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is usually done free of charge. The tradition of peer reviews being done for free has however brought many pitfalls which are also indicative of why most peer reviewers decline many invitations to review. It was observed that publications from periphery countries rarely rise to the same elite status as those of North
America and Europe, because limitations on the availability of resources including high-quality paper and sophisticated image-rendering software and printing tools render these publications less able to satisfy standards currently carrying formal or informal authority in the publishing industry. These limitations in turn result in the under-representation of scholars from periphery nations among the set of publications holding prestige status relative to the quantity and quality of those scholars' research efforts, and this under-representation in turn results in disproportionately reduced acceptance of the results of their efforts as contributions to the body of knowledge available worldwide.
1934:) research is an approach that involves the development of theory as opposed to using observation and experimentation. As such, non-empirical research seeks solutions to problems using existing knowledge as its source. This, however, does not mean that new ideas and innovations cannot be found within the pool of existing and established knowledge. Non-empirical research is not an absolute alternative to empirical research because they may be used together to strengthen a research approach. Neither one is less effective than the other since they have their particular purpose in science. Typically empirical research produces observations that need to be explained; then theoretical research tries to explain them, and in so doing generates empirically testable hypotheses; these hypotheses are then tested empirically, giving more observations that may need further explanation; and so on. See
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1762:. However, some researchers advocate for the reverse approach: starting with articulating findings and discussion of them, moving "up" to identification of a research problem that emerges in the findings and literature review. The reverse approach is justified by the transactional nature of the research endeavor where research inquiry, research questions, research method, relevant research literature, and so on are not fully known until the findings have fully emerged and been interpreted.
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3851:
4765:
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922:
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2199:) and the geographic locations where research occurs. Periphery scholars face the challenges of exclusion and linguicism in research and academic publication. As the great majority of mainstream academic journals are written in English, multilingual periphery scholars often must translate their work to be accepted to elite Western-dominated journals. Multilingual scholars' influences from their native communicative styles can be assumed to be incompetence instead of difference.
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2403:
2607:
1361:: Consists of the subject area of one's interest and following that subject area to conduct subject-related research. The subject area should not be randomly chosen since it requires reading a vast amount of literature on the topic to determine the gap in the literature the researcher intends to narrow. A keen interest in the chosen subject area is advisable. The research will have to be justified by linking its importance to already existing knowledge about the topic.
5005:
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1513:, in artistic research, "perhaps more so than other disciplines, intuition is utilized as a method to identify a wide range of new and unexpected productive modalities". Most writers, whether of fiction or non-fiction books, also have to do research to support their creative work. This may be factual, historical, or background research. Background research could include, for example, geographical or procedural research.
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1419:). However, if the outcome is consistent with the hypothesis, the experiment is said to support the hypothesis. This careful language is used because researchers recognize that alternative hypotheses may also be consistent with the observations. In this sense, a hypothesis can never be proven, but rather only supported by surviving rounds of scientific testing and, eventually, becoming widely thought of as true.
5053:
4453:
4357:
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3185:
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7758:
1208:
1981:
1442:. Humanities scholars usually do not search for the ultimate correct answer to a question, but instead, explore the issues and details that surround it. Context is always important, and context can be social, historical, political, cultural, or ethnic. An example of research in the humanities is historical research, which is embodied in
2656:
in the UK. These are managed primarily through universities and in some cases through military contractors. Many senior researchers (such as group leaders) spend a significant amount of their time applying for grants for research funds. These grants are necessary not only for researchers to carry out
2565:
the work and make it available for a wider audience. The system varies widely by field and is also always changing, if often slowly. Most academic work is published in journal article or book form. There is also a large body of research that exists in either a thesis or dissertation form. These forms
2308:
This could be due to changes in funding for research both in the East and the West. Focused on emphasizing educational achievement, East Asian cultures, mainly in China and South Korea, have encouraged the increase of funding for research expansion. In contrast, in the
Western academic world, notably
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is often used to determine an academic paper's suitability for publication. Usually, the peer review process involves experts in the same field who are consulted by editors to give a review of the scholarly works produced by a colleague of theirs from an unbiased and impartial point of view, and this
1921:
has brought big impacts on research methods so that now many researchers do not put much effort into data collection; furthermore, methods to analyze easily available huge amounts of data have also been developed. Types of
Research Method 1. Observatory Research Method 2. Correlation Research Method
1859:
This research mainly focus on culture of group of people which includes share attributes, language, practices, structure, value, norms and material things, evaluate human lifestyle. Ethno: people, Grapho: to write, this disciple may include ethnic groups, ethno genesis, composition, resettlement and
1914:
Mixed-method research, i.e. research that includes qualitative and quantitative elements, using both primary and secondary data, is becoming more common. This method has benefits that using one method alone cannot offer. For example, a researcher may choose to conduct a qualitative study and follow
1689:
Research is often conducted using the hourglass model structure of research. The hourglass model starts with a broad spectrum for research, focusing in on the required information through the method of the project (like the neck of the hourglass), then expands the research in the form of discussion
962:
Research, in its simplest terms, is searching for knowledge and searching for truth. In a formal sense, it is a systematic study of a problem attacked by a deliberately chosen strategy, which starts with choosing an approach to preparing a blueprint (design) and acting upon it in terms of designing
1910:
In either qualitative or quantitative research, the researcher(s) may collect primary or secondary data. Primary data is data collected specifically for the research, such as through interviews or questionnaires. Secondary data is data that already exists, such as census data, which can be re-used
1737:
The steps generally represent the overall process; however, they should be viewed as an ever-changing iterative process rather than a fixed set of steps. Most research begins with a general statement of the problem, or rather, the purpose for engaging in the study. The literature review identifies
1422:
A useful hypothesis allows prediction and within the accuracy of observation of the time, the prediction will be verified. As the accuracy of observation improves with time, the hypothesis may no longer provide an accurate prediction. In this case, a new hypothesis will arise to challenge the old,
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are somewhat interdisciplinary, and publish work from several distinct fields or subfields. The kinds of publications that are accepted as contributions of knowledge or research vary greatly between fields, from the print to the electronic format. A study suggests that researchers should not give
1021:
work, there are typically some new (for example) mathematical results produced or a new way of approaching an existing problem. In some subjects which do not typically carry out experimentation or analysis of this kind, the originality is in the particular way existing understanding is changed or
1906:
If the research question is about people, participants may be randomly assigned to different treatments (this is the only way that a quantitative study can be considered a true experiment). If this is not feasible, the researcher may collect data on participant and situational characteristics to
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The open access movement assumes that all information generally deemed useful should be free and belongs to a "public domain", that of "humanity". This idea gained prevalence as a result of
Western colonial history and ignores alternative conceptions of knowledge circulation. For instance, most
1611:
comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use historical sources and other evidence to research and then to write history. There are various history guidelines that are commonly used by historians in their work, under the headings of external criticism, internal criticism, and
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in the following manner – "Artistic research is to investigate and test with the purpose of gaining knowledge within and for our artistic disciplines. It is based on artistic practices, methods, and criticality. Through presented documentation, the insights gained shall be placed in a context."
807:
and error. These activities are characterized by accounting and controlling for biases. A research project may be an expansion of past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole.
