563:. Standardization of the TTL levels is so ubiquitous that complex circuit boards often contain TTL chips made by many different manufacturers selected for availability and cost, compatibility being assured. Two circuit board units off the same assembly line on different successive days or weeks might have a different mix of brands of chips in the same positions on the board; repair is possible with chips manufactured years later than original components. Within usefully broad limits, logic gates can be treated as ideal Boolean devices without concern for electrical limitations. The 0.4 V noise margins are adequate because of the low output impedance of the driver stage, that is, a large amount of noise power superimposed on the output is needed to drive an input into an undefined region.
343:
in parallel with these two junctions. A phenomenon called current steering means that when two voltage-stable elements with different threshold voltages are connected in parallel, the current flows through the path with the smaller threshold voltage. That is, current flows out of this input and into the zero (low) voltage source. As a result, no current flows through the base of the output transistor, causing it to stop conducting and the output voltage becomes high (logical one). During the transition the input transistor is briefly in its active region; so it draws a large current away from the base of the output transistor and thus quickly discharges its base. This is a critical advantage of TTL over DTL that speeds up the transition over a diode input structure.
394:
306:
555:(5 V), and if a voltage signal ranging between 0.8 V and 2.0 V is sent into the input of a TTL gate, there is no certain response from the gate and therefore it is considered "uncertain" (precise logic levels vary slightly between sub-types and by temperature). TTL outputs are typically restricted to narrower limits of between 0.0 V and 0.4 V for a "low" and between 2.4 V and V
116:
961:
814:
A TTL gate may operate inadvertently as an analog amplifier if the input is connected to a slowly changing input signal that traverses the unspecified region from 0.8 V to 2 V. The output can be erratic when the input is in this range. A slowly changing input like this can also cause excess
651:
The TTL "totem-pole" output structure often has a momentary overlap when both the upper and lower transistors are conducting, resulting in a substantial pulse of current drawn from the power supply. These pulses can couple in unexpected ways between multiple integrated circuit packages, resulting in
543:
since a current must be drawn from inputs to bring them to a logic 0 voltage level. The driving stage must absorb up to 1.6 mA from a standard TTL input while not allowing the voltage to rise to more than 0.4 volts. The output stage of the most common TTL gates is specified to function correctly when
342:
Note that the base–collector junction of the multiple-emitter transistor and the base–emitter junction of the output transistor are in series between the bottom of the resistor and ground. If one input voltage becomes zero, the corresponding base–emitter junction of the multiple-emitter transistor is
609:
TTL is particularly well suited to bipolar integrated circuits because additional inputs to a gate merely required additional emitters on a shared base region of the input transistor. If individually packaged transistors were used, the cost of all the transistors would discourage one from using such
647:
Due to the output structure of TTL devices, the output impedance is asymmetrical between the high and low state, making them unsuitable for driving transmission lines. This drawback is usually overcome by buffering the outputs with special line-driver devices where signals need to be sent through
502:
that are all conducting. It also limits the output current in the case of output logical "1" and short connection to the ground. The strength of the gate may be increased without proportionally affecting the power consumption by removing the pull-up and pull-down resistors from the output stage.
221:
logic, with gradual improvements in speed and power consumption over about two decades. The most recently introduced family 74Fxx is still sold today (as of 2019), and was widely used into the late 90s. 74AS/ALS Advanced
Schottky was introduced in 1985. As of 2008, Texas Instruments continues to
724:
Low-power
Schottky TTL (LS) – used the higher resistance values of low-power TTL and the Schottky diodes to provide a good combination of speed (9.5 ns) and reduced power consumption (2 mW), and PDP of about 20 pJ. Probably the most common type of TTL, these were used as glue logic in
639:
circuits, TTL uses less power and has easier design rules but is substantially slower. Designers can combine ECL and TTL devices in the same system to achieve best overall performance and economy, but level-shifting devices are required between the two logic families. TTL is less sensitive to
336:. An approximately constant current flows from the positive rail, through the resistor and into the base of the multiple emitter transistor. This current passes through the base–emitter junction of the output transistor, allowing it to conduct and pulling the output voltage low (logical zero).
385:. If any of the logic gates becomes logic low (transistor conducting), the combined output will be low. Examples of this type of gate are the 7401 and 7403 series. Open-collector outputs of some gates have a higher maximum voltage, such as 15 V for the 7426, useful when driving non-TTL loads.
