Clerical celibacy - Knowledge

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to "the affairs of the Lord", they give themselves entirely to God and to men. Celibacy is a sign of this new life to the service of which the Church's minister is consecrated; accepted with a joyous heart celibacy radiantly proclaims the Reign of God. In the Eastern Churches a different discipline has been in force for many centuries: while bishops are chosen solely from among celibates, married men can be ordained as deacons and priests. This practice has long been considered legitimate; these priests exercise a fruitful ministry within their communities. Moreover, priestly celibacy is held in great honor in the Eastern Churches and many priests have freely chosen it for the sake of the Kingdom of God. In the East as in the West a man who has already received the sacrament of Holy Orders can no longer marry.

1069:

this proposition; he said that marriage was honorable and chaste, and that cohabitation with their own wives was chastity, and advised the Synod not to frame such a law, for it would be difficult to bear, and might serve as an occasion of incontinence to them and their wives; and he reminded them, that according to the ancient tradition of the church, those who were unmarried when they took part in the communion of sacred orders, were required to remain so, but that those who were married, were not to put away their wives. Such was the advice of Paphnutius, although he was himself unmarried, and in accordance with it, the Synod concurred in his counsel, enacted no law about it, but left the matter to the decision of individual judgment, and not to compulsion.

1248:(died 565) ordered that "sacred canons permit neither the pious presbyter, nor the devoted deacons or subdeacons to contract marriage after their ordination". If they, "in disregard of the sacred canons, have children by women with whom, according to sacerdotal regulation, they may not cohabit" their children would be considered illegitimate on the same level as those "procreated in incest and in nefarious nuptials", while the clergy would be "deprived of their priesthood, their sacred ministry and the dignity itself which they hold." As for bishops, he forbade "any one to be ordained bishop who has children or grandchildren". 1264:

men who are in holy orders be from this time forward firm, by no means dissolving their union with their wives nor depriving them of their mutual intercourse at a convenient time. Wherefore, if anyone shall have been found worthy to be ordained subdeacon, or deacon, or presbyter, he is by no means to be prohibited from admittance to such a rank, even if he shall live with a lawful wife. Nor shall it be demanded of him at the time of his ordination that he promise to abstain from lawful intercourse with his wife: lest we should affect injuriously marriage constituted by God and blessed by his presence.

1361:, continued to deal with questions concerning married men who were ordained legally. In 1322, Pope John XXII insisted that no one bound in marriage—even if unconsummated—could be ordained unless there was full knowledge of the requirements of church law. If the free consent of the wife had not been obtained, the husband, even if already ordained, was to be reunited with his wife, exercise of his ministry being barred. Accordingly, the assumption that a wife might not want to give up her marital rights may have been one of the factors contributing to the eventual universal practice in the 3649:"Otto, the bishop of Constance, refused to enforce with his own clergy Gregory VII's directives regarding clerics and women. When Bishop Altmann of Passau tried, on the contrary, to implement the reforms, the clergy attacked him and with the help of imperial troops drove him out of his diocese. A cleric, probably Ulrich, the bishop of Imola, took up his pen about 1060 in a defense of clerical marriage that assumed conjugal relations after the ordination of the spouse. Ulrich's 'Rescript' influenced other writings in the same vein that continued to appear into the 12th century" ( 5537: 3468:"What is said in this canon, that the council of Carthage orders priests to abstain from their wives at prescribed periods, is a misunderstanding of the decree, caused either by malice or by ignorance. This canon is one of those adopted by the Fifth Council of Carthage held in the year 400, and it is decreed that subdeacons, deacons, priests, and bishops shall abstain from their wives, following the ancient statutes, and shall be as though they had them not. The Greek version of this canon has rendered the Latin words 1343:

unbecoming that they indulge in marriage and in impurities. Canon 7: Following in the footsteps of our predecessors, the Roman pontiffs Gregory VII, Urban, and Paschal, we command that no one attend the masses of those who are known to have wives or concubines. But that the law of continence and purity, so pleasing to God, may become more general among persons constituted in sacred orders, we decree that bishops, priests, deacons, subdeacons, canons regular, monks, and professed clerics

977:(306) is often seen as the first to issue a written regulation requiring clergy to abstain from sexual intercourse. Its canon 33 decreed: "Bishops, presbyters, deacons, and others with a position in the ministry are to abstain completely from sexual intercourse with their wives and from the procreation of children. If anyone disobeys, he shall be removed from the clerical office." It is disputed whether this canon mandated permanent continence or only, as is the practice in the 829:, added a negative influence by proclaiming that sexual expression – including that of the laity – was impure. Catholic leaders, such as St. Augustine, taught that Original Sin was transmitted through intercourse. Therefore, abstinence and virginity was the ideal life and only the weak should marry. However, most bishops and presbyters continued to marry. In fact, the only marriages that had to have any kind of blessing were those of deacons and priests. 1857:

for the things of the world, how he may please his wife: and he is divided. And the unmarried woman and the virgin thinketh on the things of the Lord, that she may be holy both in body and spirit. But she that is married thinketh on the things of this world how she may please her husband. And this I speak for your profit, not to cast a snare upon you, but for that which is decent and which may give you power to attend upon the Lord without impediment."

3508: 5850: 1994: 1482: 431: 885:, written in Greek in the first half of the 3rd century, mentions the requirements of chastity on the part of both the bishop and his wife, and of the children being already brought up, when it quotes 1 Timothy 3:2–4 as requiring that, before someone is ordained a bishop, enquiry be made "whether he be chaste, and whether his wife also be a believer and chaste; and whether he has brought up his children in the fear of God". 533: 25: 1165:, that if a priest marries after ordination he must be degraded. For Antoninus to resume relations with his wife was equivalent to marriage after ordination. It was proposed at the Council of Nicaea that married clergy should be compelled to separate from their wives, but the proposal was rejected; though it was generally held that the relations of bishops with their wives should be those of brother and sister." 1464:

notwithstanding the ecclesiastical law, or vow; and that the contrary is no thing else than to condemn marriage; and, that all who do not feel that they have the gift of chastity, even though they have made a vow thereof, may contract marriage; let him be anathema: seeing that God refuses not that gift to those who ask for it rightly, neither does He suffer us to be tempted above that which we are able".

1978:, where a priest maintained his clerical status after he had married a girl he impregnated. In 2012, Kevin Lee, a priest in Australia, revealed that he had maintained his clerical status after he had secretly married for a full year and that church leaders were aware of his secret marriage but disregarded the celibacy policy. The same year, it was revealed that former Los Angeles Auxiliary Bishop 1796:) and Levites were required to practice continence (abstain from sexual intercourse with their wives) before and during their time of service at the temple. They were permitted to resume marital relations after completing their service. Some community functions are, as a rule, filled only by married men. Marriage is encouraged for everyone and men are obligated to have children. 1811:

for his church. Generally, only married men are called to be bishops (who preside over local congregations designated as wards), and marriage in the temple and faithfulness to it are seen as necessary for salvation in the highest heaven. As with most Christians, all Latter-day Saints, including members of the priesthood, are expected to entirely abstain from unchaste conduct.

1369:

ordination in the Latin Church only with the 1917 Code of Canon Law, the prohibition of marriage for all clerics in major orders began to be taken simply for granted. The Second Lateran Council is thus often cited as having for the first time introduced a general law of celibacy, requiring ordination only of unmarried men. Somewhat inaccurately, since several of the

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chosen who marries one wife and begets children; but who marries one wife, and has his children in subjection and well disciplined. You surely admit that he is no bishop who during his episcopate begets children. The reverse is the case—if he be discovered, he will not be bound by the ordinary obligations of a husband, but will be condemned as an adulterer."

1004:(385) states: "We have indeed discovered that many priests and deacons of Christ brought children into the world, either through union with their wives or through shameful intercourse. And they used as an excuse the fact that in the Old Testament—as we can read—priests and ministers were permitted to beget children." Two other Papal decrees of the time, 1331:, and the marriages that the second part says must be dissolved may possibly be such marriages, contracted after ordination, not before. Canon 3 makes reference to a rule made at the First Council of Nicaea (see above), which is understood as not forbidding a cleric to live in the same house with a wife whom he married before being ordained. 1016:, demanded an end to the "scandal" of priests failing to uphold perpetual sexual abstinence, and rejected the claim that St. Paul had permitted priests to remain married by declaring that Paul only meant to disbar polygamists. Both decrees described continence as an ancient obligation from scripture and the tradition of the Church fathers. 2032:"People should cultivate chastity in the way that is suited to their state of life. Some profess virginity or consecrated celibacy which enables them to give themselves to God alone with an undivided heart in a remarkable manner. Others live in the way prescribed for all by the moral law, whether they are married or single" ( 1881:, the first pope, as well as many subsequent popes, bishops, and priests during the church's first 270 years were in fact married men, and often fathers of children. The practice of clerical continence, along with a prohibition of marriage after ordination as a deacon, priest or bishop, is traceable from the time of the 1674:(formally initiated) to monastic orders. There are also many who are tonsured monastics but have never formally lived the monastic life. Further, a number of bishops are widowers, but because clergy cannot remarry after ordination, such a man must remain celibate after the death of his wife. The Holy See's 1929 decree 1323:

arise. Canon 21: We absolutely forbid priests, deacons, subdeacons, and monks to have concubines or to contract marriage. We decree in accordance with the definitions of the sacred canons, that marriages already contracted by such persons must be dissolved, and that the persons be condemned to do penance.

3812:: "'For have we not the power of eating and drinking?' he does not demonstrate that 'wives' were led about by the apostles, whom even such as have not still have the power of eating and drinking; but simply 'women', who used to minister to them in the same way (as they did) when accompanying the Lord"; 1965:

In February 2019, the Catholic Church acknowledged that the church's celibacy policy has not always been enforced and that at some point in history, the Vatican enacted secret rules to protect priests who violated their vows of celibacy. The rules even applied to Catholic clergy who fathered children

1860:

1 Corinthians 9:5 is sometimes cited by those opposed to mandatory clerical celibacy, as the verse is often rendered as referring to the Apostles carrying "wives" with them. Even apart from disputes about the significance of the word translated as "wives", this passage is of doubtful relevance to the

1758:

Buddhism, a tradition exists of young men becoming ordained as monks for brief periods (typically a few weeks and generally no more than a year) upon completing education, but then leaving monastic life, and continuing to return to the monastery for short periods of reflection even after marriage (if

1263:

Since we know it to be handed down as a rule of the Roman Church that those who are deemed worthy to be advanced to the diaconate or presbyterate should promise no longer to cohabit with their wives, we, preserving the ancient rule and apostolic perfection and order, will that the lawful marriages of

747:

Do not deprive one another except perhaps by agreement for a set time, to devote yourselves to prayer, and then come together again, so that Satan may not tempt you because of your lack of self-control. This I say by way of concession, not of command. I wish that all were as I myself am. But each has

253:

All the ordained ministers of the Latin Church, with the exception of permanent deacons, are normally chosen from among men of faith who live a celibate life and who intend to remain celibate "for the sake of the kingdom of heaven." Called to consecrate themselves with undivided heart to the Lord and

1856:

Practically speaking, the reasons for celibacy are given by the Apostle Paul in 1 Corinthians 7:7–8; 32–35: "But I would have you to be without solicitude. He that is without a wife is solicitous for the things that belong to the Lord, how he may please God. But he that is with a wife, is solicitous

993:

asking from God; what the Apostles taught and what antiquity itself observed, let us also endeavour to keep... It pleases us all that bishop, priest and deacon, guardians of purity, abstain from conjugal intercourse with their wives, so that those who serve at the altar may keep a perfect chastity."