2292:
There is alleged to be a double standard in the
Western knowledge system. On the one hand, "digital right management" used to restrict access to personal information on social networking platforms is celebrated as a protection of privacy, while simultaneously when similar functions are used by
1902:
The quantitative data collection methods rely on random sampling and structured data collection instruments that fit diverse experiences into predetermined response categories. These methods produce results that can be summarized, compared, and generalized to larger populations if the data are
1012:
rather than present the existing knowledge in a new form (e.g., summarized or classified). Original research can take various forms, depending on the discipline it pertains to. In experimental work, it typically involves direct or indirect observation of the researched subject(s), e.g., in the
1454:
to systematically investigate a topic, and then to write histories in the form of accounts of the past. Other studies aim to merely examine the occurrence of behaviours in societies and communities, without particularly looking for reasons or motivations to explain these. These studies may be
2375:
This kind of research approach reduces the quality of research because international researchers may not ask the right questions or draw connections to local issues. The result of this approach is that local communities are unable to leverage the research to their own advantage. Ultimately,
2226:
Generalization is the process of more broadly applying the valid results of one study. Studies with a narrow scope can result in a lack of generalizability, meaning that the results may not be applicable to other populations or regions. In comparative politics, this can result from using a
2149:
Meta-research is the study of research through the use of research methods. Also known as "research on research", it aims to reduce waste and increase the quality of research in all fields. Meta-research concerns itself with the detection of bias, methodological flaws, and other errors and
1893:
methods. The quantitative research designs are experimental, correlational, and survey (or descriptive). Statistics derived from quantitative research can be used to establish the existence of associative or causal relationships between variables. Quantitative research is linked with the
2211:
are the focus of very few studies. Patterns of geographic bias also show a relationship with linguicism: countries whose official languages are French or Arabic are far less likely to be the focus of single-country studies than countries with different official languages. Within Africa,
1466:, also seen as 'practice-based research', can take form when creative works are considered both the research and the object of research itself. It is the debatable body of thought which offers an alternative to purely scientific methods in research in its search for knowledge and truth.
1941:
A simple example of a non-empirical task is the prototyping of a new drug using a differentiated application of existing knowledge; another is the development of a business process in the form of a flow chart and texts where all the ingredients are from established knowledge. Much of
2202:
For comparative politics, Western countries are over-represented in single-country studies, with heavy emphasis on
Western Europe, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Since 2000, Latin American countries have become more popular in single-country studies. In contrast, countries in
1854:
Qualitative research refers to much more subjective non- quantitative, use different methods of collecting data, analyzing data, interpreting data for meanings, definitions, characteristics, symbols metaphors of things. Qualitative research further classified into following types:
1843:
There are two major types of empirical research design: qualitative research and quantitative research. Researchers choose qualitative or quantitative methods according to the nature of the research topic they want to investigate and the research questions they aim to answer:
1469:
The controversial trend of artistic teaching becoming more academics-oriented is leading to artistic research being accepted as the primary mode of enquiry in art as in the case of other disciplines. One of the characteristics of artistic research is that it must accept
2575:
great consideration to findings that are not replicated frequently. It has also been suggested that all published studies should be subjected to some measure for assessing the validity or reliability of its procedures to prevent the publication of unproven findings.
970:, who states that "research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue". It consists of three steps: pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question.
1779:
talks about an inherent difficulty, if not a paradox, of doing research that can be paraphrased in the following way, "If you know what you're searching for, why do you search for it?! If you don't know what you're searching for, what are you searching for?!"
1423:
and to the extent that the new hypothesis makes more accurate predictions than the old, the new will supplant it. Researchers can also use a null hypothesis, which states no relationship or difference between the independent or dependent variables.
2186:
populations, and is based on dimensions of mental health important to the Māori people – "taha wairua (the spiritual dimension), taha hinengaro (the mental dimension), taha tinana (the physical dimension), and taha whanau (the family dimension)".
1907:
statistically control for their influence on the dependent, or outcome, variable. If the intent is to generalize from the research participants to a larger population, the researcher will employ probability sampling to select participants.
2579:
are different in the electronic environment. Since about the early 1990s, licensing of electronic resources, particularly journals, has been very common. Presently, a major trend, particularly with respect to scholarly journals, is
890:, one should have enormous knowledge of subjects related to social science that they are specialized in. Similarly, in order to be a natural science researcher, the person should have knowledge of fields related to natural science (
1750:. The hypothesis is the supposition to be tested. The researcher(s) collects data to test the hypothesis. The researcher(s) then analyzes and interprets the data via a variety of statistical methods, engaging in what is known as
2252:. The reason given is: This subsection's claims are potentially outdated in the "digital age" given that near-total penetration of Web access among scholars worldwide enables any scholar to submit papers to any journal anywhere.
1815:
The goal of the research process is to produce new knowledge or deepen understanding of a topic or issue. This process takes three main forms (although, as previously discussed, the boundaries between them may be obscure):
1385:: Consists of identifying a population and selecting samples, gathering information from or about these samples by using specific research instruments. The instruments used for data collection must be valid and reliable.
2274:
is a form of self-regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant field. Peer review methods are employed to maintain standards of quality, improve performance, and provide credibility. In academia,
977:: investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws"
6301:
2309:
in the United
Kingdom as well as in some state governments in the United States, funding cuts for university research have occurred, which some say may lead to the future decline of Western dominance in research.
1768:
says, "... no researcher should accept any one or two tests as definitive. It is only when a range of tests are consistent over many kinds of data, researchers, and methods can one have confidence in the results."
7621:
Research input and output worldwide, various years since 2014, Statistical Annex, by country, Table B1: Research expenditure as a share of GDP and in purchasing power parity dollars (PPP$ ), 2015–2018, year 2018
6602:
Reverby, Susan M. (1 April 2012). "Zachary M. Schrag. Ethical
Imperialism: Institutional Review Boards and the Social Sciences, 1965–2009. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2010. Pp. xii, 245. $ 45.00".
2566:
of research can be found in databases explicitly for theses and dissertations. In publishing, STM publishing is an abbreviation for academic publications in science, technology, and medicine. Most established
1903:
collected using proper sampling and data collection strategies. Quantitative research is concerned with testing hypotheses derived from theory or being able to estimate the size of a phenomenon of interest.
1342:
of the world. It makes practical applications possible. Scientific research may be funded by public authorities, charitable organizations, and private organizations. Scientific research can be subdivided by
1415:). Generally, a hypothesis is used to make predictions that can be tested by observing the outcome of an experiment. If the outcome is inconsistent with the hypothesis, then the hypothesis is rejected (see
6972:
Minasny, Budiman; Fiantis, Dian; Mulyanto, Budi; Sulaeman, Yiyi; Widyatmanti, Wirastuti (15 August 2020). "Global soil science research collaboration in the 21st century: Time to end helicopter research".
6945:
959:
Research has been defined in a number of different ways, and while there are similarities, there does not appear to be a single, all-encompassing definition that is embraced by all who engage in it.
2227:
single-country study, rather than a study design that uses data from multiple countries. Despite the issue of generalizability, single-country studies have risen in prevalence since the late 2000s.
1864:: It is very powerful strategy for demonstrating methodology to health professions education as well as best suited for exploring challenging problems in health professions educations. In addition,
1889:
This involves systematic empirical investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships, by asking a narrow question and collecting numerical data to analyze it utilizing
2361:) and the careers of local scientists. This form of "colonial" science has reverberations of 19th century scientific practices of treating non-Western participants as "others" in order to advance
5635:
Callaham, Michael; Wears, Robert; Weber, Ellen L. (2002). "Journal
Prestige, Publication Bias, and Other Characteristics Associated With Citation of Published Studies in Peer-Reviewed Journals".
6028:
5876:
Schiesser, G. (2015). What is at stake – Qu'est ce que l'enjeu? Paradoxes – Problematics – Perspectives in
Artistic Research Today, in: Arts, Research, Innovation and Society. Eds. Gerald Bast,
2166:
In many disciplines, Western methods of conducting research are predominant. Researchers are overwhelmingly taught Western methods of data collection and study. The increasing participation of
963:
research hypotheses, choosing methods and techniques, selecting or developing data collection tools, processing the data, interpretation, and ending with presenting solution(s) of the problem.
7467:
6415:
1569:
name seven points of attention to specify the Doctorate / PhD in the Arts compared to a scientific doctorate / PhD. The Florence Principles have been endorsed and are supported also by
2357:
resulting from parachute science frequently only contribute to the career of the scientists from rich countries, thus limiting the development of local science capacity (such as
7610:
Research input and output worldwide, various years since 2014, Statistical Annex, by country, Table C2: Total researchers and researchers per million inhabitants, 2015 and 2018
6748:
Canagarajah, Suresh (October 1996). "'Nondiscursive' Requirements in Academic Publishing, Material Resources of Periphery Scholars, and the Politics of Knowledge Production".
6279:
7691:
Talja, Sanna and Pamela J. Mckenzie (2007). Editor's Introduction: Special Issue on Discursive Approaches to Information Seeking in Context, The University of Chicago Press.
