California genocide

3822:, argues that the book removes "any doubt that genocide against Native people took place in the most populous and prosperous state in the US" and that it establishes "conclusively the reality of genocide in the Golden State". He also notes that Madley "illuminates the ways that federal and state policies facilitated popular violence against Indians". William Bauer Jr. argues that Benjamin Madley "has settled the issue on whether or not genocide occurred in California". He writes also that "federal and state governments, those bodies that could or should have protected California Indians from the devastating violence, condoned and perpetrated genocides" and that "civilian leaders in California passed legislation that enabled genocide". Margaret Jacobs writes that Madley has made it "nearly impossible to deny that a genocide took place against Native peoples in at least one location and one time period in American history" and that he shows how "the genocide started out as the work of vigilante groups but soon gained state funding and federal support". Jacobs points out, for example, that "in 1854, Congress agreed to pay off California's war debt, and by the end of 1856, the federal government had given California more than $ 800,000 to distribute to bond holders who had financed the genocidal killing in the state." 72: 3803:, argues that "no reader of his book can seriously contend that what happened in California doesn't meet the current definition of "genocide"," citing the "relentless attacks by federal troops, state militia, vigilantes, and mercenaries made the enslavement of Indians possible and starvation and disease inevitable". White continues, "in California, what Americans have often called "war" was nothing of the sort. For every American who died, 100 Indians perished. They died horribly—men, women, and children. The men who killed them were brutal. Nor did the killings result from a moment of rage; they were systematic." White stresses the complicity of the US federal government, noting that "the funding that the US government provided for California's militia expeditions made attacking Indians possible and profitable". Writing about the experience of indigenous Californian women during this period, 3815:

charge that have argued that epidemics were the primary cause of Native mortality, Ostler writes that "depopulation from disease more often resulted from conditions created by colonialism—in California, loss of land, destruction of resources and food stores, lack of clean water, captive taking, sexual violence, and massacre—that encouraged the spread of pathogens and increased communities' vulnerability through malnutrition, exposure, social stress, and destruction of sources of medicine and capacities for palliative care". He continues, "since the United States' colonization of California was intended to dispossess Indigenous peoples and since that intention had the predictable consequence of making communities vulnerable to multiple diseases which led to massive population loss, disease in this case qualifies as a crucial factor contributing to genocide".

3829:, historian Ned Blackhawk argues that "historians have located genocide across Native American history" and cites California as a specific example. Blackhawk writes that in California, "settlers used informal and state-sanctioned violence to shatter Native worlds and legitimate their own" and also notes that "in February 1852, for example, the state legislature appropriated $ 500,000 to fund anti-Indian state militias". Regarding the role of the federal government, he writes that they had "earlier attempted an alternate scenario to the genocide at hand. In 1851 and 1852, officials negotiated eighteen treaties across the state; however, bowing to California representatives, the Senate rejected these treaties, essentially authorizing the continued use of settler violence to aid colonization." 492: 3648:

peoples are slowly starting to be able to practice traditions that enhance the environment around them, by directly taking care of the land. Anderson and Keeley write, "The outcomes that Indigenous people were aiming for when burning chaparral, such as increased water flow, enhanced wildlife habitat, and the maintenance of many kinds of flowering plants and animals, are congruent and dovetail with the values that public land agencies, non-profit organizations, and private landowners wish to preserve and enhance through wildland management". Through these returned practices, they are able to commit and practice their culture, while also helping the other people in the area that will benefit from the ecological differences.

3889:, he says that some scholars may find Madley's use of the UN Genocide Convention as an "overly broad and elastic definition", that the evidence of genocide "varies considerably from place to place and is far stronger in some cases", and that Madley's case against the federal government is "not nearly so strong" as that against "frontier miners, farmers, and ranchers". Magliari also argues that "epidemics, not violence, still remained by far the greater factor in Native mortality". He nevertheless concludes : "Beyond the shadow of any reasonable doubt (and by the standards of any reasonable definition), genocide did in fact play a significant role in the US conquest and subjugation of Native California." 417:, Serra spread the Christian faith among the Native population in a destructive way that caused their population to decline rapidly while he was in power. Castillo writes that "The Franciscans took it upon themselves to brutalize the Indians, and to rejoice in their death...They simply wanted the souls of these Indians, so they baptized them, and when they died, from disease or beatings... they were going to heaven, which was a cause of celebration". According to Castillo, the Native American population were forced to abandon their "sustainable and complex civilization" as well as "their beliefs, their faith, and their way of life". However, artifacts found at an archaeological site on 3720:

disagreements regarding the definition of the term. He writes that by a strict ("intentionalist") definition, genocide "requir a federal or state government intention to kill all California Indians and an outcome in which the majority of deaths were from direct killing", while by a less strict ("structuralist") definition, it "requir only settler intention to destroy a substantial portion of California Indians using a variety of means ranging from dispossession to systematic killing". Under the former definition, Ostler argues that "genocide does not seem applicable," whereas under the latter definition, "genocide seems apt."

3768: 308: 343:, seed broadcasting, transplanting, weeding, irrigation, and fertilizing". These groups worked to stimulate the growth and diversity of floral resources across landscapes. Traditional practices allowed for the "extraordinarily successful management of natural resources available to Native Californian tribes". Because of traditional practices of Native Californian tribes, they were able to support habitats and climates that would then support an abundance of wildlife, including rabbits, deer, varieties of fish, fruit, roots, and acorns. The natives largely followed a 7603:, which requires all parties to prosecute those charged with genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide, direct and public incitement to commit genocide, attempt to commit genocide, and complicity in genocide, regardless of their capacity as a ruler or public official, in a competent tribunal within the State where the crime took place or in a competent international tribunal that has proper jurisdiction over the case, any persons or agencies that commit acts of genocide within the territory of the United States must be held accountable for their crimes. 354:, were "hunting and fishing for their food, weaving baskets using traditional techniques" and "carrying out important ceremonies to keep the world intact". It was also recorded that the Indigenous people in California and across the continent had, and continue to, use "fire to enhance specific plant species, optimize hunting conditions, maintain open travel routes, and generally support the flourishing of the species upon which they depend, according to scholars like the United States Forest Service ecologist and Karuk descendent Frank Lake". 3401:

United States of America depended on individuals of Native American descent to cultivate vast areas of land in return for minimal or non-existent monetary compensation. During the period of the Gold Rush, numerous rancho owners were able to reap significant benefits by driving their livestock into the Central Valley and Sierra foothills, thereby capitalizing on the relatively prosperous years of gold mining. Due to Economic expansion because of the increased need for mining, even Indigenous groups in remote locations, such as those in the

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it needs to be described in the history books. We can never undo the wrongs inflicted on the peoples who have lived on this land that we now call California since time immemorial, but we can work together to build bridges, tell the truth about our past and begin to heal deep wounds." After hearing testimony, a Truth and Healing Council will clarify the historical record on the relationship between the state and California Native Americans.

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total extermination of the Digger Indians of California and the tribes of other states within ten years, if something were not done for their relief. The lecturer concluded by strongly urging the establishment of a Protective Aborigines Society, something similar to the society in England to prevent cruelty to animals. By this means he thought the condition of the Indian might be improved and the race longer perpetuated.

13816: 3327:, and armed white settlers intentionally committed genocide against them in multiple raids. These raids took place as part of the California genocide, during which the U.S. Army and vigilante militias carried out killings as well as the relocation of thousands of indigenous peoples in California. The massacre reduced the Yahi, who were already suffering from starvation, to a population of less than 100. 7586: 3673:

genocide and state crimes against Native American Indians. Genocide tribunals would surely enhance the moot court programs in law schools and provide more serious consideration of human rights and international criminal cases by substantive testimony, motivated historical depositions, documentary evidence, contentious narratives, and ethical accountability.

7574: 585:(defined as the "intentional killing of five or more disarmed combatants or largely unarmed noncombatants, including women, children, and prisoners, whether in the context of a battle or otherwise"). Madley also estimates that fewer than 1,400 non-Indians were killed by Indians during this period. The Native American activist and former 5330: 3370:

continued for some years. They were seemingly always caught at their Needash celebrations. These massacres caused some unrest which led in part to the Rogue River Indian war. Many Tolowa people were incarcerated at Battery Point in 1855 to withhold them from joining an uprising led by their chief. In 1860, after the Chetco/

4450: 564:, Customs official and Inspector of Indian Affairs on the Pacific Coast. He systematically described the fraud, corruption, land theft, slavery, rape, and massacre perpetrated on a substantial portion of the aboriginal population. This was confirmed by a contemporary, Superintendent Dorcas J. Spencer. 3364:

left 150 to 500 Tolowa people recorded dead. Because their homes had burned down, the place received the name "Burnt Ranch". The Tolowa themselves date the first massacre at 1853, stating that between 450 and 600 people were killed. The second dated massacre at 1854 stating that about 150 people were

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estimates that pre-contact population was reduced by 33% during the Spanish and Mexican regimes. Most of the decline stemmed from imported diseases, low birth rates, and the disruption of traditional ways of life, but violence was common, and some historians have charged that life in the missions was

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Dr. MacGowan, in a lecture delivered at New York, estimated the present number of Indians in the United States to be about 250,000, and said that unless something prevented the oppression and cruelty of the white man, these people would gradually become reduced, and finally extinct. He predicted the

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Supporters of the use of the term "genocide" stress the involvement and complicity of federal and state authorities in perpetrating atrocities against the indigenous Californians, and point to their statements and policies as evidence of direct genocidal intent. For example, historian Richard White,

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are a group of Indigenous peoples who were reported to be unable to pass on their traditions during this time, their practices remained untold for a number of years. People of this group, descendants, and archaeologists participate in conducting collaborative, ethnographic research to bring light to

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has documented the numbers of Californian Indians killed between 1846 and 1873; he estimates that during this period at least 9,492 to 16,092 Californian Indians were killed by non-Indians, including between 1,680 and 3,741 killed by the U.S. Army. Most of the deaths took place in what he defined as

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was enacted in 1850 (amended 1860, repealed 1863). This law provided for "apprenticing" or indenturing Indian children to Whites, and also punished "vagrant" Indians by "hiring" them out to the highest bidder at a public auction if the Indian could not provide sufficient bond or bail. This legalized

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was the primary factor in the depopulation of California Indians and arguing that mass violence was undertaken primarily by settlers and that the state and federal governments did not establish a policy of physically killing all Indians. One of the most prominent historians espousing such a view is

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said, "California must reckon with our dark history. California Native American peoples suffered violence, discrimination and exploitation sanctioned by state government throughout its history .... It's called genocide. That's what it was, a genocide. No other way to describe it. And that's the way

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According to M. Kat Anderson, an ecologist and lecturer at University of California, Davis, and Jon Keeley, a fire ecologist and research scientist with the U.S. Geological Survey, after decades of being disconnected from the land and their culture, due to Spanish and U.S. colonial violence, Native

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fields. Prior to the Gold Rush that began with the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in January 1848, the U.S military had been involved in the destruction of California Natives which included the Yana people. The processes included removals of people from ancestral land, massacres, confinement to

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Research made in 2015 on native burial mounds in the San Francisco Bay area found that natives would move to different places in order to avoid genocide. The movement can be traced by the dating of the burial mounds since multiple native tribes found these burial mound spaces as places of religious

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was asked by The State of California's Native American Heritage Commission to write the state's official history of the genocide; he wrote that "well-armed death squads combined with the widespread random killing of Indians by individual miners resulted in the death of 100,000 Indians in ." Another

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The various tribal groups appear to have adapted to particular areas and territories. According to journalist Nathan Gilles, because of traditions practiced by the Native people of Northern California, they were able to "manage the threat of wildfires and cultivate traditional plants". For example,

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stated, "It's called genocide. That's what it was, a genocide. No other way to describe it. And that's the way it needs to be described in the history books." He apologized for the "violence, discrimination and exploitation sanctioned by state government throughout its history". In a 2019 Executive

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estimated that the Indigenous population of California decreased from perhaps as many as 150,000 in 1848 to 30,000 in 1870 and fell further to 16,000 in 1900. The decline was caused by disease, low birth rates, starvation, killings, and massacres. California Natives, during and after the Gold Rush,

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There is vigorous debate over the scale of Native American losses after the discovery of gold in California and whether to characterize them as genocide. The application of the term "genocide", in particular, has been controversial. According to historian Jeffrey Ostler, the debate mostly rests on

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In 1770 the Tolowa had a population of 1,000; their population soon dropped to 150 in 1910; this was almost entirely due to deliberate mass murder in what has been called genocide which has been recognized by the state of California. In a speech before representatives of Native American peoples in

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in 1850, state and federal authorities incited, aided, and financed the violence against the Native Americans. The California Natives were also sometimes contemptuously referred to as "Diggers", for their practice of digging up roots to eat. On January 6, 1851, at his State of the State address to

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At the outset, the Euro-American population of Los Angeles County identified a practical application for the utilization of Native labor within an economy that was experiencing a shortage of laborers due to the mass migration of individuals to the gold fields. During the 1850s, Caucasians in the

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The Yuki people experienced catastrophe by the events of 1847-1853. The United States took possession of California from Mexico in January 1847, with the Gold Rush arriving swiftly in 1848. Hundreds of thousands came in the search of wealth, placing pressure on Indigenous Californians. More than

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Jeffrey Ostler, too, endorsed the usage of the term, writing that it "rests on a substantial body of scholarship". Ostler argues that there is a "general consensus" that genocide took place in at least "some times and places in the state's early history". Responding to critics of the "genocide"

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wrote that " is a term of awful significance, but one which has application to the story of California's Native Americans". James J. Rawls argued that Californian whites "advocated and carried out a program of genocide that was popularly called 'extermination'". Militias were called out by the

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Genocide tribunals would provide venues of judicial reason and equity that reveal continental ethnic cleansing, mass murder, torture, and religious persecution, past and present, and would justly expose, in the context of legal competition for evidence, the inciters, falsifiers, and deniers of

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decimated the cultural center of the Tolowa peoples. The natives from the surrounding areas would gather there for their celebrations and discussions. The survivors of the massacre were forced to move to the village north of Smith's River called Howonquet. The slaughtering of the Tolowa people

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historian, is one of the most prominent historians espousing this view, writing that "t was genocide, sanctioned and facilitated by California officials" who, according to him, "established a state-sponsored killing machine". Historian Brendan C. Lindsay, argued that "rather than a government

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California Landmark 427, built in 2005 represents the Bloody Island Massacre of the Pomo people that took place on May 15, 1850. The monument is used as a center point of an annual festival beginning in 1999 held by Pomo descendants. Candles and tobacco are burned in honor of their ancestors.

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with 65 dead (not including those whose bodies were left in the lake) and the Stundossun Massacre with 300 dead. In total, 902 Tolowa Native Americans were killed in 7 years. There are no records that any of the perpetrators were ever held accountable. This means over 90% of the entire Tolowa

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said: "That a war of extermination will continue to be waged between the races until the Indian race becomes extinct must be expected. While we cannot anticipate this result but with painful regret, the inevitable destiny of the race is beyond the power or wisdom of man to avert." During the

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has no more meaning". Historian William Henry Hutchinson, wrote that "the record of history disproves these charges ", while historian Tom Henry Watkins stated that "it is a poor use of the term" since the killings were not systematic or planned. In a critical review of Brendan Lindsay's

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in the 1850s. The name change was approved via an act of the California Legislature (California Assembly Bill 1936, 2021-2022 regular session) and was signed into law by the Governor on 23 September 2022. The name change took effect on 1 January 2023. The institution is now known as the

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1909: The California state government established the California Eugenics Record Office, which promoted the forced sterilization of people declared by the government to be "unfit", including "Black, Latino and Indigenous women who were incarcerated or in state institutions for

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in California. Adding to the number of dead from the Yontoket Massacre and the Battery Point Attack are many more in the following years. These massacres included the Chetko Massacre with 24 dead, the Smith creek massacre with 7 dead, the Howonquet Massacre with 70 dead, the

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of the Indigenous population of California. Between 1846 and 1873, it is estimated that non-Natives killed between 9,492 and 16,094 California Natives. In addition, between several hundred and several thousand California Natives were starved or worked to death. Acts of

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These estimates suggest well over 1,000 Yuki deaths at the hands of White settlers. (See Cook, Sherburne; "The California Indian and White Civilization" Part III, pg 7, for an argument in favor of the approximate reliability of figures of Indians killed at this time.)

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people. (The Island Pomo had no connections to the enslaved Pomo.) This incident led to a general outbreak of settler attacks against and mass killing of native people all over Northern California. The site is now California Registered Historical Landmark #427.

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suggested that a group of Indigenous people were practicing traditional ways after the arrival of Europeans and Americans in other parts of California, and until potentially the 1850s. The artifacts included subsistence remains, middens, and flaked stone tools.

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White settlers calling themselves the "Eel River Rangers", led by Walter Jarboe, killed at least 283 Indian men and countless women and children in 23 engagements over the course of six months. They were reimbursed by the U.S. government for their campaign.

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by American anthropologists. Ishi had spent most of his life hiding with his tribe members in the Sierra wilderness, emerging at the age of about 49, after the deaths of his mother and remaining relatives. He was the only Yahi known to Americans.

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The gold rush increased pressure on the Native Americans of California, because miners forced Native Americans off their gold-rich lands. Many were pressed into service in the mines; others had their villages raided by the army and volunteer

On August 6, 1865, seventeen settlers raided a Yahi village at dawn. In 1866, more Yahis were massacred when they were caught by surprise in a ravine. Circa 1867, 33 Yahis were killed after being tracked to a cave north of

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U.S. forces attacked and killed an unreported number of Indians in the Four Creeks area (Tulare County, California) in what was referred to by officers as "our little difficulty" and "the chastisement they have received".

323:, with a population around 10,000. The region was highly diverse, with numerous distinct languages spoken. While there was great diversity in the area, archeological findings show little evidence of intertribal conflicts. 4802: 4115: 530:

that I have been in this valley fifteen days, carrying out my instructions to chastise these Indians, or the Indians of Owens River; that I have killed several, taken eleven prisoners, and destroyed a great many

335:, to foodstuffs, such as berries, mushrooms, and acorns from oak trees that once made up sprawling orchards". Many practices were used to manage the land without tremendous destruction in other ways including " 478:

Late 1800s–early 1900s: Indigenous children were forcibly removed from their families by the California government and placed in boarding schools, where they were subjected to abuse and forced assimilation.

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ought to establish tribunals to hear evidence and adjudicate crimes against humanity alleged to have taken place in their individual states. Attorney Lindsay Glauner has also argued for such tribunals.

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Historians who argue the term "genocide" is appropriate point out that the Indian population of California fell quickly and argue that extreme violence was integral to this process. Benjamin Madley, a

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led to the annexation of California by the United States. The settlers and U.S. military formed an alliance and were joined by some Indigenous people, although the military had "murdered many natives".

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A White farmer, John Lawson, admitted an attack killing eight Indians, three by shooting and five by hanging, after some of his hogs were stolen. He stated that these killings were a common practice.

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apologized for the genocide. Newsom said, "That's what it was, a genocide. No other way to describe it. And that's the way it needs to be described in the history books." Among these killings the

43: 598:, estimated that no more than 2,000 Native Americans were killed in California. Jeffrey Ostler has critiqued Anderson's estimate, calling it "unsubstantiated" and "at least five times too low". 13773: 7638: 4416: 3293:

March–May 1859: 240 Yuki killed in assaults led by H.L. Hall in revenge for the slaughter of Judge Hastings's horse and a total of 600 men, women, and children killed within the previous year.

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scholar Gail Ukockis argues that "government officials were quite explicit about their genocidal intent," citing the 1851 State of the State address given by the 1st Governor of California,

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traditional use of fire by Californian and Pacific Northwest tribes, allowed them to "cultivate plants and fungi" that "adapted to regular burning. The list runs from fiber sources, such as

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White persons from the Sacramento Valley came into Round Valley and killed four Yuki Indians with the help of locals in June 1858, despite having been warned against it by Indian Agents.

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The Conflict Between the California Indian and White Civilization. ... : The Physical and demographic reaction of the non-mission Indians in colonial and provincial California. 22

410:, a Native scholar, "The Native American population of coastal population was reduced by some 90 percent during seventy years under the sole proprietorship of Serra's mission system". 6411: 1828:

Indians in Tehama County, California about two miles from Wild Horse Corral in the Ishi Wilderness. It is estimated that this massacre left only 15 members of the Yahi tribe alive.