726:

On the other hand, in Luke 18:28–30, Jesus responds to Peter's statement that he and the other disciples had left all and followed him by saying "there is no one who has left house or wife or brothers or parents or children for the sake of the kingdom of God who will not receive back an overabundant

1905:

In the Latin Church exceptions are sometimes made. After the Second Vatican Council a general exception was made for the ordination as deacons of men of at least thirty-five years of age who are not intended to be ordained later as priests and whose wives consent to their ordination. Since the time

1322:

Canon 3: We absolutely forbid priests, deacons, and subdeacons to associate with concubines and women, or to live with women other than such as the Nicene Council (canon 3) for reasons of necessity permitted, namely, the mother, sister, or aunt, or any such person concerning whom no suspicion could

1191:

of Acts 6:1–6, noticed others being admired for their celibacy. To avoid seeming immoderately devoted to his beautiful wife and therefore inferior in his ministry, he renounced conjugal intercourse forever. While he was able to remain continent for a while, eventually his burning desire overpowered

778:

On the other hand, George T. Dennis SJ of Catholic University of America says: "There is simply no clear evidence of a general tradition or practice, much less of an obligation, of priestly celibacy-continence before the beginning of the fourth century." Peter Fink SJ agrees, saying that underlying

683:

In such a way, Peter and Mark had a common spiritual brotherhood as sons of Christ. Peter might also have had a special spiritual paternity with the Evangelist as his Christian converter and baptizer. However, the presence of Mark in Babylon is unreferenced in the Bible and, in the same manner, the

236:

Clerics are obliged to observe perfect and perpetual continence for the sake of the kingdom of heaven and therefore are bound to celibacy which is a special gift of God by which sacred ministers can adhere more easily to Christ with an undivided heart and are able to dedicate themselves more freely

1810:

reject lifelong clerical celibacy. All worthy males can receive a priesthood office beginning with that of deacon in the year that they turn 12 years of age. A young man is usually encouraged to delay marriage until after he has been ordained an elder and served two years as a full-time missionary

1467:

It also decreed, concerning the relative dignity of marriage and celibacy: "If any one saith, that the marriage state is to be placed above the state of virginity, or of celibacy, and that it is not better and more blessed to remain in virginity, or in celibacy, than to be united in matrimony; let

1352:

This Council thus declared clerical marriages not only illicit though valid, as before, but invalid ("we do not regard as matrimony"). The marriages in question are, again, those contracted by men who already are "bishops, priests, deacons, subdeacons, canons regular, monks and professed clerics".

1347:

who, transgressing the holy precept, have dared to contract marriage, shall be separated. For a union of this kind which has been contracted in violation of the ecclesiastical law, we do not regard as matrimony. Those who have been separated from each other, shall do penance commensurate with such

1179:

argued that the passage in 1 Timothy 3:2–4 did not conflict with the discipline they knew, whereby a married man who became a bishop was to abstain from sexual relations and not marry again: "He speaks of having children, not of begetting them, or marrying again"; "He does not say: Let a bishop be

1068:

While were deliberating about this, some thought that a law ought to be passed enacting that bishops and presbyters, deacons and subdeacons, should hold no intercourse with the wife they had espoused before they entered the priesthood; but Paphnutius, the confessor, stood up and testified against

992:

decreed that bishops, priests and deacons abstain from conjugal relations: "It is fitting that the holy bishops and priests of God as well as the Levites, i.e. those who are in the service of the divine sacraments, observe perfect continence, so that they may obtain in all simplicity what they are

771:

One interpretation of "the husband of one wife" is that the man to be ordained could not have been married more than once and that perfect continence, total abstinence, was expected from him starting on the day of his ordination. Usually these also conclude that, because of the exclusion of sexual

1432:

The Reformers made abolition of clerical continence and celibacy a key element in their reform. They denounced it as opposed to the New Testament recommendation that a cleric should be "the husband of one wife" (see on 1 Timothy 3:2–4 above), the declared right of the apostles to take around with

1268:

The canon mistakenly claims that the canon of the late-4th-century Council of Carthage quoted above excluded conjugal intercourse by clergy lower than bishops only in connection with their liturgical service or in times of fasting. The Council of Carthage excluded such intercourse perpetually and

1342:

Canon 6: We also decree that those who in the subdiaconate and higher orders have contracted marriage or have concubines, be deprived of their office and ecclesiastical benefice. For since they should be and be called the temple of God, the vessel of the Lord, the abode of the Holy Spirit, it is

837:

renounce their wives and do penance. Later legislation declared the marriages of clerics not only illegal but also invalid. Widespread disregard of these laws continued until a reorganization of preparation for priesthood following the Protestant Reformation and the Council of Trent in the 1500s.

1129:

She (God's holy church) does not accept the husband of one wife if he is still co-habiting with her and fathering children. She does accept the abstinent husband of one wife, or the widower, as a deacon, presbyter, bishop and subdeacon, , particularly where the canons of the church are strictly

1210:

to marriage prohibition for priests when he argued that Peter and the other apostles had been married, but had married before they were called and subsequently gave up their marital relations. The Paphnutius legend in the first half of the 5th century called the marriage prohibition an ancient

3816:: "In accordance with this rule Peter and the other Apostles (I must give Jovinianus something now and then out of my abundance) had indeed wives, but those which they had taken before they knew the Gospel. But once they were received into the Apostolate, they forsook the offices of marriage." 1368:

However, although the decrees of the Second Council of the Lateran might still be interpreted in the older sense of prohibiting marriage only after ordination, they came to be understood as absolute prohibitions, and, while the fact of being married was formally made a canonical impediment to

1124:

They have assumed that what is enjoined upon the priesthood because of the priesthood's preeminence applies equally to everyone. They have heard, "The bishop must be blameless, the husband of one wife, continent; likewise the deacon and the presbyter", but not understood the limitation of the

836:

One way church authority enforced celibacy was by ordaining monks, who took the vow of chastity, to evangelize large areas of Europe. Church authority continued to mandate celibacy. The First Lateran Council (1123–1153) forbade those in orders to marry and ordered all those already married to

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a particular gift from God, one having one kind and another a different kind. To the unmarried and the widows I say that it is well for them to remain unmarried as I am. But if they are not practicing self-control, they should marry. For it is better to marry than to be aflame with passion.

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considered the matter and at its twenty-fourth session decreed that marriage after ordination was invalid: "If any one saith, that clerics constituted in sacred orders, or Regulars, who have solemnly professed chastity, are able to contract marriage, and that being contracted it is valid,

723:'s mother-in-law indicates that he had at some time been married (Matthew 8:14–15: "when Jesus was come into Peter's house, he saw his wife's mother laid, and sick of a fever.") According to Clement of Alexandria, "Peter and Philip begat children", and Peter's wife suffered martyrdom. 640:

Elizabeth was told to be a relative of Mary, the spouse of Joseph. The celebrating priest of their marriage is unnamed in the Gospels. However, while Zechariah was a direct descendant of Aaron through the class of Abijah who was called to serve in the Second Temple of Jerusalem, Mary

596:

If Jesus rejected the priesthood of Aaron in favor of the priesthood of Melchizedek (Hebrews 7:11), then the case of Zechariah is far more relevant than the possible son of the first Pope, by effect of the direct intervention of God and the existing links between Elizabeth and Mary.

1893:

in 390. The tradition of clerical continence developed into a practice of clerical celibacy (ordaining only unmarried men) from the 11th century onward among Latin Church Catholics and became a formal part of canon law in 1917. This law of clerical celibacy does not apply to

1373:

allow married men to be ordained (though not to be consecrated as bishops), the New Catholic Encyclopedia states: "The Second Lateran Council (1139) seems to have enacted the first written law making sacred orders a diriment impediment to marriage for the universal Church.".

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The tradition of celibacy continued to evolve. In some places it was expected that priests be not sexually active after ordination. When monastic spirituality became popular in the fourth and fifth centuries, it promoted the ideal of celibacy as a model for all priests.

1949:

In October 2019, many of the bishops at the Amazon Synod in Rome said that married priests should be allowed in the Roman Catholic Church. Pope Francis neglected the celibacy issue in the post-synodal documents, maintaining prior rules on celibacy for Catholic priests.

1969:

Some clergy who violated the celibacy policy, which also forbids marriage for clergy who did not convert from Protestant faiths, such as Lutheranism or Anglicanism, have also maintained their clerical status after marrying women in secret. One example was shown in the

1156:

was that "after separating from his married wife, he had taken her again". In his note on this phrase, the translator Herbert Moore says: "According to the 'Apostolic Canons', only the lower orders of clergy were allowed to marry after their appointment to office; the

3884: 1130:

observed. But in some places, you will surely tell me, presbyters, deacons and sub-deacons are still fathering children This is not canonical, but is due to men's occasional remissness of purpose, and because there is no one to serve the congregation.

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or priests, but may not remarry if their wife dies, and celibacy is required only of bishops. Since celibacy is seen as a consequence of the obligation of continence, it implies abstinence from sexual relationships. The Code of Canon Law prescribes:

1902:'s call for the restoration of Eastern Catholic traditions, a number of bishops have returned to the traditional practice of ordaining married men to the presbyterate. Bishops are still celibate and normally chosen from the ranks of ordained monks. 734:

indicates that he was unmarried: either single or a widower. In 1 Corinthians 9:5, he contrasts his situation with that of the other apostles, including Peter, who were accompanied by believing wives. Paul, says Laurent Cleenewerck, a priest of the

1192:

him. However, he did not want to be regarded as inconsistent or seen as taking his oath lightly. Instead of returning to his wife, he engaged in promiscuous sex and what Epiphanius termed "sex practices against nature". In this way, he started

1546:, the vow of clerical celibacy, along with those to a motherhouse, and to a life of poverty, was required of deacons/deaconesses until the 1960s; this vow of celibacy was dropped and deacons/deaconesses in the Church of Sweden may be married. 1852:

7:7–8, "I would that all men were even as myself —but every one has his proper gift from God; one after this manner, and another after that. But I say to the unmarried and the widows. It is good for them if they so continue, even as I."