522:
collector and its influence is compensated by the negative feedback. A disadvantage of the "totem-pole" output stage is the decreased voltage level (no more than 3.5 V) of the output logical "1" (even if the output is unloaded). The reasons for this reduction are the voltage drops across the
331:
When all the inputs are held at high voltage, the base–emitter junctions of the multiple-emitter transistor are reverse-biased. Unlike DTL, a small “collector” current (approximately 10 μA) is drawn by each of the inputs. This is because the transistor is in
606:, a form of surface-mount package, with leads suitable for welding or soldering to printed circuit boards. Today, many TTL-compatible devices are available in surface-mount packages, which are available in a wider array of types than through-hole packages.
222:
supply the more general-purpose chips in numerous obsolete technology families, albeit at increased prices. Typically, TTL chips integrate no more than a few hundred transistors each. Functions within a single package generally range from a few
579:
cathode and cuts-off the diode. However, this technique actually converts the sophisticated "totem-pole" output into a simple output stage having significant output resistance when driving a high level (determined by the external resistor).
346:
The main disadvantage of TTL with a simple output stage is the relatively high output resistance at output logical "1" that is completely determined by the output collector resistor. It limits the number of inputs that can be connected (the
566:
In some cases (e.g., when the output of a TTL logic gate needs to be used for driving the input of a CMOS gate), the voltage level of the "totem-pole" output stage at output logical "1" can be increased closer to
135:(TCTL). The first commercial integrated-circuit TTL devices were manufactured by Sylvania in 1963, called the Sylvania Universal High-Level Logic family (SUHL). The Sylvania parts were used in the controls of the
80:, counters, and other circuits. Variations of the original TTL circuit design offered higher speed or lower power dissipation to allow design optimization. TTL devices were originally made in ceramic and plastic
659:
Since the mid 1980s, several manufacturers supply CMOS logic equivalents with TTL-compatible input and output levels, usually bearing part numbers similar to the equivalent TTL component and with the same
803:
While originally designed to handle logic-level digital signals, a TTL inverter can be biased as an analog amplifier. Connecting a resistor between the output and the input biases the TTL element as a
680:
Successive generations of technology produced compatible parts with improved power consumption or switching speed, or both. Although vendors uniformly marketed these various product lines as TTL with
807:. Such amplifiers may be useful to convert analog signals to the digital domain but would not ordinarily be used where analog amplification is the primary purpose. TTL inverters can also be used in
1714:
596:
or socket mounting. Epoxy plastic (PDIP) packages were often used for commercial temperature range components, while ceramic packages (CDIP) were used for military temperature range parts.
1560:
states, "...CMOS devices consume power proportional to their switching frequency...At their maximum operating frequency they may use more power than equivalent bipolar TTL devices."
1182:
34:. Its name signifies that transistors perform both the logic function (the first "transistor") and the amplifying function (the second "transistor"), as opposed to earlier
544:
driving up to 10 standard input stages (a fanout of 10). TTL inputs are sometimes simply left floating to provide a logical "1", though this usage is not recommended.
791:
became more functional for "glue logic" applications, such as address decoders and bus drivers, which tie together the function blocks realized in VLSI elements. The
551:
power supply. A TTL input signal is defined as "low" when between 0 V and 0.8 V with respect to the ground terminal, and "high" when between 2 V and V
1652:
602:
chip dies without packages were made for assembly into larger arrays as hybrid integrated circuits. Parts for military and aerospace applications were packaged in
721:
clamps at gate inputs to prevent charge storage and improve switching time. These gates operated more quickly (3ns) but had higher power dissipation (19 mW)
506:
The main advantage of TTL with a "totem-pole" output stage is the low output resistance at output logical "1". It is determined by the upper output transistor V
859:
standard: there are no strict electrical guidelines. Driver–receiver modules interface between TTL and longer-range serial standards: one example is the
691:
Variations of and successors to the basic TTL family, which has a typical gate propagation delay of 10ns and a power dissipation of 10 mW per gate, for a
732:-killer" circuits to speed up the low-to-high transition. These families achieved PDPs of 10 pJ and 4 pJ, respectively, the lowest of all the TTL families.
198:). Not only did others make compatible TTL parts, but compatible parts were made using many other circuit technologies as well. At least one manufacturer,
1331:
783:; however some computer families were based on proprietary components (e.g. Fairchild CTL) while supercomputers and high-end mainframes used
230:. TTL also became important because its low cost made digital techniques economically practical for tasks previously done by analog methods.