6101:
Creswell, J.W. (2008). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (3rd). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 2008
2330:, frequently described as helicopter research, parachute science or research, parasitic research, or safari study, is when researchers from wealthier countries go to a
2046:
to the treatment of human and animal subjects. The societal responsibilities that science and research have are not traditionally included and are less well defined.
1502:
defines artistic research as any kind of research employing the artistic mode of perception. For a survey of the central problematics of today's artistic research, see
7524:
5899:
2584:. There are two main forms of open access: open access publishing, in which the articles or the whole journal is freely available from the time of publication, and
7790:
6941:
1354:. Though the order may vary depending on the subject matter and researcher, the following steps are usually part of most formal research, both basic and applied:
1616:
and sensual criticism. Though items may vary depending on the subject matter and researcher, the following concepts are part of most formal historical research:
1554:
Patricia Leavy addresses eight arts-based research (ABR) genres: narrative inquiry, fiction-based research, poetry, music, dance, theatre, film, and visual art.
1746:
is identified. A gap in the current literature, as identified by a researcher, then engenders a research question. The research question may be parallel to the
5251:
2178:
methods of data collection. Western methods of data collection may not be the most accurate or relevant for research on non-Western societies. For example, "
973:
The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines research more generally to also include studying already existing knowledge: "studious inquiry or examination;
8596:
208:
1004:, is research that is not exclusively based on a summary, review, or synthesis of earlier publications on the subject of research. This material is of a
6162:
Rocco, T.S., Hatcher, T., & Creswell, J.W. (2011). The handbook of scholarly writing and publishing. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons. 2011
6035:
2512:) has been used both as a generic term for a person who has been carrying out scientific research, and as a job position within the frameworks of the
7420:
471:
5424:
8606:
8601:
7452:
7121:
5339:
6229:
7498:
2413:
1499:
951:
term "recerchier," a compound word from "re-" + "cerchier", or "sercher", meaning 'search'. The earliest recorded use of the term was in 1577.
6407:
6876:
5699:"Resolving ethical challenges when researching with minority and vulnerable populations: LGBTIQ victims of violence, harassment and bullying"
6655:
7783:
2305:, argue for "the need a plural university world". Marginson argues that the East Asian Confucian model could take over the Western model.
2179:
7340:
Stefanoudis, Paris V.; Licuanan, Wilfredo Y.; Morrison, Tiffany H.; Talma, Sheena; Veitayaki, Joeli; Woodall, Lucy C. (22 February 2021).
2664:
The total number of researchers (full-time equivalents) per million inhabitants for individual countries is shown in the following table.
2080:
which led to international codes of research ethics. No approach has been universally accepted, but typically-cited codes are the 1947
540:
7923:
6679:"Commentary on Cultural Diversity Across the Pacific: The Dominance of Western Theories, Models, Research and Practice in Psychology"
5549:
2617: with: funding for research in the humanities and other areas. Presently, only scientific research is addressed. You can help by
1558:
5754:
5988:
Hughes, Rolf: "Leap into Another Kind: International Developments in Artistic Research", in Swedish Research Council, ed. (2013),
8591:
7776:
5491:
767:
498:
7066:
1570:
481:
168:
6916:
2289:
indigenous communities consider that access to certain information proper to the group should be determined by relationships.
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6482:
6383:
6262:
6167:
6077:
1301:
6488:
6187:
5671:
5459:
1017:, results, and conclusions of an experiment or set of experiments, or offers a novel interpretation of previous results. In
5855:
5815:
7656:
Cohen, N.; Arieli, T. (2011). "Field research in conflict environments: Methodological challenges and snowball sampling".
8284:
7998:
7555:
5891:
5401:
1498:
Artistic research aims to enhance knowledge and understanding with presentation of the arts. A simpler understanding by
8548:
6649:
6527:
6011:
5681:
5586:
5395:
1405:
1358:
1170:
7993:
7986:
7969:
7848:
7838:
7820:
6150:
6130:
6106:
3921:
Research expenditure by type of research as a share of GDP for individual countries is shown in the following table.
2443:
2108:
2017:
1890:
1268:
1250:
1189:
1142:
1092:
990:"Original research" redirects here. For the Knowledge prohibition against user-generated, unpublished research, see
8220:
5610:
5231:
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cultural groups (i.e. indigenous communities) this is denounced as "access control" and reprehended as censorship.
2104:
8329:
7701:
1566:
476:
7736:
7021:"Neo-colonial science by the most industrialised upon the least developed countries in peer-reviewed publishing"
5604:"Early career researcher originality: Engaging Richard Florida's international competition for creative workers"
1400:
1149:
839:, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. There are several forms of research:
7799:
7397:
5779:
Eisner, E. W. (1981). "On the Differences between Scientific and Artistic Approaches to Qualitative Research".
5289:
1127:
991:
533:
7750:
7418:
7289:
5468:
5334:
5284:
5256:
2653:
2649:
2349:
Frequently, during this kind of research, the local colleagues might be used to provide logistics support as
2339:
2338:
and samples, and publish the results with no or little involvement of local researchers. A 2003 study by the
1578:
1517:
503:
156:
803:
to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of
8516:
8346:
8274:
7974:
7903:
6710:
Canagarajah, A. Suresh (1 January 1996). "From Critical Research Practice to Critical Research Reporting".
2567:
2077:
2069:
1865:
1620:
1455:
qualitative or quantitative, and can use a variety of approaches, such as queer theory or feminist theory.
657:
461:
7427:
1156:
835:(R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on
2370:
2154:
across a large number of fields. This widespread difficulty in reproducing research has been termed the "
1991:
879:
828:
760:
35:
6145:
Gauch, Jr., H.G. (2003). Scientific method in practice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2003
8639:
8324:
7260:
6219:
5299:
2100:
2096:
2073:
2053:. Beyond the issues of falsification, fabrication and plagiarism that arise in every scientific field,
1759:
1490:
6868:
1565:. The Florence Principles relating to the Salzburg Principles and the Salzburg Recommendations of the
1029:
The degree of originality of the research is among the major criteria for articles to be published in
8574:
8531:
8526:
8501:
8416:
8406:
8401:
7762:
7588:
6069:
2658:
2343:
1999:
1290:
1232:
1223:
1138:
1123:
1078:
526:
488:
275:
21:
7720:
7096:
6905:"Does Information Really Want to be Free? Indigenous Knowledge Systems and the Question of Openness"
1595:
8411:
8314:
7961:
7908:
6543:
Ioannidis, John P. A.; Fanelli, Daniele; Dunne, Debbie Drake; Goodman, Steven N. (2 October 2015).
2641:
2581:
2513:
1379:: Details in regards to defining the variables and how they will be measured/assessed in the study.
910:
832:
741:
592:
582:
6325:"Adapting and Improving Methods to Manage Cognitive Pretesting of Multilingual Survey Instruments"
8431:
8259:
8210:
6639:
6357:
Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research.
6280:"Applying a project management approach to survey research projects that use qualitative methods"
2353:
but are not engaged for their expertise or given credit for their participation in the research.
2085:
1788:
1632:
1116:
824:
443:
5537:
Educational Research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research
1911:
for the research. It is good ethical research practice to use secondary data wherever possible.
8441:
8426:
8386:
8158:
7981:
7314:
5344:
2618:
2354:
2118:
2058:
1877:
1376:
753:
732:
318:
265:
5926:
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of the 20th century, is credited with saving more lives than any other scientist in that time.
8538:
8506:
8481:
8366:
8319:
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5953:(Chapter 11: The Case of the Journal for Artistic Research), Leiden: Leiden University Press.
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of the findings in local communities in order to address issues being studied by scientists.
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A Playbook for Research Methods: Integrating Conceptual Frameworks and Project Management
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provides a comprehensive list of U.S. Government and private foundation funding sources.
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flaws or holes in previous research which provides justification for the study. Often, a
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Even though Western dominance seems to be prominent in research, some scholars, such as
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1367:: A testable prediction which designates the relationship between two or more variables.
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Heiner Evanschitzky, Carsten Baumgarth, Raymond Hubbard and J. Scott Armstrong (2006).