657:, who was named Cefa as the first pope of the early Christian Church. It is not yet acclared if Peter had a marriage and a son named Mark. The Byzantine tradition believes that Mark the Apostle and the Evangelist was an idolater born in 1259:, 692) shows that by that time there was a direct contradiction between the ideas of East and West about the legitimacy of conjugal relations on the part of clergy lower than the rank of bishop who had married before being ordained: 761:

used in favour of sacerdotal celibacy is 1 Corinthians 7:32–33 ("The unmarried man is anxious about the things of the Lord, how to please the Lord. But the married man is anxious about worldly things, how to please his wife") and a

113:. Exceptions are sometimes admitted for ordination to transitional diaconate and priesthood on a case-by-case basis for married clergymen of other churches or communities who become Catholics, but ordination of married men to the 1830:

Celibacy is represented in the Catholic Church as having apostolic authority. Theologically, the church desires to imitate the life of Jesus with regard to chastity and the sacrifice of married life for the "sake of the Kingdom"

1653:

allowed even bishops to marry, but in the early 6th century decided to ordain only celibate monks to episcopacy, while still allowing priests to marry after ordination. While some incorrectly believe all Orthodox bishops must be

956:

The consequence of the requirement from higher clerics who lived in marriages to abstain permanently from sexual intercourse with their wives was prohibition for those who were single of entering a marriage after ordination.

1134:

Similar evidence of the existence in the 4th-century East, as in the West, of a rule or at least an ideal of clerical continence for bishops that was considered to be canonical is found in Epiphanius's Panarion, 48, 9 and

605:

Jewish High Priests, who weekly alternated in the service of the First and the Second Temple of Jerusalem, were married and their priesthood was inherited by father to son. A similar succession was also imperative for the

1428:

In practice, the discipline of clerical continence meant by then that only unmarried men were ordained. Thus, in the discussions that took place, no distinction was made between clerical continence and clerical celibacy.

4374:

Petition of certain preachers of Switzerland to the Most Reverend Lord Hugo, Bishop of Constance, that he will not...endure longer the scandal of harlotry, but allow the priests to marry wives or at least wink at their

241:

Permanent deacons, namely those deacons who are not intended to become priests, are, in general, exempted from this rule. However, married permanent deacons are not allowed to remarry after the death of their spouse.

1218:, Jerome testified that the Churches of the East, Egypt and of the Apostolic See "accept for the ministry only men who are virgins, or those who practice continency, or, if married, abandon their conjugal rights" 1601:

Catholic priests are allowed to marry by special dispensation. Additionally, dispensations can be granted for deacons whose wives have died to marry a second time, especially if they have young children to look

1749:

require celibacy. Several cultures, in particular American Zen traditions, have revised this and now have forms of married lay teachers, who are distinct from the celibate clergy. Moreover, in the countries of

1200:

heresy which believed that as long as they abstained from marriage, it was not a sin to exercise their sexual desires as they pleased. Revelation 2:6 and 15 expresses hatred for the "works of the Nicolaitans".

329:, "The requirement of celibacy is not dogma; it is an ecclesiastical law that was adopted in the Middle Ages because Rome was worried that clerics' children would inherit church property and create dynasties." 1152:), who refused to be bound by the obligation, knew that, if made a bishop, he was expected to live in continence with his wife. One of the accusations against Antoninus, Bishop of Ephesus, in his trial before 1712:

traditions have no restrictions on the marriage of ministers or other clergy, except that in some circles divorced persons may not serve as pastors, and in practice the large majority of pastors are married.

1662:, they simply may no longer be living with their wives if they are to be consecrated to the episcopacy. (The canons stipulate that they must also see to their wives' maintenance, for example Canon 12 of the 1843:

10:20–21), and to follow the example of Jesus Christ in being "married" to the church, viewed by Catholicism and many Christian traditions as the "Bride of Christ". Also of importance are the teachings of

231:

is used specifically in the sense of being unmarried. However, for its clergy this state of being unmarried is considered to be a consequence of the obligation to be completely and perpetually continent:

1982:

had privately fathered two children, who were not twins, and had "more than a passing relationship" with their mother before he resigned from his post as Auxiliary Bishop and from the Catholic clergy.

3484:. Be this as it may, the Fathers of the Trullan council supposed that this obliged the clergy only to continence at certain fixed times, and were not willing to see that it included bishops as well" ( 810:

evidences that by the early 4th century, priestly celibacy-continence was not a novelty, stating that all marriages contracted by clerics in Holy Orders were declared null and void in 530 by Emperor

1244:

Needless to say, the rule or ideal of clerical continence was not always observed either in the West or in the East, and it was because of violations that it was from time to time affirmed. Emperor

786:

Similarly, Philippe Delhaye wrote: "During the first three or four centuries, no law was promulgated prohibiting clerical marriage. Celibacy was a matter of choice for bishops, priests, and deacons.

78:

also requires abstention from deliberately indulging in sexual thoughts and behavior outside of marriage, because these impulses are regarded as sinful. Vows of celibacy are generally required for

1433:

them a believing Christian as a wife (1 Corinthians 9:5) and the admonition, "Marriage should be honoured by all" (Hebrews 13:4). They blamed it for widespread sexual misconduct among the clergy.

768:

used against sacerdotal celibacy is the statement in 1 Timothy 3:2–4 that a bishop should be "the husband of one wife" and "one who ruleth well his own house, having his children in subjection".

1230:(451) suggests that, in other provinces, not only bishops, priests, deacons and subdeacons, but even those in the lower orders of readers and singers were at that time not permitted to marry. 395:

and other Protestant faiths. In most Orthodox traditions and in some Eastern Catholic Churches men who are already married may be ordained priests, but priests may not marry after ordination.

953:) is evidence both for the respecting of personal decision in the matter and for contemporary appreciation of celibacy. For priests and deacons clerical marriage continued to be in vogue". 775:

Another interpretation of "the husband of one wife" was a prohibition of polygamy, which was not uncommon in the Old Testament (King David and King Solomon, for example, were polygamists).

1958:

Despite the Latin Church's historical practice of priestly celibacy, there have been Catholic priests throughout the centuries who have engaged in sexual relations through the practice of

4223: 752:

In the same chapter Paul, who wrote that a pastor is to be "the husband of one wife", forbids abstinence of marital relations except "for a set time" and states that celibacy is a gift.

664:

It is not known if the Mark of 1 Peter 5:13 can be identified with Mark the Apostle and the Evangelist. Mark is linked to Babylon through the lion's iconography and the prophet Ezekiel:

194:

of celibacy, poverty and ties to a motherhouse; the vow of celibacy was made optional in the 1960s and in the present-day, Lutheran deacons/deaconesses (both male and female) may marry.

1107:. Stefan Heid has argued that the pre-Nicaean acceptance of that arrangement for clerics was an indication that the clergy were expected to live in continence even with their wives. 1933:

spoke clearly of their understanding that the traditional practice is unlikely to change. Pope Francis, however, has called for consideration of the question of electing so-called

2687: 679:

the four lions appeared during the prophetic vision of Ezekiel 1:10, held in Babylon. It was followed by the translation of Ezekiel's relics into the Venetian Basilica in 828 CE.

3989: 3905: 1585:

clergy, who convert to Catholicism and wish to become priests in the Catholic Church, provided their wives consent. The Catholic Church considers Protestant, including most

4231: 1299:

In 888, two local councils, that of Metz and that of Mainz, prohibited cohabitation even with wives living in continence. This tendency was taken up by the 11th-century

929: 3335:, 1986, p. 150, "Second Topic, Concerning the Celibacy of Priests", chapter IV, "History of the Celibacy of Priests from the Time of the Apostles Down to Our Times". 1898:. Until recently, the Eastern Catholic bishops of North America would generally ordain only unmarried men, for fear that married priests would create scandal. Since 1689:

Communion have no restrictions on the marriage of deacons, priests, bishops, or other ministers to a person of the opposite sex. Early Anglican Church clergy under

315:

Clerics are to behave with due prudence towards persons whose company can endanger their obligation to observe continence or give rise to scandal among the faithful.

3070: 364:). This vow of chastity, made by people – not all of whom are clergy – is different from what is the obligation, not a vow, of clerical continence and celibacy. 1918:

may request the Pope to grant authorization, on a case-by-case basis, for admission to ordination in the Catholic Church of married former Anglican clergy (see

4152:(celibacy and globalization) and Bruno Bontempelli, in Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly ou le triomphe de l'écriture: pour une nouvelle lecture de Un prêtre marié by 1925:

Because the rule of clerical celibacy is a law and not a doctrine, exceptions can be made, and it can, in principle, be changed at any time by the Pope. Both

4289:

from the Catholic perspective. Some information available on celibacy. Many links to Catholic websites with articles on priestly celibacy are also available.

1114:, wrote: "It is fitting that those in the priesthood and occupied in the service of God, should abstain after ordination from the intercourse of marriage." 4329: 1097:

refers to an unmarried woman living in association with a man in a merely spiritual marriage, a practice that seems to have existed already in the time of

860:), writing of the apostles, indicated that he was obliged to believe that apart from Peter, who was certainly married, the apostles were continent. In his 4054: 387:, most priests are celibate men. Exceptions are admitted, with there being several Catholic priests who were received into the Catholic Church from the 2201: 3939: 5574: 2956:

Constitutiones apostolorum 8, 47, 26 (SC 336, 280, 83f.) των εις κληρον παρελθόντων αγαμον κελεύομεν Βουλομένους γαμειν αναγνώστας και ψαλτας μόνους.

