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among other features, a user-definable delay between the time the activation button is pressed and the time that the activated clock actually begins to count down. United States Patent 5,420,830 was issued on May 10, 1995, and subsequently assigned to the United States Chess
Federation by the inventors. As with the Fischer clock, the benefit of the delay clock is to reduce the likelihood that a player with positional or material superiority will lose a match solely because of the expiration of time on that player's time clock. In the United States, delay is still widely used, but increment is becoming more popular.
256:, who in 1988 filed for US patent 4,884,255 (awarded in 1989) for a new type of digital chess clock. Fischer's digital clock gave each player a fixed period of time at the start of the game and then added a small amount after each move. Joseph Meshi called this "Accumulation" as it was a main feature of his patented Micromate-180 (US Patent 4,247,925 1978). This became the linchpin of Fischer's clock patented ten years later. In this way, the players would never be desperately short of time. This timing method is occasionally called "accumulation" but it is usually called "increment", "bonus", or "Fischer".
237:
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amount of time expended by the player is added. For example, if the delay is ten seconds and a player uses ten or more seconds for a move, ten seconds is added after they complete their move. If the player uses five seconds for a move, five seconds is added after they complete their move. This ensures that the main time left on the clock can never increase even if a player makes fast moves. As with
Increment, the delay time is applied to the first move under FIDE and US Chess rules.
31:
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267:. Nowadays most top level tournaments and tournaments outside the United States use Fischer's system. An increasing number of lower level tournaments in the US are also starting to use Fischer's system. Other aspects of Fischer's patent, such as a synthesized voice announcing how much time the players have, thus eliminating the need for them to keep looking at the clock, have not been adopted.
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example, the display was implemented via red LEDs, which required significant power and, as a result, the clock had to be plugged into a wall outlet. The high cost of LEDs at the time meant that only one set of digits could be displayed: that of the player whose turn it was to move. This meant that each player's time had to be multiplexed to the display when their time was running. In 1973,
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209:. Each player had a separate counter and, in a parallel to the original mechanical architecture, one player's counter was disabled while the other's was running. The clock only had one mode: time ran forward. It could be reset, but not set. It did not count the number of moves. But it successfully addressed the original goals of the project (accurate and matched timing).
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The advantage of
Bronstein delay is that a player can always quickly see exactly how much time they have for their next move without having to mentally add the main and delay time. The advantage of Simple delay is that a player can always tell whether the time that is counting down is the delay time
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and US Chess rules, the increment is applied to the first move as well. For example, for 3+2 each player starts with three minutes and two seconds on the first move. Not all digital clocks automatically give the increment for move one and thus for those that don't, the increment time has to be added
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The players may take more or less time over any individual move. The opening moves in chess are often played quickly due to their familiarity, which leaves the players more time to consider more complex and unfamiliar positions later. It is not unusual in slow chess games for a player to leave the
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patented this timing method): a specified amount of time is added to the players main time each move, unless the player's main time ran out before they completed their move. For example, if the time control is 90+30 (ninety minutes of main time per player with a thirty-second increment each move),
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The drawbacks of the mechanical clocks include accuracy and matching of the two clocks, and matching of the indicators (flags) of time expiration. Additional time cannot easily be added for more complex time controls, especially those that call for an increment or delay on every move, such as some
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who invented this timing method): this timing method adds time but, unlike
Increment, the maximum amount of time is not always added. If a player expends more than the specified delay then the entire delay is added to the player's clock, but if a player moves faster than the delay, only the exact
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On March 10, 1994, a patent application was filed by inventors Frank A. Camaratta Jr. of
Huntsville, Alabama, and William Goichberg of Salisbury Mills, New York, for a game timer especially suitable for playing the game of chess, which employed a (simple) "delay" feature. The game timer provides,
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electrical engineering (EE) student and chess player, created the first digital chess clock as a project for an undergraduate EE course. Typical of most inventions, it was crude compared to the products on the market many years later and was limited by the technology that existed at the time. For
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For the most part, both methods are substantially the same in terms of the amount of time players get and consume. At the end of the move, after the clock is hit, the remaining reserve time will be identical with
Bronstein and Simple Delay. The difference is in the time available to complete the
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current move and becomes apparent when the reserve time runs down close to zero. Because
Bronstein does not award the per-move allotment until after the move has been completed, you can run out of time and lose the match before getting the per-move allotment for the current move.
337:(also known as US delay): with this timing method, the clock waits for the delay period each move before the player's main time starts counting down. For example, if the delay is ten seconds, the clock waits for ten seconds each move before the main time starts counting down.
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are equipped with a "flag" that falls to indicate the exact moment the player's time has expired. Analog clocks use mechanical buttons. Pressing the button on one player's side physically stops the movement of that player's clock and releases the hold on the opponent's.
