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should interlock the computers with the cooling systems so that the computers would not operate unless the cooling systems were operational. It did not originally occur to him to interlock in the other direction until a customer reported that localized power outages had shut down their computer, but left the cooling system running — so they arrived in the morning to find the machine encased in ice.
531:(NCAR) for $ 8.8 million. The company's early estimates had suggested that they might sell a dozen such machines, based on sales of similar machines from the CDC era, so the price was set accordingly. Eventually, well over 80 Cray-1s were sold, the company was a huge success financially, and Cray's innovations with super computers won him the nickname "The Wizard of Chippewa Falls".
402:). In the 6600, Cray had solved the critical design problem of "imprecise interrupts", which was largely responsible for IBM's failure. He did this by replacing I/O interrupts with a polled request issued by one of ten so-called peripheral processors, which were built-in mini-computers that did all transfers in and out of the 6600's central memory. The following
542:, which was another huge success and later the four-processor X-MP. When the Cray-2 was finally released after six years of development it was only marginally faster than the X-MP, largely due to very fast and large main memory, and thus it sold in much smaller numbers. The Cray-2 ran at 250 MHz with a very deep
651:, and started the design of his own massively parallel machine. The new design concentrated on communications and memory performance, the bottleneck that hampered many parallel designs. Design had just started when Cray was killed in a car accident. SRC Computers carried on development and specialized in
467:
Although the 6600 and 7600 had been huge successes in the end, both projects had almost bankrupted the company while they were being designed. The 8600 was running into similar difficulties and Cray eventually decided that the only solution was to start over fresh. This time Norris was not willing to
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His computers were equipped with built-in cooling systems, extending ultimately to coolant channels cast into the mainframes and thermally coupled to metal plates within the circuit boards, and to systems immersed in coolants. In a story he told about himself, he realized early in his career that he
444:
Cray decided that in order to continue development he would have to move from St. Paul, far enough that it would be too long a drive for a "quick visit" and long-distance telephone charges would be just enough to deter most calls, yet close enough that real visits or board meetings could be attended
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by ensuring that every signal path in his later computers was the same electrical length, so that values that were to be acted upon at a particular time were indeed all valid values. When required, he would run the traces back and forth on the circuit boards until the desired length was achieved,
491:
The split was fairly amicable, and when he started Cray
Research in a new laboratory on the same Chippewa property a year later, Norris invested $ 250,000 in start-up money. Like CDC's organization, Cray R&D was based in Chippewa Falls and business headquarters were in Minneapolis. Unlike CDC,
440:
During this period Cray had become increasingly annoyed at what he saw as interference from CDC management. Cray always demanded an absolutely quiet work environment with a minimum of management overhead, but as the company grew he found himself constantly interrupted by middle managers who –
561:
In 1989, Cray was faced with a repeat of history when the Cray-3 started to run into difficulties. An upgrade of the X-MP using high-speed memory from the Cray-2 was under development and seemed to be making real progress, and once again management was faced with two projects and limited budgets.
810:
One story has it that when Cray was asked by management to provide detailed one-year and five-year plans for his next machine, he simply wrote, "Five-year goal: Build the biggest computer in the world. One year goal: One-fifth of the above." And another time, when expected to write a multi-page
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solution to high-speed computing, offering a variety of reasons that it would never work as well as one very fast processor. He famously quipped "If you were plowing a field, which would you rather use: two strong oxen or 1024 chickens?" By the mid-1990s, this argument was becoming increasingly
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project started, he found himself once again being "bothered" too much with day-to-day tasks. In order to concentrate on design, Cray left the CEO position of Cray
Research in 1980 to become an independent contractor. In 1988, he moved the Cray-3 project from Chippewa Falls to a laboratory in
495:
At first there was some question as to what exactly the new company should do. It did not seem that there would be any way for them to afford to develop a new computer, given that the now-large CDC had been unable to support more than one. When the
President in charge of financing traveled to
385:
Although in terms of hardware the 6600 was not on the leading edge, Cray invested considerable effort into the design of the machine in an attempt to enable it to run as fast as possible. Unlike most high-end projects, Cray realized that there was considerably more to performance than simple
374:), but company management wanted these machines targeted toward "business and commercial" data processing for average customers. Cray did not enjoy working on such "mundane" machines, constrained to design for low-cost construction, so CDC could sell many of them. His desire was to
393:
The 6600 was the first commercial supercomputer, outperforming everything then available by a wide margin. While expensive, for those that needed the absolutely fastest computer available there was nothing else on the market that could compete. When other companies (namely
472:, seemed to be progressing more smoothly. Norris said he was willing to keep the project alive at a low level until the STAR was delivered, at which point full funding could be put into the 8600. Cray was unwilling to work under these conditions and left the company.