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to investigate these events. He notes that United States federal law contains no statute of limitations on war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide. He says:

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Other scholars and historians dispute the accuracy of the term "genocide" to describe what occurred in California, as well as the blame which has been placed directly on the

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In a speech before representatives of Native American peoples in June, 2019, California governor Gavin Newsom apologized for the genocide. Newsom referring to the proposed

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In November 2021, the board of directors of the former "University of California Hastings College of Law" voted to change the name of the institution because of namesake

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Due to the overwhelming number of killings, an exact death toll is unknowable. The following estimates were made by government agents and newspapers at the time:

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Spanish and Mexican rule were devastating for native populations. "As the missions grew, California's native population of Indians began a catastrophic decline."

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soldiers deployed to the valley stopped further killings and in 1862 the California legislature revoked a law which permitted the kidnapping and enslavement of

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Cook, Sherburne F. 1956. "The Aboriginal Population of the North Coast of California". Anthropological Records 16:81-130. University of California, Berkeley.

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Allika Ruby & Adrian R. Whitaker (2019) Remote Places As Post-Contact Refugia, California Archaeology, 11:2, 205-233, DOI: 10.1080/1947461X.2019.1655624

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Fenelon, James; Trafzer, Clifford (2014). "From Colonialism to Denial of California Genocide to Mis-Representation: Indigenous Struggles in the Americas".

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Former Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Thomas Henley (fired two months earlier for embezzling funds), led a massacre of 11 Yuki Indians in August 1859.

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a form of slavery in California. White settlers took 10,000 to 27,000 California Native Americans as forced laborers, including 4,000 to 7,000 children.

9829: 9814: 7171: 7123: 7111: 5363: 3243:; many others were enslaved and only 300 survived. The intent of the massacres was to exterminate the Yuki and gain control of the land they inhabited. 455:

1848: The discovery of gold in California led to the influx of a massive horde of settlers, who formed militias to kill and displace Indigenous peoples.

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broke out between white settlers and the Mariposa Battalion, resulting in the displacement and killing of Native Americans in the Sierra Nevada region.

13293: 9705: 9700: 7628: 3811:, in which he said: "That a war of extermination will continue to be waged between the races until the Indian race becomes extinct must be expected." 13935: 10955: 8980: 8950: 8032: 5619: 577: 13606: 12649: 10960: 9789: 6586: 5276: 4653: 518: 475:

1860s: The federal government began a policy of forced removal of Native Americans peoples to reservations, which led to violence and displacement.

459: 11968: 9059: 7870: 3323:. They suffered great population losses from the loss of their traditional food supplies and fought with the settlers over territory. They lacked 1349:

White settlers killed over a thousand Yuki Indians in Round Valley over the course of three years in an uncountable number of separate massacres.

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California genocide, reports of the decimation of Native Americans in California were made to the rest of the United States and internationally.

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newspaper. Other villages were massacred within two days. The main site is National Register of Historic Places in the United States #66000208.

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small reservations, and the separation of families. In California, miners, ranchers, farmers, and businessmen engaged in acts outlined in the

285:, have characterized the period immediately following the U.S. Conquest of California as one in which the state and federal governments waged 13900: 13885: 12831: 12159: 12045: 10148: 9695: 9124:

Rowley, Gavin (2020). "Defining Genocide in Northwestern California: The Devastation of Humboldt and Del Norte County's Indigenous Peoples".

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In retaliation for the murder of six settlers and the theft of some cattle, whites commenced a "war of extermination against the Indians" in

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from Spain and took control of California, continuing the Spanish government's policies of forced labor and conversion of Indigenous peoples.

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The following is a rough timeline of some of the key events and policies that contributed to the genocide. It is by no means comprehensive.

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orchestrating a population to bring about the genocide of a group, the population orchestrated a government to destroy a group", while

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Sheriff James Burney led local militia in an indecisive clash with the natives on January 11, 1851, on a mountainside near present-day

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Order, Newsom announced the formation of the Truth and Healing Council to better understand the topic and inform future generations.

274: 2288: 11997: 10198: 10168: 10123: 10118: 9781: 4913: 3745:(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; 2076: 2054: 6457: 4338: 13920: 13905: 12061: 11002: 10391: 10366: 10153: 10133: 10113: 10063: 9993: 9988: 9973: 6667:

Baumhoff, Martin A. 1958. "California Athabascan Groups". Anthropological Records 16:157–238. University of California, Berkeley.

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Sanchez, Gabriel M.; Grone, Michael A.; Apodaca, Alec J.; Byram, R. Scott; Lopez, Valentin; Jewett, Roberta A. (January 2021).

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for actions against other tribes, considering the former term's application to all cases "highly problematic". (He rejects the

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Following the American Conquest of California from Mexico, the influx of settlers due to the California Gold Rush in 1849, and

9301: 5385: 4417:"Governor Newsom Issues Apology to Native Americans for State's Historical Wrongdoings, Establishes Truth and Healing Council" 13328: 12514: 12376: 10336: 10228: 10213: 9953: 9178: 9146: 9114: 9079: 9029: 8998: 8940: 8887: 8854: 8805: 8611: 8572: 8533: 8069: 7978: 7935: 7764: 7694: 7534: 7450: 6978: 6955: 6856: 6779: 6530: 6155: 5965:"Sensing the Past: Perspectives on Collaborative Archaeology and Ground Penetrating Radar Techniques from Coastal California" 5498: 4835: 4140: 3846: 3501: 3264:

A White farmer, Isaac Shanon, testified to killing 14 Indians in a revenge attack after a White man was killed in early 1858.

3248: 1925: 278: 9004: 8617: 8578: 8437: 8394: 8351: 7984: 4273: 491: 13757: 13277: 12878: 12798: 11024: 10754: 10686: 10556: 10466: 10371: 10356: 10248: 10218: 10208: 10203: 10193: 10188: 10178: 10173: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10068: 10048: 10038: 9998: 9978: 9963: 9958: 9769: 8970: 7551: 6196: 3919: 3872: 544: 362:

California was one of the last regions in the Americas to be colonized by Europeans. Catholic Spanish missionaries, led by

6310: 5761: 13895: 13890: 13804: 13513: 12849: 12612: 11918: 11327: 10576: 10551: 10376: 10073: 10053: 10028: 10003: 9968: 9882: 6370: 3944: 2229: 2113: 1710: 391: 7552:"Gerald Vizenor: "Genocide Tribunals: Native Human Rights and Survivance" – A talk given at the IAS on October 10, 2006" 6111: 5677:""They will be hunted down like wild beasts and destroyed!": a comparative study of genocide in California and Tasmania" 12554: 12118: 11608: 11182: 10716: 10676: 10541: 10501: 10491: 10476: 10321: 10296: 10238: 10233: 10088: 10078: 10033: 10023: 10018: 9935: 9905: 9732: 8922: 8901: 8431: 8388: 8345: 6937: 6838: 6717: 6137: 5624:"Patterns of frontier genocide 1803–1910: the aboriginal Tasmanians, the Yuki of California, and the Herero of Namibia" 4762: 4267: 4051: 3899: 3858:", arguing that "If we get to the point where the mass murder of 50 Indians in California is considered genocide, then 3678: 2379: 1960: 1940: 7368:

Robert K. Hitchcock, and Charles Flowerday. “Ishi and the California Indian Genocide as Developmental Mass Violence.”

3723:

In 1948, Article 2 of the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide defined genocide as

462:

was passed, legalizing the enslavement of Native Americans and allowing settlers to capture and force them into labor.

319:, California was home to an Indigenous population thought to have been as high as 300,000. The largest group were the 13910: 13822: 12594: 12013: 11588: 11107: 10842: 10666: 10641: 10596: 10591: 10521: 10381: 10286: 10281: 9682: 9048: 8728: 7354: 6993: 6916: 6817: 6701: 5515: 4319: 5214: 13688: 13646: 11618: 11009: 10656: 10631: 10616: 10581: 10536: 10526: 10486: 10456: 10446: 10441: 10406: 10401: 10386: 10311: 10306: 9910: 9877: 9754: 9690: 9654: 9309: 8496: 3563: 2500: 2103: 1647:. Any Indians remaining in the area were to be shot. Maidu were rounded up and marched under guard west out of the 250:

were widespread. These acts were encouraged, tolerated, and carried out by state authorities and private militias.

206: 107: 38: 7479: 4825: 3875:". While acknowledging that actions against some tribes native to California were genocidal, he opts for the term 12726: 12701: 11443: 10706: 10671: 10651: 10626: 10601: 10511: 10506: 10451: 10431: 10411: 10361: 10316: 10266: 7484: 3871:

never described the terrible events of 1846–1873 as a genocide, and neither had any of his leading successors in

2453: 2313: 2234: 5546:

Trafzer, Clifford E.; Lorimer, Michelle (2014). "Silencing California Indian Genocide in Social Studies Texts".

3883:'s "sweeping definition" of genocide, whereas Lindsay embraces it.) In a subsequent review of Benjamin Madley's 2332: 13654: 13284: 13042: 12450: 12240: 11950: 11623: 11603: 11503: 11405: 11317: 11307: 10997: 10987: 10721: 10711: 10691: 10606: 10546: 10531: 10496: 10481: 10471: 10436: 10421: 10396: 10351: 10341: 10326: 10301: 10291: 9945: 9862: 9857: 9839: 8720: 8525: 7756: 6908: 6809: 5421:

Coffer, William E. (1977). "Genocide of the California Indians, with a Comparative Study of Other Minorities".

4886: 3939: 3627: 3536: 2436: 2241: 1878: 576:, estimated that there were 4,556 killings of California Indians between 1847 and 1865. Contemporary historian 435: 13561: 7178:

California Legislature, Majority and Minority Reports of the Special Joint Committee on the Mendocino War 1860

7130:

California Legislature, Majority and Minority Reports of the Special Joint Committee on the Mendocino War 1860

7118:

California Legislature, Majority and Minority Reports of the Special Joint Committee on the Mendocino War 1860

3677:

Vizenor believes that, in accordance with international law, the universities of South Dakota, Minnesota, and

379: 13314: 12410: 12005: 11807: 11658: 11628: 11583: 11578: 11362: 11192: 11034: 10884: 10701: 10696: 10661: 10636: 10621: 10586: 10566: 10516: 10461: 10426: 10416: 10346: 10331: 10276: 9892: 8752: 7895: 6402:"In 1860 six murderers nearly wiped out the Wiyot Indian tribe – in 2004 its members have found ways to heal" 5548: 5353: 4144: 3516: 2347: 2093: 158: 13614: 13481: 5026: 4384: 3226:

the circumstances of individual groups can be illustrative of the on the ground happenings of the killings.

13875: 13335: 13307: 12490: 12386: 11613: 11593: 11573: 11523: 11453: 11448: 11433: 11380: 11077: 11014: 10916: 10681: 10646: 10561: 9915: 9380: 9223: 8871: 8797: 8694: 8283: 8227: 8171: 7970: 7042: 6282:

Madley, Benjamin (Autumn 2008). "California's Yuki Indians: Defining Genocide in Native American History".

5784:"War of the Rebellion: Serial 105 Page 0147 Chapter LXII. EXPEDITION TO OWEN'S RIVER, CAL. | eHISTORY" 5628: 5468: 5249: 3466: 2059: 2042: 1507: 1472: 1264: 901: 797: 9235:, F3753:378, Sacramento: Adjutant General’s Office, Military Department, Adjutant General, August 21, 1859 8022: 5844: 13622: 13497: 13489: 12782: 12368: 11683: 11643: 11543: 11518: 11473: 11468: 11072: 10921: 10571: 9647: 8668:

California Legislature, Majority and Minority Reports of the Special Joint Committee on the Mendocino War

7437:. Springer Series on Environmental Management. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 79–121. 5327:"For Decades, California Forcibly Sterilized Women Under Eugenics Law. Now, The State Will Pay Survivors" 4007: 3842: 3558: 2495: 2342: 2256: 1527: 1500: 1280: 997: 442: 6595: 4649: 13537: 12734: 11688: 11673: 11413: 11177: 11067: 10992: 10837: 3332: 1108: 1101: 765: 259: 24: 9201:

Shipek, Florence C. (1986). "The Impact of Europeans upon Kumeyaay Culture". In Starr, Raymond (ed.).

7661: 2189: 2173: 13505: 13473: 13355: 13238: 12021: 11678: 11668: 11663: 11653: 11648: 11638: 11633: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11528: 11508: 11498: 11458: 11438: 11423: 11418: 11352: 10950: 10864: 10852: 8743: 8278: 8222: 8166: 4239: 3974: 3778: 3699: 3620: 3521: 2167: 1818: 1790: 1759: 1681: 1461: 1305: 1242: 1062: 862: 707: 664: 655: 527: 7267: 5814:"Crusoe's Island: A Ramble in the Footsteps of Alexander Selkirk. With Sketches of Adventure in ..." 3767: 3270:

White settlers attacked and killed nine Indians in the mountains edging the valley on November 1858.

13925: 13203: 13194: 12895: 12264: 11800: 11533: 11513: 11488: 11463: 11428: 11322: 11277: 11187: 11157: 10928: 10901: 10896: 10747: 10271: 10138: 5734: 5676: 5623: 5507: 4711: 3969: 3959: 3732: 3581: 3492: 3383: 2384: 1984: 1935: 1636: 1606: 1432: 910: 831: 746: 582: 505: 449: 347:

lifestyle, moving around their area through the seasons as different types of food were available.

286: 210: 189: 13662: 4185: 1115:

people in the Hayfork Valley of California, in retaliation for the killing of Col. John Anderson.

13224: 13217: 12200: 11758: 11698: 11693: 11548: 11538: 11493: 11483: 11478: 11257: 11052: 10980: 10906: 10869: 10859: 10810: 9847: 9578: 8928: 8061: 7730: 7726:"It's official: UC Hastings is getting a new name that's free of racist ties – and a bit generic" 7555: 6943: 6844: 6406: 6143: 4590: 4209: 3964: 2470: 2448: 2268: 2179: 1719: 1652: 1578: 1563: 1316: 1301: 1133: 945: 941: 586: 6320: 4539:"Rethinking the Study of Landscape Management Practices Among Hunter-Gatherers in North America" 398:

were constructed alongside the missions to house the soldiers sent to protect the missionaries.

13733: 13321: 13270: 13160: 12903: 12434: 12320: 11748: 11743: 11252: 11112: 10970: 10933: 10911: 10777: 10256: 9749: 5730: 5726: 5246:

American Indian Policy in the Formative Years: The Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts, 1790–1834

4088:"Review: Murder State: California's Native American Genocide, 1846–1873, by Brendan C. Lindsay" 3914: 3880: 3851: 3526: 3511: 3486: 2027: 1786: 1755: 1559: 1519: 967: 959: 936: 920:

Indians in the process of capturing 30 members of the tribe for the purpose of forced slavery.

867: 698: 548: 214: 59: 20: 13839: 13569: 8932: 8519: 8055: 7919: 7003: 6848: 6371:"Genocide and Extortion: 150 years later, the hidden motive behind the Indian Island Massacre" 6147: 5241: 5108: 4992: 4973: 1471:

A group of 65 Yuki Indians were surrounded and massacred by white settlers at Bloody Rock, in

13630: 13385: 12657: 12335: 12086: 12029: 11910: 11390: 11137: 10940: 10879: 10874: 10847: 10800: 10795: 10787: 9872: 9799: 9670: 8990: 8829: 8423: 8380: 8337: 7905: 7750: 6947: 5000: 4878: 3949: 3771: 3311: 2278: 2263: 1570: 1182: 1167: 1092: 560:

A notable early eyewitness testimony and account: "The Indians of California" (1864) is from

307: 1574: 13781: 13680: 13263: 13056: 13035: 12394: 12248: 12094: 12053: 11831: 11728: 11312: 11282: 10820: 10261: 9764: 9138: 9071: 8707: 7927: 5976: 5783: 4683: 4599: 4510: 3934: 3904: 3885: 3791: 3546: 3461: 2505: 2199: 2123: 2098: 2037: 1515: 1037: 1017: 812: 793: 222: 23:. For the system of forced labor for Indigenous people during the California genocide, see 8113:"An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846–1873" 5846:

The California Indians, a Clever Satire on the Government's Dealings with its Indian Wards

3929: 3290:

November 1858 – January 1859: 150+ or 170 Yuki Indians killed between November and January

371: 8: 13598: 13300: 13167: 13116: 12814: 12710: 12681: 12641: 12625: 12272: 12224: 12190: 12151: 11926: 11763: 11753: 11375: 11370: 11332: 11247: 11197: 11019: 10889: 10832: 10805: 10740: 9744: 7600: 4797: 4719: 4679:"Colonization, Fire Suppression, and Indigenous Resurgence in the Face of Climate Change" 3601: 3506: 3320: 2308: 2251: 2162: 2138: 2133: 1996: 1930: 1911: 1692: 1677: 1554: 1491: 1238: 846:

White slavers retaliate to a slave escape by massacring five Indians in Rancheria Tulea.

418: 383: 263: 247: 12426: 8986:

An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846–1873

5980: 5813: 4901: 4603: 3795:

governors of California for "expeditions against the Indians" on a number of occasions.

2184: 1796:

A posse of white settlers massacred 33 Yahis in a cave north of Mill Creek, California.

13123: 13109: 12887: 12862: 12718: 12570: 12256: 12143: 12133: 11885: 11738: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11117: 11087: 11062: 8893: 8777: 8488: 8300: 8244: 8188: 7852: 7844: 7666: 7433:. In Underwood, Emma C.; Safford, Hugh D.; Molinari, Nicole A.; Keeley, Jon E. (eds.). 7411: 7321: 7085: 6445: 6299: 6241:, Letter, Bvt. 2nd Lieut. John Nugens to Lieut T. Wright, December 31, 1853, pp. 12–13. 5945: 5875:"Denial of Genocide in the California Gold Rush Era: The Case of Gary Clayton Anderson" 5696: 5645: 5565: 5358: 5087: 5079: 4623: 4566: 4389: 4350: 3804: 3476: 3379: 3375: 2394: 2273: 1971: 1726: 1640: 1610: 1535: 1511: 1073: 1058: 1021: 316: 311:

Indigenous ethnic and (inset) linguistic groups of California prior to European arrival

185: 8817:

They Were Only Diggers: A Collection of Articles from California Newspapers, 1851-1866

4483:. United States. Bureau of American Ethnology. Bulletin, 78. Washington. p. 883. 714: 671: 535:

and a large quantity of seeds, worms, &c., that the Indians had gathered for food.

438:

in California, which led to the forced conversion and enslavement of Native Americans.

177:

10,000–27,000 taken as forced laborers by white settlers; 4,000–7,000 of them children

13425: 13088: 13014: 12935: 12522: 12402: 12360: 12232: 12216: 11894: 11836: 11782: 11337: 11287: 11237: 11232: 11217: 11162: 10945: 9206: 9174: 9142: 9110: 9103: 9075: 9044: 9025: 8994: 8966: 8936: 8883: 8850: 8801: 8781: 8769: 8724: 8675: 8607: 8568: 8529: 8480: 8427: 8384: 8341: 8132: 8065: 7974: 7931: 7856: 7836: 7760: 7633: 7530: 7446: 7403: 7350: 7313: 7077: 6951: 6912: 6852: 6813: 6775: 6697: 6624: 6526: 6192: 6151: 6067: 5994: 5926:"Placing Refuge and the Archaeology of Indigenous Hinterlands in Colonial California" 5894: 5700: 5649: 5592: 5569: 5511: 5430: 5091: 4831: 4615: 4611: 4558: 4315: 4263: 4107: 3954: 3924: 3868: 3610: 3541: 3456: 3422: 3366: 3361: 2431: 2426: 2194: 1915: 1859: 1850: 1648: 1632: 1602: 1162: 906: 788: 769: 282: 267: 193: 13401: 12418: 11981: 8304: 8248: 8192: 2209: 877:

In response to a plea from White settlers to put an end to raids, U.S. Army Captain

367: 13545: 13433: 13231: 13187: 13102: 12823: 12806: 12506: 12498: 12482: 12208: 12110: 12102: 11122: 11097: 11082: 10825: 10815: 9727: 9360: 9067: 8875: 8833: 8761: 8472: 8292: 8236: 8180: 8124: 7826: 7493: 7438: 7395: 7305: 7069: 6291: 5984: 5937: 5886: 5840: 5688: 5637: 5557: 5395: 5111:, The Yuma Massacres, Western Genocide, and U.S. Colonization of Indigenous Mexico. 5069: 4793:"Elias Castillo's 'Cross of Thorns' presents a bleak picture of California history" 4728: 4607: 4550: 4537:

Lightfoot, Kent G.; Cuthrell, Rob Q.; Striplen, Chuck J.; Hylkema, Mark G. (2013).