1399:
959:, Buie, James L., "Coupling transistor logic and other circuits", issued 1966-11-01, assigned to TRW Semiconductors, Inc.
838:
743:
parts are rated from 0 to 70 °C, and 5400 series devices over the military-specification temperature range of −55 to +125 °C.
1091:
656:
for every one or two IC packages, so that a current pulse from one TTL chip does not momentarily reduce the supply voltage to another.
819:
inputs available that will reliably convert the analog input to a digital value, effectively operating as a one bit A to D converter.
131:, which declared it "particularly suited to the newly developing integrated circuit design technology." The original name for TTL was
1608:
707:
Low-power TTL (L), which traded switching speed (33ns) for a reduction in power consumption (1 mW) (now essentially replaced by
635:
devices at rest, but power consumption does not increase with clock speed as rapidly as for CMOS devices. Compared to contemporary
194:, and many other companies, even in the Eastern Bloc (Soviet Union, GDR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania — for details see
1741:
401:
To solve the problem with the high output resistance of the simple output stage the second schematic adds to this a "totem-pole" ("
1673:
1190:
910:
321:, functionally equivalent to multiple transistors where the bases and collectors are tied together. The output is buffered by a
333:
1356:
1116:
1573:
Harvard
University faculty web page. Archive of web page from University of Connecticut. n.d. Retrieved 17 September 2008.
787:. They were also used for equipment such as machine tool numerical controls, printers and video display terminals, and as
1886:
714:
High-speed TTL (H), with faster switching than standard TTL (6ns) but significantly higher power dissipation (22 mW)
1424:
455:, driving low voltage (logical "0") to the output. Again there is a current-steering effect: the series combination of V
1213:
610:
an input structure. But in an integrated circuit, the additional emitters for extra gate inputs add only a small area.
1592:
1554:
1465:
1255:
1151:
1005:
941:
195:
841:
over TTL serial is a common debug interface for embedded devices. Handheld devices such as graphing calculators and
815:
power dissipation in the output circuit. If such an analog input must be used, there are specialized TTL parts with
1570:
1828:
1618:
1052:
317:
TTL inputs are the emitters of bipolar transistors. In the case of NAND inputs, the inputs are the emitters of
1852:
905:
773:
35:
1917:
1881:
1734:
761:
475:
C-E. The second series combination has the higher threshold voltage, so no current flows through it, i.e. V
92:
728:
Fast (F) and
Advanced-Schottky (AS) variants of LS from Fairchild and TI, respectively, circa 1985, with "
804:
746:
Special quality levels and high-reliability parts are available for military and aerospace applications.
381:
by connecting the open-collector outputs of several logic gates together and providing a single external
318:
31:
1846:
1816:
61:
39:
978:
956:
648:
cables. ECL, by virtue of its symmetric low-impedance output structure, does not have this drawback.
588:
Like most integrated circuits of the period 1963–1990, commercial TTL devices are usually packaged in
1840:
1776:
848:
282:
1687:
739:
Most manufacturers offer commercial and extended temperature ranges: for example Texas
Instruments
270:
85:
1472:
devices are usually encapsulated in a plastic 14-pin, 16-pin, or 24-pin dual-in-line package (DIP)
1922:
1727:
1484:
Rymaszewski, E. J.; Walsh, J. L.; Leehan, G. W. (1981), "Semiconductor Logic
Technology in IBM",
1392:
874:
692:
641:
242:
159:
77:
1585:
Circuit Design for
Electronic Instrumentation: Analog and Digital Devices from Sensor to Display
1247:
831:
603:
378:
364:
191:
1546:
1540:
1380:
931:
764:
devices, TTL integrated circuits were a standard method of construction for the processors of
1834:
1788:
1680:
1455:
784:
684:, some of the underlying circuits, such as used in the LS family, could rather be considered
636:
274:
150:
The Texas
Instruments 7400 family became an industry standard. Compatible parts were made by
1068:
795:
is a more recent (2018) example of a processor built entirely with TTL integrated circuits.
834:
780:
653:
599:
589:
402:
143:
introduced the 5400 series of ICs, with military temperature range, in 1964 and the later
81:
8:
560:
187:
1864:
1241:
1167:
808:
769:
749:
286:
202:, produced non-compatible TTL circuits for its own use; IBM used the technology in the
46:
1143:
1137:
617:
integrated circuits with TTL; these chips were mounted on ceramic multi-chip modules.