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which rely on local communities to implement solutions, neo-colonial science prevents
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of artistic research and its methodologies, from all arts disciplines and it runs the
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Dahdouh-Guebas, Farid; Ahimbisibwe, J.; Van Moll, Rita; Koedam, Nico (1 March 2003).
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are then reported and evaluated. At the end, the researcher may discuss avenues for
1391:: Involves breaking down the individual pieces of data to draw conclusions about it.
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have their own scientific journals and other outlets for publication, though many
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8018:
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Liu, Alex (2015). "Structural Equation Modeling and Latent Variable Approaches".
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1603:(1795–1886), considered to be one of the founders of modern source-based history
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Pawar, Neelam (December 2020). "6. Type of Research and Type Research Design".
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2588:, where the author makes a copy of their own work freely available on the web.
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research does not rely on externally available data; rather, it seeks to prove
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Research design : qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches
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as opposed to the classical scientific methods. As such, it is similar to the
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6545:"Meta-research: Evaluation and Improvement of Research Methods and Practices"
6470:
5951:
The Conflict of the Faculties. Perspectives on Artistic Research and Academia
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5698:
5648:
5550:"What is Original Research? Original research is considered a primary source"
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1388:
1084:
947:", which means "to go about seeking", the term itself being derived from the
864:
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556:
414:
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5609:. Centre for Educational Research, University of Western Sydney. p. 2.
5603:
921:
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7421:"Replication Research in Marketing Revisited: A Note on a Disturbing Trend"
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5732:"Who's Afraid of Artistic Research? On measuring artistic research output"
5552:. Thomas G. Carpenter Library, University of North Florida. Archived from
5441:
5374:. The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities.
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approach is necessary to control the scope, schedule, and cost related to
8376:
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includes many large scale violations and crimes against humanity such as
1947:
1754:. The results of the data analysis in rejecting or failing to reject the
1651:
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A common misconception is that a hypothesis will be proven (see, rather,
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868:
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382:
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228:
183:
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6942:"Sun sets on Western dominance as East Asian Confucian model takes lead"
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Plato, & Bluck, R. S. (1962). Meno. Cambridge, UK: University Press.
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design, participant recruitment, data collection, reporting, as well as
1800:
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5425:"Professional Association and Pathways to Leadership in Our Profession"
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1829:, which tests theories and proposes solutions to a problem or question.
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340:
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English-speaking countries are more represented than other countries.
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is a person engaged in conducting research, possibly recognized as an
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7486:
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3978:
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Research expenditure as a share of GDP by type of research (%), 2018
3622:
3352:
3280:
3100:
2704:
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Most funding for scientific research comes from three major sources:
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inefficiencies. Among the finding of meta-research is a low rates of
1943:
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6821:"Generalizability: The trees, the forest, and the low-hanging fruit"
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5990:
Artistic Research Then and Now: 2004–2013, Yearbook of AR&D 2013
2342:
found that 70% of articles in a random sample of publications about
1105:
7684:
Soeters, Joseph; Shields, Patricia and Rietjens, Sebastiaan. 2014.
6451:
Research and Evaluation for Busy Practitioners: A Time-Saving Guide
6438:
Research and Evaluation for Busy Practitioners: A Time-Saving Guide
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1918:
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928:, (384–322 BC), one of the early figures in the development of the
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303:
101:
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Communicating the research findings and, possibly, recommendations
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character. The purpose of the original research is to produce new
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3010:
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2902:
2848:
2740:
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researchers (full-time equivalents) per million inhabitants 2018
2334:, collect information, travel back to their country, analyze the
2204:
1951:
1681:
1350:
Generally, research is understood to follow a certain structural
1331:
1281:
906:
899:
891:
840:
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The research room at the New York Public Library, an example of
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are commonly required to perform original research as part of a
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7757:
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5964:
The Exposition of Artistic Research: Publishing Art in Academia
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2516:, universities, and in other research-oriented establishments.
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1931:
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In present-day Russia, and some other countries of the former
2195:
Research is often biased in the languages that are preferred (
867:, etc. The scientific study of research practices is known as
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4362:
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3712:
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2182:" was created as a criterion for psychological evaluation in
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it up with a quantitative study to gain additional insights.
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1373:: Description of a concept by relating it to other concepts.
6641:
Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples
5365:
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2335:
2111:, govern and oversee the responsible conduct of research.
1823:, which helps to identify and define a problem or question.
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Wilson, Nick and van Ruiten, Schelte / ELIA, eds. (2013),
913:
provide one pathway to mature in the research profession.
1690:
and results. The major steps in conducting research are:
6092:
Trochim, W.M.K, (2006). Research Methods Knowledge Base.
2283:
7278:
7139:
7084:
7009:
5927:"Swiss Science and Technology Research Council (2011),
5892:"Whose Terms? A Glossary for Social Practice: Research"
2561:
is a system that is necessary for academic scholars to
2065:
are the areas that raise ethical questions most often.
1022:
re-interpreted based on the outcome of the work of the
27:"Researched" redirects here. For the organisation, see
7122:"Scientists Say It's Time To End 'Parachute Research'"
5669:
5252:
List of countries by research and development spending
2484:
In several national and private academic systems, the
2170:
as researchers has brought increased attention to the
1551:
of artistic research, to which anyone can contribute.
6512:
Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences
6278:
Sha, Mandy; Childs, Jennifer Hunter (1 August 2014).
5578:
Schaum's Quick Guide to Writing Great Research Papers
1563:
The Florence Principles' on the Doctorate in the Arts
1486:
as tools to apply measurement and critical analysis.
1326:
is a systematic way of gathering data and harnessing
1285:
Primary scientific research being carried out at the
7390:"Ведущий научный сотрудник: должностные обязанности"
5916:, pp. 4–5. London: A&C Black Publishers Limited.
7205:"Parasitic and parachute research in global health"
7067:"Q&A: Parachute Science in Coral Reef Research"
5962:Schwab, Michael, and Borgdorff, Henk, eds. (2014),
1130:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
7798:
5697:Roffee, James A; Waling, Andrea (18 August 2016).
5634:
2657:their research but also as a source of merit. The
2591:
1835:, which tests the feasibility of a solution using
6257:. Vol. 15. KD Publications. pp. 46–57.
5482:
5480:
5478:
795:". It involves the collection, organization, and
34:"Researcher" redirects here. For other uses, see
16:Systematic study undertaken to increase knowledge
8621:
7686:Handbook of Research Methods in Military Studies
6118:
6053:
5673:Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2006–2007 edition
5340:Timeline of the history of the scientific method
1334:information and theories for the explanation of
7523:J. Scott Armstrong & Robert Fildes (2006).
7466:J. Scott Armstrong & Peer Soelberg (1968).
6359:Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.
5601:
2648:; and government research councils such as the
2532:Leading Researcher (Leading Research Associate)
2488:of research has resulted in formal job titles.
1994:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
1668:
1434:involves different methods such as for example
7148:"Closing the door on parachutes and parasites"
6743:
6741:
6068:. New York: Fordham University Press. p.
5977:SHARE Handbook for Artistic Research Education
5475:
1742:is conducted in a given subject area before a
7784:
6818:
6514:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 1–15.
6456:
6373:
5602:Singh, Michael; Li, Bingyi (6 October 2009).
2529:Senior Researcher (Senior Research Associate)
2523:Junior Researcher (Junior Research Associate)
2410:The examples and perspective in this section
1718:Choice of a methodology (for data collection)
1426:
761:
534:
7451:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6936:
6934:
6220:"Maurice R. Hilleman dies; created vaccines"
6180:"QUESTIONS ABOUT FREEDOM, DEMOCIDE, AND WAR"
6119:Shields, Patricia M.; Rangarjan, N. (2013).
5849:
5696:
2346:did not include a local research co-author.
7655:
6898:
6896:
6894:
6781:
6779:
6747:
6738:
6709:
6323:Sha, Mandy; Pan, Yuling (1 December 2013).