4488: 4484: 4253: 4099: 3855: 3774: 3728: 3664:

has argued in the early 21st century for universities to be authorized to assemble

3591: 3553: 3496: 3388: 2401: 2246: 1901: 1644: 1614: 1465: 1370: 1343: 1273: 1209: 1200: 1171: 1137: 750: 679: 660: 601: 561: 123: 8296: 8240: 8184: 6974: 5521: 4148: 1219:

village near Lake Earl in California, killing between 65 and 150 Indians at dawn.

13741: 13457: 13393: 13369: 13178: 12911: 12870: 12790: 12474: 12442: 11869: 11042: 9494: 9170: 8984: 8601: 8562: 8417: 8374: 8331: 7964: 7629:"Newsom apologizes for California's history of violence against Native Americans" 6647: 4257: 3471: 3371: 2475: 2443: 2321: 1965: 1814: 1730: 1597: 1428: 1033: 540: 402: 344: 213:

agents and private citizens in the 19th century. It began following the American

9244:, RG 75, M234, reel 36:987, Washington, DC: National Archives, November 23, 1858 7559: 7442: 6185:

Understanding Tolowa Histories: Western Hegemonies and Native American Responses

5692: 5641: 2283: 13521: 13130: 13095: 12774: 12766: 12742: 12327: 12174: 12166: 11302: 11292: 11242: 9540: 9365: 9266:, RG 75, M234, reel 36:814-15, Washington, DC: National Archives, June 19, 1858 7498: 5941: 5890: 5769: 4554: 3979: 3755:

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article 2

3661: 3481: 2406: 2327: 2155: 2143: 2118: 1496: 951: 808: 741: 573: 375: 320: 152: 139: 9573: 7430: 7372:, no. 42, Department of Sociology, Humboldt State University, 2020, pp. 69–85. 5386:"California tries to find 600 victims of forced sterilization for reparations" 4103: 3258:

A local paper reported 55 Indians killed in Clinton Valley on October 8, 1856.

19:

For the conflicts during the settling of California by the United States, see

13869: 13553: 13417: 13409: 13377: 12943: 12530: 11733: 11598: 11385: 11347: 11297: 11222: 11172: 11147: 11142: 11092: 11057: 9593: 9545: 9473: 8954: 8918: 8789: 8773: 8765: 8484: 8136: 8128: 7840: 7407: 7342: 7317: 7081: 7039:

Warriors of the Colorado: The Yumas of the Quechan Nation and Their Neighbors

6933: 6834: 6133: 6107: 5998: 5898: 5561: 5277:"Let Those Children's Names be Known: The Paradox of Indian Boarding Schools" 4619: 4562: 4111: 3808: 3240: 2459: 1628: 1364: 1269: 1097: 963: 871: 718: 703: 510: 407: 390:

in the southern part of the state along the Pacific. (The Spanish also build

351: 127: 34: 9210: 8897: 8865: 7831: 7814: 7309: 7159: 6886:'University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 6728: 5925: 5300:"Examining the Painful Legacy of Native American Boarding Schools in the US" 5074: 5057: 13529: 13063: 12973: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11127: 11102: 9467: 9344: 9203:

The Impact of European Exploration and Settlement on Local Native Americans

8419:

The Rediscovery of America: Native Peoples and the Unmaking of U.S. History

8376:

The Rediscovery of America: Native Peoples and the Unmaking of U.S. History

8333:

The Rediscovery of America: Native Peoples and the Unmaking of U.S. History

7208: 7073: 6539: 6295: 5434: 5390: 5160: 4732: 4385:"'It's Called Genocide': Newsom Apologizes to the State's Native Americans" 3984: 3441: 3357: 3284:

Winter 1856–57: About 75 Yuki Indians killed over the course of the winter.

2374: 1025: 991: 761: 466: 290: 13856: 12068: 9105:

A World Transformed: Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush

7435:

Valuing Chaparral: Ecological, Socio-Economic, and Management Perspectives

6071: 4586:"Native American Impacts on Fire Regimes of the California Coastal Ranges" 2071: 1442:

camp near Chico Creek in California, killing indiscriminately 40 Indians.

13441: 13153: 13146: 12750: 11877: 11718: 11132: 9739: 9623: 9613: 9478: 9391: 9370: 9330: 8879: 8837: 8824:

Hinton, Alexander Laban; Woolford, Andrew; Benvenuto, Jeff, eds. (2014).

8476: 7147: 7058:"California's Yuki Indians: Defining Genocide in Native American History" 4506:"Wildfires Are Essential: The Forest Service Embraces a Tribal Tradition" 3703: 3307: 2822: 2204: 1978: 1766: 1688: 1312: 1311:

In reprisal for Indian stock theft, white settlers massacred at least 20

1009: 955: 882: 878: 840: 836: 590: 414: 231: 166: 9639: 8492: 8461:"The Native Peoples of the American West: Genocide or Ethnic Cleansing?" 8460: 7848: 7815:"Ishi and the California Indian Genocide as Developmental Mass Violence" 7325: 7294:"Ishi and the California Indian Genocide as Developmental Mass Violence" 7293: 7089: 7057: 6303: 5949: 5083: 5058:"Ishi and the California Indian Genocide as Developmental Mass Violence" 4978:

Indigenous People and Economic Development: An International Perspective

4712:"Returning Fire to the Land: Celebrating Traditional Knowledge and Fire" 4570: 4538: 1655:. 461 Native Americans started the trek, 277 finished. They reached the 13449: 13028: 12989: 12562: 12458: 12037: 11342: 11167: 11152: 10767: 10763: 9498: 9441: 9355: 9325: 9304: 9220:

American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History since 1492

9128:(42, Special Issue 42: California Indian Genocide and Healing): 86–105. 8027: 6670: 5989: 5964: 5354:"'You Just Feel Like Nothing': California to Pay Sterilization Victims" 3402: 2128: 2047: 1734: 1715: 1531: 1029: 757: 363: 328: 235: 89: 12758: 10732: 9446: 8564:

California; Two Centuries of Man, Land, and Growth in the Golden State

7871:"Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide" 7415: 7383: 6627:(1956). "The Aboriginal Population of the North Coast of California". 5588:"Op-Ed: It's time to acknowledge the genocide of California's Indians" 4627: 4585: 4314:. Menlo Park, California: Sunset Publishing Corporation. p. 316. 3395: 804: 717:'s men attacked a rancheria on the banks of the Sacramento River near 472:

1851–69: California paid bounties for the killing of Native Americans.

13007: 12996: 12466: 12125: 11723: 9608: 9512: 9462: 9425: 9340: 9022:

Encyclopedia of Indian Wars: Western Battles and Skirmishes 1850–1890

8962: 6188: 5816:

Harper & Brothers. October 10, 1871 – via Internet Archive.

4827:

Missionary Conquest: The Gospel and Native American Cultural Genocide

3876: 3596: 3244: 2389: 1407: 1396: 1205: 532: 395: 387: 9375: 9240:"Simmon Storms to Tho. Henley, 23 November 1858, Letters Received", 7480:"Time, Movement, and Space: Genocide Studies and Indigenous Peoples" 7135: 5068:(42: Special issue: California Indian Genocide and Healing): 69–85. 386:

standing in modern-day California, at what developed as present-day

13774:

Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al

13070: 13049: 13021: 12966: 11823: 9557: 9551: 9435: 9420: 9350: 9335: 9320: 7399: 6446:"Keysville Massacre, April 19, 1863 (From Military Correspondence)" 5465:

Genocide and Vendetta: The Round Valley Wars of Northern California

4056: 3714: 3665: 3586: 3430: 3223: 2353: 1406:

Indians (10 men and 60 women and children) in their village on the

1403: 119: 8644:

Browne, J. Ross (August 1861). "The Coast Rangers of California".

6084:

Letter, Brevet Capt. N. Lyon to Major E. R. S. Canby, May 22, 1850

3748:(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; 3742:(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; 1530:. Victims were mostly women, children, and elders, as reported by 615:

previous practices like burial practices and vegetation patterns.

11047: 9583: 9535: 9529: 9489: 9484: 9456: 9404: 9400: 9386: 6694:

The Conflict Between the California Indian and White Civilization

5122:"The Gold Rush: Act for the Government and Protection of Indians" 3751:(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. 3324: 2989: 2001: 1896: 1076:, California and burned down their tribal council meeting house. 1005: 340: 336: 131: 9041:

Genocide in Northwestern California : when our worlds cried

8691:

Genocide and Vendetta, the Round Valley Wars of North California

8223:"Ghost dances, bears and the legacies of genocide in California" 7384:"Social Organization and the Demographic Survival of the Tolowa" 6498:– via Geography and Planning Department at CSU Chico. 5500:

Early California Laws and Policies Related to California Indians

4902:"Indian Labor at the California Missions: Slavery or Salvation?" 4536: 3854:

professor of history who describes the events in California as "

3254:

A few specific attacks of which there is witness testimony are:

602:

Archaeological evidence of violence and refugeeism in California

13137: 9618: 9567: 9562: 9519: 9504: 9230: 7165: 3865:

Murder State: California’s Native American Genocide, 1846–1873,

3336: 2870: 1621: 1216: 1178: 1144: 1013: 722: 675: 611: 332: 258:

were targeted in killings. Between 10,000 and 27,000 were also

218: 9205:. San Diego: Cabrillo Historical Association. pp. 13–25. 8867:

Murder State: California's Native American Genocide, 1846–1873

8057:

Women's Issues for a New Generation: A Social Work Perspective

6696:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1976. 4974:"California Indian Slavery in the Mission and Mexican Periods" 4259:

Destroying to Replace: Settler Genocides of Indigenous Peoples

1008:. Some Native American tribes fought back, beginning with the 958:(possibly more, by other accounts) on Bo-no-po-ti island near 13798: 12694: 12352: 9628: 9603: 9598: 9588: 9451: 9415: 9410: 9155: 7999: 7214: 6874:, pp. 42–43. Note the number of 26,000 includes Salinans 4652:. Native American Caucus of the California Democratic Party. 4305: 4303: 4262:. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. pp. 72–115. 4206:

A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples

2465: 1991: 1624: 1523: 1439: 1112: 1069: 971: 917: 9239: 7695:"Law School Would Really Like To Be Rid Of Genocider's Name" 7614:

Vulliamy, Ed. Reclaiming Native Identity in California.2023.

7153: 7101: 7099: 6905:

Conquests and Historical Identities in California, 1769–1936

4052:"California's state-sanctioned genocide of Native Americans" 3382:

in the Central Coastal Range. Later, some were moved to the

11792: 9524: 9430: 9396: 7749:

Mountford, Benjamin; Tuffnell, Stephen (October 16, 2018).

6975:"Cahuilla People | Augustine Band of Cahuilla Indians" 6523:

The Seven States of California: A Natural and Human History

6148:

https://archive.org/details/handbookofnortha08heiz/page/324

4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 3786: 3343: 3315: 3287:

March–April 1858: 300–400 male Yukis killed in three weeks.

1825: 266:

used its institutions to favor white settlers' rights over

239: 135: 76:"Protecting The Settlers", illustration by J. R. Browne in 9249:

Tassin, A.G. (1887). "Chronicles of Camp Wright, Part I".

7431:"Native Peoples' Relationship to the California Chaparral" 7337: 7335: 6932:

Bean, Lowell John; Smith, Charles R. (1978). "Cupeño". In

6594:(Video transcript). California State Parks. Archived from 6222: 6220: 5256: 4300: 3735:, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, as such: 3709:

University of California College of the Law, San Francisco

1737:

in California, killing about 40 men, women, and children.

350:

The Native people of California, according to sociologist

13639:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

8849:. Altadena, California: Interdisciplinary Research, Inc. 7096: 6884:

White, Raymond C. (1963). "Luiseño Social Organization".

6610: 6608: 6087: 5126: 5030: 4883:

California Indians and Their Environment: An Introduction

4346: 1769:

community at Three Knolls on the Mill Creek, California.

526:

I have the honor to report to the general commanding the

8953:(2012). "The Genocide of California's Yana Indians". In 7662:"Hastings Law to Change Name Linked to Native Massacres" 5962: 5279:. No. Winter 2021/2022. News from Native California 4763:"Opinion | California's Saint, and a Church's Sins" 4155: 1846:

Population history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas

9261: 8823: 7332: 7141: 6774:. Happy Camp, California: Naturegraph Publishers, Inc. 6555: 6502: 6426: 6338: 6326: 6260: 6217: 6205: 6164: 4357: 1506:

In three nearly simultaneous assaults on the Wiyot, at

277:

of American academics and activist organizations, both

7796: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7529:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 139. 7527:

Native Liberty: Natural Reason and Cultural Survivance

6605: 6042: 6040: 5480: 5478: 5188:"Untold History: The Survival of California's Indians" 954:

and his U.S. Army detachment of cavalry killed 60–100

205:

was a series of systematized killings of thousands of

13750:

International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine

12281:

Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

8959:

Centuries of Genocide: Essays and Eyewitness Accounts

8216: 8214: 7349:, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, p. 374, 7009: 6645: 6106:

Key, Karen (September 24, 2006). Prats, J. J. (ed.).

6038: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 5446: 5444: 970:

settlers who had been abusing and murdering Pomo and

553:

War of the Rebellion: OPERATIONS ON THE PACIFIC COAST

13718:

International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur

8085: 6772:

The Shasta Indians of California and their neighbors

6753: 6751: 6749: 4288: 3339:

trapped and killed about 30 Yahis in Kingsley cave.

3235:

1,000 Yuki are estimated to have been killed in the

682:

in California, killing between 120 and 200 Indians.

8717:

The Population of the California Indians, 1769–1970

7785: 5475: 3702:'s involvement in the killing and dispossessing of 3396:

Economic aspects of genocide in Southern California

3281:

1856: 300 total killed over the course of the year.