937: 3442: 3424: 982: 4340: 3485: 3457: 1026:, who was baptized together with her father, when he and his wife became Christians. Among Popes of the 4th, 5th and 6th centuries, the father of 4040: 1807: 3615: 2669: 2558: 1919: 1276:, which for bishops, priests, deacons, and subdeacons excludes marriage after ordination, but allows, except for periods before celebrating the 118: 5833: 4267: 4261: 4243: 3514: 1738:('the world'), and practice celibacy. The idea is to keep the mind free from distraction caused by sex-life and use that focus in serving God. 783:, "would not stand up so comfortably to historical scrutiny". Dennis says this book provides no evidence that celibacy had apostolic origins. 3964: 2968: 4862: 3848: 3153:"Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series II, Vol. XIV, The Canons of the 318 Holy Fathers Assembled in the City of Nice (sic), in Bithynia" 3748: 2227: 1401:, not only on the part of the Reformers, but also among churchmen and others who remained in union with the see of Rome. Figures such as 4278: 2332: 3871: 2684: 2647: 1280:, conjugal relations by priests and deacons married before ordination, and requires celibacy and perpetual continence only of bishops. 4347: 2751:

Dennis, George T. SJ on Cochini, The Apostolic Origins of Priestly Celibacy (book review), Theological Studies, 52:4 (1991:Dec.) p.738

2254: 3127: 642: 626: 133:

either follow the same rules as the Latin Church or require celibacy for bishops while allowing priestly ordination of married men.

5453: 4310:

Recent online interview with Archbishop George Stallings, Jr., former Roman Catholic Priest, about "Married Priests Now!" movement.

2160: 1046:(536–537). No statement is given on whether, among these, the children in question were born when their fathers were still laymen. 709: 743:, clearly favored celibacy, which he understood as "a gift". Cleenewerck supports this statement by quoting 1 Corinthians 7:5–8: 4372: 4228: 3580: 3537: 1436:

Against the long-standing tradition of the Church in the East as well as in the West, which excluded marriage after ordination,

495: 1241:

a 5th century bishop of Clermont was married and his wife was involved in the construction of St Stephen's church in Clermont.

2048:

Now is the Appointed Time: Philosophical and Theological Perspectives on the Necessity For Reform in the Roman Catholic Church

467: 5567: 5507: 4300: 3662: 2994: 2569: 2055: 1448:

in 1539. And against what had also become, though seemingly at a later date, a tradition in both East and West, the married

4180: 4026: 3688: 3388:

Jerome (c. 345 – 420). Against Vigilantius. Trans. by W.H. Fremantle, G. Lewis and W.G. Martley. Accessed 19 January 2023.

1646: 617:

was married to Elizabeth who was a relative of the Virgin Mary (Luke 1:36). By a "miracle of God", he became the father of

3781: 2496: 965:

decreed that only lower clerics might still marry after their ordination. Bishops, priests, and deacons were not allowed.

402:, but instead as a rule that could be adjusted if the Church thought it appropriate and to which exceptions are admitted. 5757: 3328: 2733: 1821: 474: 3797: 3770: 3563:.4 (December 1973:467–475); Christopher Brooke, "Gregorian reform in action: clerical marriage in England, 1050–1200", 2811: 1634: 1499: 589:

According to the Bible, there at least two instances of non-celibate priesthood: the Jewish High Priest Zechariah, and

448: 129:

celibacy is optional (such as permanent deacons in the Latin Church) wish to marry, they must do so before ordination.

3885:"Pope Francis backs away from potentially major reform putting off decision on allowing married priests in the Amazon" 3067: 1081:

The great Synod has stringently forbidden any bishop, presbyter, deacon, or any one of the clergy whatever, to have a

182:

in general do not require celibacy of its clergy and allow—or even encourage—clerical marriage. In the past, Lutheran

5724: 5438: 4637: 4273: 4161: 4138: 4120: 4104: 4096: 3222: 3099: 3044: 2872: 2711: 2703: 2657: 2636: 1521: 1422: 719:

Some of the earliest Christian leaders were married men. The mention in Mark 1:30, Luke 4:38, and Matthew 8:14–15 of

576: 514: 2916: 985:

even interpreted it as meaning: "It was decided to forbid keeping back from one's wife and not producing children".

558: 5880: 5752: 5560: 1849: 1638: 614: 481: 246: 145: 4113:

Celibacy in the Early Church. The Beginnings of a Discipline of Obligatory Continence for Clerics in East and West

3759: 1670:

herself, though this also is not required. There are many Orthodox bishops currently serving who have never been

1561:", but married men may not be ordained priests or bishops or even as "transitional deacons", nor may anyone marry 1354: 1057:(325) considered ordering all married clergy to refrain from conjugal relations, but the Council was dissuaded by 5885: 5490: 2543: 1418: 258:

On the granting of permission, by exception, for the priestly ordination of married men in the Latin Church, see

4326: 4320: 5811: 5010: 4654: 4537: 4344: 1694: 1503: 543: 452: 1087:

dwelling with him, except only a mother, or sister, or aunt, or such persons only as are beyond all suspicion.

700:

1 Corinthians 9:5 mentions the apostles, including Peter, being accompanied in their ministry by their wives.

463: 398:

Neither the Catholic nor the Orthodox tradition considers the rule of clerical celibacy to be an unchangeable

5714: 5309: 4972: 4701: 4412: 2581: 2443: 1414: 1391: 1288: 925: 870:

that he claimed were imitated from Christianity, but does not associate it specifically with the clergy. In

1705:

priestly orders require their members to remain celibate, as do monastic orders of all brothers and sisters.

5702: 5697: 5637: 5475: 5145: 5000: 4834: 4724: 4012: 3439: 3421: 2614: 2603: 2529: 2507: 2367: 2291: 1557:

mature married men who intend not to advance to priesthood may be ordained deacons and are referred to as "

1291:, with whom he had a daughter. He was married before his ordination, and was elected Pope only in old age. 149: 3234: 1682:

areas outside the home territories of the Eastern Catholic Churches, was revoked by a decree of June 2014.

5642: 4819: 4517: 2899: 1910:

individual exceptions are sometimes made for former non-Catholic clergymen. Under the rules proposed for

157: 3131: 622: 5875: 5597: 5254: 4806: 4421: 3359: 3332: 3272: 2592: 2411: 2400: 1915: 736: 3650: 2936: 2454: 2313: 4980: 4686: 4664: 2848: 1895: 1630: 1610: 1370: 921: 384: 303: 279: 130: 5123: 5118: 4240: 3152: 2356: 2345: 2302: 2269: 1966:

by doing so as well. Some of those who were fathered by Catholic clergy also publicly came forward.

5617: 5485: 5058: 5005: 2695: 2328: 2136: 1453: 897: 114: 3556:(1962:134–36); Nancy Partner, "Henry of Huntingdon: Clerical Celibacy and the Writing of History" 3313: 2649:

Celibacy in the Early Church: The Beginnings of Obligatory Continence for Clerics in East and West

1629:

churches follow the same rules as in the Eastern Orthodox Church for bishops and priests, but the

692:

Matthew 8:14 mentions Peter having a mother-in-law, which implies that he was married or widowed.

5687: 5583: 5497: 5470: 5324: 4317: 3570:(1956:1–21). The cases mentioned largely concern, not clerical celibacy, but clerical continence. 3261: 2965: 2698:; Cochini, Christian, The Apostolic Origins of Priestly Celibacy, Ignatius Press (October 1990). 2389: 2378: 2280: 1825: 1606: 1492: 1358: 1273: 1074: 1054: 978: 962: 554: 441: 406: 295: 164:

churches deacons may marry after ordination. For a period in the 5th and early 6th centuries the

137: 2482: 654: 5541: 5426: 5422: 5412: 5128: 4962: 4952: 1899: 1877:

binding all: in other words, a church regulation, but not an integral part of church teaching.

1642: 1554: 1398: 1335: 1226:

In saying that "in certain provinces it is permitted to the readers and singers to marry", the

958: 880: 488: 367:

Celibacy for religious and monastics (monks and sisters/nuns) and for bishops is upheld by the

43: 4252: 3211: 3026: 3006: 2803: 1617:

with Rome), married men may be ordained to any order except as bishops, and one may not marry

940:. No statement is made about whether they had children after becoming bishops or only before. 905: 5772: 5657: 5480: 5053: 5038: 5020: 4922: 4849: 4575: 4570: 3519: 3033: 2983: 2947:

New Catholic Encyclopedia, vol 3 Catholic University of America: Washington, D.C. 1967, p 323

2760:"Books about the priesthood", America. New York: July 4, 1992. vol 167, issue 1, pg.17, 3pgs. 1971: 1690: 1311: 1184: 1117: 4274:

An Eastern Orthodox discussion of the view of celibacy/continence as an Apostolic Tradition.

3692: 3401: 2847:"Habet et uirgines, habet et continentes" (It too has virgins, it too has continent people)— 5767: 5607: 5448: 5264: 5063: 4754: 4627: 4153: 3673: 3056: 2782: 2251: 1911: 1742: 1698: 1227: 1162: 1111: 1058: 889: 874:, Tertullian did regard with honour those in ecclesiastical orders who remained continent. 550: 361: 39: 4359: 2836: 1034:(483–492), whose father was almost certainly a priest, was the great-great-grandfather of 8: 5729: 5502: 5353: 5336: 5291: 5155: 5113: 5068: 4794: 4565: 4527: 3920: 3889: 1999: 1890: 1307:, which in spite of being theoretically excluded was in fact practised, and concubinage. 1120:(died 403) accused the heretics whom he called "Purists" of "mixing up everyone's duty": 989: 888:

There is record of a number of 3rd-century married bishops in good standing, even in the

3497:

Fernand Mourret: A History of the Catholic Church, Volym 3. B. Herder Book Company, 1946

2191: 2157: 1759:

the wife consents). Many Japanese monks and priests were celibate up to the time of the

909: 5854: 5675: 5647: 5632: 5373: 5348: 5244: 5232: 5150: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4829: 4729: 4696: 4622: 4560: 4522: 4481: 4471: 4360:

Reflections on Clerical Family Life; from the History of the Christian Church, vol, vii

4286: 4200: 4185:, 6 vols., London, K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & co., ltd, (1913–17). Online from the 4115:. Michael J. Miller (transl. from German). San Francisco: Ignatius Press. p. 376. 3298: 2196: 2146: 2074: 1650: 1594: 1570: 1315: 1206: 1019: 392: 376: 325: 299: 217: 165: 141: 2135:

a man who has a wife, unless he is legitimately destined to the permanent diaconate."