5690:
2535:Chief Researcher (Chief Research Associate)
1093:Learn how and when to remove these messages
966:Another definition of research is given by
7791:
7777:
7468:"On the Interpretation of Factor Analysis"
6217:
2428:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
2312:
2230:
1489:Artistic research has been defined by the
1013:laboratory or in the field, documents the
886:. In order to be a social researcher or a
768:
754:
541:
527:
63:
7357:
7220:
7163:
7146:Health, The Lancet Global (1 June 2018).
6931:
6844:
6803:
6694:
6578:
6560:
6378:. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
6340:
6295:
6277:
6059:
5889:
5714:
5440:
2444:Learn how and when to remove this message
2018:Learn how and when to remove this message
1715:, sometimes including a set of hypotheses
1559:European League of Institutes of the Arts
1539:for the identification, publication, and
1269:Learn how and when to remove this message
1251:Learn how and when to remove this message
1190:Learn how and when to remove this message
791:work undertaken to increase the stock of
6902:
6891:
6788:"The Return of the Single-Country Study"
6785:
6776:
6462:
5805:
2543:
1894:philosophical and theoretical stance of
1799:
1787:
1680:
1672:
1594:
1306:
1295:
1280:
920:
472:Library and information science software
7639:Research Methods in Indigenous Contexts
7342:"Turning the tide of parachute science"
6676:
6601:
5880:. Wien/New York: Springer. pp. 197–210.
5574:
5539:(3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson.
2365:—and critics call for the end of these
2133:
1657:
1359:Observations and formation of the topic
8622:
7315:"The Traces of Colonialism in Science"
7145:
7097:"The Problem With 'Parachute Science'"
6948:from the original on 20 September 2016
6909:International Journal of Communication
6322:
5992:, Stockholm: Swedish Research Council.
5902:from the original on 9 September 2014.
5778:
5729:
5512:
2392:
2296:
2161:
1584:
1048:
467:Geographic information system software
7772:
7525:"Monetary Incentives in Mail Surveys"
7319:Observatory of Educational Innovation
7202:
6805:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051017-113314
6637:
6491:from the original on 16 November 2023
6369:
6367:
6365:
6304:from the original on 25 November 2023
6250:
6001:
5836:Schwab, M. (2009). "Draft Proposal".
3940:
3937:
3934:
2284:Influence of the open-access movement
7636:
7532:International Journal of Forecasting
6658:from the original on 25 October 2018
6453:, p. 114. Bristol: The Policy Press.
6440:, p. 102. Bristol: The Policy Press.
6418:from the original on 20 October 2011
6232:from the original on 20 October 2012
6125:. Stillwater, OK: New Forums Press.
6006:(2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
5979:, Amsterdam: Valand Academy, p. 249.
5818:from the original on 5 November 2011
5799:
5494:from the original on 18 October 2018
5364:
2601:
2396:
2234:
2049:The discipline is most developed in
2034:is a discipline within the study of
1974:
1458:
1406:Conclusion, reiteration if necessary
1201:
1128:adding citations to reliable sources
1099:
1058:
1033:and usually established by means of
985:
980:
8285:Digital media use and mental health
7999:Sociology of the history of science
7290:"The Problem of 'Colonial Science'"
6819:Kukull, W. A.; Ganguli, M. (2012).
6644:(2nd ed.). London: Zed Books.
6509:
6190:from the original on 4 January 2012
5760:from the original on 5 October 2011
5422:
2376:especially for fields dealing with
2215:
1868:researcher Mandy Sha argued that a
1783:
1727:Analyzing and interpreting the data
13:
7630:
6869:"Peer Review of Scholarly Journal"
6792:Annual Review of Political Science
6376:Research Methods for Public Health
6362:
6316:
6026:
5966:, Leiden: Leiden University Press.
5812:Dans och Cirkushögskolan (website)
5616:from the original on 10 April 2011
1961:
1702:Specifying the purpose of research
1694:Identification of research problem
1493:(Dans och Cirkushögskolan, DOCH),
563:
14:
8651:
7994:Sociology of scientific ignorance
7839:History and philosophy of science
7821:Economics of scientific knowledge
7695:
7400:from the original on 1 April 2010
6919:from the original on 15 July 2017
6879:from the original on 30 July 2017
6683:Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology
6254:Research Methodology: An Overview
2113:Research in other fields such as
1730:Reporting and evaluating research
1300:Scientific research equipment at
1074:This article has multiple issues.
8587:
8586:
8561:
7756:
7744:
7730:
7591:from the original on 21 May 2021
7544:10.1016/j.ijforecast.2006.04.007
5858:from the original on 13 May 2021
5515:"RESEARCH APPROACH: AN OVERVIEW"
5404:from the original on 5 June 2020
5232:European Charter for Researchers
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3453:
3435:
3417:
3399:
3381:
3363:
3345:
3327:
3309:
3291:
3273:
3255:
3237:
3219:
3201:
3183:
3165:
3147:
3129:
3111:
3093:
3075:
3057:
3039:
3021:
3003:
2985:
2967:
2949:
2931:
2913:
2895:
2877:
2859:
2841:
2823:
2805:
2787:
2769:
2751:
2733:
2715:
2697:
2679:
2605:
2401:
2318:This section is an excerpt from
2239:
2138:
2038:. Its scope ranges from general
1979:
1967:This section is an excerpt from
1860:social welfare characteristics.
1547:(RC), a searchable, documentary
1206:
1104:
1063:
7614:
7603:
7573:
7516:
7459:
7412:
7382:
7307:
7287:
7196:
7114:
6861:
6812:
6703:
6670:
6631:
6595:
6536:
6520:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0325
6503:
6443:
6430:
6400:
6349:
6271:
6244:
6211:
6202:
6172:
6156:
6139:
6112:
6095:
6086:
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5982:
5969:
5956:
5940:
5919:
5906:
5883:
5870:
5843:
5830:
5772:
5723:
5670:US Department of Labor (2006).
5663:
5628:
2592:Research statistics and funding
2526:Researcher (Research Associate)
2519:The following ranks are known:
1567:European University Association
1115:needs additional citations for
1082:or discuss these issues on the
7800:Science and technology studies
7203:Smith, James (1 August 2018).
6995:10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114299
6605:The American Historical Review
6060:Garraghan, Gilbert J. (1946).
5840:. Bern University of the Arts.
5730:Lesage, Dieter (Spring 2009).
5595:
5568:
5542:
5529:
5506:
5449:
5416:
5358:
5290:Psychological research methods
2129:may generate ethical concerns.
1520:(SAR) publishes the triannual
992:Knowledge:No original research
954:
1:
7735:The dictionary definition of
7222:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30315-2
7165:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30239-0
6638:Smith, Linda Tuhiwai (2012).
5838:Journal for Artistic Research
5469:Scientific American Frontiers
5351:
5335:Society for Artistic Research
5285:Participatory action research
2650:National Institutes of Health
2539:
2340:Hungarian Academy of Sciences
1528:), an international, online,
1522:Journal for Artistic Research
1518:Society for Artistic Research
8347:Normalization process theory
7904:Philosophy of social science
7721:Resources in other libraries
6837:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318258f812
6786:Pepinsky, Thomas B. (2019).
6562:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002264
6218:Sullivan P (13 April 2005).
6064:A Guide to Historical Method
5929:Research Funding in the Arts
5852:"What is artistic research?"
5581:. McGraw Hill Professional.
2548:Cover of the first issue of
2491:
2078:Tuskegee syphilis experiment
1677:Research design and evidence
1669:Steps in conducting research
1401:Test, revising of hypothesis
916:
658:Organizational communication
7:
6903:Christen, Kimberly (2012).
6762:10.1177/0741088396013004001
6029:"Florence principles, 2016"
5808:"Artistic research at DOCH"
5219:
2424:, discuss the issue on the
1226:. The specific problem is:
36:Researcher (disambiguation)
10:
8656:
7970:construction of technology
6463:Creswell, John W. (2014).
5423:Sha, Mandy (14 May 2019).
5300:Research-intensive cluster
2595:
2469:
2455:
2317:
2219:
2142:
2097:research ethics committees
2074:Nazi human experimentation
1966:
1946:is theoretical in nature.