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220:. They named it the Micromate-80. There was only one made and this was tested by chess players in multiple tournaments. Three years later a much-improved Micromate-180 was produced alongside Meshi's MBA
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where the time is allocated between two parties. The purpose is to keep track of the total time each party takes and prevent delays. Parties may take more or less time over any individual move.
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is "sudden death", in which players must make a predetermined number of moves in a certain amount of time or forfeit the game immediately. A particularly popular variant is
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where the players move in turn. The purpose is to keep track of the total time each player takes for their own moves, and ensure that neither player overly delays the game.
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or the main time. Simple delay is the form of delay most often used in the US, while
Bronstein delay is the form of delay most often used in most other countries.
136:, as well as other types of games. They have also been used in some legal settings where each side or party is allotted a specific amount of time for arguments.
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This article is about the device with two adjacent clocks used in chess and other games. For a person who keeps track of the time during a sporting event, see
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Digital clocks and
Internet gaming have spurred a wave of experimentation with more varied and complex time controls than the traditional standards.
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each player gets an additional thirty seconds added to their main time for each move, unless the player's main time ran out first. Under
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chips were not readily or cheaply available, so all the multiplexing and logic was enabled using chips consisting of four two-input
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Keith Ammann (April 2012). "Winding Down: This year's rule changes may begin the last chapter in the history of the analog clock".
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with buttons to stop one clock while starting the other, so that the two clocks never run simultaneously. The devices are used in
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table, but the clock of the absent player continues to run if it is their turn, or starts to run if their opponent makes a move.
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with buttons to stop one clock while starting the other, so that the two clocks never run simultaneously. The clocks are used in
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252:. One particularly notable development, which has gained quite wide acceptance in chess, was proposed by former world champion
205:, resulting in excessive power consumption. Being plugged into the wall is obviously a major drawback, but had one advantage:
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Bronstein delay and Simple delay are very similar, but not equal. In
Bronstein delay the amount of time is added
320:(such as moving a knight back and forth) to give them additional time to think and/or avoid running out of time.
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Invented by Thomas Bright Wilson of Manchester Chess Club, the clocks were first used during competition at the
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550:, Meshi, Joseph & Ponsor, Jeffrey R., "Electronic chess clock", issued 1977-12-13
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the timebase for the clock was driven off a rectified version of the alternating current mains frequency
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the move has been made; this distinction may be crucial when a player is running out of time.
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Digital chess clock connected to a board that automatically senses when moves have been made.
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manually to the main time so each player gets the increment for move one. In
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The first commercially available digital chess clock was patented in 1975 by
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Online chess clock that implements Fischer and Bronstein timing methods
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may be employed on the clocks, with "sudden death" being the simplest.
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The increment time control was first used in the privately organised
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224:, "Demand Analysis for a New Product (The Digital Chess Clock)", at
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302:(also known as Bonus and Fischer since former World Chess Champion
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Online Chess Clock / Chess Timer Example, used for Fast Chess
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698:"Simple Delay Setting Replaces Bronstein in US Clock Rules"
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112:. Chess clocks were first used extensively in tournament
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480:"13 Obscure Scrabble Rules Serious Players Need to Know"
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Chess clocks were first used extensively in tournament
505:"Up Against the Clock – Time Limits in Civil Trials"
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248:is commonly used in modern chess in many different
188:In 1973, to address the issues with analog clocks,
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568:"Chess clock - Rules and strategy of chess games"
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427:"How to Operate a Chess Clock - by Chess House"
65:, as their use has since spread to tournament
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512:International Association of Defense Counsel
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120:. Their use has since spread to tournament
16:Two adjacent clocks with stop/start buttons
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132:, and nearly every competitive two-player
77:, and nearly every competitive two-player
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173:Early development of digital game clocks
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42:is a device that comprises two adjacent
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93:A chess clock consists of two adjacent
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57:, beginning with a competition at the
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455:Goldene Schachzeiten: Erinnerungen
265:FIDE World Chess Championship 1998
232:Fischer clock and related designs
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503:Abe, Kirstin L. (December 2018).
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2204:List of strong chess tournaments
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1177:Gökyay Association Chess Museum
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673:"Rule Book Updates and Changes"
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2302:Computer chess championships
457:. W. de Gruyter. p. 10.
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478:Feinstein, PJ (2022-12-01).
316:, players may make multiple
153:A typical analog chess clock
7:
2079:Bishop and knight checkmate
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2247:Other world championships
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261:1992 Fischer–Spassky match
226:San Diego State University
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326:(named after Grandmaster
2221:World Chess Championship
1182:World Chess Hall of Fame
61:. They are often called
2515:Simultaneous exhibition
2425:Chess newspaper columns
2114:Rook and bishop vs rook
2099:Queen and pawn vs queen
627:, filed August 5, 1988.