571:
by connecting an external resistor between the V4 collector and the positive rail. It
1614:
1588:
1550:
1461:
1251:
1209:
1147:
1048:
1025:
1001:
937:
289:
238:
140:
69:
64:, TTL integrated circuits were manufactured by several semiconductor companies. The
53:, industrial controls, test equipment and instrumentation, consumer electronics, and
1653:"B&B Electronics - Polarities for Differential Pair Signals (RS-422 and RS-485)"
373:
A common variation omits the collector resistor of the output transistor, making an
1896:
1519:
1493:
1083:
900:
870:
696:
572:
511:
441:
382:
147:, specified over a narrower range and with inexpensive plastic packages, in 1966.
1345:
1291:
1280:
1109:
816:
664:. For example, the 74HCT00 series provides many drop-in replacements for bipolar
136:
103:
made multiple-chip processors obsolete, TTL devices still found extensive use as
91:
TTL became the foundation of computers and other digital electronics. Even after
1704:
1317:
752:
devices (for example from the SNJ54 series) are offered for space applications.
1822:
1510:
Seraphim, D. P.; Feinberg, I. (1981), "Electronic
Packaging Evolution in IBM",
1269:
788:
718:
681:
374:
368:
351:). Some advantage of the simple output stage is the high voltage level (up to V
322:
250:
246:
100:
1911:
1536:
1432:
1133:
1069:"System development and technology aspects of the IBM 3081 Processor Complex"
729:
490:
limits the current flowing directly through the series connected transistor V
203:
124:
1891:
1750:
1029:
792:
765:
735:
Low-voltage TTL (LVTTL) for 3.3-volt power supplies and memory interfacing.
626:
593:
27:
725:
microcomputers, essentially replacing the former H, L, and S sub-families.
1811:
1634:
740:
665:
277:(ALUs) and bitslices, respectively. Most computers used TTL-compatible "
183:
144:
65:
54:
1523:
1497:
1302:
1087:
652:
reduced noise margin and lower performance. TTL systems usually have a
1771:
1766:
852:
397:
Standard TTL NAND with a "totem-pole" output stage, one of four in 7400
278:
266:
262:
254:
223:
104:
73:
72:
became particularly popular. TTL manufacturers offered a wide range of
877:
with complement levels, providing much enhanced noise tolerance. Both
518:
does not increase the output resistance since it is connected in the V
843:
614:
310:
227:
171:
1706:
An
Introduction to and Comparison of 74HCT TTL Compatible CMOS Logic
1610:
Signal and Power Integrity in Digital Systems: TTL, CMOS, and BiCMOS
253:
from 1970 used TTL components for its CPU and was the basis for the
837:
using raw transistor voltage levels: "low" for 0 and "high" for 1.
234:
211:
207:
167:
151:
128:
50:
973:
971:
1719:
1281:
Quadruple 2-Input Positive-NAND Gates With Open-Collector Outputs
1270:
Quadruple 2-Input Positive-NAND Gates With Open-Collector Outputs
1183:"Forgotten PC history: The true origins of the personal computer"
661:
421:(see the figure on the right). It is driven by applying the same
388:
281:" between larger chips well into the 1990s. Until the advent of
179:
175:
1794:
1758:
968:
888:
882:
878:
864:
860:
393:
348:
305:
84:(s) and in flat-pack form. Some TTL chips are now also made in
60:
After their introduction in integrated circuit form in 1963 by
1292:
Quadruple 2-Input High-Voltage Interface Positive-NAND Gates
700:
631:
TTL devices consume substantially more power than equivalent
163:
139:. TTL became popular with electronic systems designers after
1635:"RS-232 vs. TTL Serial Communication - SparkFun Electronics"
1307:
siliconfareast.com. 2005. Retrieved 17 September 2008. p. 1.
217:
The term "TTL" is applied to many successive generations of
115:
1782:
708:
669:
632:
548:
355:) of the output logical "1" when the output is not loaded.
96:
1243:
Microelectronics: Digital and Analog Circuits and Systems
811:
where their analog amplification ability is significant.
776:
685:
258:
218:
199:
155:
1587:(2d ed.), New York: McGraw Hill, pp. 209–211,
933:
Electronic Portable Instruments: Design and Applications
107:
interfacing between more densely integrated components.