1661:
1588:
1491:School of Dance and Circus
1432:Research in the humanities
1427:Research in the humanities
1052:
989:
18:
8557:
8502:Politicization of science
8462:
8248:
8017:
7952:
7864:
7829:
7806:
7716:Resources in your library
7658:Journal of Peace Research
7359:10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.029
6408:"Data Collection Methods"
5686:– via Google Books.
5591:– via Google Books.
3929:
3926:
2659:Social Psychology Network
2505:
2344:least-developed countries
2326:Neo-colonial research or
2248:This article needs to be
1612:synthesis. This includes
1330:. This research provides
1291:Idaho National Laboratory
911:Professional associations
494:Qualitative data analysis
22:Research (disambiguation)
7909:Philosophy of technology
7670:10.1177/0022343311405698
7209:The Lancet Global Health
7152:The Lancet Global Health
6002:Leavy, Patricia (2015).
5716:10.1177/1747016116658693
5649:10.1001/jama.287.21.2847
5575:Rozakis, Laurie (2007).
5519:Golden Research Thoughts
5380:10.1787/9789264239012-en
5257:List of words ending in
5179:United States of America
3875:United States of America
2654:Medical Research Council
2642:research and development
833:research and development
811:The primary purposes of
7071:The Scientist Magazine®
7037:10.1023/A:1022374703178
6617:10.1086/ahr.117.2.484-a
6355:Creswell, J.W. (2008).
5535:Creswell, J.W. (2008).
2359:funded research centers
2355:Scientific publications
2313:Neo-colonial approaches
2231:Publication peer review
2190:
2099:, such as those of the
2086:Declaration of Helsinki
7982:Sociology of knowledge
7749:Quotations related to
7641:. New York: Springer.
7475:Psychological Bulletin
6677:Stewart, Lisa (2012).
6374:Eyler, Amy A. (2020).
5781:Educational Researcher
5513:Grover, Vijey (2015).
5457:The Origins of Science
5345:Undergraduate research
2555:
2367:extractivist practices
2119:information technology
2070:list of historic cases
2059:human subject research
1926:Non-empirical research
1878:stakeholder engagement
1812:
1797:
1686:
1678:
1604:
1377:Operational definition
1320:
1304:
1293:
932:
568:
373:Inferential statistics
319:Descriptive statistics
266:Human subject research
8549:Transition management
8539:Technology assessment
8507:Regulation of science
8482:Evidence-based policy
8367:Sociotechnical system
8216:Traditional knowledge
8096:Psychology of science
8069:Mapping controversies
7975:shaping of technology
7934:Social constructivism
7899:Philosophy of science
7856:History of technology
7637:Groh, Arnold (2018).
7265:TheFreeDictionary.com
7261:"Helicopter Research"
6750:Written Communication
6342:10.29115/SP-2013-0024
6297:10.29115/SP-2014-0021
5850:Julian Klein (2010).
5442:10.29115/SP-2018-0039
5305:Research organization
2547:
2470:Further information:
2277:scholarly peer review
1944:cosmological research
1885:Quantitative research
1827:Constructive research
1803:
1791:
1705:Determining specific
1684:
1676:
1598:
1371:Conceptual definition
1310:
1299:
1284:
924:
861:practitioner research
567:
157:Philosophical schools
8454:Women in engineering
8300:Financial technology
8280:Digital anthropology
8049:Criticism of science
7962:Actor–network theory
7924:Religion and science
7816:Economics of science
7765:at Wikimedia Commons
7688:New York: Routledge.
7581:"Home | RePORT"
6944:. 24 February 2011.
5914:Research for Writers
5912:Hoffman, A. (2003).
5462:3 March 2003 at the
5227:Advertising research
3839:United Arab Emirates
2422:improve this section
2412:may not represent a
2393:Professionalisation
2386:institutionalization
2382:conservation biology
2371:decolonize knowledge
2328:neo-colonial science
2320:Neo-colonial science
2176:culturally sensitive
2134:Problems in research
2040:scientific integrity
1956:mathematical objects
1874:qualitative research
1849:Qualitative research
1821:Exploratory research
1713:conceptual framework
1664:Documentary research
1658:Documentary research
1509:According to artist
1480:qualitative research
1233:improve this article
1228:unsourced and vague.
1222:to meet Knowledge's
1124:improve this article
939:is derived from the
602:Communication theory
482:Reference management
432:Scientific modelling
174:Critical rationalism
20:For other uses, see
8295:Engineering studies
8265:Cyborg anthropology
8054:Demarcation problem
7939:Social epistemology
7294:Scientific American
6987:2020Geode.373k4299M
6225:The Washington Post
6041:on 21 December 2016
5878:Elias G. Carayannis
5490:. Merriam-Webster.
5315:Research university
5280:Operations research
2646:private foundations
2559:Academic publishing
2514:Academy of Sciences
2486:professionalisation
2297:Future perspectives
2162:Methods of research
1711:Specification of a
1585:Historical research
1395:Data Interpretation
1324:Scientific research
1049:Scientific research
462:Argument technology
8575:History of science
8492:Funding of science
8362:Skunkworks project
8059:Double hermeneutic
7844:History of science
6873:www.PeerViewer.com
6696:10.1017/prp.2012.1
6027:Rahmat, Omarkhil.
5890:Topal, H. (2014).
5739:Art & Research
5388:20.500.12749/13290
5325:Secondary research
5320:Scholarly research
5295:Research integrity
5270:Marketing research
2652:in the US and the
2556:
2480:Research assistant
2476:Research associate
2332:developing country
2168:indigenous peoples
2156:replication crisis
1998:You can assist by
1870:project management
1837:empirical evidence
1833:Empirical research
1813:
1798:
1794:secondary research
1752:empirical research
1707:research questions
1687:
1679:
1644:Identification of
1605:
1545:Research Catalogue
1321:
1305:
1294:
1289:Laboratory of the
933:
653:Mass communication
643:Discourse analysis
569:
456:Tools and software
400:Secondary research
324:Discourse analysis
8640:Scientific method
8617:
8616:
8544:Technology policy
8275:Dematerialization
8084:black swan events
7761:Media related to
7702:Library resources
7648:978-3-319-72774-5
6831:(23): 1886–1891.
6484:978-1-4522-2609-5
6385:978-0-8261-8206-7
6264:978-81-948755-8-1
6168:978-0-470-39335-2
6079:978-0-8371-7132-6
6004:Methods Meets Art
5310:Research proposal
5242:Internet research
5217:
5216:
3919:
3918:
2635:
2634:
2572:academic journals
2554:, 4 November 1869
2510:nauchny sotrudnik
2506:Научный сотрудник
2454:
2453:
2446:
2269:
2268:
2222:External validity
2172:scientific lacuna
2028:
2027:
2020:
1936:Scientific method
1807:, the preeminent
1744:research question
1740:literature review
1698:Literature review
1609:historical method
1601:Leopold von Ranke
1599:German historian
1591:Historical method
1484:intersubjectivity
1464:Artistic research
1459:Artistic research
1446:. Historians use
1444:historical method
1383:Gathering of data
1279:
1278:
1271:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1224:quality standards
1215:This article may
1200:
1199:
1192:
1174:
1097:
1055:Scientific method
1039:Graduate students
1031:academic journals
998:Original research
986:Original research
981:Forms of research
930:scientific method
778:
777:
551:
550:
517:Philosophy portal
425:Systematic review
410:Literature review
368:Historical method
351:Social experiment
286:Scientific method
271:Narrative inquiry
122:Interdisciplinary
116:Research strategy
87:Research question
82:Research proposal
8647:
8590:
8589:
8565:
8517:Right to science
8497:Horizon scanning
8472:Academic freedom
8372:Technical change
8233:Women in science
8228:Unity of science
8009:Strong programme
7793:
7786:
7779:
7770:
7769:
7760:
7748:
7734:
7681:
7652:
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7612:
7607:
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7598:
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7577:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7566:
7560:
7554:. Archived from
7529:
7520:
7514:
7513:
7511:
7509:
7503:
7497:. Archived from
7487:10.1037/h0026434
7472:
7463:
7457:
7456:
7450:
7442:
7440:
7438:
7432:
7426:. Archived from
7425:
7416:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7405:
7386:
7380:
7379:
7361:
7352:(4): R184–R185.
