism
7744:Sausage
7719:Seafood
7687:Chicken
7657:Tartare
7652:Tandoor
7632:Sausage
7617:Roasted
7602:Poached
7592:Pickled
7515:Cretons
7505:supreme
7446:Braised
7441:Biltong
7343:Insects
7308:Scallop
7298:Octopus
7288:Lobster
7283:Dolphin
7253:Abalone
7245:seafood
7229:Walleye
7214:Tilapia
7189:Sardine
7179:Pollock
7129:Herring
7124:Halibut
7119:Haddock
7114:Grouper
7099:Crappie
7089:Catfish
7069:Anchovy
7039:Venison
6856:Buffalo
6846:Beefalo
6783:Ostrich
6763:Chicken
6750:Poultry
6477:Apteryx
6423:Nothura
6389:Tinamus
6274:Emeidae
6186:Rheidae
5575:Class:
5093:Bibcode
4970:Bibcode
4933:The Auk
4720:Bibcode
4667:2798651
4511:AP News
4340:. 2023.
4338:YouTube
4306:Bibcode
4239:8501781
4216:Bibcode
3777:. 2019.
3775:YouTube
3594:YouTube
3358:July 3,
3131:Bibcode
3109:p. 35–6
2935:Bibcode
2895:July 7,
2774:hetuwar
2742:manswar
2711:Saparua
2693:kaswari
2690:Ambelau
2686:asawais
2672:asawari
2665:asuwaro
2658:kafwali
2431:4323753
2360:. 2022.
2227:. 2022.
2157:. 2021.
1997:wrote:
1981:Attacks
1947:/early
1936:of the
1730:savanna
1680:Rodents
1645:pythons
1612:Threats
1568:predate
1442:bananas
1395:carrion
1337:season
1261:ostrich
1245:palatal
1237:furcula
1229:remiges
1180:⁄
1073:Habitat
1009:Habitat
940:Habitat
871:Habitat
793:Brisson
746:kasuari
691:is the
681:in his
640:lizards
628:rodents
616:carrion
573:ostrich
526:sternum
518:ratites
458:kasuari
415:Thrasys
408:Brookes
357:Bonhote
251:Brisson
240:Genus:
213:Order:
193:Class:
117:↓
8281:589156
8255:174387
8216:1CASUG
8106:
7958:Jobber
7943:Cutter
7928:Broker
7729:Steaks
7647:Stewed
7637:Smoked
7627:Salumi
7607:Potted
7557:Kidney
7537:Ground
7532:Frozen
7501:Fillet
7481:Cutlet
7471:Corned
7466:Confit
7451:Burger
7382:locust
7361:Cicada
7303:Oyster
7293:Mussel
7263:Chiton
7243:other
7184:Salmon
7149:Marlin
7034:Turtle
7024:Rabbit
6999:Monkey
6989:Iguana
6931:Żubroń
6886:Snails
6881:Donkey
6836:Alpaca
6803:Turkey
6788:Pigeon
6630:Ootaxa
5970:Eogrus
5548:genera
5409:(emus)
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2697:Kayeli
2662:Amahai
2645:
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2428:
2201:. 2022
2105:May 4,
1839:, and
1809:Hobart
1758:Cairns
1720:, the
1655:, and
1626:humans
1508:autumn
1504:winter
1418:laurel
1389:, but
1288:casque
1276:dagger
1259:or an
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642:, and
565:extant
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421:, 1828
410:, 1828
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8242:20498
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7642:Steak
7587:Offal
7562:Liver
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7527:Fried
7486:Dried
7476:Cured
7431:Bacon
7371:Flour
7333:Whale
7219:Trout
7194:Shark
7169:Perch
7029:Snake
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6901:Horse
6861:Camel
6851:Bison
6793:Quail
6778:Goose
6290:Emeus
5427:Emu (
5224:Vimeo
5049:(PDF)
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1600:scats
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632:birds
622:like
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483:muruk
8268:8786
8263:NCBI
8250:ITIS
8224:GBIF
8211:EPPO
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7697:Goat
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7426:Aged
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7313:Seal
7273:Crab
7268:Clam
7224:Tuna
7204:Swai
7199:Sole
7174:Pike
7084:Carp
7079:Bass
7074:Basa
7061:Fish
7049:Wolf
7019:Hare
6969:Boar
6959:Bear
6941:Game
6921:Veal
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6891:Frog
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6768:Duck
6742:Meat
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5660:see
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5288:2023
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5070:ISBN
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4655:ISSN
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4175:ISBN
4148:2020
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