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After being cut off from their only water sources, the Modoc escaped on April 17. They used a crevice that had been left unguarded while US troops were moved from one position to another in preparation for the final assault on the stronghold. Over the next few weeks, most of the band were caught. The
340:. The attack resulted in the death of one officer and six enlisted men while thirteen soldiers were wounded. Reportedly the only Modoc casualty was a boy who was killed when a cannonball he tried to open with an axe, exploded and several Modoc women who died from sickness.
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in
November 1872, Captain Jack's band settled into the area around stronghold for several months. The Modoc used the lava beds as a defensive stronghold because of the rough terrain, rocks that could be used in fortification, and irregular pathways to evade pursuers.
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last group, which was made up of
Captain Jack, John Schonchin, Black Jim, and Boston Charley, were finally captured on June 1, 1873. After being convicted of murdering General
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in the mid-19th century. Many of the brutal acts carried out against native populations were encouraged, tolerated, and perpetuated by state authorities and militias.
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On
January 17, 1873 a combined U.S. Army command of 225 soldiers supported by 104 Oregon and California volunteers were defeated by 51 Modoc warriors at the
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took place on April 15–17. After getting additional reinforcements, the US force captured the stronghold's spring as well as cutting off access to
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The Modoc retreated to this area because it was part of their traditional territory where they had hunted and lived before the start of the
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in 1873, Captain Jack along with 53 Modoc warriors, and numerous women and children in a band of 160, managed to hold out against the
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and
Reverend Eleazer Thomas at a peace parley in April 1873, Captain Jack and the three others were hanged on October 3, 1873, at
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University and college buildings listed on the
National Register of Historic Places
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Archaeological sites on the
National Register of Historic Places in California
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Historic districts on the
National Register of Historic Places in California
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National
Register of Historic Places listings in Lava Beds National Monument
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assisted by private citizens began the systematic killing of thousands of
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List of jails and prisons on the
National Register of Historic Places
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National
Register of Historic Places in Siskiyou County, California
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National Register of Historic Places in Lava Beds National Monument
408:"National Register Information System – (#73000259)"
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which outnumbered them by as much as 10 to 1 for several months.
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Destroying to Replace: Settler Genocides of Indigenous Peoples
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459:. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. pp. 72–115.
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On June 1, 1932, Captain Jack's Stronghold was designated "
434:. Office of Historic Preservation, California State Parks
360:. Canby would be the only US general to be killed in the
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Captain Jack's Stronghold (Lava Beds National Monument)
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99:
686:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
555:Lava Beds National Monument Archeological District
717:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
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486:. Holt, Rinehart & Winston Inc. p. 219.
16:Archaeological site in California, United States
1109:National Register of Historic Places portal
278:who was also known as Captain Jack. During the
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657:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
40:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
1155:Geography of Siskiyou County, California
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316:Modoc warriors defending the Stronghold
266:. The stronghold, which is now part of
1160:History of Siskiyou County, California
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347:Captain Jack's Cave at the Stronghold
525:National Register of Historic Places
413:National Register of Historic Places
583:Petroglyph Point Archeological Site
453:Adhikari, Mohamed (July 25, 2022).
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1072:National Historic Preservation Act
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302:indigenous peoples of California
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334:Second Battle of the Stronghold
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671:Architectural style categories
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381:California Historical Landmark
330:First Battle of the Stronghold
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58:California Historical Landmark
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483:Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee
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132:Show map of the United States
550:Hospital Rock Army Camp Site
21:United States historic place
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529:Lava Beds National Monument
432:"Captain Jack's Stronghold"
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32:Captain Jack's Stronghold
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258:that is located between
192:460 acres (190 ha)
994:Minor Outlying Islands
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691:Keeper of the Register
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173:41.82167°N 121.50500°W
107:Show map of California
49:U.S. Historic district
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676:Contributing property
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254:was a holdout of the
242:Designated CHISL
1051:District of Columbia
588:Seven Mile Flat Site
322:Battle of Lost River
178:41.82167; -121.50500
146:Tulelake, California
291:California genocide
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284:United States Army
237:September 20, 1973
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480:Brown, D (1970).
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264:Canby, California
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436:. Retrieved
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358:Fort Klamath
354:Edward Canby
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256:Modoc people
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245:June 1, 1932
142:Nearest city
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1044:Other areas
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838:Mississippi
753:Connecticut
593:Skull Ridge
438:October 14,
362:Indian Wars
218:CHISL
176: /
164:121°30′18″W
152:Coordinates
1134:Categories
953:Washington
873:New Mexico
868:New Jersey
743:California
578:Cuppy Cave
387:References
320:After the
298:government
161:41°49′18″N
1145:Modoc War
963:Wisconsin
928:Tennessee
833:Minnesota
808:Louisiana
614:See also:
338:Tule Lake
280:Modoc War
276:Kintpuash
1119:Category
948:Virginia
898:Oklahoma
878:New York
853:Nebraska
843:Missouri
828:Michigan
818:Maryland
803:Kentucky
783:Illinois
758:Delaware
748:Colorado
738:Arkansas
260:Tulelake
212:73000259
1065:Related
968:Wyoming
943:Vermont
848:Montana
788:Indiana
768:Georgia
763:Florida
733:Arizona
723:Alabama
308:History
64: 9
903:Oregon
858:Nevada
798:Kansas
773:Hawaii
728:Alaska
664:Topics
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274:chief
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1035:Palau
933:Texas
813:Maine
778:Idaho
383:#9".
197:Built
989:Guam
938:Utah
893:Ohio
793:Iowa
461:ISBN
440:2012
262:and
200:1873
189:Area
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220:No.
207:No.
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