1067:
Pittler, M. S.; Powers, D. M.; Schnabel, D. L. (1982),
620:
613:
At least one computer manufacturer, IBM, built its own
1483:
855:
also commonly use UART with TTL. TTL serial is only a
1710:
1984. (for relative ESD sensitivity of TTL and CMOS.)
1685:; Tony Kuphaldt; Open Book Project; 508 pages; 2007.
1066:
405:") output. It consists of the two n-p-n transistors V
1545:(2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, p.
1674:
List of books about 7400-series integrated circuits
1206:
Electronic Principles Physics, Models, and Circuits
463:'s B-E junction is in parallel with the series of V
285:, discrete bipolar logic was used to prototype and
483:turns "off" and it does not impact on the output.
1019:
717:Schottky TTL (S), introduced in 1969, which used
1909:
1715:Texas Instruments logic family application notes
1509:
1355:. Texas Instruments Incorporated. pp. 6–7.
1142:, Indianapolis: Howard W. Sams and Co., p.
119:A real-time clock built of TTL chips around 1979
559:for a "high", providing at least 0.4 V of
486:In the middle of the transition, the resistor R
273:, used TTL circuits integrated at the level of
49:(ICs) were widely used in applications such as
1246:, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, p.
377:output. This allows the designer to fabricate
1735:
534:
444:producing high output voltage (logical "1").
358:
1535:
1047:(4th ed.), London: Newnes-Butterworth,
1204:Gray, Paul E.; Searle, Campbell L. (1969),
1024:(1st ed.). Dallas: Texas Instruments.
249:chip, which was not available in 1971. The
1742:
1728:
1203:
979:"1963: Standard Logic Families Introduced"
885:signals can be produced using TTL levels.
1865:Current mode logic / Source-coupled logic
1582:
1132:
1606:
592:(DIPs), usually with 14 to 24 pins, for
392:
304:
114:
1512:IBM Journal of Research and Development
1486:IBM Journal of Research and Development
1453:
1385:
1239:
1076:IBM Journal of Research and Development
911:List of 7400 series integrated circuits
547:Standard TTL circuits operate with a 5-
313:with a simple output stage (simplified)
300:
1910:
1042:
1022:The TTL Data Book for Design Engineers
798:
479:base current is deprived. Transistor V
1723:
1165:
1045:Electronics Engineer's Reference Book
995:
1343:
1227:
1208:(1st ed.), Wiley, p. 870,
1180:
1174:
1115:. Texas Instruments. 1985. SDAA010.
998:History of semiconductor engineering
985:. The Computer History Museum. 2007.
955:
929:
621:Comparison with other logic families
389:TTL with a "totem-pole" output stage
1393:"DM7490A Decade and Binary Counter"
822:
417:and the current-limiting resistor R
269:workstations, which introduced the
133:transistor-coupled transistor logic
13:
1749:
1702:
1667:
1425:"ecelab Resources and Information"
1304:Transistor–Transistor Logic (TTL).
14:
1934:
1696:
1571:UConn EE 215 notes for lecture 4.
510:operating in active region as an
295:
1122:from the original on 2011-06-04.
891:is based on TTL voltage levels.
471:'s anode-cathode junction, and V
1829:Direct-coupled transistor logic
1645:
1627:
1600:
1576:
1563:
1529:
1503:
1477:
1447:
1417:
1405:from the original on 2005-03-23
1374:
1362:from the original on 2011-10-24
1337:
1325:
1310:
1296:
1285:
1274:
1263:
1233:
1221:
1197:
1159:
1097:from the original on 2011-06-04
906:Resistor–transistor logic (RTL)
755:
440:operates in active region as a
1607:Buchanan, James Edgar (1996).
1181:Wood, Lamont (8 August 2008).
1126:
1102:
1060:
1036:
1013:
1000:, Springer, pp. 212–215,
989:
949:
923:
1:
916:
873:is TTL serial carried over a
863:, which converts from and to
1681:Lessons in Electric Circuits
1613:. McGraw-Hill. p. 200.
675:
583:
319:multiple-emitter transistors
123:TTL was invented in 1961 by
93:Very-Large-Scale Integration
32:bipolar junction transistors
7:
1859:Transistor–transistor logic
1319:Digital Logic Gates Part-V.
1043:Turner, L. W., ed. (1976),
894:
805:negative feedback amplifier
20:Transistor–transistor logic
10:
1939:
1847:Integrated injection logic
1671:
1457:Modern TTL Circuits Manual
1110:"Advanced Schottky Family"
1020:Engineering Staff (1973).