379:. Bishops must be unmarried men or widowers; a married man cannot become a bishop. In 5804: 5784: 5602: 5368: 5165: 4937: 4927: 4839: 4824: 4779: 4774: 4739: 4446: 4405: 4196: 4157: 4149: 4134: 4116: 4100: 4092: 3604: 3584: 3534: 3346: 3218: 3095: 3040: 2990: 2868: 2807: 2796: 2707: 2699: 2653: 2565: 2518: 2051: 2007: 1930: 1926: 1882: 1870: 1836: 1803:, lifelong celibacy or monasticism is forbidden. Marriage is encouraged for everyone. 1760: 1702: 1663: 1626: 1586: 1387: 1328: 1304: 1252: 1161:

ordered that a bishop's wife should retire to a convent, or become a deaconess; that

1158: 740: 590: 372: 209: 161: 126: 122: 3990:"Vatican confirms secret Catholic Church guidelines for priests who father children" 3283: 1338:(1139), in which some five hundred bishops took part, enacted the following canons: 16:

Requirement in certain religions that some or all members of the clergy be unmarried

5719: 5708: 5622: 5536: 5463: 5227: 5073: 5028: 4932: 4867: 4668: 4649: 4380: 4186: 4145: 3704: 2078: 2033: 1886: 1590: 1539: 1460: 1383: 1300: 1234: 1023: 997: 901: 731: 618: 349: 187: 4385: 4314: 3476:, which may mean 'fixed times': for the translator read, following another codex, 3273:

The Dialogue of Palladius concerning the Life of St. John Chrysostom, chapter XIII

2802:(Rev. and expanded. ed.). Mystic, Conn.: Twenty-Third Publications. pp. 2468: 2175: 2120: 772:

relations, the members of the clergy were not entitled to marry after ordination.

676:) has been for centuries the symbol of the Republic and the Patriarcate of Venice, 5736: 5692: 5652: 5627: 5048: 4872: 4789: 4764: 4711: 4691: 4681: 4644: 4425: 4333: 4256: 4247: 4235: 4172: 3969: 3872:

Katholisch.de: Viele Bischöfe für verheiratete Priester und Frauendiakone(German)

3541: 3446: 3428: 3324: 3249: 3074: 2972: 2920: 2737: 2691: 2547: 2258: 2164: 1543: 1153: 1022:(315–368), a Doctor of the Church, was a married bishop and had a daughter named 981:

even for the laity, periodical continence before partaking of the Eucharist. and

974: 933: 917: 893: 797:) excommunicated a priest or bishop who left his wife 'under pretense of piety' ( 684:

Gospel of Mark does not mention the lion's symbolism nor the Ezekiel's prophecy.

673: 388: 368: 341: 283: 110: 102: 3836: 3826: 3737: 3715: 3626: 5778: 5681: 5222: 5083: 4942: 4917: 4907: 4784: 4769: 4719: 4632: 4512: 4451: 3726: 2228:"Making the transition from Lutheran minister to Catholic priest - with a wife" 1845: 1840: 1832: 1751: 1614: 1449: 1410: 1277: 1256: 1169: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 669: 213: 191: 156:

after ordination. Similarly, celibacy is not a requirement for ordination as a

3616:

Roman Cholij: Priestly celibacy in patristics and in the history of the Church

2730: 2422: 1735: 1534:

Rules on celibacy differ between different religious traditions and churches:

5869: 5202: 5093: 4947: 4676: 4611: 4602: 4550: 4542: 4502: 4492: 4390: 4363: 4215: 4077:

Charles A. Frazee, "The origins of clerical celibacy in the Western Church",

3813: 3389: 3188: 3057:

The Canons of the CCXLII Blessed Fathers Who Assembled at Carthage, canon III

1979: 1907: 1789: 1574: 1566: 1441: 1188: 1001: 807: 179: 4350: 3809: 2098: 5799: 5402: 5341: 5331: 5301: 5217: 5212: 5140: 4957: 4749: 4456: 4398: 4131:

Goodbye, Good Men: How Liberals Brought Corruption Into the Catholic Church

2329:"Feast of St Mark the Apostle and the Evangelist in the Byzantine calendar" 2109: 1975: 1934: 1862: 1558: 1550: 1402: 1362: 380: 275: 271: 224: 152:, but even married priests whose wives pre-decease them are not allowed to 106: 83: 5552: 4336: 4323: 2540: 168:

did not apply the rule of celibacy even for ordination to the episcopate.

5789: 5431: 5363: 5319: 5284: 5274: 5175: 4912: 4607: 4585: 4485: 3684: 2910: 2625: 2187: 1959: 1920:

Personal ordinariate#Married former Anglican clergy and rules on celibacy

1848:

that chastity is the superior state of life, and his desire expressed in

1771: 1445: 1245: 1214: 811: 720: 320: 183: 175: 171: 79: 1678:, forbidding priestly ordination and ministry of married men in certain 5397: 5380: 5192: 4897: 4814: 4433: 4304: 4167: 2724: 2013: 1709: 1598: 1506: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1197: 913: 846: 822: 658: 621:

when the couple was "well advanced in years" (Luke 1:5–7). He was also

455: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 410: 3640:(Catholic University of America: Washington, D.C. 1967) vol. 3, p. 366 2727:: The Beginnings of Obligatory Continence for Clerics in East and West 1327:

The phrase "contract marriage" in the first part of canon 21 excludes

5612: 5519: 5269: 5259: 5207: 5185: 5170: 5108: 5103: 4902: 4882: 4744: 4580: 4507: 3965:"Vatican reveals it has secret rules for priests who father children" 3944: 3940:"Vatican secret out: There are rules for priests who father children" 2685:

Priestly Celibacy. Ecclesiastical Institution or Apostolic Tradition?

1878: 1755: 1659: 1622: 1284: 1193: 867: 826: 4055:"Archbishop calls for prayer after priest admits fathering children" 2773:, vol 3, Catholic University of America: Washington, D.C. 1967 p.370 1481: 561:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 430: 5849: 5390: 5358: 5279: 5237: 5180: 5160: 5033: 4887: 4877: 4617: 4597: 4497: 4461: 4367: 3994: 3412:

Gregory of Tours. A History of the Franks. Pantianos Classics, 1916

3245: 2541:

Orthodox Answers (an Eastern Orthodox website): "Clerical Celibacy"

2425:

Clements, Stromata (book III) / Eusebius, Church History (Book III)

1938: 1746: 1723: 1686: 1679: 1582: 1578: 1394:

it had won widespread support from lay and ecclesiastical leaders.

1303:, which aimed at eliminating what it called "Nicolaitism", that is 1238: 1142: 1103: 630: 357: 337: 204: 91: 87: 75: 67: 4013:"20 offenders revealed in grand jury report in Greensburg Diocese" 1049:

As for the East, the Greek ecclesiastical historians Socrates and

5514: 5385: 5314: 5197: 5133: 5088: 5078: 4892: 4854: 4590: 4438: 4296: 1993: 1937:

for the ordination to the priesthood, particularly in areas like

1777: 1767: 1671: 1437: 1406: 1172: 1050: 814:, who also declared the children of such marriages illegitimate. 727:

return in this present age and eternal life in the age to come".

345: 153: 95: 3782:"Vatican lifts married priests ban in US, Canada, and Australia" 2671:

Priestly celibacy in patristics and in the history of the Church

5816: 5249: 4734: 4555: 4476: 4466: 4309: 4292: 1731: 1272:

There have been no changes since then in the discipline of the

1176: 1098: 607: 414: 307: 291: 287: 71: 3906:"Concubinage among the Clergy of Malta and Gozo ca. 1420-1550" 3849:"Will Pan-Amazonian Synod Result in End to Clerical Celibacy?" 2099:

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: celibacy

1734:

or individual ascetics, are usually expected to withdraw from

5458: 3760:

Coptic Orthodox Church Network: "The Sacrament of Priesthood"

2016:, Scottish surname which originally meant "son of the priest" 1800: 1793: 1785: 1781: 1727: 1101:; in the 4th century such a woman was also referred to as an 634: 399: 353: 4041:"Australian priest admits being secretly married for a year" 3749:"Why can't a non-celibate priest re-marry if his wife dies?" 5794: 5098: 5043: 4759: 4282: 4070:

E. Vacandard, "Les origines du célibat ecclésiastique", in

1655: 866:, Tertullian mentioned continence as one of the customs in 661:, converted to Christianity by Peter who followed in Rome. 4315:

Paradosis (Tradition): The Handing On of Divine Revelation

2887:

The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 2005, art.

1390:

and concubinage met strong opposition, by the time of the

1269:

made no distinction between bishops, priests and deacons.

2747: 2745: 2323: 2321: 2231: 1885:

of approximately 305–306. This law was reinforced in the

1667: 1053:, who wrote a century after the event, reported that the 333: 4253:

Francis Speaks, Scalfari Transcribes, Brandmüller Shreds

3039:(Kösel 1978; English translation: Sheed & Ward 1992 1865:, which was introduced much later and is seen only as a 294:

must as a rule be unmarried men. In others, such as the

125:

is not allowed and therefore, if those for whom in some

2131:"The following are simply impeded from receiving orders 1944: 1666:.) Typically, the wife of such a man will take up the 3959: 3957: 3955: 3486:

Comment by Fleury on canon 13 of the Council in Trullo

2932: 2930: 2928: 2769:

Philippe Delhaye, "Celibacy, Clerical, History of" in

2742: 2731:

Anthony Zimmerman, Celibacy Dates Back to the Apostles

2318: 1780:

has no history of celibacy for its leaders, including

703: 105:, clerical celibacy is mandated for all clergy in the 98:

and other religions, but often not for other clergy.

42:

by adding general information and discuss at the

3771:

Ronald G. Roberson, "The Assyrian Church of the East"

2221: 2219: 4241:

On Clerical Celibacy in the Catholic Church, Part II

4173:

The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe

3934: 3932: 3930: 1989: 1649:

does not allow it. For much of the 5th century, the

413:, and the alleged self-castration of the theologian 4229:

On Clerical Celibacy in the Catholic Church, Part I

4027:"Are Catholic priests leading secret double lives?" 3952: 2925: 2069: 2067: 2798:Catholic customs & traditions: a popular guide 2795: 2216: 1565:ordination. Since the start of the pontificate of 3927: 3523:. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 3250:English translation by Frank Williams, II, p. 105 3021:M. Meigne, " Concile ou Collection d'Elvire?" in 1953: 800:Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio 5867: 2497:Pope John Paul II, General Audience 14 July 1993 2470:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions 2110:Webster's New World College Dictionary: celibacy 2064: 1726:, priests can marry. At the same time, monks in 1187:, also of the 4th century, Nicholas, one of the 988:In 387 or 390, or according to others in 400, a 409:the Christian church forbids voluntary physical 208:can mean either the state of being unmarried or 3984: 3982: 3980: 3581:"The Canons of the First Lateran Council, 1123" 3552:For the situation in England, see E. Deanealy, 2825:most bishops and presbyters continued to marry. 2225: 1808:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 1397:New opposition appeared in connection with the 1353:And later legislation, found especially in the 806:However, the 19th-century Protestant historian 259: 5834:Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma 4420: 4033: 3605:The Canons of the Second Lateran Council, 1123 5568: 4406: 4133:, Regnery Publishing, Inc. (June 25, 2002). 3825:CIC 1917: text - IntraText CT Canon 982 II. 3651:John W. O'Malley, Some Basics about Celibacy 3176:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 3115:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 2937:John W. O'Malley, Some Basics about Celibacy 2485:Responding to Objections to Priestly Celibacy 1941:where there is an acute shortage of priests. 1770:, Monks do not marry from the day they enter 1471: 1221: 629:, belonging to the Jewish priestly family of 4224:The biblical foundation of priestly celibacy 4110: 4089:, The Apostolic Origins of Priestly Celibacy 4019: 3977: 3089: 2862: 2180: 1815: 1645:permit ordained deacons to marry, while the 841: 344:or monastic communities, along with vows of 5582: 4189:. See vol. 3, ch.xvii, (pp. 241–273), 4072:Études de Critique et d'Histoire Religieuse 3331:: Vol. III. trans. Fred Kramer, St. Louis: 2423:http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250103.htm 2158:Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1579–1580 1136: 1092: 1082: 1011: 1005: 878: 861: 798: 763: 756: 5575: 5561: 4413: 4399: 4262:Interview with Archbishop Emmanuel Milingo 3390:https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3010.htm 3235:Demonstratio Evangelica, book 1, chapter 9 3092:Clerical Celibacy in the West: C.1100-1700 2865:Clerical Celibacy in the West: C.1100-1700 1294: 593:in respect of Mark named in 1 Peter 5:13. 4354:; book 4, chapter 13, sections 10, 14, 15 4007: 4005: 3903: 2677: 2564:(Euclid University Consortium Press 2008 2050:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 18. 2045: 1697:), but the requirement was eliminated by 1522:Learn how and when to remove this message 600: 577:Learn how and when to remove this message 515:Learn how and when to remove this message 197: 3512: 2651:, Stefan Heid, trans. Michael J. Miller. 943:"A famous letter of Synesius of Cyrene ( 710:Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church 3128:"The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen" 2434:Stromata, III, vi, ed. Dindorf, II, 276 817:Catholic author Greg Dues states that: 5868: 4002: 3094:. Taylor and Francis. pp. 49–51. 2783:Excursus on the Marriage of the Clergy 2662: 2034:Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2349 1110:A leading participant in the Council, 781:Apostolic Origins of Priestly Celibacy 653:1 Peter 5:13 refers to a Mark, son of 5556: 4394: 2226:Cummings-Jordan, Mary (18 May 2015). 2204:from the original on October 27, 2023 2186: 2046:Calvanese, Carmen J. (6 March 2019). 148:; married men may be ordained to the 34:one specialized aspect of the subject 3689:Institutes of the Christian Religion 3554:Sidelights on the Anglo-Saxon Church 3217:(Ignatius Press, San Francisco 2005 2793: 2717: 1945:Amazon Synod in Rome in October 2019 1861:rule of celibacy for priests of the 1647:Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria 1504:adding citations to reliable sources 1475: 695: 526: 453:adding citations to reliable sources 424: 18: 5758:Church and state in medieval Europe 3329:Examination of the Council of Trent 2850:De praescriptione contra haereticos 2457:Celibacy in the First Two Centuries 1822:Clerical celibacy (Catholic Church) 863:De praescriptione contra haereticos 704:Clerical continence in Christianity 645:and stayed there for three months. 237:to the service of God and humanity. 13: 4268:Interview with Father Alan Phillip 3814:Jerome, Against Jovinianus, Book I 2867:. Taylor and Francis. p. 31. 2335:from the original on 27 July 2019. 2192:"Secrets, Celibacy And the Church" 1716: 1693:were required to be celibate (see 1635:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church 352:, in order to imitate the life of 14: 5897: 5725:Norman conquest of southern Italy 4285:faithful to Sacred Scripture and 4209: 3517:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 3068:Epistola Decretalis Papae Siricii 1365:of ordaining only unmarried men. 1287:(r. 867–872), who was married to 968: 306:, married men may be ordained as 5848: 5535: 4047: 3897: 3877: 3865: 3841: 3830: 3819: 3803: 3791: 3775: 3764: 3753: 3742: 3731: 3720: 3716:Code of Canon Law, canon 1031 §2 3709: 3698: 3678: 3667: 3656: 3643: 3631: 3620: 3609: 3506: 1992: 1788:. Before the destruction of the 1639:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church 1480: 1318:, adopted the following canons: 1064:According to Sozomen's history: 714: 531: 429: 247:Catechism of the Catholic Church 70:that some or all members of the 23: 5491:LGBT-affirming religious groups 4279:Catholic Apologetics of America 4091:, Ignatius Pr. (October 1990). 3727:Code of Canon Law, canon 277 §1 3598: 3573: 3546: 3527: 3500: 3491: 3462: 3451: 3433: 3415: 3406: 3395: 3382: 3369: 3353: 3338: 3318: 3307: 3292: 3277: 3266: 3255: 3239: 3228: 3205: 3181: 3169: 3145: 3120: 3108: 3083: 3061: 3050: 3023:Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique 3015: 3000: 2977: 2966:The Council of Elvira, ca. 306. 2959: 2950: 2941: 2904: 2893: 2881: 2856: 2841: 2830: 2787: 2776: 2763: 2754: 2641: 2630: 2619: 2608: 2597: 2586: 2575: 2552: 2534: 2523: 2512: 2501: 2490: 2476: 2462: 2448: 2437: 2428: 2416: 2405: 2394: 2383: 2372: 2361: 2350: 2339: 2307: 2296: 2285: 2274: 2263: 2245: 2169: 2147:What is a Deacon? - Busted Halo 1551:Latin (Western) Catholic Church 1491:needs additional citations for 1377: 687: 648: 440:needs additional citations for 420: 5812:Separation of church and state 4655:Sexually transmitted infection 4345:commentary on Jeremiah 5:30-31 4202:History of Sacerdotal Celibacy 3913:Journal of the Faculty of Arts 3345:Aduersus Jovinianum I, 7. 26 ( 3178:, 2005, art. "subintroductae". 2151: 2140: 2125: 2114: 2103: 2092: 2039: 2026: 1954:Historical lack of enforcement 1413:, and the Holy Roman Emperors 1355:Quinque Compilationes Antiquae 1077:, AD 325, decides in Canon 3: 643:visited the house of Elizabeth 332:In some Christian churches, a 66:is the requirement in certain 1: 4702:Women who have sex with women 4064: 3738:Code of Canon Law, canon 1087 3366:I, 11, 5 (GCS Socr. 42, i9f.) 2986:Clerical Celibacy in the West 2519:The Story of the Early Church 2331:(in Italian). 25 April 2016. 1392:Second Council of the Lateran 1211:ecclesiastical tradition. In 1146: 947: 850: 791: 790:The apostolic constitutions ( 739:and professor of theology at 265: 32:This article focuses only on 5703:First Council of the Lateran 5638:Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor 4835:History of erotic depictions 4725:Criminal transmission of HIV 4386:Celibacy in Jewish Tradition 4176:(Cambridge University Press) 3565:Cambridge Historical Journal 3377:Celibacy in the Early Church 3214:Celibacy in the Early Church 3029:Celibacy in the Early Church 3009:Celibacy in the Early Church 2725:Celibacy in the Early Church 1587:Anglican ordinations invalid 1042:(514–523) was the father of 7: 5698:First Battle of Langensalza 5643:Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor 4820:Counterculture of the 1960s 4301:Why Moses Remained Celibate 3904:Wettinger, Godfrey (1977). 3079:De clericis incontinentibus 2690:September 26, 2007, at the 1985: 1573:may be allowed for married 892:. They included: Passivus, 779:premises used in the book, 557:the claims made and adding 417:was used to discredit him. 371:and the traditions of both 144:, celibacy is the norm for 10: 5902: 5598:Atto (archbishop of Milan) 5542:Human sexuality portal 4156:, H & D, Paris, 2006 ( 3853:National Catholic Register 3333:Concordia Publishing House 3117:, 2005, art. "Paphnutius". 2252:Council of Nicaea, canon I 1914:for former Anglicans, the 1819: 1472:Rules for Christian clergy 1283:The last married Pope was 1222:Fifth to seventh centuries 944: 926:bishop of Aire-sur-l'Adour 872:De exhortatione castitatis 737:Orthodox Church in America 707: 627:Second Temple of Jerusalem 5843: 5825: 5745: 5715:Saxon revolt of 1077–1088 5666: 5590: 5530: 5411: 5300: 5019: 4971: 4848: 4805: 4710: 4687:Men who have sex with men 4663: 4536: 4432: 4205:, Houghton Mifflin, 1867. 4191:On Marriage and Sexuality 3800:, churchofjesuschrist.org 3638:New Catholic Encyclopedia 3513:Loughlin, James (1907). " 3440:Code of Justinian, 1.3.41 3422:Code of Justinian, 1.3.44 2837:On Monogamy, chapter VIII 2771:New Catholic Encyclopedia 2736:October 22, 2007, at the 2163:January 11, 2010, at the 2075:"Ministry and Ministries" 1816:The Catholic Church today 1743:traditions of monasticism 1631:Armenian Apostolic Church 1611:Eastern Catholic Churches 1607:Eastern Orthodox Churches 1371:Eastern Catholic Churches 1334:Sixteen years later, the 922:Magnus, bishop of Avignon 842:Second to third centuries 385:Eastern Catholic Churches 304:Eastern Catholic Churches 131:Eastern Catholic Churches 5618:Gotofredo da Castiglione 2020: 2010:(clergy getting married) 1658:, in fact, according to 1454:Archbishop of Canterbury 1030:(366–384) was a bishop. 898:Cassius, bishop of Narni 821:Early heretics, such as 407:first ecumenical council 383:Catholicism and in some 223:In the canon law of the 212:, especially because of 5881:Investiture Controversy 5688:Donation of Constantine 5584:Investiture Controversy 4281:: a large, informative 4216:Catholic Encyclopedia: 3810:Tertullian, On Monogamy 2696:Priestly Celibacy Today 1826:Sacerdotalis caelibatus 1382:While the 11th-century 1359:Decretals of Gregory IX 1295:11th and 12th centuries 1274:Eastern Orthodox Church 1055:First Council of Nicaea 979:Eastern Orthodox Church 963:Apostolic Constitutions 633:, direct descendant of 296:Eastern Orthodox Church 138:Eastern Orthodox Church 74:be unmarried. Clerical 5886:Religion-related lists 5855:Catholicism portal 4963:Split attraction model 4953:Sexual objectification 4863:Anarchism and love/sex 4218:Celibacy of the Clergy 3036:Celibacy, Gift or Law? 2912:Didascalia Apostolorum 2889:Didascalia Apostolorum 2729:, Stefan Heid, p. 15; 1643:Syriac Orthodox Church 1555:Second Vatican Council 1399:Protestant Reformation 1350: 1336:Second Lateran Council 1325: 1266: 1137: 1132: 1093: 1089: 1083: 1071: 1012: 1006: 881:Didascalia Apostolorum 879: 862: 839: 799: 764: 757: 750: 730:In 1 Corinthians 7:8, 601:Jewish High Priesthood 340:is made by members of 317: 274:churches, such as the 256: 239: 198:Meanings of 'celibacy' 5773:Divine right of kings 5658:Rudolf of Rheinfelden 4923:Sex-positive movement 4576:Reproductive medicine 4571:Obesity and sexuality 4518:Sexual response cycle 4341:Calvin on monasticism 4287:Sacred Oral Tradition 4111:Heid, Stefan (2000). 