9264:Records of the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1881 9242:Records of the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1881 9102: 8521:California through Native Eyes: Reclaiming History 8272: 8270: 8211: 8160: 8158: 7812: 7291: 6350: 6066:. The Historic Valley of Temecula. Paisano Press. 6017: 5441: 5190:. KCET and the Autry Museum of the American West. 5055: 4785: 16:Widespread killing of Native Americans (1846–1873) 8606:. American West Publishing Company. p. 130. 8016: 8014: 7922:. In Hoxie, Frederick E.; Iverson, Peter (eds.). 7813:Hitchcock, Robert K.; Flowerday, Charles (2020). 7748: 7549: 7292:Hitchcock, Robert K.; Flowerday, Charles (2020). 6746: 6635:(81–130). University of California, Berkeley: 98. 5056:Hitchcock, Robert K.; Flowerday, Charles (2020). 4500: 4498: 4188:. California Native American Heritage Commission. 289:in the territory. In 2019, California's governor 13867: 13607:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 13353: 9064:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History 8567:. American West Publishing Company. p. 57. 6132: 3217: 1854:Estimated native California population based on 885:led 50 men in attacks on three Indian villages. 519:Act for the Government and Protection of Indians 460:Act for the Government and Protection of Indians 169:/California Native American Heritage Commission) 12539:German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs 8267: 8155: 7027:Franciscan missionary-explorer Francisco Garcés 5868: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5298:Federis, Marnette; Kim, Mina (August 3, 2021). 4650:"A Short Overview of California Indian History" 3392:population was killed in deliberate massacres. 1185:, killing 450 Tolowa during a prayer ceremony. 807:Indians killed in an ambush in revenge for the 486: 9164: 8749: 8011: 8005: 7599:Therefore, in accordance to Article IV of the 7428: 6803: 6573: 6567: 6549: 6525:. University of California Press. p. 31. 6477: 6475: 6277: 6275: 6005: 5545: 5496: 5262: 4495: 4081: 4079: 3832: 3378:in Oregon, including what is now known as the 3342:The last known survivor of the Yahi was named 1725:To avenge the killing of a woman and child at 1111:sheriff William H. Dixon killed more than 150 12832:Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War 11808: 10748: 9655: 9287: 8847:Mission San Juan Capistrano: A Pocket History 8826:Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America 8688: 7226: 5581: 5579: 4232:"NorCal Native Writes Of California Genocide" 3727:... any of the following acts committed with 3685: 3628: 2527: 1143:Californian settlers attacked and burned the 618: 392:30 missions and 11 visitas in Baja California 64:Native American genocide in the United States 9188:Secrest, William B. (1988). "Jarboe's War". 8917:Luomala, Katharine (1978). "Tipai-Ipai". In 8656: 8106: 8104: 8102: 8100: 7924:Indians in American History: An Introduction 7105: 6257:, quoted in Sacramento newspaper., pp. 35–36 5879:American Indian Culture and Research Journal 5853: 5462: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4312:The California Missions: A Pictorial History 4225: 4223: 4221: 4219: 2890:(up 10,000 to 26,000 combined with Salinan) 1147:village of Howonquet, massacring 70 people. 674:'s men attacked a band of Indians (probably 13726:International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh 13466:Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials 8927:. Vol. 8: California. Washington, DC: 8704:A History of California; The Spanish Period 7653: 6942:. Vol. 8: California. Washington, DC: 6843:. Vol. 8: California. Washington, DC: 6806:The Natural World of the California Indians 6472: 6272: 5762:"California's War On Indians, 1850 to 1851" 4943:"The History of Colonization in California" 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4179: 4177: 4076: 3910:California Indian Reservations and Cessions 3237:Round Valley Settler Massacres of 1856–1859 2789:Chimariko, New River, Konomihu, Oakwanuchu 1522:, white settlers killed between 80 and 250 764:were killed as horse thieves by Indians at 13673:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 11815: 11801: 10755: 10741: 9662: 9648: 9294: 9280: 9262:"Thos. Henley to Chas Mix, 19 June 1858", 8737: 8680:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8560: 7550:Victorin-Vangerud, Aaron (March 6, 2010). 6400:Kowinski, William S. (February 28, 2004). 5576: 5345: 5297: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 3635: 3621: 3440: 3314:, for their lands were the closest to the 3163:Non-Californian Indians now in California 2534: 2520: 1691:Indians who had gathered near the head of 1177:A posse of settlers attacked and burned a 12288:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars 9669: 9043:. San Francisco: Indian Historian Press. 8518:Bauer, William J. Jr. (August 25, 2016). 8415: 8372: 8329: 8220: 8097: 7966:Indians of California: The Changing Image 7830: 7497: 7429:Anderson, M. Kat; Keeley, Jon E. (2018). 7268:"We Are California: The Yana/Yahi People" 6931: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6057: 6055: 5988: 5923: 5215:"The California Native American Genocide" 5156:"Return the National Parks to the Tribes" 5073: 5049: 4971: 4876: 4369: 4229: 4216: 498:Indian Land Cessions in the United States 370:and military forces under the command of 13936:Wartime sexual violence in North America 9217: 9100: 8689:Carranco, Lynwood; Beard, Estle (1981). 8458: 8279:"Bearing witness to California genocide" 8110: 7738:from the original on September 25, 2022. 7717: 7381: 7180:, p. 51, Benjamin Arthur deposition 6969: 6967: 6680: 6639: 6561: 6545: 6450:Kern County Historical Society Quarterly 6399: 6211: 5463:Lynwood, Carranco; Beard, Estle (1981). 5378: 5324: 5147: 4634: 4252: 4238:. Info is in the podcast. Archived from 4203: 4174: 4085: 4049: 3766: 3374:, 600 Tolowa were forcibly relocated to 1849: 490: 406:close to slavery. However, according to 306: 221:, and the influx of settlers due to the 12160:Indigenous peoples in the United States 10762: 9187: 9167:Violence in War and Peace: An Anthology 8916: 8863: 8814: 8701: 8599: 8091: 8053: 7901: 7572: 7524: 7341: 7262: 7260: 7238: 7190: 6999: 6804:Heizer, R. F.; Elsasser, A. B. (1980). 6712: 6710: 6520: 6316: 6182: 5725: 5484: 5212: 5027:"The Gold Rush Impact on Native Tribes" 4742:from the original on September 10, 2021 4478: 4465: 4363: 4246: 4192: 4135: 4133: 4086:Magliari, Michael F. (August 1, 2013). 4050:Nazaryan, Alexander (August 17, 2016). 4034: 3413: 3222:While many groups were targeted in the 2338:Population transfer in the Soviet Union 1215:White settlers launched an attack on a 434:1769: Spanish colonizers established a 13881:1846 establishments in Alta California 13868: 9248: 9231:"Johnson to Mackall, 21 August 1859", 9200: 9132: 9123: 9109:. Berkeley, California: Heyday Books. 9060:"Genocide and American Indian History" 9057: 9038: 9019: 8979: 8949: 8844: 8788: 8643: 8276: 8221:Bauer Jr., William (January 9, 2017). 8164: 7800: 7724:Asimov, Nanette (September 23, 2022). 7723: 7692: 7659: 7589:from the original on November 15, 2016 7477: 7251: 7202: 7055: 7036: 7015: 6833:Levy, Richard (1978). "Costanoan". In 6769: 6656: 6508: 6481: 6432: 6356: 6344: 6332: 6281: 6266: 6250: 6238: 6226: 6170: 6093: 6061: 6052: 6046: 5872: 5839: 5759: 5707:from the original on December 12, 2022 5656:from the original on December 12, 2022 5618: 5450: 5420: 5351: 5239: 5153: 5114: 5104: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4899: 4823: 4760: 4673: 4671: 4583: 4333: 4331: 4294: 4168: 3762: 3715:Academic debate on the term "genocide" 3405:, were incorporated into the economy. 567: 13931:Ethnic cleansing in the United States 13916:Native American history of California 13703: 13584: 13352: 13329:Mass killings under communist regimes 12846: 12609: 12304: 11965: 11845: 11796: 10736: 9643: 9275: 9088:from the original on February 4, 2023 8794:The Destruction of California Indians 8517: 8035:from the original on January 15, 2023 8020: 7962: 7944:from the original on January 14, 2023 7917: 7132:, p. 28, Isaac Shanon deposition 6964: 6883: 6460:from the original on December 2, 2012 6368: 6114:from the original on November 7, 2007 5905:from the original on January 15, 2023 5674: 4997:The Spanish Frontier in North America 4990: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4824:Tinker, George E. (January 1, 1993). 4805:from the original on January 23, 2016 4691:from the original on December 9, 2021 4481:Handbook of the Indians of California 4382: 4309: 3655: 3502:Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders 3182:Affiliation doubtful or not reported 3003:Gabrielino, Fernandeño, San Nicoleño 2551: 2548: 1856:Handbook of the Indians of California 1839: 962:; they believed the tribe had killed 302: 287:genocide against the Native Americans 255:Handbook of the Indians of California 13901:Anti-Indigenous racism in California 13886:1873 disestablishments in California 13805: 13278:Terminology of the Armenian genocide 9383:(Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki) 9126:Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 9072:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.3 8714: 8277:Jacobs, Margaret (January 9, 2017). 7819:Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 7693:Rubino, Kathryn (November 5, 2021). 7370:Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 7298:Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 7257: 7166:Major Edward Johnson to Mackall 1859 7120:, p. 68, John Lawson deposition 6981:from the original on August 13, 2020 6902: 6871: 6832: 6757: 6707: 6676: 6623: 6136:; Sturtevant, William, eds. (1978). 5291: 5180: 5062:Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 4893: 4761:Downes, Lawrence (August 18, 2015). 4709: 4647: 4453:from the original on August 16, 2021 4183: 4130: 3920:California mission clash of cultures 3692:California Truth and Healing Council 1569:American militia and members of the 545:Second Cavalry California Volunteers 509:the California Senate, 1st Governor 13514:War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia 9007:from the original on April 26, 2023 8111:Magliari, Michael (April 1, 2017). 7883:from the original on April 13, 2022 7674:from the original on April 26, 2022 7660:Fuller, Thomas (November 3, 2021). 7506:from the original on April 30, 2023 6490:from the original on April 19, 2019 6414:from the original on April 26, 2012 6105: 6011: 5794:from the original on March 17, 2023 5741:from the original on April 24, 2021 5318: 5268: 5007:from the original on April 26, 2023 4980:. New York: Routledge. p. 238. 4928: 4668: 4328: 4276:from the original on March 26, 2023 3945:1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic 3781:describing the California genocide. 3090:Halchidhoma (emigrated since 1800) 2077:Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic 1032:, in December 1850. In retaliation 13: 11228:Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta 8924:Handbook of North American Indians 8620:from the original on July 10, 2023 8603:California: An Illustrated History 8581:from the original on July 10, 2023 8561:Hutchinson, William Henry (1969). 8542:from the original on July 10, 2023 8440:from the original on July 10, 2023 8397:from the original on July 10, 2023 8354:from the original on July 10, 2023 8021:White, Richard (August 17, 2016). 7773:from the original on July 10, 2023 7705:from the original on July 10, 2023 7641:from the original on April 2, 2020 7459:from the original on July 10, 2023 7215:San Francisco Alta California 1859 6939:Handbook of North American Indians 6840:Handbook of North American Indians 6381:from the original on March 4, 2013 6369:Rohde, Jerry (February 25, 2010). 6139:Handbook of North American Indians 6110:. The Historical Marker Database. 5873:Ostler, Jeffrey (April 28, 2022). 5366:from the original on June 22, 2023 5274: 5206: 5194:from the original on April 5, 2023 4856: 4844:from the original on July 10, 2023 4773:from the original on March 8, 2021 4656:from the original on June 21, 2018 4118:from the original on July 10, 2023 3900:Bibliography of California history 1961:Atrocities in the Congo Free State 1687:California settlers massacred 300 14: 13947: 9711:Genocide of indigenous population 9058:Ostler, Jeffrey (March 2, 2015). 8904:from the original on May 15, 2023 8499:from the original on May 14, 2022 8311:from the original on May 10, 2023 7478:Garsha, Jeremiah (October 2015). 7189:Petaluma Journal 1857, quoted in 7154:Simmon Storms to Tho. Henley 1858 6652:. University of California Press. 5586:Madley, Benjamin (May 22, 2016). 5497:Johnston-Dodds, Kimberly (2002). 5402:from the original on May 29, 2023 5333:from the original on May 29, 2023 5325:Mies-Tan, Sarah (July 20, 2021). 5306:from the original on May 29, 2023 5221:from the original on May 30, 2023 5168:from the original on May 31, 2023 5135:from the original on June 5, 2023 5037:from the original on May 30, 2023 4953:from the original on June 2, 2023 4916:from the original on June 2, 2023 4900:Scharf, Thomas L. (Spring 1978). 4141:"Minorities During the Gold Rush" 4064:from the original on May 14, 2022 3739:(a) Killing members of the group; 149:No more than 2,000 (per Anderson) 13848: 13831: 13814: 13704: 13585: 12847: 12610: 12305: 11966: 11776: 11386:Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario 9755:Interim government of California 9310:Indigenous peoples of California 9303: 9024:. Mountain Press Publishing Co. 8715:Cook, Sherburne F. (June 1976). 8593: 8554: 8511: 8452: 8409: 8366: 8323: 8255:from the original on May 5, 2023 8199:from the original on May 2, 2023 8165:Jacoby, Karl (January 9, 2017). 8143:from the original on May 1, 2023 8047: 7987:from the original on May 5, 2023 7956: 7911: 7863: 7806: 7742: 7686: 7621: 7608: 7573:Glauner, Lindsay (Spring 2001). 7566: 7554:. Institute for Advanced Study, 7543: 7518: 7471: 7422: 7375: 7362: 7285: 7250:Major Edward Johnson, quoted in 7244: 7232: 7220: 7196: 7183: 7049: 7030: 7021: 6925: 6896: 6877: 6865: 6826: 6797: 6788: 6763: 6686: 5600:from the original on May 4, 2021 5352:Morris, Amanda (July 11, 2021). 4906:The Journal of San Diego History 4612:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00676.x 4397:from the original on May 6, 2021 4349:. September 2006. Archived from 3867:Michael F. Magliari notes that " 2501:Bibliography of genocide studies 2104:American Indian boarding schools 572:In 1943, a study by demographer 70: 12119:Indigenous peoples in Australia 11846: 8957:; Parsons, Williams S. (eds.). 8666:California Legislature (1860), 8459:Anderson, Gary Clayton (2016). 8023:"Naming America's Own Genocide" 7752:A Global History of Gold Rushes 7485:Genocide Studies and Prevention 6617: 6579: 6514: 6438: 6393: 6362: 6244: 6232: 6176: 6126: 6099: 6078: 5956: 5917: 5833: 5820: 5806: 5776: 5753: 5719: 5668: 5612: 5539: 5490: 5456: 5414: 5233: 5213:La Tour, Jesse (July 7, 2020). 5019: 4984: 4965: 4870: 4817: 4754: 4703: 4577: 4530: 4514:. April 3, 2017. Archived from 4435: 4409: 3998: 3356:June 2019, California governor 3306:The Yahi were the first of the 2556:All minimum sources below cite: 2348:Swedification of Sámi and Finns 207:Indigenous people of California 13921:Spanish missions in California 13906:Massacres in the United States 13043:Genocide of indigenous peoples 12634:Indigenous peoples in Paraguay 11935:Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate 11396:San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland 11376:Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim 9481:(Monache, Owens Valley Paiute) 9165:Scheper-Hughes, Nancy (2003). 9101:Paddison, Joshua, ed. (1999). 8921:; Sturtevant, William (eds.). 8721:University of California Press 8636: 8526:University of Washington Press 8167:"Golden State, genocide state" 7757:University of California Press 6936:; Sturtevant, William (eds.). 6909:University of California Press 6837:; Sturtevant, William (eds.). 6810:University of California Press 6725:Habematolel Pomo of Upper Lake 6646:Sherburne Friend Cook (1943). 5849:. Harper Brothers. p. 17. 5510:, California Research Bureau. 5429:(2). San Francisco, CA: 8–15. 4972:Guilliams, Michael T. (2013). 4887:University of Washington Press 4710:Lake, Frank (September 2017). 4230:Exchange Team, The Jefferson. 3940:Genocide of Indigenous peoples 3843:state government of California 3818:Karl Jacoby, in his review of 2944:Northern Paiute in California 2114:Great Plains smallpox epidemic 1729:, White vigilantes attacked a 1335:Round Valley Settler Massacres 1315:men, women, and children near 1: 13758:Ukraine v. Russian Federation 12888:Tigrayans, Kunamas, and Irobs 12054:Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate 9158:San Francisco Alta California 8753:American Behavioral Scientist 8738:Engelhardt, Zephyrin (1922). 8646:Harper's New Monthly Magazine 8297:10.1080/14623528.2017.1265796 8241:10.1080/14623528.2017.1265795 8185:10.1080/14623528.2017.1265790 6108:"Bloody Island (Bo-no-po-ti)" 5549:American Behavioral Scientist 5240:Prucha, Francis Paul (2000). 4879:"Colonial Period (1769–1821)" 4383:Cowan, Jill (June 19, 2019). 4145:California Secretary of State 4027: 3218:Select ethnic groups targeted 3142:Less river Yumans in Arizona 2289:Vietnamese conquest of Champa 2094:Genocide in the United States 297: 159:California Secretary of State 13689:Croatia–Serbia genocide case 13490:Nuremberg Military Tribunals 13336:Anti-communist mass killings 12062:Indigenous peoples in Canada 11998:Indigenous peoples in Brazil 11822: 9224:University of Oklahoma Press 8872:University of Nebraska Press 8864:Lindsay, Brendan C. (2012). 8798:University of Nebraska Press 8702:Chapman, Charles E. (1921). 8695:University of Oklahoma Press 8465:Western Historical Quarterly 8284:Journal of Genocide Research 8228:Journal of Genocide Research 8172:Journal of Genocide Research 7971:University of Oklahoma Press 7616:The New York Review of Books 7142:Tho. Henley to Chas Mix 1858 7062:Western Historical Quarterly 7043:University of Oklahoma Press 6468:– via vredenburgh.org. 6284:Western Historical Quarterly 5731:"State of the State Address" 5681:Journal of Genocide Research 5675:Sousa, Ashley Riley (2004). 5629:Journal of Genocide Research 5469:University of Oklahoma Press 5250:University of Nebraska Press 4993:"The Mexican War: 1846–1848" 4310:Krell, Dorothy, ed. (1979). 4015:(274): 350. March 31, 1866. 3845:, pointing to the fact that 2333:Norwegianization of the Sámi 2060:Yanomami humanitarian crisis 2043:Forced sterilization in Peru 1695:, for a spiritual ceremony. 1473:Mendocino County, California 1402:White settlers massacred 70 902:Konkow Maidu slaver massacre 487:Response following statehood 7: 13623:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal 12783:National Population Program 10956:National Historic Landmarks 9020:Michno, Gregory F. (2003). 8742:. Los Angeles, California: 8740:San Juan Capistrano Mission 7443:10.1007/978-3-319-68303-4_4 6718:"Clear Lake's First People" 6521:Fradkin, Philip L. (1997). 6142:. Vol. 8: California. 5924:Schneider, Tsim D. (2015). 5693:10.1080/1462352042000225949 5642:10.1080/1462352042000225930 5329:. California Public Radio. 5033:: The American Experience. 4877:Lightfoot, Kent G. (2005). 