624:
535:Interfacing considerations
362:
359:Open collector wired logic
261:instruction set. The 1973
110:
62:Sylvania Electric Products
1874:
1853:Resistor–transistor logic
1841:Gunning transceiver logic
1804:
1777:Depletion-load NMOS logic
1757:
1703:Fairchild Semiconductor.
1539:; Hill, Winfield (1989),
644:than early CMOS devices.
531:anode–cathode junctions.
329:Inputs both logical ones.
36:resistor–transistor logic
16:Class of digital circuits
1460:. Elsevier. p. 16.
271:graphical user interface
237:, ancestor of the first
86:surface-mount technology
1708:(Application Note 368).
1689:(Chapter 3 Logic Gates)
1454:Marston, R. M. (2013).
1170:. Vintage-Computer.com.
772:computers, such as the
642:electrostatic discharge
451:is "on", it activates V
413:, the "lifting" diode V
1817:Diode–transistor logic
1583:Wobschall, D. (1987),
1542:The Art of Electronics
1346:"Designing With Logic"
436:is "off" as well and V
398:
365:Wired logic connection
340:An input logical zero.
314:
275:arithmetic logic units
192:National Semiconductor
120:
40:diode–transistor logic
1835:Emitter-coupled logic
1789:Pass transistor logic
1683:- Volume IV - Digital
1322:asic-world.com. 2006.
785:emitter-coupled logic
760:Before the advent of
590:dual in-line packages
541:current-sinking logic
459:'s C-E junction and V
396:
308:
118:
1435:on 19 September 2010
1240:Millman, J. (1979),
835:serial communication
781:Data General Eclipse
654:decoupling capacitor
301:Fundamental TTL gate
226:to a microprocessor
82:dual in-line package
1918:Digital electronics
1524:10.1147/rd.255.0617
1498:10.1147/rd.255.0603
1344:Haseloff, Eilhard.
1334:- Texas Instruments
1088:10.1147/rd.261.0002
809:crystal oscillators
799:Analog applications
693:power–delay product
539:Like DTL, TTL is a
334:reverse-active mode
292:under development.
241:, used TTL for its
99:integrated circuit
47:integrated circuits
1805:Other technologies
1166:Klein, E. (2008).
996:Lojek, Bo (2006),
750:Radiation-hardened
527:base–emitter and V
399:
315:
290:microarchitectures
283:programmable logic
239:personal computers
121:
1905:
1904:
1783:Complementary MOS
1692:
930:Eren, H. (2003),
875:differential pair
141:Texas Instruments
70:Texas Instruments
1930:
1897:Four-phase logic
1779:(including HMOS)
1744:
1737:
1730:
1721:
1720:
1711:
1686:
1661:
1660:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1639:www.sparkfun.com
1631:
1625:
1624:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1580:
1574:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1431:. Archived from
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1397:
1389:
1383:
1381:TTL logic levels
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1361:
1350:
1341:
1335:
1332:SN7400 datasheet
1329:
1323:
1314:
1308:
1300:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1189:. Archived from
1178:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1114:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1073:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1017:
1011:
1010:
993:
987:
986:
975:
966:
965:
964:
960:
953:
947:
946:
927:
901:Differential TTL
871:Differential TTL
847:
823:Serial signaling
697:switching energy
668:parts, but uses
514:. The resistor R
512:emitter follower
498:and transistor V
442:voltage follower
423:current steering
383:pull-up resistor
1938:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1870:
1800:
1753:
1748:
1699:
1676:
1670:
1668:Further reading
1665:
1664:
1657:www.bb-elec.com
1651:
1650:
1646:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1581:
1577:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1534:
1530:
1508:
1504:
1482:
1478:
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1452:
1448:
1438:
1436:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1348:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1315:
1311:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1202:
1198:
1179:
1175:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1041:
1037:
1018:
1014:
1008:
994:
990:
977:
976:
969:
962:
954:
950:
944:
928:
924:
919:
897:
842:
825:
817:Schmitt trigger
801:
789:microprocessors
758:
682:Schottky diodes
678:
629:
623:
586:
578:
570:
558:
554:
537:
530:
526:
521:
517:
509:
501:
497:
493:
489:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
439:
435:
431:
425:idea as above.