3535:Peter Damian, Letters 3520:Catholic Encyclopedia 3364:Historia ealesiastica 3360:Socrates Scholasticus 3193:Catholic Encyclopedia 3090:Helen Parish (2016). 3034:Heinz-Jürgen Vogels, 2863:Helen Parish (2016). 2626:1 Corinthians 7:32–33 2559:Laurent Cleenewerck, 1972:Diocese of Greensburg 1912:personal ordinariates 1613:(which latter are in 1577:ministers, including 1340: 1320: 1312:First Lateran Council 1261: 1185:Epiphanius of Salamis 1122: 1118:Epiphanius of Salamis 1079: 1066: 1038:the Great (590–604). 930:Philibert de Jumièges 819: 745: 405:From the time of the 313: 251: 234: 5768:College of Cardinals 5608:Antipope Clement III 5449:Buddhist monasticism 5439:Christian demonology 5265:Urethral intercourse 5064:Erotic sexual denial 4755:Cybersex trafficking 4628:Erectile dysfunction 4327:Katecheo (Catechism) 4154:Jean-Pierre Thiollet 3786:CathNews New Zealand 3157:Early Church Fathers 3025:70 (1975), cited in 2914:, chapter IV (ii, 2) 2455:Michael E. Giesler, 1589:, while recognizing 1500:improve this article 1386:'s campaign against 1228:Council of Chalcedon 1204:Jerome, referred in 1112:Eusebius of Caesarea 1059:Paphnutius of Thebes 959:The Apostolic Canons 936:, was the father of 928:, was the father of 672:(also called as the 449:improve this article 362:Evangelical counsels 119:Personal ordinariate 40:improve this article 5503:Sacred prostitution 5292:Wet T-shirt contest 5156:Non-penetrative sex 5114:Mammary intercourse 4795:Revenge pornography 4566:Masters and Johnson 4528:Vaginal lubrication 4129:Rose, Michael S., 3998:. 19 February 2019. 3973:. 19 February 2019. 3921:University of Malta 3890:The Washington Post 3375:Stefan Heid (2000), 2794:Dues, Greg (1992). 2683:BONIVENTO, Cesare. 2582:1 Corinthians 7:5–8 2000:Christianity portal 1891:Council of Carthage 1425:argued against it. 990:Council of Carthage 613:More particularly, 464:"Clerical celibacy" 111:permanent diaconate 5676:Concordat of Worms 5648:Matilda of Tuscany 5633:Henry I of England 5349:Red-light district 5245:Sexual penetration 5233:Sexual intercourse 5151:Nipple stimulation 4830:Golden Age of Porn 4730:Child sexual abuse 4697:Sexual orientation 4623:Sexual dysfunction 4561:Male contraceptive 4523:Sexual stimulation 4472:Nocturnal emission 4343:excerpts from his 4332:2009-02-01 at the 4246:2009-02-22 at the 4234:2009-02-03 at the 4197:Lea, Henry Charles 4179:Grisar, Hartmann, 4087:Cochini, Christian 3874:, October 20, 2019 3788:, 21 November 2014 3540:2009-02-26 at the 3445:2009-02-26 at the 3427:2009-02-26 at the 3301:Against Jovinianus 3073:2008-04-22 at the 2971:2008-04-10 at the 2919:2016-06-04 at the 2694:; Thomas McGovern, 2546:2010-11-28 at the 2257:2012-02-15 at the 2197:The New York Times 1651:Church of the East 1468:him be anathema." 1329:clerical marriages 1207:Against Jovinianus 1020:Hilary of Poitiers 932:, and Sigilaicus, 542:possibly contains 393:Anglican Communion 377:Oriental Orthodoxy 326:The New York Times 300:Oriental Orthodoxy 298:, the churches of 218:sexual intercourse 178:and Nonconformist 166:Church of the East 142:Oriental Orthodoxy 5876:Clerical celibacy 5863: 5862: 5805:Donation of Pepin 5785:Holy Roman Empire 5763:Clerical celibacy 5603:Pope Callixtus II 5550: 5549: 5459:Hindu monasticism 5444:Clerical celibacy 5310:Adult video games 5021:Sexual activities 4938:Sexual attraction 4928:Sexual abstinence 4840:Sexual revolution 4825:Feminist sex wars 4780:Sexual misconduct 4775:Sexual harassment 4740:Indecent exposure 4447:Clitoral erection 4150:Jean-Louis Christ 4057:. 4 January 2012. 4015:. 14 August 2018. 3663:1 Corinthians 9:5 2995:978-0-7546-3949-7 2615:1 Corinthians 7:7 2604:1 Corinthians 7:5 2570:978-0-615-18361-9 2530:1 Corinthians 9:5 2508:1 Corinthians 7:8 2483:Michael F. Hull, 2368:1 Corinthians 9:5 2190:(April 3, 2002). 2057:978-1-5326-7361-0 2008:Clerical marriage 1931:Pope John Paul II 1927:Pope Benedict XVI 1896:Eastern Catholics 1889:(385) and at the 1883:Council of Elvira 1871:particular church 1761:Meiji Restoration 1728:Hindu monasteries 1664:Quinisext Council 1627:Oriental Orthodox 1597:. In some cases, 1595:Oriental Orthodox 1559:permanent deacons 1532: 1531: 1524: 1440:married in 1522, 1388:clerical marriage 1305:clerical marriage 1253:Quinisext Council 1159:Council in Trullo 1075:Council of Nicaea 975:Council of Elvira 741:Euclid University 696:1 Corinthians 9:5 591:Peter the Apostle 587: 586: 579: 544:original research 525: 524: 517: 499: 373:Eastern Orthodoxy 210:sexual abstinence 162:Oriental Orthodox 127:particular church 123:Clerical marriage 117:is excluded (see 64:Clerical celibacy 61: 60: 5893: 5853: 5852: 5720:Gregorian Reform 5709:In nomine Domini 5623:Pope Gregory VII 5577: 5570: 5563: 5554: 5553: 5540: 5539: 5464:Jain monasticism 5228:Sexual fetishism 5146:Mechanics of sex 5029:Conventional sex 4933:Sexual addiction 4868:Extramarital sex 4650:Sexual surrogate 4486:male ejaculation 4415: 4408: 4401: 4392: 4391: 4381:Huldrych Zwingli 4187:Internet Archive 4146:Eugen Drewermann 4126: 4059: 4058: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4009: 4000: 3999: 3986: 3975: 3974: 3961: 3950: 3949: 3936: 3925: 3924: 3910: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3859: 3845: 3839: 3834: 3828: 3823: 3817: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3779: 3773: 3768: 3762: 3757: 3751: 3746: 3740: 3735: 3729: 3724: 3718: 3713: 3707: 3702: 3696: 3682: 3676: 3671: 3665: 3660: 3654: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3624: 3618: 3613: 3607: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3583:. 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1997: 1996: 1887:Directa Decretal 1790:Jerusalem temple 1772:Jain monasticism 1685:Churches of the 1621:ordination as a 1591:Eastern Orthodox 1540:Church of Sweden 1527: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1507: 1484: 1476: 1461:Council of Trent 1384:Gregorian Reform 1301:Gregorian Reform 1251:Canon 13 of the 1235:Gregory of Tours 1168:The 4th-century 1151: 1148: 1140: 1128: 1096: 1086: 1015: 1009: 998:Directa Decretal 952: 949: 946: 910:bishop of Évreux 902:bishop of Vienne 884: 865: 859: 855: 852: 802: 796: 793: 789: 767: 760: 732:Paul the Apostle 637:(Luke 1:67–79). 619:John the Baptist 582: 575: 571: 568: 562: 559:inline citations 535: 534: 527: 520: 513: 509: 506: 500: 498: 457: 433: 425: 342:religious orders 302:and some of the 282:sections of the 188:Church of Sweden 56: 53: 47: 27: 26: 19: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5866: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5847: 5839: 5821: 5741: 5737:Walk to Canossa 5693:Excommunication 5668: 5662: 5653:Pope Paschal II 5628:Guido da Velate 5586: 5581: 5551: 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Machine 2539: 2535: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2513: 2506: 2502: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2477: 2467: 2463: 2453: 2449: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2421: 2417: 2412:Matthew 8:14–15 2410: 2406: 2401:Matthew 8:14–15 2399: 2395: 2388: 2384: 2377: 2373: 2366: 2362: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2340: 2327: 2326: 2319: 2312: 2308: 2301: 2297: 2290: 2286: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2264: 2259:Wayback Machine 2250: 2246: 2236: 2234: 2224: 2217: 2207: 2205: 2185: 2181: 2174: 2170: 2165:Wayback Machine 2156: 2152: 2145: 2141: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2119: 2115: 2108: 2104: 2097: 2093: 2083: 2081: 2073: 2072: 2065: 2058: 2044: 2040: 2031: 2027: 2023: 1998: 1991: 1988: 1956: 1947: 1828: 1820:Main articles: 1818: 1719: 1717:Other religions 1676:Cum data fuerit 1544:Lutheran Church 1528: 1517: 1511: 1508: 1497: 1485: 1474: 1380: 1316:General Council 1297: 1224: 1163:of Neo-Caesarea 1154:John Chrysostom 1149: 1138:Expositio Fidei 1126: 971: 950: 938:Cyran of Brenne 934:bishop of Tours 918:bishop of Meaux 894:bishop of Fermo 857: 853: 844: 794: 787: 765:locus classicus 758:locus classicus 717: 712: 706: 698: 690: 674:Lion of St Mark 651: 603: 583: 572: 566: 563: 548: 536: 532: 521: 510: 504: 501: 458: 456: 446: 434: 423: 389:Lutheran Church 369:Catholic Church 284:Catholic Church 268: 200: 103:Catholic Church 57: 51: 48: 37: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5899: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5857: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5837: 5829: 5827: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5779:Dominium mundi 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5749: 5747: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5733: 5732: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5682:Dictatus papae 5678: 5672: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5587: 5580: 5579: 5572: 5565: 5557: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5531: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5508:Ancient Greece 5500: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5441: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5419: 5417: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5394: 5393: 5383: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5339: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5317: 5312: 5306: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5230: 5225: 5223:Sexual fantasy 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5189: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5124:Anal fingering 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5084:Foot fetishism 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5025: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4977: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4943:Sexual capital 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4908:Premarital sex 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4859: 4857: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4811: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4785:Sexual slavery 4782: 4777: 4772: 4770:Sexual assault 4767: 4762: 4757: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4720:Age of consent 4716: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4673: 4671: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4633:Hypersexuality 4630: 4620: 4615: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4547: 4545: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4513:Sexual arousal 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4443: 4441: 4430: 4429: 4418: 4417: 4410: 4403: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4383: 4377:, JULY 2, 1522 4370: 4357: 4338: 4312: 4307: 4290: 4276: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4250: 4238: 4226: 4221: 4211: 4210:External links 4208: 4207: 4206: 4194: 4177: 4165: 4142: 4127: 4121: 4108: 4085: 4084:(1972:149–67). 