4186:"California Indian History" 4008:The British Medical Journal 3892: 3833:Against the use of the term 3114:Total of groups marked (*) 2977:Koso, Chemehuevi, Kawaiisu 2496:Outline of genocide studies 2439: Canary Islands 2343:Russian conquest of Siberia 2242:Cultural genocide in Taiwan 2223:East, South, Southeast Asia 1765:White settlers massacred a 1528:Humboldt County, California 1281:Humboldt County, California 506:the statehood of California 425: 10: 13952: 13896:California Mission Indians 13891:19th century in California 13538:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials 13482:Hamburg Ravensbrück trials 13308:Effects on young survivors 12735:Sabra and Shatila massacre 10961:National Natural Landmarks 9218:Thornton, Russell (1990). 8006:Fenelon & Trafzer 2014 7918:Hagan, William T. (2014). 7499:10.5038/1911-9933.9.2.1292 7382:Thornton, Russell (1984). 6770:Renfro, Elizabeth (1992). 5942:10.7183/0002-7316.80.4.695 5891:10.17953/aicrj.45.2.ostler 5828:The Indians of California. 5506:. Sacramento, California: 5263:Fenelon & Trafzer 2014 5154:Treuer, David (May 2021). 4555:10.7183/0002-7316.78.2.285 4236:JPR Jefferson Public Radio 3827:The Rediscovery of America 3686:Apologies and name changes 3207:(up to 230,407 to 301,233) 2859:Miwok (Plains and Sierra) 2654:Nongatl, Sinkyone, Lassik 1843: 1438:White settlers attacked a 916:Slavers kill 12–20 Konkow 766:Warner Springs, California 619:List of recorded massacres 443:Mexico gained independence 357: 25:Forced labor in California 18: 13712: 13593: 13506:Ulm Einsatzkommando trial 13474:Supreme National Tribunal 13364: 13345: 13255: 13177: 13080: 12958: 12857: 12620: 12315: 12077:Residential school system 11976: 11856: 11830: 11772: 11707: 11404: 11361: 11033: 10976:congressional delegations 10786: 10774: 10247: 9944: 9928: 9891: 9838: 9780: 9681: 9677: 9316: 9137:. San Diego, California: 7227:Carranco & Beard 1981 7056:Madley, Benjamin (2008). 6482:Dizard, Jesse A. (2016). 6456:(2): 5–8. November 1952. 5129:: The American Experience 4104:10.1525/phr.2013.82.3.448 4092:Pacific Historical Review 3975:Serranus Clinton Hastings 3873:California Indian history 3850:Gary Clayton Anderson, a 3779:Presidio of San Francisco 3408: 3350: 2955:Eastern and Western Mono 2925:(up to 13,650 to 20,400) 2746:(up to 10,000 to 18,000) 2565: 2562: 1635:and then be taken to the 1462:Mendocino National Forest 863:Kern and Sutter massacres 656:Sacramento River massacre 631: 528:Department of the Pacific 270:, dispossessing natives. 181: 173: 163:9,492–16,094 (per Madley) 145: 113: 103: 95: 85: 78:The Indians Of California 69: 57: 52: 13911:Native American genocide 12369:Christians in Diyarbekir 11278:Santa Clara River Valley 11003:state historic landmarks 8815:Heizer, Robert (1974b). 8766:10.1177/0002764213495045 8719:. Berkeley, California: 8600:Watkins, Tom H. (1973). 8129:10.1215/00141801-3789465 7963:Rawls, James J. (1984). 7525:Vizenor, Gerald (2009). 7037:Forbes, Jack D. (1965). 5830:No. 2. Colt Press, 1864. 5766:Native American Netroots 5760:Ojibwa (March 2, 2015). 5735:California State Library 5562:10.1177/0002764213495032 5508:California State Library 5242:"The Reservation System" 4991:Weber, David J. (1994). 4204:Pritzker, Barry (2000). 4005:"Aboriginal Americans". 3991: 3970:Northern Cheyenne Exodus 3960:List of Indian massacres 3799:in a review of Madley's 3660:Native American scholar 3582:Compulsory sterilization 3384:Hoopa Valley Reservation 3071:(up to 6,000 to 19,000) 3058:(up to 6,000 to 15,000) 2781:(up to 5,600 to 10,000) 2698:(up to 6,000 to 20,000) 2589:(up to 2,000 to 2,700 ) 2420:West Asia / North Africa 2385:Australian frontier wars 2259: of Hokkaido 1637:Round Valley Reservation 1055:Old Shasta Town Massacre 832:Rancheria Tulea massacre 628: 594:contemporary historian, 413:According to journalist 225:, which accelerated the 211:United States government 190:California State Militia 13315:Politics of recognition 11862:Destruction of Carthage 11258:San Francisco Peninsula 11053:California Coast Ranges 9671:History of California 9579:Plains and Sierra Miwok 9438:(Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai) 8929:Smithsonian Institution 8416:Blackhawk, Ned (2023). 8373:Blackhawk, Ned (2023). 8330:Blackhawk, Ned (2023). 8062:Oxford University Press 7920:"How The West Was Lost" 7832:10.55671/0160-4341.1130 7731:San Francisco Chronicle 7556:University of Minnesota 7310:10.55671/0160-4341.1130 6944:Smithsonian Institution 6845:Smithsonian Institution 6629:Anthropological Records 6183:Collins, James (1997). 6144:Smithsonian Institution 6062:Parker, Horace (1971). 5075:10.55671/0160-4341.1130 4591:Journal of Biogeography 4584:Keeley, Jon E. (2002). 4489:2027/mdp.39015006584174 4479:Kroeber, A. L. (1925). 4210:Oxford University Press 3965:Long Walk of the Navajo 3301: 3229: 2471:Western Sahara conflict 2456: accusation 2449:Pacification of Algeria 2316: of Ireland 2190:Occupation of Araucanía 2180:Massacre of Salsipuedes 1659:on September 18, 1863. 1627:were to be sent to the 1579:Kern County, California 1458:Massacre at Bloody Rock 1317:Shingletown, California 1265:Klamath River massacres 1107:70 American men led by 966:and Charles Stone, two 587:Sonoma State University 495:Map of California from 108:Indigenous Californians 39:Infobox civilian attack 31: 13766:South Africa v. Israel 13734:Rohingya genocide case 13271:Names of the Holocaust 12727:Chittagong Hill Tracts 12435:Kinder der Landstrasse 12321:Late Ottoman genocides 11328:Southern Border Region 11253:San Francisco Bay Area 11138:Greater San Bernardino 11108:East Bay (SF Bay Area) 9750:Conquest of California 9133:Ruscin, Terry (1999). 8845:Kelsey, Harry (1993). 8796:. Lincoln and London: 8054:Ukockis, Gail (2016). 7347:Guns, Germs, and Steel 6903:Haas, Lisbeth (1996). 5217:. Fullerton Observer. 4947:Santa Clara University 4733:10.5849/jof.2016-043R2 4343:Indian Country Diaries 3915:California Indian Wars 3881:UN Genocide Convention 3852:University of Oklahoma 3782: 3760: 3675: 2992:, Kitanemuk, Alliklik 2235:Chittagong Hill Tracts 2028:Conquest of the Desert 1863: 1811:Kingsley Cave massacre 1520:Hydesville, California 1399:in Northern California 1024:leading a raid on the 1000:, Northern California 937:Bloody Island massacre 699:Sutter Buttes massacre 607:and cultural freedom. 558: 549:Owens River Expedition 501: 312: 215:Conquest of California 60:California Indian Wars 44:considered for merging 21:California Indian Wars 13631:Bosnian genocide case 13285:Holocaust terminology 12928:Christians under ISIS 12658:1966 anti-Igbo pogrom 12087:1740 Batavia massacre 11911:Harrying of the North 11783:California portal 9911:Santa Catalina Island 9883:Territorial evolution 9548:(Konomihu, Okwanuchu) 9381:Eel River Athapaskans 9160:. September 20, 1859. 9039:Norton, Jack (1979). 8991:Yale University Press 8830:Duke University Press 8744:Standard Printing Co. 8708:The MacMillan Company 8424:Yale University Press 8381:Yale University Press 8338:Yale University Press 7928:John Wiley & Sons 7562:on December 27, 2013. 7272:California Humanities 6679:, pp. 108, 127; 6064:The Temecula Massacre 5001:Yale University Press 4339:"California Genocide" 4242:on November 14, 2019. 3950:History of California 3930:Cupeño trail of tears 3772:National Park Service 3770: 3725: 3670: 3312:Californian Gold Rush 2380:Genocide in Australia 2302:Europe and North Asia 2279:Sinicization of Tibet 2264:Lamey Island Massacre 2237: conflict 2151:Genocide in Venezuela 1987: genocide 1882:of indigenous peoples 1853: 1844:Further information: 1824:4 settlers killed 30 1821:, Northern California 1793:, Northern California 1762:, Northern California 1752:Three Knolls massacre 1722:, Northern California 1684:, Northern California 1617:, Northern California 1598:Konkow Trail of Tears 1571:California Volunteers 1503:, Northern California 1468:, Northern California 1435:, Northern California 1373:, Northern California 1346:, Northern California 1308:, Northern California 1276:, Northern California 1212:, Northern California 1183:Yontocket, California 1174:, Northern California 1140:, Northern California 1104:, Northern California 1093:Bridge Gulch massacre 1065:, Northern California 948:, Northern California 913:, Northern California 874:, Northern California 843:, Northern California 800:, Southern California 753:, Southern California 710:, Northern California 667:, Northern California 596:Gary Clayton Anderson 543:, Lieutenant-Colonel 524: 494: 458:1850: The California 310: 260:taken as forced labor 13782:Nicaragua v. Germany 13681:Khmer Rouge Tribunal 13057:Utilitarian genocide 13036:Transgender genocide 12395:Osage Indian murders 12095:Great Gypsy Round-up 11381:Sacramento–Roseville 11283:Santa Clarita Valley 9733:Mexican–American War 9718:Spanish colonization 9156:"untitled article". 9139:Sunbelt Publications 8880:10.2307/j.ctt1d9nqs3 8838:10.2307/j.ctv11sn770 8657:"untitled article". 8383:. pp. 252–253. 7879:. December 9, 1948. 7229:, pp. 64–65, 82 7074:10.1093/whq/39.3.303 6601:on October 23, 2005. 6296:10.1093/whq/39.3.303 5423:The Indian Historian 4687:. October 22, 2019. 4184:Castillo, Edward D. 4151:on February 1, 2014. 3935:Genocides in history 3905:American Indian Wars 3886:An American Genocide 3820:An American Genocide 3801:An American Genocide 3517:Recognition politics 3462:Genocides in history 3414:Land theft and value 2933:Washo in California 2811:Modoc in California 2506:Genocides in history 2454:Palestinian genocide 2314:Cromwellian conquest 2124:Osage Indian murders 2099:American Indian Wars 2089:Genocide in Paraguay 2038:Fall of Tenochtitlan 1038:Oakhurst, California 898:late June/early July 813:Temecula, California 450:Mexican–American War 378:. The Spanish built 223:California Gold Rush 13876:California genocide 13801:California genocide 13168:Settler colonialism 13117:Forced assimilation 12815:Srebrenica massacre 12587:Chechens and Ingush 12345:Thracian Bulgarians 12191:Sand Creek massacre 12152:Siege of Tripolitsa 11903:Ancestral Puebloans 11333:Southern California 11248:San Fernando Valley 11198:Northern California 11158:Greater Los Angeles 9936:San Fernando Valley 9906:San Fernando Valley 9745:California Republic 8661:. October 18, 1856. 7601:Genocide Convention 6692:Cook, Sherburne F. 6550:Scheper-Hughes 2003 6375:North Coast Journal 6096:, pp. 244–246. 5981:2021RemS...13..285S 5826:Browne, John Ross. 5729:(January 6, 1851). 5527:on October 12, 2014 5398:. January 5, 2023. 4798:Santa Cruz Sentinel 4720:Journal of Forestry 4604:2002JBiog..29..303K 4518:on December 1, 2023 4447:Library of Congress 4421:California Governor 4171:, pp. 11, 351. 3763:For use of the term 3733:in whole or in part 3679:California Berkeley 3602:Forced assimilation 3376:Indian reservations 3335:. Circa 1871, four 3321:Genocide Convention 3310:to suffer from the 2800:Achomawi, Atsugawi 2309:Circassian genocide 2257:Japanese annexation 2252:East Timor genocide 2163:Guatemalan genocide 2139:Sullivan Expedition 2134:Sand Creek massacre 2109:California genocide 2082:Residential schools 1997:Maji Maji Rebellion 1941:Indigenous response 1931:Settler colonialism 1912:Forced assimilation 1711:Owens Lake massacre 1693:Oak Run, California 1651:and through to the 1620:In August 1863 all 1555:Keyesville massacre 1492:1860 Wiyot massacre 641:Reported casualties 568:Violence statistics 419:San Clemente Island 380:San Diego de Alcalá 264:state of California 248:forced displacement 203:California genocide 53:California genocide 13647:Slobodan Milošević 13498:Erich von Manstein 13110:Extermination camp 12863:Effacer le tableau 12626:Hyderabadi Muslims 12571:Nanshitou Massacre 12555:Muslims and Croats 12257:Hamidian massacres 12144:Al-Jawazi massacre 12134:Stolen Generations 11837:list by death toll 11273:Santa Clara Valley 11268:San Joaquin Valley 11263:San Gabriel Valley 11118:Eastern California 11088:Coastal California 11063:Central California 9760:United States rule 9706:Later explorations 9701:First explorations 9691:Native Californian 8965:. pp. 16–53. 8477:10.1093/whq/whw126 7667:The New York Times 6911:. pp. 19–23. 6588:Ishi in Two Worlds 5990:10.3390/rs13020285 5930:American Antiquity 5772:on April 13, 2019. 5359:The New York Times 4830:. Fortress Press. 4801:. March 16, 2015. 4648:Castillo, Edward. 4543:American Antiquity 4390:The New York Times 3839:federal government 3783: 3656:Call for tribunals 3380:Siletz Reservation 2552:Population by year 2395:Stolen Generations 2274:Ryukyu Disposition 2230:Bandanese massacre 2072:Beothuk extinction 2067:Genocide in Canada 2055:Genocide in Brazil 1972:Effacer le tableau 1954:Sub-Saharan Africa 1864: 1840:Population decline 1573:cavalry killed 35 1455:Exact date unknown 1232:Before December 31 1130:Howonquet massacre 1068:Miners killed 300 1022:San Joaquin Valley 721:, killing several 502: 313: 303:Indigenous peoples 275:relative consensus 273:Since the 2000s a 186:United States Army 13796: 13795: 13792: 13791: 13699: 13698: 13580: 13579: 13426:Euthanasia trials 13346:Legal proceedings 13089:Cultural genocide 13015:Cultural genocide 12954: 12953: 12879:Masalit massacres 12842: 12841: 12743:Sri Lankan Tamils 12650:Arabs in Zanzibar 12605: 12604: 12523:Three Alls policy 12300: 12299: 12233:Putumayo genocide 11961: 11960: 11790: 11789: 11391:San Diego–Tijuana 11338:Transverse Ranges 11288:Santa Ynez Valley 11238:Saddleback Valley 11233:Sacramento Valley 11218:Peninsular Ranges 11193:North County (SD) 11163:Los Angeles Basin 11025:Index of articles 10730: 10729: 9924: 9923: 9805:Industrial growth 9637: 9636: 9233:Indian War Papers 9180:978-0-631-22349-8 9148:978-0-932653-30-7 9116:978-1-890771-13-3 9081:978-0-19-932917-5 9031:978-0-87842-468-9 9000:978-0-19-921140-1 8942:978-0-16004-574-5 8919:Heizer, Robert F. 8889:978-0-8032-2480-3 8856:978-0-9785881-0-6 8807:978-0-8032-7262-0 8790:Heizer, Robert F. 8613:978-0-910118-28-6 8574:978-0-06-383926-7 8535:978-0-295-80669-3 8071:978-0-19-023939-8 7980:978-0-8061-1874-1 7937:978-1-118-81870-1 7766:978-0-520-96758-8 7637:. June 18, 2019. 7634:Los Angeles Times 7618:, (LXX) 11, 45-48 7579:DePaul Law Review 7536:978-0-8032-1892-5 7452:978-3-319-68303-4 7106:Butte Record 1856 6957:978-0-16004-574-5 6934:Heizer, Robert F. 6858:978-0-16004-574-5 6835:Heizer, Robert F. 6781:978-0-87961-221-4 6734:on April 24, 2009 6625:Cook, Sherburne F 6574:ScheperHughe 2003 6532:978-0-520-20942-8 6511:, pp. 16–53. 6484:"Nome Cult Trail" 6435:, pp. 72–73. 6347:, pp. 27–29. 6335:, pp. 29–32. 6269:, pp. 21–22. 6229:, pp. 56–57. 6173:, pp. 51–54. 6157:978-0-16-004574-5 6134:Heizer, Robert F. 5593:Los Angeles Times 4999:. New Haven, CT: 4837:978-1-4514-0840-9 4256:(July 25, 2022). 4254:Adhikari, Mohamed 3955:List of genocides 3925:Comanche campaign 3729:intent to destroy 3645: 3644: 3457:List of genocides 3367:Yontoket massacre 3362:Yontoket Massacre 3215: 3214: 2630:Chilula, Whilkut 2544: 2543: 2432:Bar Kokhba revolt 2427:Armenian genocide 2200:Selk'nam genocide 2195:Putumayo genocide 2168:Kalinago genocide 1837: 1836: 1649:Sacramento Valley 1369:Various sites in 1163:Yontoket Massacre 996:Various sites in 789:Temecula massacre 770:Temecula massacre 768:, leading to the 396:Military outposts 372:Gaspar de Portolá 283:European American 268:Indigenous rights 262:by settlers. The 199: 198: 194:American settlers 13943: 13861: 13853: 13852: 13851: 13844: 13836: 13835: 13834: 13827: 13819: 13818: 13817: 13807: 13785: 13777: 13769: 13761: 13753: 13745: 13737: 13729: 13721: 13707: 13701: 13700: 13692: 13684: 13676: 13666: 13658: 13655:Radovan Karadžić 13650: 13642: 13634: 13626: 13618: 13615:Belgrade Process 13610: 13602: 13588: 13582: 13581: 13573: 13565: 13557: 13549: 13546:Treblinka trials 13541: 13533: 13525: 13517: 13509: 13501: 13493: 13485: 13477: 13469: 13461: 13453: 13445: 13437: 13429: 13421: 13413: 13405: 13397: 13389: 13386:Épuration légale 13381: 13373: 13359: 13356:Holocaust trials 13350: 13349: 13338: 13331: 13324: 13317: 13310: 13303: 13296: 13287: 13280: 13273: 13266: 13248: 13241: 13234: 13227: 13220: 13213: 13206: 13197: 13190: 13170: 13163: 13156: 13149: 13140: 13133: 13126: 13119: 13112: 13105: 13103:Ethnic cleansing 13098: 13091: 13073: 13066: 13059: 13052: 13045: 13038: 13031: 13024: 13017: 13010: 12999: 12992: 12985: 12976: 12969: 12947: 12939: 12931: 12923: 12920:Shias under ISIS 12915: 12907: 12899: 12891: 12881: 12874: 12866: 12852: 12844: 12843: 12835: 12827: 12817: 12810: 12802: 12794: 12786: 12778: 12770: 12762: 12754: 12746: 12738: 12730: 12722: 12714: 12704: 12697: 12690: 12685: 12677: 12669: 12661: 12653: 12645: 12637: 12629: 12615: 12607: 12606: 12598: 12590: 12582: 12574: 12566: 12558: 12550: 12547:Serbs in Croatia 12542: 12534: 12526: 12518: 12510: 12507:Nanjing Massacre 12502: 12499:Parsley massacre 12494: 12491:Polish Operation 12486: 12483:Romani Holocaust 12478: 12470: 12462: 12454: 12446: 12438: 12430: 12427:Napalpí massacre 12422: 12414: 12406: 12398: 12390: 12380: 12372: 12364: 12356: 12348: 12338: 12331: 12323: 12310: 12302: 12301: 12291: 12283: 12276: 12268: 12260: 12252: 12244: 12236: 12228: 12220: 12212: 12204: 12194: 12186: 12178: 12170: 12162: 12155: 12147: 12137: 12129: 12121: 12114: 12106: 12098: 12090: 12080: 12072: 12064: 12057: 12049: 12041: 12033: 12025: 12017: 12009: 12001: 11993: 11985: 11971: 11963: 11962: 11954: 11946: 11938: 11930: 11922: 11919:Mongol conquests 11914: 11906: 11898: 11888: 11881: 11873: 11865: 11851: 11843: 11842: 11817: 11810: 11803: 11794: 11793: 11781: 11780: 11779: 11123:Emerald Triangle 11113:East County (SD) 11098:Cucamonga Valley 11083:Coachella Valley 10826:California Dream 10816:California sound 10757: 10750: 10743: 10734: 10733: 10392:Rancho Cucamonga 10367:Huntington Beach 9820:Legal revolution 9728:California Trail 9679: 9678: 9664: 9657: 9650: 9641: 9640: 9308: 9307: 9296: 9289: 9282: 9273: 9272: 9267: 9258: 9251:Overland Monthly 9245: 9236: 9227: 9214: 9197: 9184: 9161: 9152: 9129: 9120: 9108: 9097: 9095: 9093: 9054: 9035: 9016: 9014: 9012: 8983:(May 24, 2016). 8981:Madley, Benjamin 8976: 8972:978-0-415871-921 8951:Madley, Benjamin 8946: 8913: 8911: 8909: 8860: 8841: 8820: 8811: 8785: 8746: 8734: 8711: 8698: 8685: 8679: 8671: 8662: 8653: 8630: 8629: 8627: 8625: 8597: 8591: 8590: 8588: 8586: 8558: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8515: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8456: 8450: 8449: 8447: 8445: 8413: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8402: 8370: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8359: 8327: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8316: 8274: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8260: 8218: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8204: 8162: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8148: 8108: 8095: 8089: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8051: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8040: 8018: 8009: 8003: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7960: 7954: 7953: 7951: 7949: 7915: 7909: 7899: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7867: 7861: 7860: 7834: 7810: 7804: 7798: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7778: 7746: 7740: 7739: 7721: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7710: 7690: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7657: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7625: 7619: 7612: 7606: 7605: 7596: 7594: 7570: 7564: 7563: 7558:. 