420:
416:
412:
408:
391:
371:
363:Main articles:
361:
354:
303:
298:
137:Phoenix missile
113:
101:microprocessors
17:
12:
11:
5:
1936:
1926:
1925:
1923:Logic families
1920:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1823:Open collector
1820:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1759:MOS technology
1755:
1754:
1751:Logic families
1747:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1698:
1697:External links
1695:
1694:
1693:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1644:
1626:
1619:
1599:
1593:
1575:
1562:
1555:
1537:Horowitz, Paul
1528:
1518:(5): 617–630,
1502:
1492:(5): 603–616,
1476:
1466:
1446:
1416:
1384:
1373:
1336:
1324:
1309:
1295:
1284:
1273:
1262:
1256:
1232:
1220:
1215:978-0471323983
1214:
1196:
1193:on 2008-08-14.
1173:
1158:
1152:
1125:
1101:
1059:
1053:
1035:
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988:
967:
948:
942:
921:
920:
918:
915:
914:
913:
908:
903:
896:
893:
851:receivers and
824:
821:
800:
797:
757:
754:
737:
736:
733:
726:
722:
719:Schottky diode
715:
712:
677:
674:
625:Main article:
622:
619:
585:
582:
576:
568:
561:noise immunity
556:
552:
536:
533:
528:
524:
519:
515:
507:
499:
495:
491:
487:
480:
476:
472:
468:
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460:
456:
452:
448:
437:
433:
429:
418:
414:
410:
406:
390:
387:
375:open-collector
369:Open collector
360:
357:
352:
323:common emitter
309:Two-input TTL
302:
299:
297:
296:Implementation
294:
257:and later the
251:Datapoint 2200
247:microprocessor
112:
109:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1935:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1898:
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1616:
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1611:
1603:
1596:
1594:0-07-071232-8
1590:
1586:
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1572:
1566:
1558:
1556:0-521-37095-7
1552:
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1499:
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1469:
1467:9781483105185
1463:
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1426:
1420:
1401:
1398:. Fairchild.
1394:
1388:
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1358:
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1347:
1340:
1333:
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1320:
1313:
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1257:0-07-042327-X
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1187:Computerworld
1184:
1177:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1153:0-672-21035-5
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1134:Lancaster, D.
1129:
1118:
1111:
1105:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
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1063:
1056:
1050:
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1039:
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1027:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1007:3-540-34257-5
1003:
999:
992:
984:
980:
974:
972:
958:
952:
945:
943:0-8493-1998-6
939:
936:, CRC Press,
935:
934:
926:
922:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
898:
892:
890:
886:
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876:
872:
868:
866:
862:
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854:
850:
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836:
833:
829:
820:
818:
812:
810:
806:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
775:
771:
768:and midrange
767:
763:
753:
751:
747:
744:
742:
734:
731:
727:
723:
720:
716:
713:
710:
706:
705:
704:
702:
699:of about 100
698:
694:
689:
687:
683:
673:
671:
667:
663:
657:
655:
649:
645:
643:
638:
634:
628:
618:
616:
611:
607:
605:
601:
597:
595:
591:
581:
574:
564:
562:
550:
545:
542:
532:
513:
504:
484:
445:
443:
426:
424:
404:
395:
386:
384:
380:
376:
370:
366:
356:
350:
344:
341:
337:
335:
330:
326:
324:
320:
312:
307:
293:
291:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
245:instead of a
244:
240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
204:IBM System/38
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
125:James L. Buie
117:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
56:
52:
48:
43:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1892:Domino logic
1858:
1795:Bipolar–CMOS
1705:
1688:
1679:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1609:
1602:
1584:
1578:
1565:
1541:
1531:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1471:
1456:
1449:
1437:. Retrieved
1433:the original
1428:
1419:
1407:. Retrieved
1387:
1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1352:
1339:
1327:
1318:
1316:Tala, D. K.
1312:
1303:
1298:
1287:
1276:
1265:
1242:
1235:
1223:
1205:
1199:
1191:the original
1186:
1176:
1161:
1139:TTL Cookbook
1138:
1128:
1104:
1079:
1075:
1062:
1044:
1038:
1021:
1015:
997:
991:
982:
951:
932:
925:
887:
869:
856:
832:single-ended
827:
826:
813:
802:
793:Gigatron TTL
766:minicomputer
759:
756:Applications
748:
745:
738:
690:
679:
672:technology.