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computer was fast, as opposed to just the processor. When it was released it easily beat almost every machine in terms of speed, including the STAR-100 that had beaten the 8600 for funding. The only machine able to perform on the same sort of level was the
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laboratory that had built codebreaking machines, a tradition ERA carried on when such work was available. ERA was introduced to computer technology during one such effort, but in other times had worked on a wide variety of basic engineering as well.
504:, he was surprised to find that Cray's reputation was very well known. Far from struggling for some role to play in the market, the financial world was more than willing to provide Cray with all the money they would need to develop a new machine.
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without too much difficulty. After some debate, Norris backed him and set up a new laboratory on land Cray owned in his hometown of
Chippewa Falls. Part of the reason for the move may also have to do with Cray's worries about an impending
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detailed status report for the company executives, Cray's two sentence report read: "Activity is progressing satisfactorily as outlined under the June plan. There have been no significant changes or deviations from the June plan."
593:
The 500 MHz Cray-3 proved to be Cray's second major failure. In order to provide the tenfold increase in performance that he always demanded of his newest machines, Cray decided that the machine would have to be built using
1967:
An
Imaginary Tour of a Biological Computer (Why Computer Professionals and Molecular Biologists Should Start Collaborating): Remarks of Seymour Cray to the Shannon Center for Advanced Studies, University of Virginia, May 30,
369:
that had impressive performance for its price. Even as the CDC 1604 was starting to ship to customers in 1960, Cray had already moved on to designing other computers. He first worked on the design of an upgraded version (the
198:, said of him: "It seems impossible to exaggerate the effect he had on the industry; many of the things that high performance computers now do routinely were at the farthest edge of credibility when Seymour envisioned them."
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Cray frequently cited two important aspects to his design philosophy: remove heat, and ensure that all signals that are supposed to arrive somewhere at the same time do indeed arrive at the same time.
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1987:
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minister, as was Cray's mother, and Verene worked as a nutritionist. They had three children and divorced around 1978. He later married Geri
Harrand and had one son and two daughters.
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bandwidth had to be maximized as well in order to avoid "starving" the processor of data to crunch. He later noted, "Anyone can build a fast CPU. The trick is to build a fast system."
520:, a specialized one-off machine that rarely operated near its maximum performance, except on very specific tasks. In general, the Cray-1 beat anything on the market by a wide margin.
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Cray avoided publicity, and there are a number of unusual tales about his life away from work, termed "Rollwagenisms", from then-CEO of Cray
Research, John A. Rollwagen. He enjoyed
42:
602:, preferring to use well-known solutions and designing a fast machine based on them. In this case, Cray was developing every part of the machine, even the chips inside it.
456:
The new
Chippewa Lab was set up during the middle of the 6600 project, although it does not seem to have delayed the project. After the 6600 shipped, the successor
460:
system was the next product to be developed in
Chippewa Falls, offering peak computational speeds of ten times the 6600. The failed follow-on to the 7600, the
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in design of the boards to ensure that any radio frequency effects which altered the signal velocity and hence the electrical path length were accounted for.