116:, and are often called
1965:Richter–Veresov Attack
1953:Queen's Indian Defence
241:
185:
154:
110:London 1883 tournament
59:London 1883 tournament
35:
2231:Candidates Tournament
2119:Rook and pawn vs rook
2084:King and pawn vs king
2035:List of chess gambits
1938:King's Indian Defence
1616:Isolated Queen's Pawn
1140:List of chess players
1082:Top player comparison
881:Internet chess server
748:U.S. patent 4,884,255
637:The Week in Chess 161
618:US patent 4884255
604:; filed January 1978.
595:US patent 4247925
548:US patent 4062180
239:
180:
152:
101:and other two-player
34:An analog chess clock
33:
1943:Nimzo-Indian Defence
1839:Scandinavian Defense
1800:Semi-Italian Opening
1705:King's Indian Attack
1594:first-move advantage
1247:Threefold repetition
1172:Bobby Fischer Center
1057:Charlemagne chessmen
1051:Göttingen manuscript
1015:
856:Correspondence chess
702:www.chicagopoint.com
2176:Two knights endgame
1923:Bogo-Indian Defence
1810:Two Knights Defense
1750:Nimzowitsch Defence
1440:Artificial castling
1077:Soviet chess school
952:Dubrovnik chess set
751:for Fischer's clock
407:www.chesscorner.com
184:Digital chess clock
25:Game clock (sports)
2406:endgame literature
1948:Old Indian Defense
1858:Accelerated Dragon
1730:Alekhine's Defence
1462:Checkmate patterns
1331:symbols in Unicode
1326:annotation symbols
1089:Geography of chess
957:Staunton chess set
557:; filed July 1975.
242:
194:Cornell University
186:
155:
145:Analog game clocks
36:
2553:
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2430:Chess periodicals
2359:Chess in the arts
2291:Chess composition
2129:Philidor position
2065:
2064:
2007:Trompowsky Attack
1990:Semi-Slav Defence
1880:Queen's Pawn Game
1760:Four Knights Game
1735:Caro–Kann Defence
1700:Zukertort Opening
1487:Discovered attack
1207:Cheating in chess
1044:Versus de scachis
641:The Week in Chess
464:978-3-11-002095-3
403:"The Chess Clock"
218:Jeffrey R. Ponsor
2578:
2540:Chess portal
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2537:
2481:Leela Chess Zero
2412:Oxford Companion
2364:early literature
2354:Chess aesthetics
2094:Pawnless endgame
2045:Bongcloud Attack
2023:List of openings
1995:Chigorin Defense
1933:GrĂĽnfeld Defence
1844:Sicilian Defence
1790:Ponziani Opening
1785:Philidor Defence
1780:Petrov's Defence
1722:King's Pawn Game
1695:Larsen's Opening
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2236:Chess World Cup
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2186:Wrong rook pawn
2124:Lucena position
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2011:
1928:Catalan Opening
1903:English Defence
1888:Budapest Gambit
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1832:Austrian Attack
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1685:English Opening
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1643:School of chess
1626:Minority attack
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1527:Queen sacrifice
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1283:White and Black
1278:Touch-move rule
1237:Perpetual check
1232:Fifty-move rule
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324:Bronstein delay
288:: The simplest
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1675:Bird's Opening
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1363:Half-open file
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1261:Pawn promotion
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1162:Women in chess
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1072:Hypermodernism
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1067:Romantic chess
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1062:Lewis chessmen
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900:world rankings
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829:Computer chess
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741:External links
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531:"Early Bird",
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275:Timing methods
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203:TTL NAND gates
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2520:Solving chess
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2510:Chess prodigy
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2154:triangulation
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2149:Tarrasch rule
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2109:Queen vs rook
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2104:Queen vs pawn
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1960:London System
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1918:Modern Benoni
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1898:Dutch Defence
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1775:King's Gambit