7337:
7331:
7330:
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7311:
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7304:
7302:
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7276:
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6555:(10): –1002264.
6540:
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6507:
6501:
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6498:
6496:
6469:(4th ed.).
6460:
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6447:
6441:
6436:Kara H. (2012).
6434:
6428:
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6425:
6423:
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6320:
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6093:
6090:
6084:
6083:
6067:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6046:
6040:
6034:. Archived from
6033:
6024:
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5999:
5993:
5986:
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2598:Research funding
2507:
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2435:
2429:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2216:Generalizability
2051:medical research
2023:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2003:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1805:Maurice Hilleman
1784:Research methods
1760:further research
1389:Analysis of data
1311:German maritime
1274:
1267:
1256:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1210:
1209:
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1175:
1173:
1132:
1108:
1100:
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1002:primary research
968:John W. Creswell
888:social scientist
817:applied research
770:
763:
756:
673:Sociolinguistics
553:
552:
543:
536:
529:
489:Science software
388:Cultural mapping
356:Quasi-experiment
346:Field experiment
314:Content analysis
209:Critical realism
127:Multimethodology
67:
44:
43:
39:
32:
25:
8655:
8654:
8650:
8649:
8648:
8646:
8645:
8644:
8620:
8619:
8618:
8613:
8553:
8512:Research ethics
8458:
8357:Reverse salient
8251:
8244:
8020:
8013:
8004:Sociotechnology
7948:
7860:
7825:
7802:
7797:
7727:
7726:
7725:
7710:
7709:
7705:
7698:
7649:
7633:
7631:Further reading
7628:
7627:
7619:
7615:
7608:
7604:
7594:
7592:
7579:
7578:
7574:
7564:
7562:
7561:on 20 June 2010
7558:
7527:
7521:
7517:
7507:
7505:
7504:on 21 June 2010
7501:
7470:
7464:
7460:
7444:
7443:
7436:
7434:
7433:on 20 June 2010
7430:
7423:
7417:
7413:
7403:
7401:
7388:
7387:
7383:
7346:Current Biology
7338:
7334:
7324:
7322:
7313:
7312:
7308:
7298:
7296:
7286:
7279:
7269:
7267:
7259:
7258:
7254:
7201:
7197:
7144:
7140:
7130:
7128:
7120:
7119:
7115:
7105:
7103:
7095:
7094:
7085:
7075:
7073:
7065:
7064:
7060:
7017:
7010:
6970:
6961:
6951:
6949:
6940:
6939:
6932:
6922:
6920:
6901:
6892:
6882:
6880:
6867:
6866:
6862:
6817:
6813:
6784:
6777:
6746:
6739:
6724:10.2307/3588146
6712:TESOL Quarterly
6708:
6704:
6675:
6671:
6661:
6659:
6652:
6636:
6632:
6600:
6596:
6541:
6537:
6530:
6508:
6504:
6494:
6492:
6485:
6461:
6457:
6449:Kara H (2012).
6448:
6444:
6435:
6431:
6421:
6419:
6406:
6405:
6401:
6386:
6372:
6363:
6354:
6350:
6329:Survey Practice
6321:
6317:
6307:
6305:
6284:Survey Practice
6276:
6272:
6265:
6249:
6245:
6235:
6233:
6216:
6212:
6207:
6203:
6193:
6191:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6161:
6157:
6144:
6140:
6133:
6117:
6113:
6100:
6096:
6091:
6087:
6080:
6058:
6054:
6044:
6042:
6038:
6031:
6025:
6021:
6014:
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5996:
5987:
5983:
5974:
5970:
5961:
5957:
5945:
5941:
5933:
5925:
5924:
5920:
5911:
5907:
5888:
5884:
5875:
5871:
5861:
5859:
5848:
5844:
5835:
5831:
5821:
5819:
5804:
5800:
5777:
5773:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5734:
5728:
5724:
5703:Research Ethics
5695:
5691:
5684:
5676:. Mcgraw-hill.
5668:
5664:
5643:(21): 2847–50.
5633:
5629:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5606:
5600:
5596:
5589:
5573:
5569:
5559:
5557:
5548:
5547:
5543:
5534:
5530:
5511:
5507:
5497:
5495:
5486:
5485:
5476:
5464:Wayback Machine
5454:
5450:
5429:Survey Practice
5421:
5417:
5407:
5405:
5398:
5371:Frascati Manual
5363:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5330:Social research
5265:Market research
5222:
5196:
5194:
5172:
5170:
5148:
5146:
5124:
5122:
5100:
5098:
5076:
5074:
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5028:
5026:
5004:
5002:
4980:
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4956:
4954:
4932:
4930:
4908:
4906:
4884:
4882:
4860:
4858:
4836:
4834:
4812:
4810:
4788:
4786:
4771:North Macedonia
4764:
4762:
4740:
4738:
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4714:
4692:
4690:
4668:
4666:
4644:
4642:
4620:
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4596:
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4572:
4570:
4548:
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4522:
4500:
4498:
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4452:
4450:
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4404:
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4380:
4378:
4356:
4354:
4332:
4330:
4308:
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4284:
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4260:
4258:
4236:
4234:
4212:
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4188:
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4164:
4162:
4140:
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4116:
4114:
4092:
4090:
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4066:
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3994:
3972:
3970:
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3904:
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3886:
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3794:
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3706:
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3670:
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3634:
3632:
3616:
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3598:
3596:
3580:
3578:
3562:
3560:
3544:
3542:
3526:
3524:
3508:
3506:
3490:
3488:
3479:North Macedonia
3472:
3470:
3454:
3452:
3436:
3434:
3418:
3416:
3400:
3398:
3382:
3380:
3364:
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3328:
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3310:
3308:
3292:
3290:
3274:
3272:
3256:
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3236:
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3218:
3202:
3200:
3184:
3182:
3166:
3164:
3148:
3146:
3130:
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3112:
3110:
3094:
3092:
3076:
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3058:
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3002:
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2896:
2894:
2878:
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2842:
2840:
2824:
2822:
2806:
2804:
2788:
2786:
2770:
2768:
2752:
2750:
2734:
2732:
2716:
2714:
2698:
2696:
2680:
2678:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2615:needs expansion
2600:
2594:
2577:Business models
2568:academic fields
2542:
2494:
2482:
2472:Research fellow
2468:
2450:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2419:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2323:
2315:
2303:Simon Marginson
2299:
2286:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2224:
2218:
2193:
2164:
2152:reproducibility
2147:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2115:social sciences
2088:, and the 1978
2055:research design
2032:Research ethics
2030:
2024:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1997:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1969:Research ethics
1964:
1962:Research ethics
1930:Non-empirical (
1786:
1756:null hypothesis
1721:Data collection
1671:
1666:
1660:
1650:Attribution of
1629:of localization
1614:lower criticism
1593:
1587:
1504:Giaco Schiesser
1476:social sciences
1461:
1448:primary sources
1429:
1413:null hypothesis
1313:research vessel
1275:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1230:
1211:
1207:
1196:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1133:
1131:
1121:
1109:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1051:
995:
988:
983:
957:
919:
815:(as opposed to
774:
689:Public speaking
593:General aspects
587:
547:
511:
510:
457:
449:
448:
395:Phenomenography
334:Autoethnography
299:
291:
290:
251:Grounded theory
246:Critical theory
241:Art methodology
236:Action research
231:
221:
220:
159:
149:
148:
117:
109:
108:
77:
75:Research design
40:
33:
26:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8653:
8643:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8615:
8614:
8612:
8611:
8610:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8584:
8583:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8558:
8555:
8554:
8552:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8535:
8534:
8529:
8522:Science policy
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8477:Digital divide
8474:
8468:
8466:
8460:
8459:
8457:
8456:
8451:
8450:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8421:
8420:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8393:Technological
8391:
8390:
8389:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8338:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8270:Design studies
8267:
8262:
8256:
8254:
8246:
8245:
8243:
8242:
8241:
8240:
8230:
8225:
8224:
8223:
8213:
8208:
8206:Scientometrics
8203:
8198:
8197:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8143:
8142:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8087:
8086:
8079:Paradigm shift
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8025:
8023:
8015:
8014:
8012:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7990:
7989:
7979:
7978:
7977:
7972:
7964:
7958:
7956:
7950:
7949:
7947:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7919:Postpositivism
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7879:Antipositivism
7876:
7870:
7868:
7862:
7861:
7859:
7858:
7853:
7852:
7851:
7849:and technology
7841:
7835:
7833:
7827:
7826:
7824:
7823:
7818:
7812:
7810:
7804:
7803:
7796:
7795:
7788:
7781:
7773:
7767:
7766:
7754:
7742:
7724:
7723:
7718:
7712:
7711:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7696:External links
7694:
7693:
7692:
7689:
7682:
7664:(4): 423–436.