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Hagen 3775:information sign 3756: 3637: 3630: 3623: 3592:Ethnic cleansing 3467:Effects on youth 3444: 3434: 3418: 3417: 3389:Achulet massacre 3249:Native Americans 3208: 3066:Diegueño, Kamia 2558: 2546: 2545: 2536: 2529: 2522: 2455: 2438: 2402:Moriori genocide 2315: 2258: 2247:Dzungar genocide 2236: 2185:Napalpí massacre 2019: 1986: 1907:Ethnic relations 1902:Ethnic cleansing 1883: 1866: 1865: 1674:Oak Run massacre 1645:Mendocino County 1615:Mendocino County 1566:, Central Valley 1466:Mendocino County 1371:Mendocino County 1344:Mendocino County 1274:Del Norte County 1245:, Central Valley 1210:Del Norte County 1201:Achulet Massacre 1172:Del Norte County 1138:Del Norte County 798:Riverside County 751:San Diego County 680:Sacramento River 661:Sacramento River 635:Current location 623: 622: 562:John Ross Browne 556: 244:child separation 124:ethnic cleansing 74: 50: 49: 47: 13951: 13950: 13946: 13945: 13944: 13942: 13941: 13940: 13926:The Californias 13866: 13865: 13864: 13854: 13849: 13847: 13837: 13832: 13830: 13820: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13806:sister projects 13803:at Knowledge's 13797: 13788: 13780: 13772: 13764: 13756: 13748: 13742:Uyghur Tribunal 13740: 13732: 13724: 13716: 13708: 13705: 13695: 13687: 13679: 13671: 13661: 13653: 13645: 13637: 13629: 13621: 13613: 13605: 13597: 13589: 13586: 13576: 13568: 13562:Fedorenko trial 13560: 13552: 13544: 13536: 13528: 13520: 13512: 13504: 13496: 13488: 13480: 13472: 13464: 13458:Stutthof trials 13456: 13448: 13440: 13434:Nuremberg trial 13432: 13424: 13416: 13408: 13400: 13394:Majdanek trials 13392: 13384: 13376: 13370:Krasnodar trial 13368: 13360: 13354: 13341: 13334: 13327: 13320: 13313: 13306: 13299: 13292: 13283: 13276: 13269: 13262: 13251: 13244: 13237: 13230: 13223: 13216: 13209: 13202: 13193: 13186: 13173: 13166: 13159: 13152: 13145: 13136: 13129: 13122: 13115: 13108: 13101: 13094: 13087: 13076: 13069: 13062: 13055: 13048: 13041: 13034: 13027: 13020: 13013: 13006: 12995: 12988: 12981: 12972: 12965: 12950: 12942: 12934: 12926: 12918: 12910: 12902: 12896:Southern Kaduna 12894: 12886: 12877: 12869: 12861: 12853: 12848: 12838: 12830: 12822: 12813: 12805: 12797: 12789: 12781: 12773: 12765: 12757: 12749: 12741: 12733: 12725: 12717: 12709: 12700: 12693: 12688: 12680: 12672: 12664: 12656: 12648: 12640: 12632: 12624: 12616: 12611: 12601: 12593: 12585: 12577: 12569: 12561: 12553: 12545: 12537: 12529: 12521: 12513: 12505: 12497: 12489: 12481: 12475:Simele massacre 12473: 12465: 12457: 12449: 12441: 12433: 12425: 12417: 12409: 12401: 12393: 12385: 12375: 12367: 12359: 12351: 12343: 12334: 12326: 12319: 12311: 12306: 12296: 12286: 12279: 12271: 12265:Herero and Nama 12263: 12255: 12247: 12239: 12231: 12223: 12215: 12207: 12199: 12189: 12181: 12173: 12165: 12158: 12150: 12142: 12132: 12124: 12117: 12109: 12101: 12093: 12085: 12075: 12067: 12060: 12052: 12044: 12036: 12028: 12020: 12012: 12004: 11996: 11988: 11980: 11972: 11967: 11957: 11949: 11941: 11933: 11925: 11917: 11909: 11901: 11893: 11884: 11876: 11870:Asiatic Vespers 11868: 11860: 11852: 11847: 11834: 11826: 11821: 11791: 11786: 11777: 11775: 11768: 11710: 11703: 11609:San Luis Obispo 11400: 11357: 11178:Mountain Empire 11078:Channel Islands 11043:Antelope Valley 11029: 10993:Protected areas 10782: 10770: 10761: 10731: 10726: 10612:San Luis Obispo 10243: 10149:San Luis Obispo 9940: 9920: 9887: 9834: 9810:Postwar culture 9776: 9673: 9668: 9638: 9633: 9495:Northern Paiute 9312: 9302: 9300: 9270: 9181: 9171:Wiley-Blackwell 9149: 9135:Mission Memoirs 9117: 9091: 9089: 9082: 9051: 9032: 9010: 9008: 9001: 8973: 8943: 8907: 8905: 8890: 8857: 8808: 8731: 8673: 8672: 8639: 8634: 8633: 8623: 8621: 8614: 8598: 8594: 8584: 8582: 8575: 8559: 8555: 8545: 8543: 8536: 8528:. p. 137. 8516: 8512: 8502: 8500: 8457: 8453: 8443: 8441: 8434: 8426:. p. 298. 8414: 8410: 8400: 8398: 8391: 8371: 8367: 8357: 8355: 8348: 8328: 8324: 8314: 8312: 8275: 8268: 8258: 8256: 8219: 8212: 8202: 8200: 8163: 8156: 8146: 8144: 8109: 8098: 8090: 8086: 8076: 8074: 8072: 8064:. p. 275. 8052: 8048: 8038: 8036: 8019: 8012: 8004: 8000: 7990: 7988: 7981: 7973:. p. 171. 7961: 7957: 7947: 7945: 7938: 7916: 7912: 7900: 7896: 7886: 7884: 7869: 7868: 7864: 7811: 7807: 7799: 7786: 7776: 7774: 7767: 7747: 7743: 7722: 7718: 7708: 7706: 7691: 7687: 7677: 7675: 7658: 7654: 7644: 7642: 7627: 7626: 7622: 7613: 7609: 7592: 7590: 7571: 7567: 7548: 7544: 7537: 7523: 7519: 7509: 7507: 7476: 7472: 7462: 7460: 7453: 7427: 7423: 7380: 7376: 7367: 7363: 7357: 7340: 7333: 7290: 7286: 7276: 7274: 7266: 7265: 7258: 7249: 7245: 7237: 7233: 7225: 7221: 7213: 7209: 7201: 7197: 7188: 7184: 7176: 7172: 7164: 7160: 7152: 7148: 7140: 7136: 7128: 7124: 7116: 7112: 7104: 7097: 7054: 7050: 7035: 7031: 7026: 7022: 7014: 7010: 6998: 6994: 6984: 6982: 6973: 6972: 6965: 6958: 6930: 6926: 6919: 6901: 6897: 6882: 6878: 6870: 6866: 6859: 6831: 6827: 6820: 6802: 6798: 6794:Cook (1976:179) 6793: 6789: 6782: 6768: 6764: 6756: 6747: 6737: 6735: 6731: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6708: 6691: 6687: 6675: 6671: 6666: 6657: 6644: 6640: 6622: 6618: 6613: 6606: 6598: 6591: 6585: 6584: 6580: 6572: 6568: 6560: 6556: 6548:, p. 110; 6544: 6540: 6533: 6519: 6515: 6507: 6503: 6493: 6491: 6480: 6473: 6463: 6461: 6444: 6443: 6439: 6431: 6427: 6417: 6415: 6398: 6394: 6384: 6382: 6367: 6363: 6355: 6351: 6343: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6315: 6311: 6280: 6273: 6265: 6261: 6249: 6245: 6237: 6233: 6225: 6218: 6210: 6206: 6199: 6181: 6177: 6169: 6165: 6158: 6131: 6127: 6117: 6115: 6104: 6100: 6092: 6088: 6083: 6079: 6060: 6053: 6045: 6018: 6010: 6006: 5961: 5957: 5922: 5918: 5908: 5906: 5871: 5854: 5841:Browne, J. Ross 5838: 5834: 5825: 5821: 5812: 5811: 5807: 5797: 5795: 5782: 5781: 5777: 5758: 5754: 5744: 5742: 5724: 5720: 5710: 5708: 5673: 5669: 5659: 5657: 5617: 5613: 5603: 5601: 5585: 5584: 5577: 5544: 5540: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5503: 5495: 5491: 5483: 5476: 5461: 5457: 5449: 5442: 5419: 5415: 5405: 5403: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5369: 5367: 5350: 5346: 5336: 5334: 5323: 5319: 5309: 5307: 5296: 5292: 5282: 5280: 5273: 5269: 5261: 5257: 5248:. Lincoln, NE: 5238: 5234: 5224: 5222: 5211: 5207: 5197: 5195: 5186: 5185: 5181: 5171: 5169: 5152: 5148: 5138: 5136: 5120: 5119: 5115: 5103: 5099: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5010: 5008: 5003:. p. 291. 4989: 4985: 4970: 4966: 4956: 4954: 4941: 4940: 4929: 4919: 4917: 4898: 4894: 4875: 4871: 4866: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4838: 4822: 4818: 4808: 4806: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4774: 4759: 4755: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4714: 4708: 4704: 4694: 4692: 4677: 4676: 4669: 4659: 4657: 4646: 4635: 4582: 4578: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4504: 4503: 4496: 4477: 4466: 4456: 4454: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4426: 4424: 4423:. June 18, 2019 4415: 4414: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4381: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4353:on May 6, 2007. 4337: 4336: 4329: 4322: 4308: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4270: 4251: 4247: 4228: 4217: 4202: 4193: 4182: 4175: 4167: 4156: 4139: 4138: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4084: 4077: 4067: 4065: 4048: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4024: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3895: 3835: 3805:Women's studies 3765: 3757: 3754: 3717: 3688: 3658: 3641: 3537:Anti-Indigenous 3491:In relation to 3433: 3431: 3416: 3411: 3398: 3372:Rogue River War 3353: 3304: 3239:and 400 in the 3232: 3220: 3206: 3205: 3146: 3094: 3079:Mohave (total) 3070: 3057: 3044: 3031: 3019:(up to 10,000) 3018: 2924: 2889: 2877:(up to 70,000) 2876: 2850: 2780: 2745: 2732: 2697: 2684: 2671: 2658: 2645: 2588: 2575: 2554: 2553: 2540: 2511: 2510: 2491: 2490: 2481: 2480: 2476:Yazidi genocide 2444:Libyan genocide 2437:Conquest of the 2422: 2421: 2412: 2411: 2370: 2369: 2360: 2359: 2322:Generalplan Ost 2304: 2303: 2294: 2293: 2225: 2224: 2215: 2214: 2023: 2022: 2017: 2007: 2006: 1985:Herero and Nama 1966:Darfur genocide 1956: 1955: 1881: 1879: 1848: 1842: 1815:Ishi Wilderness 1501:Humboldt County 1429:Big Chico Creek 1410:in California. 1034:Mariposa County 1030:James D. Savage 998:Mariposa County 715:John C. Frémont 672:John C. Frémont 621: 604: 578:Benjamin Madley 570: 557: 555:. Chapter LXII. 541:George S. Evans 539: 517:The California 489: 428: 403:Gregory Orfalea 382:, the first of 360: 345:hunter-gatherer 317:Spanish arrival 305: 300: 279:Native American 164: 162: 156: 150: 116: 81: 48: 32: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13949: 13939: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13863: 13862: 13845: 13843:from Wikiquote 13828: 13799: 13794: 13793: 13790: 13789: 13787: 13786: 13778: 13770: 13762: 13754: 13746: 13738: 13730: 13722: 13713: 13710: 13709: 13697: 13696: 13694: 13693: 13685: 13677: 13669: 13668: 13667: 13659: 13651: 13635: 13627: 13619: 13611: 13603: 13594: 13591: 13590: 13578: 13577: 13575: 13574: 13566: 13558: 13550: 13542: 13534: 13526: 13522:Eichmann trial 13518: 13510: 13502: 13494: 13486: 13478: 13470: 13462: 13454: 13446: 13438: 13430: 13422: 13414: 13406: 13402:Chełmno trials 13398: 13390: 13382: 13374: 13365: 13362: 13361: 13347: 13343: 13342: 13340: 13339: 13332: 13325: 13318: 13311: 13304: 13297: 13290: 13289: 13288: 13281: 13274: 13259: 13257: 13253: 13252: 13250: 13249: 13242: 13235: 13228: 13221: 13214: 13207: 13200: 13199: 13198: 13195:Trivialization 13183: 13181: 13175: 13174: 13172: 13171: 13164: 13157: 13150: 13143: 13142: 13141: 13134: 13131:Killing Fields 13120: 13113: 13106: 13099: 13092: 13084: 13082: 13078: 13077: 13075: 13074: 13067: 13060: 13053: 13046: 13039: 13032: 13025: 13018: 13011: 13004: 13003: 13002: 13001: 13000: 12979: 12978: 12977: 12962: 12960: 12956: 12955: 12952: 12951: 12949: 12948: 12940: 12932: 12924: 12916: 12908: 12900: 12892: 12884: 12883: 12882: 12867: 12858: 12855: 12854: 12840: 12839: 12837: 12836: 12828: 12820: 12819: 12818: 12803: 12795: 12787: 12779: 12771: 12763: 12759:Kuwaiti Bedoon 12755: 12747: 12739: 12731: 12723: 12715: 12707: 12706: 12705: 12698: 12686: 12678: 12670: 12662: 12654: 12646: 12638: 12630: 12621: 12618: 12617: 12603: 12602: 12600: 12599: 12595:Crimean Tatars 12591: 12583: 12575: 12567: 12559: 12551: 12543: 12535: 12527: 12519: 12511: 12503: 12495: 12487: 12479: 12471: 12463: 12455: 12447: 12439: 12431: 12423: 12419:Kantō Massacre 12415: 12407: 12399: 12391: 12383: 12382: 12381: 12373: 12365: 12357: 12349: 12341: 12340: 12339: 12316: 12313: 12312: 12298: 12297: 12295: 12294: 12293: 12292: 12277: 12269: 12261: 12253: 12245: 12237: 12229: 12221: 12213: 12205: 12197: 12196: 12195: 12187: 12179: 12175:Trail of Tears 12171: 12167:Indian removal 12156: 12148: 12140: 12139: 12138: 12130: 12115: 12107: 12099: 12091: 12083: 12082: 12081: 12073: 12058: 12050: 12042: 12034: 12026: 12018: 12010: 12006:Kashmiri Shias 12002: 11994: 11986: 11977: 11974: 11973: 11959: 11958: 11956: 11955: 11947: 11939: 11931: 11923: 11915: 11907: 11899: 11891: 11890: 11889: 11874: 11866: 11857: 11854: 11853: 11840: 11828: 11827: 11820: 11819: 11812: 11805: 11797: 11788: 11787: 11773: 11770: 11769: 11767: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11715: 11713: 11705: 11704: 11702: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11589:San Bernardino 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11410: 11408: 11402: 11401: 11399: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11367: 11365: 11359: 11358: 11356: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11318:South Bay (SF) 11315: 11313:South Bay (SD) 11310: 11308:South Bay (LA) 11305: 11303:Silicon Valley 11300: 11295: 11293:Shasta Cascade 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11243:Salinas Valley 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11183:North Bay (SF) 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11073:Central Valley 11070: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11039: 11037: 11031: 11030: 11028: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11015:Transportation 11012: 11007: 11006: 11005: 11000: 10990: 10985: 10984: 10983: 10978: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10937: 10936: 10926: 10925: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10894: 10893: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10856: 10855: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10829: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10792: 10790: 10784: 10783: 10775: 10772: 10771: 10760: 10759: 10752: 10745: 10737: 10728: 10727: 10725: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10337:San Bernardino 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10253: 10251: 10245: 10244: 10242: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10129:San Bernardino 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9950: 9948: 9942: 9941: 9939: 9938: 9932: 9930: 9926: 9925: 9922: 9921: 9919: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9897: 9895: 9889: 9888: 9886: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9844: 9842: 9836: 9835: 9833: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9786: 9784: 9778: 9777: 9775: 9774: 9773: 9772: 9767: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9736: 9735: 9730: 9720: 9715: 9714: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9687: 9685: 9675: 9674: 9667: 9666: 9659: 9652: 9644: 9635: 9634: 9632: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9549: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9516: 9515: 9510: 9502: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9476: 9471: 9465: 9460: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9317: 9314: 9313: 9299: 9298: 9291: 9284: 9276: 9269: 9268: 9259: 9246: 9237: 9228: 9222:. Norman, OK: 9215: 9198: 9185: 9179: 9162: 9153: 9147: 9130: 9121: 9115: 9098: 9080: 9055: 9049: 9036: 9030: 9017: 8999: 8977: 8971: 8955:Totten, Samuel 8947: 8941: 8914: 8888: 8861: 8855: 8842: 8821: 8812: 8806: 8786: 8747: 8735: 8729: 8712: 8699: 8686: 8663: 8654: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8612: 8592: 8573: 8553: 8534: 8510: 8471:(4): 407–433. 8451: 8433:978-0300244052 8432: 8408: 8390:978-0300244052 8389: 8365: 8347:978-0300244052 8346: 8322: 8291:(1): 143–149. 8266: 8235:(1): 137–142. 8210: 8179:(1): 133–136. 8154: 8123:(2): 341–342. 8096: 8084: 8070: 8046: 8010: 7998: 7979: 7955: 7936: 7910: 7894: 7862: 7805: 7784: 7765: 7759:. p. 58. 7741: 7716: 7685: 7652: 7620: 7607: 7585:(3): 915–916. 7565: 7542: 7535: 7517: 7470: 7451: 7421: 7400:10.2307/482620 7394:(3): 187–196. 7374: 7361: 7355: 7343:Diamond, Jared 7331: 7284: 7256: 7243: 7231: 7219: 7207: 7195: 7182: 7170: 7158: 7146: 7134: 7122: 7110: 7095: 7068:(3): 303–332. 7048: 7029: 7020: 7008: 6992: 6963: 6956: 6924: 6917: 6895: 6876: 6864: 6857: 6825: 6818: 6796: 6787: 6780: 6762: 6745: 6706: 6685: 6683:, p. 201. 6669: 6655: 6638: 6616: 6604: 6578: 6566: 6564:, p. 111. 6554: 6538: 6531: 6513: 6501: 6471: 6437: 6425: 6392: 6361: 6349: 6337: 6325: 6309: 6290:(3): 317–318. 6271: 6259: 6243: 6231: 6216: 6214:, p. 206. 6204: 6197: 6191:. p. 35. 6175: 6163: 6156: 6125: 6098: 6086: 6077: 6051: 6016: 6004: 5969:Remote Sensing 5955: 5936:(4): 695–713. 5916: 5852: 5832: 5819: 5805: 5775: 5752: 5727:Burnett, Peter 5718: 5687:(2): 193–209. 5667: 5636:(2): 167–192. 5611: 5575: 5538: 5516: 5489: 5474: 5455: 5440: 5413: 5377: 5344: 5317: 5290: 5275:Ferris, Jean. 5267: 5255: 5252:. p. 352. 5232: 5205: 5179: 5146: 5113: 5097: 5048: 5018: 4983: 4964: 4927: 4892: 4869: 4855: 4836: 4816: 4784: 4753: 4727:(5): 343–353. 4702: 4667: 4633: 4598:(3): 303–320. 4576: 4549:(2): 285–301. 4529: 4494: 4464: 4434: 4408: 4368: 4356: 4327: 4320: 4299: 4297:, p. 458. 4287: 4269:978-1647920548 4268: 4245: 4215: 4212:. p. 114. 4191: 4173: 4154: 4129: 4098:(3): 448–449. 4075: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4022: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3980:Trail of Tears 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3834: 3831: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3716: 3713: 3700:S. C. Hastings 3687: 3684: 3662:Gerald Vizenor 3657: 3654: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3639: 3632: 3625: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3576: 3575: 3574:Related topics 3571: 3570: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3566: 3561: 3551: 3550: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3531: 3530: 3529: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3437: 3436: 3427: 3426: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3397: 3394: 3352: 3349: 3303: 3300: 3295: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3275: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3251:in the state. 3231: 3228: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3209: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3148: 3147:(up to 4,000) 3143: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3096: 3095:(up to 2,500) 3091: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3075: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3049: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3023: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2985: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2855: 2852: 2851:(up to 9,500) 2847: 2843: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2786: 2785: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2737: 2734: 2733:(up to 1,650) 2729: 2725: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2702: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2689: 2686: 2685:(up to 1,100) 2681: 2677: 2676: 2673: 2672:(up to 2,760) 2668: 2664: 2663: 2660: 2659:(up to 7,957) 2655: 2651: 2650: 2647: 2646:(up to 2,476) 2642: 2638: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2580: 2577: 2576:(up to 3,100) 2572: 2568: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2559: 2550: 2542: 2541: 2539: 2538: 2531: 2524: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2492: 2489:Related topics 2488: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2434: 2429: 2423: 2419: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2407:Papua conflict 2404: 2399: 2398: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2377: 2371: 2367: 2366: 2365: 2362: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2328:Greek genocide 2325: 2318: 2311: 2305: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2232: 2226: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2210:Taíno genocide 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2159: 2158: 2156:Pemon conflict 2148: 2147: 2146: 2144:Trail of Tears 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2119:Indian removal 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2091: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2064: 2063: 2062: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2024: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1982: 1975: 1968: 1963: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1928: 1926:Historiography 1923: 1918: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1875: 1874: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1822: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1763: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1727:Haiwai Meadows 1723: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1685: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1618: 1600: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1567: 1557: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1504: 1497:Tuluwat Island 1494: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1469: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1436: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1400: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1309: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1277: 1267: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1213: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1175: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1141: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1109:Trinity County 1105: 1102:Trinity County 1095: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1066: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1001: 994: 989: 986: 982: 981: 979: 976: 952:Nathaniel Lyon 949: 939: 934: 931: 927: 926: 924: 921: 914: 904: 899: 896: 892: 891: 889: 886: 875: 865: 860: 857: 853: 852: 850: 847: 844: 834: 829: 826: 822: 821: 819: 816: 809:Pauma Massacre 801: 791: 786: 783: 779: 778: 776: 773: 754: 744: 742:Pauma massacre 739: 736: 732: 731: 729: 726: 711: 701: 696: 693: 689: 688: 686: 683: 668: 658: 653: 650: 646: 645: 642: 639: 636: 633: 630: 627: 620: 617: 603: 600: 581:more than 370 574:Sherburne Cook 569: 566: 537: 488: 485: 484: 483: 482:disabilities". 