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machines were coming into the market at price/performance ratios the Cray-3 could not touch. Cray responded through "brute force", starting design of the
1994:
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made it unlikely anyone would buy enough Cray-4s to offer a return on the development funds. The company ran out of money and filed for
Chapter 11
449:, which he felt made the Twin Cities a serious safety concern. His house, built a few hundred yards from the new CDC laboratory, included a huge
203:
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which built many of these machines. Called "the father of supercomputing", Cray has been credited with creating the supercomputer industry.
842:, established in late 1997, recognizes innovative contributions to high performance computing systems exemplifying Cray's creative spirit.
901:
608:
The machine was still essentially a prototype, and the company was using the installation to debug the design. By this time a number of
1963:— keynote lecture by Seymour Cray, recorded on November 15, 1988, at Supercomputing '88 in Orlando, FL, University Video Communications
1127:"Designed by Seymour Cray, the CDC 6600 was almost three times faster than the next fastest machine of its day, the IBM 7030 Stretch."
2331:
2326:
17:
1806:
2341:
2291:
528:
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807:" while he worked in the tunnel: "While I'm digging in the tunnel, the elves will often come to me with solutions to my problem."
1943:
839:
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in Colorado. Cray died of his injuries on October 5, 1996, two weeks after the accident and one week after his 71st birthday.
1885:
1396:
1295:
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Cray quickly came to be regarded as an expert on digital computer technology, especially following his design work on the
230:
who fostered Cray's interest in science and engineering. As early as the age of ten he was able to build a device out of
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1139:
1954:
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Nevertheless, the team were able to get the machine working and delivered their first example to NCAR on 24 May 1993.
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according to Cray – did little but gawk and use him as a sales tool by introducing him to prospective customers.
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1980:
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Computers should obey a square law — when the price doubles, you should get at least four times as much speed.
378:. So after some basic design work on the CDC 3000 series, he turned that over to others and went on to work on the
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technology made developing programs on such machines not much more difficult than their simpler counterparts.
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814:
Cray was mortally wounded in a rollover accident caused by a reckless driver, while Cray was merging his
354:, later became dissatisfied with ERA, then spun off as Sperry Rand. In 1957, they founded a new company,
182:
architect who designed a series of computers that were the fastest in the world for decades, and founded
686:
tools he used to design computers, Cray said that he liked pads of 8-1/2" x 11" "faintly-ruled 1/4-inch
780:
Cray married Verene Voll in 1947. They had known each other since childhood. She was the daughter of a
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413:
article announcing the CDC 6600, Seymour Cray clearly expressed an idea that is often misattributed to
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2003:
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382:. Nonetheless, several special features of the 6600 first started to appear in the 3000 series.
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signals. The basement of the family home was given over to the young Cray as a "laboratory".
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2017:
1609:
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351:
266:
1877:
The Supermen: The Story of Seymour Cray and the Technical Wizards behind the Supercomputer
1722:
1577:
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1250:
1234:
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994:
8:
1966:
1810:
290:
274:
124:
1897:"Reminiscences of computer architecture and computer design at Control Data Corporation"
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815:
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609:
331:
315:
430:
Seymour Cray, "Computers get faster than ever", Business Week (31 August 1963): p. 28.
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After several years of development, their first product was released in 1976 as the
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187:
128:
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1379:
Watts, H.R. (1993). "The future of GaAs in the CRAY-3 and CRAY-4 supercomputers".
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semiconductors. In the past Cray had always avoided using anything even near the
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They eventually decided to take the safer route, releasing the new design as the
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which would run at 1 GHz and outpower these machines, regardless of price.
2052:
1641:
327:
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1960:
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1114:
881:
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1388:
1154:"In 1964 Cray's CDC 6600 replaced Stretch as the fastest computer on earth."
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In 1995 there had been no further sales of the Cray-3, and the ending of the
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1972:
1930:
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464:, was the project that finally ended his run of successes at CDC in 1972.