658:
650:
646:
640:damage from
630:
627:Logic family
612:
608:
598:
594:through-hole
587:
565:
546:
540:
538:
505:
485:
446:
427:
422:
400:
372:
345:
339:
338:
328:
327:
316:
232:
216:
149:
132:
122:
90:
59:
55:synthesizers
44:
28:logic family
23:
19:
18:
1812:Diode logic
1082:(1): 2–11,
853:fishfinders
741:7400 series
703:, include:
666:7400 series
432:is "off", V
379:wired logic
325:amplifier.
224:logic gates
196:7400 series
184:SGS-Thomson
145:7400 series
74:logic gates
66:7400 series
30:built from
1912:Categories
1772:NMOS logic
1767:PMOS logic
1672:See also:
1620:0070087342
1569:Ayers, J.
1429:ecelab.com
1409:14 October
1366:27 October
1230:, column 4
1168:"Kenbak-1"
1054:0408001682
957:US 3283170
917:References
846:-compliant
830:refers to
828:TTL serial
279:glue logic
263:Xerox Alto
105:glue logic
88:packages.
78:flip-flops
38:(RTL) and
1867:(CML/SCL)
1228:Buie 1966
844:NMEA 0183
770:mainframe
695:(PDP) or
676:Sub-types
615:flip chip
604:flatpacks
600:Beam-lead
584:Packaging
494:, diode V
403:push–pull
311:NAND gate
265:and 1981
228:bit-slice
172:Signetics
160:Fairchild
51:computers
1797:(BiCMOS)
1439:13 March
1400:Archived
1357:Archived
1136:(1975),
1117:Archived
1092:archived
983:Timeline
895:See also
857:de facto
573:pulls up
235:Kenbak-1
212:IBM 3081
208:IBM 4300
168:Intersil
152:Motorola
1887:Dynamic
1144:preface
1099:, p. 5.
1030:6908409
662:pinouts
287:emulate
219:bipolar
180:Siemens
176:Mullard
111:History
95:(VLSI)
42:(DTL).
26:) is a
1882:Static
1831:(DCTL)
1785:(CMOS)
1617:
1591:
1553:
1464:
1353:TI.com
1254:
1212:
1150:
1051:
1028:
1004:
963:
940:
889:CcTalk
883:RS-485
879:RS-422
865:RS-232
861:MAX232
730:Miller
711:logic)
467:B-E, V
447:When V
428:When V
349:fanout
210:, and
1875:Types
1861:(TTL)
1855:(RTL)
1843:(GTL)
1837:(ECL)
1819:(DTL)
1791:(PTL)
1403:(PDF)
1396:(PDF)
1360:(PDF)
1349:(PDF)
1120:(PDF)
1113:(PDF)
1095:(PDF)
1072:(PDF)
575:the V
409:and V
164:Intel
1849:(IL)
1825:(OC)
1615:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1462:ISBN
1441:2023
1411:2016
1368:2018
1252:ISBN
1210:ISBN
1148:ISBN
1049:ISBN
1026:OCLC
1002:ISBN
938:ISBN
881:and
839:UART
779:and
762:VLSI
709:CMOS
670:CMOS
633:CMOS
549:volt
367:and
267:Star
255:8008
233:The
188:Rifa
97:CMOS
45:TTL
1547:970
1520:doi
1494:doi
1248:147
1084:doi
849:GPS
777:VAX
774:DEC
686:DTL
637:ECL
259:x86
243:CPU
200:IBM
156:AMD
129:TRW
127:of
68:by
24:TTL
1914::
1655:.
1637:.
1549:,
1516:25
1514:,
1490:25
1488:,
1470:.
1427:.
1351:.
1250:,
1185:.
1146:,
1090:,
1080:26
1078:,
1074:,
981:.
970:^
867:.
701:pJ
688:.
569:CC
557:CC
553:CC
353:CC
214:.
206:,
190:,
186:,
182:,
178:,
174:,
170:,
166:,
162:,
158:,
154:,
76:,
57:.
1743:e
1736:t
1729:v
1659:.
1641:.
1623:.
1522::
1496::
1443:.
1413:.
1370:.
1086::
1032:.
577:5
567:V
529:5
525:3
523:V
520:3
516:3
508:3
500:4
496:5
492:3
488:3
481:3
477:3
473:4
469:5
465:3
461:4
457:2
453:4
449:2
438:3
434:4
430:2
419:3
415:5
411:4
407:3
22:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