479: 476: 473: 470: 463: 456: 453: 446: 439: 436:mission system 427: 424: 376:Spanish Empire 368:Junípero Serra 366:administrator 359: 356: 321:Chumash people 304: 301: 299: 296: 253:The 1925 book 197: 196: 183: 179: 178: 175: 171: 170: 165:100,000+ (per 147: 143: 142: 140:Indian removal 117: 114: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 97: 93: 92: 87: 83: 82: 75: 67: 66: 55: 54: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13948: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13873: 13871: 13860:from Wikidata 13859: 13858: 13846: 13842: 13841: 13829: 13825: 13824: 13812: 13811: 13808: 13802: 13783: 13779: 13775: 13771: 13767: 13763: 13759: 13755: 13751: 13747: 13743: 13739: 13735: 13731: 13727: 13723: 13719: 13715: 13714: 13711: 13702: 13690: 13686: 13682: 13678: 13674: 13670: 13664: 13660: 13656: 13652: 13648: 13644: 13643: 13640: 13636: 13632: 13628: 13624: 13620: 13616: 13612: 13608: 13604: 13600: 13596: 13595: 13592: 13583: 13571: 13567: 13563: 13559: 13555: 13554:Sobibor trial 13551: 13547: 13543: 13539: 13535: 13531: 13527: 13523: 13519: 13515: 13511: 13507: 13503: 13499: 13495: 13491: 13487: 13483: 13479: 13475: 13471: 13467: 13463: 13459: 13455: 13451: 13447: 13443: 13439: 13435: 13431: 13427: 13423: 13419: 13418:Belsen trials 13415: 13411: 13410:Dachau trials 13407: 13403: 13399: 13395: 13391: 13387: 13383: 13379: 13378:Kharkov trial 13375: 13371: 13367: 13366: 13363: 13357: 13351: 13348: 13344: 13337: 13333: 13330: 13326: 13323: 13322:Justification 13319: 13316: 13312: 13309: 13305: 13302: 13298: 13295: 13291: 13286: 13282: 13279: 13275: 13272: 13268: 13267: 13265: 13261: 13260: 13258: 13254: 13247: 13243: 13240: 13236: 13233: 13229: 13226: 13222: 13219: 13215: 13212: 13208: 13205: 13201: 13196: 13192: 13191: 13189: 13188:The Holocaust 13185: 13184: 13182: 13180: 13176: 13169: 13165: 13162: 13158: 13155: 13151: 13148: 13147:Death marches 13144: 13139: 13135: 13132: 13128: 13127: 13125: 13121: 13118: 13114: 13111: 13107: 13104: 13100: 13097: 13093: 13090: 13086: 13085: 13083: 13079: 13072: 13068: 13065: 13061: 13058: 13054: 13051: 13047: 13044: 13040: 13037: 13033: 13030: 13026: 13023: 13019: 13016: 13012: 13009: 13005: 12998: 12994: 12993: 12991: 12987: 12986: 12984: 12980: 12975: 12971: 12970: 12968: 12964: 12963: 12961: 12957: 12945: 12941: 12937: 12933: 12929: 12925: 12921: 12917: 12913: 12909: 12905: 12904:Iraqi Turkmen 12901: 12897: 12893: 12889: 12885: 12880: 12876: 12875: 12872: 12868: 12864: 12860: 12859: 12856: 12851: 12845: 12833: 12829: 12825: 12821: 12816: 12812: 12811: 12808: 12804: 12800: 12796: 12792: 12788: 12784: 12780: 12776: 12772: 12768: 12764: 12760: 12756: 12752: 12748: 12744: 12740: 12736: 12732: 12728: 12724: 12720: 12716: 12712: 12708: 12703: 12699: 12696: 12692: 12691: 12687: 12683: 12679: 12675: 12671: 12667: 12663: 12659: 12655: 12651: 12647: 12643: 12639: 12635: 12631: 12627: 12623: 12622: 12619: 12614: 12608: 12596: 12592: 12588: 12584: 12580: 12576: 12572: 12568: 12564: 12560: 12556: 12552: 12548: 12544: 12540: 12536: 12532: 12531:The Holocaust 12528: 12524: 12520: 12516: 12512: 12508: 12504: 12500: 12496: 12492: 12488: 12484: 12480: 12476: 12472: 12468: 12464: 12460: 12456: 12452: 12448: 12444: 12440: 12436: 12432: 12428: 12424: 12420: 12416: 12413:(1920s–1930s) 12412: 12411:Ingrian Finns 12408: 12404: 12400: 12396: 12392: 12388: 12384: 12378: 12374: 12370: 12366: 12362: 12358: 12354: 12350: 12346: 12342: 12337: 12336:Pontic Greeks 12333: 12332: 12329: 12325: 12324: 12322: 12318: 12317: 12314: 12309: 12303: 12289: 12285: 12284: 12282: 12278: 12274: 12270: 12266: 12262: 12258: 12254: 12251:(1890s–1900s) 12250: 12246: 12242: 12238: 12234: 12230: 12226: 12222: 12218: 12214: 12210: 12206: 12202: 12198: 12192: 12188: 12184: 12180: 12176: 12172: 12168: 12164: 12163: 12161: 12157: 12153: 12149: 12145: 12141: 12135: 12131: 12127: 12123: 12122: 12120: 12116: 12112: 12108: 12104: 12100: 12096: 12092: 12088: 12084: 12078: 12074: 12071:(1700s–1800s) 12070: 12066: 12065: 12063: 12059: 12055: 12051: 12047: 12043: 12039: 12035: 12031: 12027: 12023: 12019: 12015: 12011: 12007: 12003: 11999: 11995: 11991: 11987: 11983: 11979: 11978: 11975: 11970: 11964: 11952: 11948: 11944: 11940: 11936: 11932: 11928: 11924: 11921:(1200s–1360s) 11920: 11916: 11912: 11908: 11904: 11900: 11896: 11892: 11887: 11883: 11882: 11879: 11875: 11871: 11867: 11863: 11859: 11858: 11855: 11850: 11844: 11841: 11838: 11833: 11829: 11825: 11818: 11813: 11811: 11806: 11804: 11799: 11798: 11795: 11785: 11784: 11771: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11734:San Francisco 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11716: 11714: 11712: 11709:Most populous 11706: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11619:Santa Barbara 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11599:San Francisco 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11411: 11409: 11407: 11403: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11371:Fresno–Madera 11369: 11368: 11366: 11364: 11363:Metro regions 11360: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11348:Victor Valley 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11298:Sierra Nevada 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11223:Pomona Valley 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11173:Mojave Desert 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11148:Klamath Basin 11146: 11144: 11143:Inland Empire 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11093:Conejo Valley 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11068:Central Coast 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11058:Cascade Range 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11040: 11038: 11036: 11032: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10995: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10973: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10966:NRHP listings 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10935: 10932: 10931: 10930: 10927: 10923: 10922:Supreme Court 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10899: 10898: 10895: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10872: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10854: 10851: 10850: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10798: 10797: 10794: 10793: 10791: 10789: 10785: 10780: 10779: 10773: 10769: 10765: 10758: 10753: 10751: 10746: 10744: 10739: 10738: 10735: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10687:Crescent City 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10557:Santa Barbara 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10467:Thousand Oaks 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10372:Santa Clarita 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10357:Moreno Valley 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10272:San Francisco 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10254: 10252: 10250: 10246: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10159:Santa Barbara 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10139:San Francisco 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9951: 9949: 9947: 9943: 9937: 9934: 9933: 9931: 9927: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9898: 9896: 9894: 9890: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9845: 9843: 9841: 9837: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9787: 9785: 9783: 9779: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9762: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9725: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9693: 9692: 9689: 9688: 9686: 9684: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9665: 9660: 9658: 9653: 9651: 9646: 9645: 9642: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9553: 9550: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9514: 9511: 9508: 9507: 9506: 9503: 9500: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9346: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9318: 9315: 9311: 9306: 9297: 9292: 9290: 9285: 9283: 9278: 9277: 9274: 9265: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9247: 9243: 9238: 9234: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9216: 9212: 9208: 9204: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9186: 9182: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9163: 9159: 9154: 9150: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9131: 9127: 9122: 9118: 9112: 9107: 9106: 9099: 9087: 9083: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9056: 9052: 9050:0-913436-26-7 9046: 9042: 9037: 9033: 9027: 9023: 9018: 9006: 9002: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8987: 8982: 8978: 8974: 8968: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8868: 8862: 8858: 8852: 8848: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8831: 8827: 8822: 8818: 8813: 8809: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8754: 8748: 8745: 8741: 8736: 8732: 8730:0-520-02923-2 8726: 8722: 8718: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8687: 8683: 8677: 8669: 8664: 8660: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8642: 8641: 8619: 8615: 8609: 8605: 8604: 8596: 8580: 8576: 8570: 8566: 8565: 8557: 8541: 8537: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8522: 8514: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8455: 8439: 8435: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8420: 8412: 8396: 8392: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8377: 8369: 8353: 8349: 8343: 8340:. p. 5. 8339: 8335: 8334: 8326: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8285: 8280: 8273: 8271: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8229: 8224: 8217: 8215: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8173: 8168: 8161: 8159: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8101: 8093: 8088: 8073: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8058: 8050: 8034: 8030: 8029: 8024: 8017: 8015: 8008:, p. 18. 8007: 8002: 7986: 7982: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7967: 7959: 7943: 7939: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7914: 7907: 7903: 7898: 7882: 7878: 7877: 7872: 7866: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7825:(42): 69–85. 7824: 7820: 7816: 7809: 7802: 7797: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7789: 7772: 7768: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7753: 7745: 7737: 7733: 7732: 7727: 7720: 7704: 7700: 7699:Above the Law 7696: 7689: 7673: 7669: 7668: 7663: 7656: 7640: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7624: 7617: 7611: 7604: 7602: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7569: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7546: 7538: 7532: 7528: 7521: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7486: 7481: 7474: 7458: 7454: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7425: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7378: 7371: 7365: 7358: 7356:0-393-31755-2 7352: 7348: 7344: 7338: 7336: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7304:(42): 69–85. 7303: 7299: 7295: 7288: 7273: 7269: 7263: 7261: 7253: 7247: 7240: 7235: 7228: 7223: 7216: 7211: 7205:, p. 312 7204: 7199: 7192: 7186: 7179: 7174: 7167: 7162: 7155: 7150: 7143: 7138: 7131: 7126: 7119: 7114: 7107: 7102: 7100: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7052: 7044: 7040: 7033: 7024: 7018:, p. 19. 7017: 7012: 7005: 7001: 6996: 6980: 6976: 6970: 6968: 6959: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6940: 6935: 6928: 6920: 6918:9780520207042 6914: 6910: 6906: 6899: 6891: 6887: 6880: 6873: 6868: 6860: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6841: 6836: 6829: 6821: 6819:0-520-03895-9 6815: 6811: 6807: 6800: 6791: 6783: 6777: 6773: 6766: 6759: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6730: 6726: 6719: 6713: 6711: 6703: 6702:0-520-03143-1 6699: 6695: 6689: 6682: 6681:Thornton 1990 6678: 6673: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6651: 6650: 6642: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6611: 6609: 6597: 6590: 6589: 6582: 6575: 6570: 6563: 6562:Thornton 1990 6558: 6552:, p. 55. 6551: 6547: 6546:Thornton 1990 6542: 6534: 6528: 6524: 6517: 6510: 6505: 6489: 6485: 6478: 6476: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6441: 6434: 6429: 6413: 6409: 6408: 6403: 6396: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6365: 6358: 6353: 6346: 6341: 6334: 6329: 6322: 6318: 6313: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6278: 6276: 6268: 6263: 6256: 6252: 6247: 6240: 6235: 6228: 6223: 6221: 6213: 6212:Thornton 1990 6208: 6200: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6179: 6172: 6167: 6159: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6140: 6135: 6129: 6113: 6109: 6102: 6095: 6090: 6081: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6058: 6056: 6048: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6013: 6008: 6000: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5959: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5920: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5885:(2): 81–102. 5884: 5880: 5876: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5848: 5847: 5842: 5836: 5829: 5823: 5815: 5809: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5779: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5756: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5722: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5671: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5582: 5580: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5550: 5542: 5523: 5519: 5517:1-58703-163-9 5513: 5509: 5502: 5501: 5493: 5486: 5481: 5479: 5470: 5466: 5459: 5452: 5447: 5445: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5381: 5365: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5348: 5332: 5328: 5321: 5305: 5301: 5294: 5278: 5271: 5264: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5236: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5167: 5163: 5162: 5157: 5150: 5134: 5130: 5128: 5123: 5117: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5052: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5022: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4987: 4979: 4975: 4968: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4896: 4889:. p. 48. 4888: 4884: 4880: 4873: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4843: 4839: 4833: 4829: 4828: 4820: 4804: 4800: 4799: 4794: 4788: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4757: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4721: 4713: 4706: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4684:YES! Magazine 4680: 4674: 4672: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4517: 4513: 4512: 4511:YES! Magazine 4507: 4501: 4499: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4438: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4386: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4365: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4332: 4323: 4321:0-376-05172-8 4317: 4313: 4306: 4304: 4296: 4291: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4255: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4211: 4207: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4187: 4180: 4178: 4170: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4136: 4134: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4080: 4063: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4033: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3890: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3830: 3828: 3823: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3810: 3809:Peter Burnett 3806: 3802: 3796: 3793: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3721: 3712: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3693: 3683: 3680: 3674: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3653: 3649: 3638: 3633: 3631: 3626: 3624: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3572: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3438: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3406: 3404: 3393: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3348: 3345: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3299: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3278: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3241:Mendocino War 3238: 3227: 3225: 3210: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3103:Yuma (Total) 3102: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3008: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2547: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2514: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2485: 2484: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2460:Gaza genocide 2457: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2416: 2415: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2364: 2363: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2298: 2297: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2219: 2218: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2011: 2010: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1983: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1950: 1949: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1867: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1819:Tehama County 1816: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1791:Tehama County 1788: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1760:Tehama County 1757: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1682:Shasta County 1679: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1654: 1653:Coastal Range 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1629:Bidwell Ranch 1626: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1508:Indian Island 1505: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1366: 1365:Mendocino War 1363: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1307: 1306:Shasta County 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1270:Klamath River 1268: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1243:Tulare County 1240: 1237: 1235:"Ox" incident 1234: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181:rancheria at 1180: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1098:Hayfork Creek 1096: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1072:Indians near 1071: 1067: 1064: 1063:Shasta County 1060: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1018:Sierra Nevada 1015: 1011: 1007: 1002: 999: 995: 993: 990: 987: 984: 983: 980: 977: 973: 969: 965: 964:Andrew Kelsey 961: 957: 953: 950: 947: 943: 940: 938: 935: 932: 929: 928: 925: 922: 919: 915: 912: 908: 905: 903: 900: 897: 894: 893: 890: 887: 884: 880: 876: 873: 872:Tehama County 869: 866: 864: 861: 858: 855: 854: 851: 848: 845: 842: 838: 835: 833: 830: 827: 824: 823: 820: 817: 