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199:
398:) attempted to create machines with similar performance, they stumbled (
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under his home; he attributed the secret of his success to "visits by
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1088:"William C. Norris, 95, Founder of an Early Rival to I.B.M., Dies"
41:
2337:
University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering alumni
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1949:
586:
Cray decided to spin off the Colorado Springs laboratory to form
546:, making it harder to write code than for the shorter-pipe X-MP.
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in 1976, and that summer the first full system was sold to the
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511:. As with earlier Cray designs, the Cray-1 made sure that the
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Making a World of Difference: Engineering Ideas into Reality
698:
Cray was involved in the design of the following computers:
174:(September 28, 1925 – October 5, 1996) was an American
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Expert Systems, Knowledge Engineering for Human Replication
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take the risk, and another project within the company, the
183:
150:
1502:"Midwest Computer Architect Struggles with Speed of Light"
1477:
The Genius: Meet Seymour Cray, Father of the Supercomputer
534:
Follow-up success was not as easy. While he worked on the
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395:
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IBM Stretch (7030) — Aggressive Uniprocessor Parallelism
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even improved the speed advantage by a factor of five.
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590:. This new entity took the Cray-3 project with them.
338:, ERA became the scientific computing arm of their
226:, to Seymour R. and Lillian Cray. His father was a
435:
301:
1155:
898:Obituary - Seymour Cray, Father of supercomputing
799:, and other sports. Another favorite pastime was
492:Cray's manufacturing was also in Chippewa Falls.
2268:
1759:"Cray's Founder Critically Injured in Car Crash"
1753:
27:Supercomputer architect and engineer (1925–1996)
204:National Center for Supercomputing Applications
154:
1988:
1085:
2002:
1490:Customer presentation by Seymour Cray, c1979
569:
376:"produce the largest computer in the world"
1901:University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy
361:By 1960 he had completed the design of the
345:
1995:
1981:
1648:
1182:
575:
538:, other teams delivered the two-processor
1894:
1684:
1324:"What's all this about Gallium Arsenide?"
1134:. National Academy of Engineering. 2014.
1053:Campbell-Kelly, Martin (1 October 2006).
1784:
1303:. Cray Computer Corporation. August 1993
1121:
1023:
1021:
1019:
529:National Center for Atmospheric Research
479:
334:in the early 1950s. At the newly formed
1961:What's All This About Gallium Arsenide?
1809:. IEEE Computer Society. Archived from
1734:
1621:
1422:"HPC at NCAR: Past, Present and Future"
1079:
1031:. IEEE Computer Society. Archived from
893:
891:
882:"Seymour Cray Obituary by John Markoff"
840:Seymour Cray Computer Engineering Award
658:
14:
2269:
1873:
1843:
1735:Johnson, Robert (September 25, 1996).
1718:
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1573:
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257:as a radio operator. He saw action in
2287:People from Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin
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1976:
1656:"Technology: Just Dig While You Work"
1419:
1378:
1199:
1016:
2302:American technology company founders
1895:Pagelkopf, Don; et al. (1975).
1834:
1499:
1321:
1107:
888:
693:
285:, graduating in 1949, followed by a
24:
1835:Bell, Gordon (November 10, 1997).
1807:"IEEE Computer Society Award List"
581:Logo of Cray Computer Corporation
158:
25:
2363:
1937:
1622:Evavold, Ross (13 October 1996).
640:difficult to justify, and modern
314:. ERA had formed out of a former
214:of the supercomputing industry."
2332:Road incident deaths in Colorado
2327:Howard N. Potts Medal recipients
2031:
1948:
1743:. Chippewa Falls, WI. p. 1.
1693:"Seymour Cray - An Appreciation"
1500:Metz, William D. (27 Jan 1978).
1322:Cray, Seymour (2 January 2011).
1086:Markoff, John (23 August 2006).
775:
630:
523:Serial number 001 was "lent" to
475:
40:
2342:20th-century American engineers
2292:20th-century American inventors
1846:"Seymour Cray: An Appreciation"
1799:
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1334:from the original on 2021-12-11
1315:
1288:
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436:CDC's Chippewa Falls laboratory
308:Engineering Research Associates
302:Engineering Research Associates
143:Engineering Research Associates
1844:Howard, Toby (February 1997).