4079:Church History 4075: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4046: 4032: 4018: 4001: 3976: 3951: 3926: 3896: 3876: 3864: 3840: 3829: 3818: 3802: 3790: 3774: 3763: 3752: 3741: 3730: 3719: 3708: 3697: 3677: 3666: 3655: 3642: 3630: 3619: 3608: 3597: 3572: 3558:Church History 3545: 3526: 3515:Pope Adrian II 3499: 3490: 3470:priora statuta 3461: 3450: 3432: 3414: 3405: 3394: 3381: 3368: 3352: 3337: 3317: 3306: 3291: 3276: 3265: 3254: 3238: 3227: 3225:), pp. 132-135 3204: 3180: 3168: 3144: 3119: 3107: 3100: 3082: 3060: 3049: 3014: 2999: 2989:(Ashgate 2010 2984:Helen Parish, 2976: 2958: 2949: 2940: 2924: 2903: 2892: 2880: 2873: 2855: 2840: 2829: 2813:978-0896225152 2812: 2786: 2775: 2762: 2753: 2741: 2716: 2676: 2668:Roman Cholij, 2661: 2640: 2629: 2618: 2607: 2596: 2585: 2574: 2551: 2533: 2522: 2511: 2500: 2489: 2475: 2461: 2447: 2436: 2427: 2415: 2404: 2393: 2382: 2371: 2360: 2349: 2338: 2317: 2306: 2295: 2284: 2273: 2262: 2244: 2215: 2179: 2168: 2150: 2139: 2124: 2113: 2102: 2091: 2063: 2056: 2038: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2011: 2004: 2003: 1987: 1984: 1955: 1952: 1946: 1943: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1804: 1797: 1775: 1764: 1752:Southeast Asia 1739: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1706: 1703:Anglo-Catholic 1683: 1615:full communion 1603: 1547: 1530: 1529: 1488: 1486: 1479: 1473: 1470: 1450:Thomas Cranmer 1411:Thomas Cajetan 1379: 1376: 1296: 1293: 1278:Divine Liturgy 1257:Constantinople 1223: 1220: 1170:Church Fathers 1044:Pope Silverius 1040:Pope Hormisdas 1036:Pope Gregory I 1032:Pope Felix III 1028:Pope Damasus I 983:Maurice Meigne 970: 969:Fourth century 967: 843: 840: 716: 713: 705: 702: 697: 694: 689: 686: 681: 680: 677: 670:lion of Venice 650: 647: 602: 599: 585: 584: 539: 537: 530: 523: 522: 437: 435: 428: 422: 419: 267: 264: 214:religious vows 199: 196: 109:except in the 80:monks and nuns 59: 58: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5898: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5845: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5735: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5578: 5573: 5571: 5566: 5564: 5559: 5558: 5555: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5532: 5529: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5513: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5330: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5290: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5218:Sex positions 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5094:Forced orgasm 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5011:United States 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4948:Sexual ethics 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4851: 4850:Relationships 4847: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4804: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4677:Gender binary 4675: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4639: 4638:Hyposexuality 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4612:PLISSIT model 4609: 4606: 4604: 4603:Sex education 4601: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4551:Birth control 4549: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4503:Pre-ejaculate 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4493:Pelvic thrust 4491: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4416: 4411: 4409: 4404: 4402: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4376: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4364:Philip Schaff 4361: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4219: 4214: 4213: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4162:2-914-26606-5 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4140: 4139:0-89526-144-8 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4122:0-89870-800-1 4118: 4114: 4109: 4106: 4105:0-89870-280-1 4102: 4098: 4097:0-89870-951-2 4094: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4076: 4074:(1906:69–120) 4073: 4069: 4068: 4056: 4050: 4043:. 3 May 2012. 4042: 4036: 4028: 4022: 4014: 4008: 4006: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3972: 3971: 3966: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3900: 3892: 3891: 3886: 3880: 3873: 3868: 3854: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3837:Canon 1031 §2 3833: 3827: 3822: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3799: 3794: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3772: 3767: 3761: 3756: 3750: 3745: 3739: 3734: 3728: 3723: 3717: 3712: 3706: 3701: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3675: 3670: 3664: 3659: 3652: 3646: 3639: 3634: 3628: 3623: 3617: 3612: 3606: 3601: 3587:on 2014-08-14 3586: 3582: 3576: 3569: 3566: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3539: 3536: 3530: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3503: 3494: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3474:idious horous 3471: 3465: 3459: 3454: 3448: 3444: 3441: 3436: 3430: 3426: 3423: 3418: 3409: 3403: 3398: 3391: 3385: 3378: 3372: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3350: 3348: 3341: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3315: 3310: 3304: 3302: 3295: 3289: 3287: 3280: 3274: 3269: 3263: 3258: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3236: 3231: 3224: 3223:0-89870-800-1 3220: 3216: 3215: 3212:Stefan Heid, 3208: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3177: 3172: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3134:on 2011-05-22 3133: 3129: 3123: 3116: 3111: 3103: 3101:9781317165163 3097: 3093: 3086: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3069: 3064: 3058: 3053: 3046: 3045:1-55612-653-0 3042: 3038: 3037: 3032:, p. 110 and 3031: 3030: 3027:Stefan Heid, 3024: 3018: 3012: 3011:, pp. 111–114 3010: 3007:Stefan Heid, 3003: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2980: 2974: 2970: 2967: 2962: 2953: 2944: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2876: 2874:9781317165163 2870: 2866: 2859: 2853: 2851: 2844: 2838: 2833: 2826: 2815: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2799: 2790: 2784: 2779: 2772: 2766: 2757: 2748: 2746: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2726: 2720: 2713: 2712:0-89870-280-1 2709: 2705: 2704:0-89870-951-2 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2686: 2680: 2673: 2672: 2665: 2659: 2658:0-89870-800-1 2655: 2652: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2633: 2627: 2622: 2616: 2611: 2605: 2600: 2594: 2593:1 Timothy 3:2 2589: 2583: 2578: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2555: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2537: 2531: 2526: 2520: 2515: 2509: 2504: 2498: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2479: 2473: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2451: 2445: 2444:Luke 18:28–30 2440: 2431: 2424: 2419: 2413: 2408: 2402: 2397: 2391: 2386: 2380: 2375: 2369: 2364: 2358: 2353: 2347: 2342: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2322: 2315: 2310: 2304: 2299: 2293: 2288: 2282: 2277: 2271: 2266: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2248: 2233: 2229: 2222: 2220: 2203: 2199: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2172: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2154: 2148: 2143: 2137: 2128: 2122: 2117: 2111: 2106: 2100: 2095: 2080: 2076: 2070: 2068: 2059: 2053: 2049: 2042: 2035: 2029: 2025: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2001: 1995: 1990: 1983: 1981: 1980:Gabino Zavala 1977: 1973: 1967: 1963: 1961: 1951: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1908:Pope Pius XII 1903: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1873:alone, not a 1872: 1868: 1864: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1850:1 Corinthians 1847: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1827: 1823: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1720: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1668:monastic life 1665: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1569:(1939–1958), 1568: 1567:Pope Pius XII 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1526: 1523: 1515: 1512:December 2012 1505: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1489:This section 1487: 1483: 1478: 1477: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1444:in 1525, and 1443: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1424: 1423:Maximilian II 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1375: 1372: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1349: 1346: 1339: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1233:According to 1231: 1229: 1219: 1217: 1216: 1209: 1208: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1189:Seven Deacons 1186: 1183:According to 1181: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1144: 1139: 1131: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1094:subintroducta 1088: 1085: 1084:subintroducta 1078: 1076: 1070: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1013:Dominus Inter 1008: 1003: 1002:Pope Siricius 999: 994: 991: 986: 984: 980: 976: 966: 964: 960: 954: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 900:; Aetherius, 899: 895: 891: 886: 883: 882: 875: 873: 869: 864: 848: 838: 834: 830: 828: 824: 818: 815: 813: 809: 808:Philip Schaff 804: 801: 784: 782: 776: 773: 769: 766: 759: 753: 749: 744: 742: 738: 733: 728: 724: 722: 715:First century 711: 701: 693: 685: 678: 675: 671: 667: 666: 665: 662: 660: 656: 646: 644: 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 611: 609: 598: 594: 592: 581: 578: 570: 560: 556: 552: 546: 545: 540:This section 538: 529: 528: 519: 516: 508: 497: 494: 490: 487: 483: 480: 476: 473: 469: 466: – 465: 461: 460:Find sources: 454: 450: 444: 443: 438:This section 436: 432: 427: 426: 418: 416: 412: 408: 403: 401: 396: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 365: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 330: 328: 327: 322: 319:According to 316: 312: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 263: 261: 255: 250: 248: 243: 238: 233: 230: 226: 221: 219: 215: 211: 207: 206: 195: 193: 189: 185: 181: 180:Protestantism 177: 173: 169: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 134: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 99: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 55: 45: 41: 35: 30: 21: 20: 5832: 5800:Papal States 5777: 5762: 5730:Sack of Rome 5707: 5680: 5443: 5413:Religion and 5403:Webcam model 5342:Survival sex 5332:Prostitution 5302:Sex industry 5213:Sex in space 5141:Masturbation 4981:Ancient Rome 4958:Sexual slang 4750:Sexual abuse 4457:Insemination 4373: 4351: 4217: 4201: 4190: 4181: 4171: 4130: 4112: 4088: 4081: 4078: 4071: 4049: 4035: 4021: 3993: 3968: 3943: 3916: 3912: 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