814: 810: 806: 802: 799: 795: 792: 790: 787: 784: 781: 780: 777: 775:11 (settlers) 774: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 752: 748: 745: 743: 740: 737: 734: 733: 730: 727: 724: 720: 719:Sutter Buttes 716: 712: 709: 708:Sutter County 705: 704:Sutter Buttes 702: 700: 697: 694: 691: 690: 687: 684: 681: 677: 673: 669: 666: 665:Shasta County 662: 659: 657: 654: 651: 648: 647: 643: 640: 637: 634: 625: 624: 616: 613: 608: 599: 597: 592: 588: 584: 579: 575: 565: 563: 554: 550: 547:, Commanding 546: 542: 536: 534: 529: 523: 520: 515: 512: 511:Peter Burnett 507: 500: 499: 493: 480: 477: 474: 471: 468: 465:1851–52: The 464: 461: 457: 454: 451: 448:1846–48: The 447: 444: 440: 437: 433: 432: 431: 423: 420: 416: 411: 409: 408:George Tinker 404: 399: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 355: 353: 352:Kari Norgaard 348: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 324: 322: 318: 309: 295: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 271: 269: 265: 261: 256: 251: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 195: 191: 187: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 160: 154: 148: 144: 141: 137: 133: 129: 128:human hunting 125: 121: 118: 112: 109: 106: 102: 98: 94: 91: 88: 84: 79: 73: 68: 65: 61: 56: 51: 45: 41: 40: 36: 30: 26: 22: 13855: 13838: 13826:from Commons 13821: 13800: 13706:21st century 13663:Ratko Mladić 13587:20th century 13530:Belzec trial 13294:Genocide law 13154:Death squads 13064:Mass killing 12974:Autogenocide 12850:21st century 12613:1946 to 1999 12485:(1935–1945) 12443:Libyan Arabs 12308:1913 to 1945 12182: 11969:1490 to 1913 11774: 11444:Contra Costa 11353:Wine Country 11213:Oxnard Plain 11208:Owens Valley 11203:Orange Coast 11128:Gold Country 11103:Death Valley 10838:Demographics 10776: 10577:Redwood City 10552:Santa Monica 10377:Garden Grove 9984:Contra Costa 9723:Mexican rule 9710: 9570:(Gabrieliño) 9554:(Fernandeño) 9459:(Bear River) 9263: 9254: 9250: 9241: 9232: 9219: 9202: 9193: 9190:Californians 9189: 9166: 9157: 9134: 9125: 9104: 9090:. Retrieved 9063: 9040: 9021: 9009:. Retrieved 8985: 8958: 8923: 8906:. Retrieved 8898:j.ctt1d9nqs3 8866: 8846: 8825: 8816: 8793: 8757: 8751: 8739: 8716: 8706:. New York: 8703: 8690: 8670:, Sacramento 8667: 8659:Butte Record 8658: 8649: 8645: 8622:. Retrieved 8602: 8595: 8583:. Retrieved 8563: 8556: 8544:. Retrieved 8520: 8513: 8501:. Retrieved 8468: 8464: 8454: 8442:. Retrieved 8418: 8411: 8399:. Retrieved 8375: 8368: 8356:. Retrieved 8332: 8325: 8313:. Retrieved 8288: 8282: 8257:. Retrieved 8232: 8226: 8201:. Retrieved 8176: 8170: 8145:. Retrieved 8120: 8117:Ethnohistory 8116: 8092:Burnett 1851 8087: 8077:December 10, 8075:. Retrieved 8056: 8049: 8037:. Retrieved 8026: 8001: 7989:. Retrieved 7965: 7958: 7946:. Retrieved 7923: 7913: 7902:Lindsay 2012 7897: 7885:. Retrieved 7874: 7865: 7822: 7818: 7808: 7775:. Retrieved 7751: 7744: 7729: 7719: 7707:. Retrieved 7698: 7688: 7676:. Retrieved 7665: 7655: 7643:. Retrieved 7632: 7623: 7615: 7610: 7598: 7593:November 14, 7591:. Retrieved 7582: 7578: 7568: 7560:the original 7545: 7526: 7520: 7508:. Retrieved 7492:(2): 61–75. 7489: 7483: 7473: 7461:. Retrieved 7434: 7424: 7391: 7388:Ethnohistory 7387: 7377: 7369: 7364: 7346: 7301: 7297: 7287: 7277:November 16, 7275:. Retrieved 7271: 7254:, p. 25 7246: 7241:, p. 18 7239:Secrest 1988 7234: 7222: 7217:, p. 2. 7210: 7198: 7191:Heizer 1974b 7185: 7173: 7161: 7149: 7137: 7125: 7113: 7065: 7061: 7051: 7038: 7032: 7023: 7011: 7000:Luomala 1978 6995: 6985:November 14, 6983:. Retrieved 6938: 6927: 6904: 6898: 6889: 6885: 6879: 6867: 6839: 6828: 6808:. Berkeley: 6805: 6799: 6790: 6771: 6765: 6738:February 27, 6736:. Retrieved 6729:the original 6724: 6693: 6688: 6672: 6648: 6641: 6632: 6628: 6619: 6596:the original 6587: 6581: 6569: 6557: 6541: 6522: 6516: 6504: 6492:. Retrieved 6462:. Retrieved 6453: 6449: 6440: 6428: 6416:. Retrieved 6405: 6395: 6385:December 26, 6383:. 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The 3358:Gavin Newsom 3354: 3341: 3329: 3305: 3296: 3276: 3253: 3233: 3221: 3045:(up to 750) 2966:Tübatulabal 2765:Coast Miwok 2555: 2375:Blackbirding 2352: 2320: 2284:Sōshi-kaimei 2172: 2108: 1977: 1970: 1914: / 1855: 1657:Round Valley 1607:Butte County 1433:Butte County 1340:Round Valley 1026:Fresno River 1010:Ahwahnechees 992:Mariposa War 911:Butte County 881:and rancher 762:Rancho Pauma 760:captured at 747:Pauma Valley 638:Description 609: 605: 571: 559: 552: 525: 516: 503: 496: 467:Mariposa War 429: 412: 400: 361: 349: 325: 314: 291:Gavin Newsom 272: 254: 252: 202: 200: 182:Perpetrators 77: 58:Part of the 37: 29: 13776:(2023–2024) 13744:(2020–2021) 13691:(1999–2015) 13683:(1997–2022) 13675:(1994–2015) 13665:(2011–2017) 13657:(2008–2016) 13649:(2002–2006) 13641:(1993–2017) 13633:(1993–2007) 13625:(1946–1948) 13609:(1946–1948) 13599:Budak trial 13570:Finta trial 13556:(1965–1966) 13548:(1964–1970) 13540:(1963–1989) 13532:(1963–1965) 13516:(1961–1962) 13492:(1946–1949) 13484:(1946–1948) 13476:(1946–1948) 13468:(1946–1953) 13460:(1946–1947) 13444:(1945–1946) 13442:Minsk trial 13436:(1945–1946) 13428:(1945–1949) 13420:(1945–1948) 13412:(1945–1947) 13404:(1945–2001) 13396:(1944–1989) 13388:(1944–1951) 13358:(1943–2022) 13264:Definitions 12914:(2014–2017) 12906:(2014–2017) 12898:(2011–2023) 12865:(2002–2003) 12834:(1996–1997) 12809:(1992–1995) 12801:(1991–2003) 12785:(1987–2002) 12777:(1987–1989) 12769:(1986–1989) 12753:(1983–1987) 12751:Gukurahundi 12745:(1983–2009) 12729:(1977–1997) 12721:(1975–1979) 12713:(1974–1999) 12676:(1970–2003) 12674:Feyli Kurds 12668:(1966–1970) 12644:(1962–1996) 12636:(1956–1989) 12597:(1944–1948) 12589:(1944–1948) 12581:(1943–1945) 12573:(1942–1945) 12557:(1941–1945) 12549:(1941–1945) 12541:(1941–1945) 12533:(1941–1945) 12525:(1940–1942) 12517:(1939–1945) 12509:(1937–1938) 12493:(1937–1938) 12469:(1932–1933) 12453:(1930–1933) 12445:(1929–1932) 12437:(1926–1973) 12405:(1919–1933) 12397:(1918–1931) 12389:(1916–1917) 12379:(1916–1934) 12363:(1915–1917) 12355:(1915–1919) 12330:(1913–1922) 12290:(1912–1913) 12275:(1905–1907) 12267:(1904–1907) 12259:(1894–1896) 12243:(1888–1893) 12235:(1879–1913) 12225:Circassians 12219:(1850–1864) 12185:(1846–1873) 12177:(1830–1850) 12169:(1830–1847) 12136:(1869–1977) 12128:(1825–1832) 12113:(1785–2017) 12079:(1874–1996) 12056:(1648–1657) 12048:(1640–1649) 12040:(1636–1638) 12008:(1548–1872) 11984:(1492–1514) 11953:(1402–1496) 11945:(1393–1394) 11929:(1209–1229) 11913:(1069–1070) 11849:Before 1490 11759:Bakersfield 11719:Los Angeles 11624:Santa Clara 11604:San Joaquin 11504:Los Angeles 11323:South Coast 11188:North Coast 11133:Great Basin 10998:state parks 10951:LGBT rights 10917:legislature 10865:Environment 10853:agriculture 10843:Earthquakes 10717:Nevada City 10677:Placerville 10542:Santa Maria 10502:Victorville 10492:Santa Clara 10477:Simi Valley 10322:Chula Vista 10297:Bakersfield 10257:Los Angeles 10164:Santa Clara 10144:San Joaquin 10044:Los Angeles 9830:Present day 9815:Development 9795:Engineering 9740:Californios 9683:Before 1900 9574:Tübatulabal 9392:Halchidhoma 9371:Coast Miwok 9331:Ahwahnechee 9196:(6): 16–22. 9092:January 14, 8931:. pp. 8637:Works cited 8039:January 15, 7991:January 16, 7948:January 14, 7801:Ostler 2015 7709:November 8, 7678:November 3, 7463:December 9, 7252:Tassin 1887 7203:Browne 1861 7016:Shipek 1986 6946:. pp. 6847:. pp. 6509:Madley 2012 6433:Michno 2003 6357:Heizer 1993 6345:Madley 2012 6333:Madley 2012 6319:, pp. 6267:Madley 2012 6251:Heizer 1993 6239:Heizer 1993 6227:Norton 1979 6171:Norton 1979 6094:Heizer 1993 6047:Madley 2016 5909:January 15, 5451:Norton 1979 5105:Madley 2016 4885:. Seattle: 4809:October 10, 4746:December 9, 4695:December 9, 4522:December 9, 4427:October 14, 4295:Madley 2016 4169:Madley 2016 4122:January 14, 3704:Yuki people 3547:Utilitarian 3493:Colonialism 3308:Yana people 3185:.......... 3166:.......... 3117:.......... 3032:(up 3,340) 2754:Lake Miwok 2717:Coast Yuki 2205:Spiral case 2033:Enslavement 1979:Gukurahundi 1720:Inyo County 1575:Tübatulabal 1564:Kern County 1518:, and near 1488:February 26 1425:Chico Creek 1298:Shingletown 1134:Smith River 988:January 11 956:Pomo people 946:Lake County 883:John Sutter 879:Edward Kern 841:Napa County 837:Napa Valley 758:Californios 644:References 612:Amah Mutsun 591:Ed Castillo 441:1821–1823: 415:Ed Castillo 384:21 missions 232:enslavement 157:4,500 (per 151:4,300 (per 115:Attack type 33:‹ The 13870:Categories 13840:Quotations 13450:Riga trial 13301:Prevention 13246:Indigenous 13161:Incitement 13029:Gendercide 12990:Classicide 12983:Politicide 12944:Gaza Strip 12711:East Timor 12682:Bangladesh 12642:Guatemalan 12563:Sook Ching 12459:La Matanza 12183:California 11895:Bar Kokhba 11749:Long Beach 11744:Sacramento 11659:Stanislaus 11629:Santa Cruz 11584:San Benito 11579:Sacramento 11343:Tri-Valley 11168:Lost Coast 11153:Lake Tahoe 10929:Healthcare 10897:Government 10778:Sacramento 10768:California 10667:Marysville 10642:Susanville 10597:San Rafael 10592:Santa Cruz 10522:Costa Mesa 10382:Santa Rosa 10287:Long Beach 10282:Sacramento 10199:Stanislaus 10169:Santa Cruz 10124:San Benito 10119:Sacramento 9800:Water wars 9782:Since 1900 9696:Precontact 9499:Kucadikadi 9442:Lake Miwok 9356:Chemehuevi 9326:Acjachemen 8693:. Norman: 8028:The Nation 7904:, p. 7041:. Norman: 7002:, p. 6892:: 91–194 . 6418:August 30, 5975:(2): 285. 5745:August 30, 5604:August 30, 5107:, p. 4028:References 3877:ethnocidal 3512:Psychology 3507:Prevention 3487:Incitement 3403:Coso Range 3333:Mill Creek 2885:Costanoan 2174:La Matanza 2129:Pequot War 2048:Plan Verde 2015:Americas ( 1916:conversion 1787:Mill Creek 1783:Campo Seco 1756:Mill Creek 1735:Owens Lake 1716:Owens Lake 1560:Keyesville 1532:Bret Harte 1302:Shingleton 1261:January 22 1074:Old Shasta 1014:Chowchilla 968:Clear Lake 960:Upper Lake 942:Clear Lake 868:Mill Creek 589:Professor 533:rancherias 364:Franciscan 329:bear-grass 298:Background 236:kidnapping 90:California 13239:Cambodian 13232:Holodomor 13124:Massacres 13008:Ethnocide 12997:Eliticide 12719:Cambodian 12467:Holodomor 12361:Armenians 12353:Assyrians 12126:Black War 12014:Huguenots 11897:(132–136) 11880:(50s BCE) 11864:(146 BCE) 11832:Genocides 11724:San Diego 11614:San Mateo 11594:San Diego 11574:Riverside 11524:Mendocino 11454:El Dorado 11449:Del Norte 11434:Calaveras 10981:elections 10907:districts 10870:Geography 10860:Education 10811:languages 10781:(capital) 10657:Red Bluff 10632:Hollister 10617:El Centro 10582:Yuba City 10537:Fairfield 10527:Inglewood 10487:Roseville 10457:Fullerton 10447:Sunnyvale 10442:Escondido 10407:Elk Grove 10402:Lancaster 10387:Oceanside 10312:Riverside 10307:Santa Ana 10262:San Diego 10154:San Mateo 10134:San Diego 10114:Riverside 10064:Mendocino 9994:El Dorado 9989:Del Norte 9974:Calaveras 9946:By county 9893:By region 9868:Railroads 9848:Etymology 9825:Tech boom 9770:Civil War 9765:Gold Rush 9609:Wukchumni 9513:Ramaytush 9509:Costanoan 9470:(Klamath) 9463:Mechoopda 9426:Kitanemuk 9361:Chimariko 9341:Bay Miwok 9011:April 26, 8963:Routledge 8782:145377834 8774:0002-7642 8485:0043-3810 8444:April 15, 8401:April 15, 8358:April 15, 8137:1527-5477 7887:April 18, 7857:229227250 7841:0160-4341 7645:April 18, 7408:0014-1801 7318:0160-4341 7082:0043-3810 6872:Cook 1976 6758:Cook 1976 6677:Cook 1956 6494:April 19, 6464:April 18, 6189:Routledge 6150:324–325. 5999:2072-4292 5899:0161-6463 5798:March 20, 5711:March 27, 5701:109131060 5660:March 27, 5650:145079658 5570:144356070 5092:229227250 5011:April 26, 4620:0305-0270 4563:0002-7316 4280:March 21, 4112:0030-8684 3666:tribunals 3597:Ethnocide 3245:U.S. Army 3098:........ 3053:Cahuilla 2988:Serrano, 2823:Yana/Yahi 2390:Black War 2269:Manchukuo 1594:August 28 1408:Pit River 1397:Pit River 1393:Pit River 1390:September 1359:1859–1860 1329:1856–1859 1206:Lake Earl 1168:Yontocket 803:33 to 40 678:) on the 583:massacres 388:San Diego 315:Prior to 99:1846–1873 42:is being 13204:Armenian 13071:Domicide 13050:Policide 13022:Eugenics 12967:Democide 12936:Rohingya 12579:Volhynia 12403:Cossacks 12249:Selk'nam 12111:Chechens 12103:Dzungars 12030:Lameyans 12022:Kalinago 11992:(1500s–) 11951:Guanches 11886:Eburones 11872:(88 BCE) 11824:Genocide 11729:San Jose 11684:Tuolumne 11644:Siskiyou 11544:Monterey 11519:Mariposa 11474:Imperial 11469:Humboldt 11406:Counties 10971:Politics 10934:Abortion 10912:governor 10707:Lakeport 10672:Piedmont 10652:Oroville 10627:Martinez 10602:Woodland 10512:Berkeley 10507:El Monte 10452:Pasadena 10432:Torrance 10412:Palmdale 10362:Glendale 10317:Stockton 10267:San Jose 10224:Tuolumne 10184:Siskiyou 10084:Monterey 10059:Mariposa 10014:Imperial 10009:Humboldt 9916:Yosemite 9901:Bay Area 9863:Missions 9858:Maritime 9853:Highways 9840:By topic 9558:Timbisha 9552:Tataviam 9436:Kumeyaay 9421:Kawaiisu 9351:Cahuilla 9336:Atsugewi 9321:Achomawi 9211:17346424 9086:Archived 9005:Archived 8989:. Yale: 8902:Archived 8792:(1993). 8676:citation 8618:Archived 8579:Archived 8540:Archived 8497:Archived 8493:26782720 8438:Archived 8395:Archived 8352:Archived 8309:Archived 8305:79446656 8253:Archived 8249:79330427 8197:Archived 8193:79367137 8141:Archived 8033:Archived 7985:Archived 7942:Archived 7881:Archived 7849:26932596 7771:Archived 7736:Archived 7703:Archived 7672:Archived 7639:Archived 7587:Archived 7504:Archived 7457:Archived 7345:(1997), 7326:26932596 7090:25443732 6979:Archived 6704:. p. 174 6488:Archived 6458:Archived 6412:Archived 6379:Archived 6304:25443732 6112:Archived 6014:, p. 352 5950:24712799 5903:Archived 5843:(1864). 5792:Archived 5739:Archived 5705:Archived 5654:Archived 5622:(2004). 5598:Archived 5435:11614644 5400:Archived 5364:Archived 5331:Archived 5304:Archived 5302:. KQED. 5219:Archived 5192:Archived 5166:Archived 5133:Archived 5084:26932596 5035:Archived 5005:Archived 4951:Archived 4914:Archived 4842:Archived 4803:Archived 4771:Archived 4737:Archived 4689:Archived 4654:Archived 4571:23486319 4451:Archived 4401:June 20, 4395:Archived 4274:Archived 4116:Archived 4062:Archived 4057:Newsweek 3893:See also 3860:genocide 3841:and the 3753:— 3611:Category 3587:Democide 3542:Cultural 3477:Massacre 3432:Genocide 3423:a series 3421:Part of 3325:firearms 3224:genocide 3027:Juaneño 3014:Luiseño 2920:Chumash 2909:Salinan 2898:Esselen 2706:Huchnom 2667:Wailaki 2641:Mattole 2354:Vergonha 1936:Genocide 1880:Genocide 1871:a series 1869:Part of 1858:(1925) ( 1733:camp on 1551:April 19 1516:Rio Dell 1404:Achomawi 1089:April 23 1028:post of 1012:and the 859:March 29 811:east of 794:Temecula 785:December 738:December 725:people. 713:Captain 670:Captain 551:(1862), 538:— 426:Timeline 167:Castillo 120:Genocide 86:Location 46:. › 35:template 13768:(2023–) 13760:(2022–) 13752:(2022–) 13736:(2019–) 13728:(2012–) 13720:(2005–) 13225:Rwandan 13218:Bosnian 13211:Serbian 13138:Pogroms 13081:Methods 12946:(2023–) 12938:(2017–) 12930:(2014–) 12922:(2014–) 12912:Yazidis 12890:(2003–) 12873:(2003–) 12824:Rwandan 12807:Bosnian 12799:Ahwaris 12793:(1990–) 12761:(1985–) 12689:Burundi 12451:Kazakhs 12241:Hazaras 12227:(1860s) 12217:Manchus 12209:Moriori 12201:Charrúa 12105:(1750s) 12069:Beothuk 12038:Pequots 12000:(1500–) 11943:Assyria 11927:Cathars 11764:Anaheim 11754:Oakland 11689:Ventura 11674:Trinity 11414:Alameda 11048:Big Sur 11035:Regions 11010:Symbols 10941:History 10902:Capitol 10880:ecology 10875:climate 10848:Economy 10796:Culture 10722:Alturas 10712:Jackson 10692:Willows 10607:Hanford 10547:Redding 10532:Ventura 10497:Vallejo 10482:Concord 10472:Visalia 10437:Hayward 10422:Salinas 10397:Ontario 10352:Fontana 10342:Modesto 10327:Fremont 10302:Anaheim 10292:Oakland 10249:By city 10229:Ventura 10214:Trinity 9954:Alameda 9929:Regions 9878:Slavery 9873:Ranchos 9584:Vanyume 9541:Serrano 9536:Salinan 9530:Quechan 9490:Nomlaki 9485:Nisenan 9457:Mattole 9447:Luiseño 9405:Whilkut 9401:Chilula 9387:Esselen 9366:Chumash 8933:592–609 8908:May 15, 8624:May 17, 8585:May 17, 8546:May 14, 8503:May 14, 7777:May 14, 7510:May 15, 6849:485–495 6576:, p. 56 6321:192–193 5977:Bibcode 5406:May 29, 5370:May 29, 5337:May 29, 5310:May 29, 5283:June 5, 5225:May 30, 5198:May 30, 5172:May 31, 5139:June 2, 5041:May 30, 4957:June 2, 4920:June 2, 4600:Bibcode 4457:May 21, 4068:May 14, 3847:disease 3777:at the 3559:Outline 3554:Studies 3337:cowboys 3211:16,350 3204:133,000 3129:15,850 3040:Cupeño 2990:Vanyume 2838:12,000 2835:Wintun 2776:Shasta 2608:Tolowa 2549:Groups 2368:Oceania 2018:history 2002:Mfecane 1897:Ecocide 1678:Oak Run 1577:men in 1239:Visalia 1016:in the 1006:militia 805:Luiseño 685:120–200 652:April 6 358:Contact 341:pruning 337:tillage 227:decline 174:Injured 132:slavery 13784:(2024) 13617:(1946) 13601:(1945) 13572:(1994) 13564:(1986) 13524:(1961) 13508:(1958) 13500:(1949) 13452:(1946) 13380:(1943) 13372:(1943) 13256:Issues 13179:Denial 12871:Darfur 12826:(1994) 12791:Amhara 12737:(1982) 12684:(1971) 12666:Biafra 12660:(1966) 12652:(1964) 12628:(1948) 12565:(1942) 12501:(1937) 12477:(1933) 12461:(1932) 12429:(1924) 12421:(1923) 12387:Kyrgyz 12371:(1915) 12347:(1913) 12328:Greeks 12211:(1835) 12203:(1831) 12193:(1864) 12154:(1821) 12146:(1816) 12097:(1749) 12089:(1740) 12032:(1636) 12024:(1626) 12016:(1572) 11937:(1311) 11905:(800s) 11739:Fresno 11711:cities 11679:Tulare 11669:Tehama 11664:Sutter 11654:Sonoma 11649:Solano 11639:Sierra 11634:Shasta 11569:Plumas 11564:Placer 11559:Orange 11554:Nevada 11529:Merced 11509:Madera 11499:Lassen 11459:Fresno 11439:Colusa 11424:Amador 11419:Alpine 10988:People 10821:sports 10788:Topics 10702:Sonora 10697:Colusa 10662:Auburn 10637:Eureka 10622:Lompoc 10587:Madera 10567:Merced 10517:Downey 10462:Orange 10427:Pomona 10417:Corona 10347:Oxnard 10332:Irvine 10277:Fresno 10219:Tulare 10209:Tehama 10204:Sutter 10194:Sonoma 10189:Solano 10179:Sierra 10174:Shasta 10109:Plumas 10104:Placer 10099:Orange 10094:Nevada 10069:Merced 10049:Madera 10039:Lassen 9999:Fresno 9979:Colusa 9964:Amador 9959:Alpine 9619:Yokuts 9594:Washoe 9568:Tongva 9563:Tolowa 9546:Shasta 9532:(Yuma) 9520:Patwin 9505:Ohlone 9474:Mohave 9376:Cupeño 9345:Saklan 9209: 9177: 9145: 9113: 9078: 9047: 9028: 8997: 8969: 8939: 8896: 8886: 8853: 8804: 8780: 8772: 8727: 8610: 8571: 8532: 8491: 8483: 8430: 8387: 8344: 8315:May 5, 8303: 8259:May 5, 8247: 8203:May 2, 8191: 8147:May 1, 8135: 8068: 7977: 7934: 7855: 7847: 7839: 7763: 7533: 7449: 7416:482620 7414: 7406: 7353: 7324: 7316: 7088: 7080: 6954: 6915: 6855: 6816: 6778: 6700: 6529: 6407:SFGate 6302: 6255:Herald 6195: 6154: 6072:286593 6070: 5997: 5948: 5897: 5699: 5648: 5568: 5514: 5433: 5090: 5082: 4834: 4777:May 3, 4628:827540 4626: 4618: 4569: 4561: 4318: 4266: 4110: 3533:Types 3527:Stages 3472:Denial 3449:Issues 3409:Legacy 3351:Tolowa 3201:Total 3188:1,000 3106:2,500 3085:1,050 3082:3,000 3006:5,000 2995:3,500 2980:1,500 2969:1,000 2961:1,500 2958:4,000 2923:10,000 2912:3,000 2875:18,000 2871:Yokuts 2862:9,000 2854:1,100 2846:Maidu 2841:1,000 2827:1,500 2806:1,100 2803:3,000 2792:1,000 2768:1,500 2749:1,200 2728:Wappo 2633:1,000 2622:1,000 2611:1,000 2600:1,000 2597:Wiyot 2584:Karok 2571:Yurok 1921:Denial 1889:Issues 1731:Paiute 1641:Covelo 1622:Konkow 1611:Covelo 1541:80–250 1536:Arcata 1512:Eureka 1352:1,000+ 1222:65–150 1217:Tolowa 1179:Tolowa 1145:Tolowa 1059:Shasta 978:60–100 933:May 15 723:Patwin 676:Wintun 333:willow 219:Mexico 146:Deaths 104:Target 80:, 1864 13823:Media 12959:Terms 12775:Isaaq 12767:Anfal 12515:Poles 12377:Kurds 12273:Ukame 12046:Huron 11982:Taíno 11878:Gauls 11534:Modoc 11514:Marin 11489:Kings 11464:Glenn 11429:Butte 11020:Water 10890:fauna 10885:flora 10833:Crime 10806:music 10764:State 10682:Yreka 10647:Ukiah 10562:Chico 10074:Modoc 10054:Marin 10029:Kings 10004:Glenn 9969:Butte 9790:Labor 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