1691:Howard, Toby (February 1997).
1046:
952:
931:
910:
874:
670:Cray addressed the problem of
525:Los Alamos National Laboratory
13:
1:
2297:American electrical engineers
1828:
1429:Cray User's Group Proceedings
1381:15th Annual GaAs IC Symposium
829:
635:Cray had always resisted the
217:
1837:"A Seymour Cray Perspective"
1529:10.1126/science.199.4327.404
265:where he worked on breaking
7:
1874:Murray, Charles J. (1997).
1737:"Cray's Condition Improves"
845:
647:Cray set up a new company,
10:
2368:
1909:Discussion topics include
1848:. Personal Computer World.
1668:1988-03-28. Archived from
1455:www.unitedstatescourts.org
1420:Engel, Tom (26 May 2010).
1156:Andreas Sofroniou (2013).
960:"COMPUTER PIONEER INJURED"
556:Colorado Springs, Colorado
247:Chippewa Falls High School
234:components that converted
86:Colorado Springs, Colorado
2232:
2206:
2174:Chippewa Operating System
2129:
2040:
2029:
2010:
1944:Seymour Cray Oral History
1905:Charles Babbage Institute
1880:. John Wiley & Sons.
1624:"Seymour Cray Remembered"
1183:Smotherman, Mark (2010),
1029:"Tribute to Seymour Cray"
918:"Tribute to Seymour Cray"
852:Charles Babbage Institute
759:(only one produced, 1993)
588:Cray Computer Corporation
570:Cray Computer Corporation
296:
224:Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin
222:Cray was born in 1925 in
165:
155:Cray Computer Corporation
138:
120:
113:
103:
93:
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67:Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin
48:
39:
32:
18:Cray Computer Corporation
2352:Inventors from Wisconsin
2347:Engineers from Wisconsin
2322:Control Data Corporation
2004:Control Data Corporation
1911:Control Data Corporation
1389:10.1109/GAAS.1993.394484
939:"Quote by Joel Birnbaum"
867:
682:When asked what kind of
653:reconfigurable computing
356:Control Data Corporation
346:Control Data Corporation
261:, and then moved to the
192:chief technology officer
147:Control Data Corporation
2224:PLATO (computer system)
1698:Personal Computer World
365:, an improved low-cost
283:University of Minnesota
269:. On his return to the
210:said that Cray is "the
202:, then director of the
98:University of Minnesota
1953:Quotations related to
1861:Cite journal requires
1757:(September 23, 1996).
862:John Vincent Atanasoff
488:
433:
386:processor speed, that
279:electrical engineering
208:University of Illinois
133:electrical engineering
2219:Storage Module Device
1839:. Microsoft Research.
836:IEEE Computer Society
483:
423:
312:Saint Paul, Minnesota
306:In 1950, Cray joined
249:in 1943 before being
2233:Affiliated companies
1383:. pp. 137–139.
711:(1958, not produced)
659:Technical approaches
484:Seymour Cray with a
267:Japanese naval codes
245:Cray graduated from
1521:1978Sci...199..404M
1067:on 10 November 2017
1055:"William C. Norris"
741:(cancelled in 1974)
677:Maxwell's equations
291:applied mathematics
176:electrical engineer
125:Applied mathematics
2307:Computer designers
1764:The New York Times
1358:www2.cisl.ucar.edu
1093:The New York Times
904:2008-05-07 at the
637:massively parallel
610:massively parallel
489:
332:Sperry Corporation
316:United States Navy
236:punched paper tape
172:Seymour Roger Cray
63:September 28, 1925
53:Seymour Roger Cray
2264:
2263:
2116:
2115:
1933:and Seymour Cray.
1887:978-0-471-04885-5
1515:(4327): 408–409.