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1690:Grob's Attack
1688:
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1680:Dunst Opening
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1670:Benko Opening
1668:
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1662:Flank opening
1659:
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1417:Transposition
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1167:Chess museums
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1135:Notable games
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924:World records
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895:Rating system
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304:Bobby Fischer
301:
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254:Bobby Fischer
251:
250:methodologies
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159:
158:Analog clocks
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41:
32:
26:
22:
2466:Chess engine
2451:Chess boxing
2411:
2181:Wrong bishop
2028:theory table
2002:Torre Attack
1985:Slav Defence
1893:Colle System
1868:Scheveningen
1827:Pirc Defence
1770:Italian Game
1765:Giuoco Piano
1710:RĂ©ti Opening
1633:Piece values
1621:MarĂłczy Bind
1582:the exchange
1572:Compensation
1502:Interference
1492:Double check
1266:Time control
1253:
1227:by agreement
1155:grandmasters
1099:South Africa
1049:
1042:
1018:Score sheets
1005:
964:Chess pieces
871:Online chess
817:Chess titles
812:Chess theory
730:
711:
705:. Retrieved
701:
692:
681:. Retrieved
679:. 2021-09-28
677:US Chess.org
676:
667:
648:
643:, 8-Dec-1997
632:
575:. Retrieved
572:gambiter.com
571:
562:
542:
532:
527:
516:. Retrieved
511:
498:
487:. Retrieved
483:
473:
454:
445:
434:. Retrieved
430:
421:
410:. Retrieved
406:
397:
375:Chess portal
355:
346:
341:
339:
335:Simple delay
334:
333:
323:
322:
314:online chess
299:
298:
290:time control
286:Sudden death
285:
284:
281:Time control
269:
258:
246:Time control
243:
214:Joseph Meshi
211:
190:Bruce Cheney
187:
163:
156:
117:
107:
92:
83:time control
62:
52:
39:
37:
2396:Chess books
2196:Tournaments
2050:Fool's mate
1815:Vienna Game
1805:Scotch Game
1638:Prophylaxis
1554:Zwischenzug
1539:Undermining
1507:Overloading
1467:Combination
1316:descriptive
1011:Chess table
1006:Chess clock
822:Grandmaster
431:Chess House
294:blitz chess
118:game clocks
89:Description
63:game clocks
40:chess clock
2560:Categories
2503:joke chess
2456:Chess club
2144:opposition
1601:Middlegame
1589:Initiative
1512:Pawn storm
1477:Deflection
1348:Key square
1338:Fianchetto
1271:Fast chess
1255:En passant
947:chessboard
732:Chess Life
707:2024-01-01
683:2023-07-15
654:US5420830A
577:2020-10-15
534:Chess Life
518:2023-05-19
489:2023-05-19
436:2023-07-02
412:2020-01-06
389:References
134:board game
79:board game
21:Timekeeper
2486:Stockfish
2476:Deep Blue
2471:AlphaZero
2379:paintings
2171:Tablebase
2135:Strategy
2040:Irregular
1795:Ruy Lopez
1755:Open Game
1522:Sacrifice
1482:Desperado
1385:connected
1358:Open file
1353:King walk
1311:algebraic
1242:Stalemate
1217:Checkmate
942:Chess set
934:Equipment
300:Increment
165:forms of
2545:Category
2498:glossary
2159:Zugzwang
2139:fortress
2071:Endgames
1980:Declined
1975:Accepted
1653:Openings
1611:Hedgehog
1577:Exchange
1564:Strategy
1544:Windmill
1395:isolated
1380:backward
1202:Castling
1145:amateurs
1038:Timeline
912:Variants
866:Glossary
849:software
834:glossary
453:(1960).
361:See also
352:Strategy
318:premoves
122:Scrabble
67:Scrabble
2446:Arbiter
2439:Related
2296:Solving
2286:Amateur
1863:Najdorf
1445:Battery
1432:Tactics
1407:Swindle
1390:doubled
1370:Outpost
1301:Blunder
1116:Armenia
1030:History
876:Premove
844:engines
839:matches
804:Outline
167:byoyomi
140:Designs
2571:Timers
2384:poetry
2374:novels
2349:CaĂŻssa
2281:Senior
2271:Junior
1854:Dragon
1849:Alapin
1534:Skewer
1400:passed
1343:Gambit
1150:female
1111:Europe
1094:Africa
989:Knight
984:Bishop
660:
624:
601:
554:
461:
222:thesis
95:clocks
44:clocks
2331:WCSCC
2276:Youth
2266:Blitz
2261:Rapid
2251:Women
2214:Women
2166:Study
2016:Other
1549:X-ray
1472:Decoy
1457:Block
1412:Tempo
1375:Pawns
1293:Terms
1212:Check
1194:Rules
1128:India
1121:Spain
1106:China
999:Fairy
974:Queen
905:norms
796:Chess
508:(PDF)
342:after
126:shogi
114:chess
103:games
99:chess
71:shogi
55:chess
48:games
2369:film
2326:WCCC
2321:TCEC
2311:CSVN
2256:Team
2226:List
1497:Fork
1422:Trap
1222:Draw
994:Pawn
979:Rook
969:King
917:List
886:list
861:FIDE
459:ISBN
309:FIDE
216:and
192:, a
2306:CCC
1517:Pin
1321:PGN
199:LSI
182:DGT
2562::
710:.
700:.
675:.
639:,
609:^
586:^
570:.
510:.
482:.
429:.
405:.
169:.
130:Go
128:,
124:,
75:Go
73:,
69:,
38:A
1856:/
788:e
781:t
774:v
735:.
686:.
580:.
521:.
492:.
467:.
439:.
415:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