1398:978-0-7803-1393-4
824:Air Force Academy
694:List of computers
350:Cray, along with
169:
168:
115:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
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1755:Associated Press
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1209:. Archived from
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801:digging a tunnel
675:and he employed
600:state of the art
596:gallium arsenide
579:
431:
400:IBM 7030 Stretch
188:Joel S. Birnbaum
129:computer science
81:
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2063:CDC 3000 series
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1741:Chippewa Harold
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906:Wayback Machine
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832:
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721:CDC 3000 series
696:
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627:24 March 1995.
584:
583:
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372:CDC 3000 series
348:
304:
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263:Pacific theatre
220:
196:Hewlett-Packard
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94:Alma mater
89:
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2053:CDC 160 series
2050:
2044:
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2030:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2018:William Norris
2014:
2012:
2008:
2007:
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1999:
1992:
1985:
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1971:
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1964:
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1946:
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1938:External links
1936:
1935:
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1892:
1886:
1871:
1863:|journal=
1841:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1798:
1787:"Seymour Cray"
1785:Jason Pepper.
1777:
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1727:
1711:
1683:
1647:
1642:Newspapers.com
1614:
1598:
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1451:"Case Details"
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427:
409:In 1963, in a
352:William Norris
347:
344:
328:Remington Rand
303:
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228:civil engineer
219:
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167:
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108:Supercomputers
105:
104:Known for
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82:(aged 71)
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52:
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2108:CDC Cyber 200
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1813:on 2011-10-02
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1213:on 2016-05-15
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476:Cray Research
473:
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448:
442:
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422:
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417:as so-called
416:
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215:
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212:Thomas Edison
209:
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197:
193:
189:
185:
184:Cray Research
181:
180:supercomputer
177:
173:
164:
160:
159:SRC Computers
156:
152:
151:Cray Research
148:
144:
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137:
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2235:and products
2103:CDC STAR-100
2023:Seymour Cray
2022:
1957:at Wikiquote
1955:Seymour Cray
1931:CDC STAR-100
1900:
1876:
1854:cite journal
1815:. Retrieved
1811:the original
1801:
1790:. Retrieved
1780:
1768:. Retrieved
1762:
1749:
1740:
1730:
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1696:
1686:
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1670:the original
1659:
1650:
1640:– via
1627:
1617:
1601:
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1569:
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1512:
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1470:
1458:. Retrieved
1454:
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1428:
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1374:
1362:. Retrieved
1357:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1327:
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1296:
1290:
1274:
1258:
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1226:
1215:. Retrieved
1211:the original
1201:
1190:, retrieved
1185:
1178:
1162:. Lulu.com.
1158:
1150:
1130:
1123:
1109:
1097:. Retrieved
1091:
1081:
1069:. Retrieved
1065:the original
1058:
1048:
1037:. Retrieved
1033:the original
1002:
986:
975:. Retrieved
963:
954:
942:. Retrieved
933:
921:. Retrieved
912:
876:
833:
813:
809:
786:
779:
697:
681:
669:
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646:
634:
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607:
604:
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587:
585:
560:
548:
533:
522:
512:
506:
500:to look for
494:
490:
470:CDC STAR-100
466:
455:
451:bomb shelter
443:
439:
424:
419:Grosch's law
410:
408:
392:
384:
375:
360:
349:
321:
305:
273:he earned a
255:World War II
244:
221:
171:
170:
139:Institutions
114:
80:(1996-10-05)
34:Seymour Cray
2282:1996 deaths
2277:1925 births
2242:ETA Systems
2143:Languages:
1719:Murray 1997
1632:. pp.
1606:Murray 1997
1590:Murray 1997
1574:Murray 1997
1560:, pp.
1558:Murray 1997
1279:Murray 1997
1265:, pp.
1263:Murray 1997
1247:Murray 1997
1231:Murray 1997
1115:"The BUNCH"
1099:10 November
1071:10 November
1009:, pp.
1007:Murray 1997
993:, pp.
991:Murray 1997
822:, near the
793:windsurfing
771:(cancelled)
765:(cancelled)
498:Wall Street
447:nuclear war
415:Herb Grosch
336:Sperry Rand
232:Erector Set
200:Larry Smarr
2271:Categories
2179:CDC Kronos
2011:Key people
1829:References
1817:2010-05-01
1792:2010-05-01
1721:, p.
1608:, p.
1592:, p.
1576:, p.
1281:, p.
1249:, p.
1233:, p.
1217:2017-10-19
1207:"CDC 7600"
1039:2010-05-01
977:2018-07-30
944:14 October
923:14 October
857:Cray-3/SSS
830:Posthumous
769:Cray-3/SSS
625:bankruptcy
502:seed money
342:division.
240:Morse code
218:Early life
59:1925-09-28
2256:Cray Inc.
2196:CDC SCOPE
2121:CDC Cyber
2041:Computers
1666:Time Inc.
972:0190-8286
782:Methodist
709:AN/USQ-17
690:" paper.
688:quadrille
564:Cray Y-MP
540:Cray X-MP
518:ILLIAC IV
330:and then
310:(ERA) in
293:in 1951.
2214:CDC Wren
2130:Software
2085:CDC 8600
2080:CDC 7600
2073:CDC 6600
2058:CDC 1700
2048:CDC 1604
1927:CDC 8600
1923:CDC 7600
1919:CDC 6600
1915:CDC 1604
1704:18 March
1676:18 March
1545:37489376
1537:17820562
1407:60512437
1354:"Cray-3"
1332:Archived
902:Archived
846:See also
739:CDC 8600
733:CDC 7600
727:CDC 6600
715:CDC 1604
703:ERA 1103
642:compiler
621:Cold War
544:pipeline
462:CDC 8600
458:CDC 7600
428:—
404:CDC 7600
380:CDC 6600
367:ERA 1103
363:CDC 1604
324:ERA 1103
2147:COMPASS
1770:June 1,
1517:Bibcode
1509:Science
1328:YouTube
1267:116-117
549:As the
281:at the
251:drafted
206:at the
190:, then
2189:NOS/VE
2095:Vector
1884:
1562:44, 48
1543:
1535:
1460:26 May
1435:26 May
1431:: 1–13
1405:
1395:
1364:26 May
1360:. NCAR
1338:26 May
1307:26 May
1297:Cray-3
1192:25 May
1166:
1138:
970:
797:tennis
789:skiing
763:Cray-4
757:Cray-3
753:(1985)
751:Cray-2
747:(1976)
745:Cray-1
735:(1967)
729:(1964)
723:(1963)
717:(1960)
705:(1953)
614:Cray-4
551:Cray-3
536:Cray-2
513:entire
509:Cray-1
486:Cray-1
340:UNIVAC
297:Career
259:Europe
131:, and
121:Fields
2247:ETA10
2162:MIMIC
2157:Cybil
2152:SYMPL
1541:S2CID
1505:(PDF)
1425:(PDF)
1403:S2CID
1301:(PDF)
1011:47-48
995:46-47
868:Notes
818:onto
805:elves
287:M.Sc.
275:B.Sc.
238:into
2312:Cray
2170:OS:
1968:1996
1882:ISBN
1867:help
1772:2023
1706:2010
1678:2010
1661:Time
1533:PMID
1462:2017
1437:2017
1393:ISBN
1366:2017
1340:2017
1309:2017
1194:2013
1164:ISBN
1136:ISBN
1101:2017
1073:2017
968:ISSN
946:2014
925:2014
834:The
672:skew
253:for
178:and
88:, US
75:Died
69:, US
49:Born
2184:NOS
2137:026
1610:205
1594:151
1525:doi
1513:199
1385:doi
1283:124
838:'s
684:CAD
396:IBM
388:I/O
289:in
277:in
194:of
2273::
1929:,
1925:,
1921:,
1917:,
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1856:}}
1852:{{
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1251:86
1235:82
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962:.
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61:)
57:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