7653:
7647:
7632:
7629:
7626:
7625:
7613:
7602:
7585:report.nih.gov
7572:
7538:(3): 433–441.
7515:
7481:(5): 361–364.
7458:
7411:
7381:
7332:
7321:. 20 July 2020
7306:
7288:Vos, Asha de.
7277:
7252:
7195:
7138:
7113:
7101:Science Friday
7083:
7058:
7031:(3): 329–343.
7025:Scientometrics
7008:
6959:
6930:
6890:
6860:
6811:
6775:
6756:(4): 435–472.
6737:
6718:(2): 321–331.
6702:
6669:
6651:978-1848139503
6650:
6630:
6611:(2): 484–485.
6594:
6535:
6529:978-1118900772
6528:
6502:
6483:
6455:
6442:
6429:
6399:
6384:
6361:
6348:
6315:
6270:
6263:
6243:
6210:
6201:
6184:www.hawaii.edu
6171:
6155:
6138:
6131:
6111:
6094:
6085:
6078:
6052:
6019:
6013:978-1462519446
6012:
5994:
5981:
5968:
5955:
5947:Henk Borgdorff
5939:
5918:
5905:
5882:
5869:
5842:
5829:
5806:Unattributed.
5798:
5771:
5722:
5689:
5683:978-0071472883
5682:
5662:
5627:
5594:
5588:978-0071511223
5587:
5567:
5556:on 9 July 2011
5541:
5528:
5505:
5474:
5448:
5415:
5397:978-9264238800
5396:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5347:
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5337:
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5254:
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5160:
5157:
5155:United Kingdom
5143:
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3857:United Kingdom
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2596:Main article:
2593:
2590:
2586:self-archiving
2541:
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2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2493:
2490:
2462:Academic staff
2458:Academic ranks
2452:
2451:
2416:of the subject
2414:worldwide view
2409:
2407:
2400:
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2143:Main article:
2140:
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2135:
2132:
2090:Belmont Report
2082:Nuremberg Code
2063:animal testing
2036:applied ethics
2026:
2025:
1987:
1985:
1978:
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1965:
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1928:
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1900:
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1785:
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1766:Rudolph Rummel
1735:
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1731:
1728:
1725:
1724:Verifying data
1722:
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1709:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1685:Research cycle
1670:
1667:
1662:Main article:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1623:of origin date
1621:Identification
1589:Main article:
1586:
1583:
1577:, CUMULUS and
1460:
1457:
1428:
1425:
1417:falsifiability
1409:
1408:
1403:
1398:
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1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1340:the properties
1277:
1276:
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1198:
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1103:
1098:
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1053:Main article:
1050:
1047:
1006:primary-source
1000:, also called
987:
984:
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979:
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915:
837:epistemologies
829:interpretation
813:basic research
776:
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420:Scoping review
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214:Subtle realism
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8382:Technoscience
8380:
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8352:Media studies
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8260:Co-production
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8039:Boundary-work
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8034:Bibliometrics
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7944:Transhumanism
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7741:at Wiktionary
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6906:
6899:
6897:
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6875:. June 2017.
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6471:Thousand Oaks
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6214:
6205:
6189:
6185:
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6175:
6169:
6165:
6159:
6152:
6151:0-521-81689-0
6148:
6142:
6134:
6132:9781581072471
6128:
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6123:
6115:
6108:
6107:0-13-613550-1
6104:
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5897:
5896:newmuseum.org
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5275:Open research
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2647:
2644:departments;
2643:
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2629:
2620:
2616:
2613:This section
2611:
2608:
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2603:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2583:
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2573:
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2437:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2408:
2399:
2398:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2378:global issues
2374:
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2341:
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2329:
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2198:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2145:Meta-research
2139:Meta-research
2128:
2124:
2123:biotechnology
2120:
2116:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
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2052:
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2045:
2041:
2037:
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2022:
2019:
2011:
2001:
1995:
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1988:This article
1986:
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1892:
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1886:
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1871:
1867:
1863:
1862:Phenomenology
1858:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1809:vaccinologist
1806:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1770:
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1763:
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1757:
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1692:
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1683:
1675:
1665:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1635:of authorship
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1557:In 2016, the
1555:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1541:dissemination
1538:
1535:
1534:peer-reviewed
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1496:
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1487:
1485:
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1169:
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1162:
1158:
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1151:
1148:
1144:
1141: –
1140:
1136:
1135:Find sources:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1113:This article
1111:
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941:Middle French
938:
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912:
908:
904:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
870:
869:meta-research
866:
865:technological
862:
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854:
850:
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838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
821:documentation
818:
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704:Argumentation
702:
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594:
591:
590:
584:
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579:
576:
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573:
572:
566:
562:
561:
558:
557:Communication
555:
554:
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539:
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530:
525:
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522:
521:
518:
515:
514:
505:
502:
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483:
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478:
477:Bibliometrics
475:
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459:
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438:
435:
434:
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430:
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416:
415:Meta-analysis
413:
411:
408:
406:
405:Bibliometrics
403:
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276:Phenomenology
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62:
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55:
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8597:Associations
8432:criticism of
8342:Leapfrogging
8325:linear model
8211:Team science
8201:Scientocracy
8124:Neo-colonial
7874:Anthropocene
7753:at Wikiquote
7737:
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7070:
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6686:
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6640:
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6465:
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6236:10 September
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6036:the original
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5544:
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5467:
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5370:
5360:
5258:
5237:Funding bias
5011:South Africa
3941:Development
3920:
3677:South Africa
2663:
2636:
2623:
2619:adding to it
2614:
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2549:
2518:
2509:
2501:
2498:Soviet Union
2495:
2483:
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2434:January 2014
2431:
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2369:in order to
2348:
2325:
2307:
2300:
2291:
2287:
2270:
2257:
2249:
2225:
2201:
2194:
2165:
2148:
2094:
2067:
2048:
2029:
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2005:
1992:copy editing
1990:may require
1989:
1940:
1929:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1861:
1857:Ethnography:
1856:
1853:
1842:
1814:
1771:
1764:
1736:
1688:
1606:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1544:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1508:
1500:Julian Klein
1488:
1472:subjectivity
1468:
1463:
1462:
1436:hermeneutics
1431:
1430:
1421:
1410:
1349:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1265:
1247:
1238:
1231:Please help
1227:
1216:
1186:
1180:October 2021
1177:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1134:
1122:Please help
1117:verification
1114:
1090:
1083:
1077:
1076:Please help
1073:
1043:dissertation
1028:
1001:
997:
996:
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965:
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958:
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936:
934:
909:and so on).
882:by a formal
875:
873:
855:, business,
851:, economic,
810:
780:
779:
256:Hermeneutics
144:Quantitative
56:
41:
8635:Methodology
8442:theories of
8427:and society
8423:Technology
8417:transitions
8407:determinism
8402:convergence
8377:Technocracy
8159:controversy
8145:Scientific
8129:post-normal
8074:Metascience
8044:Consilience
8029:Antiscience
7894:Neo-Luddism
7889:Fuzzy logic
7215:(8): e838.
7158:(6): e593.
6798:: 187–203.
6495:11 December
6194:25 November
6109:(pages 8–9)
6045:23 December
5709:(1): 4–22.
5083:Switzerland
5035:South Korea
4747:New Zealand
4723:Netherlands
3749:Switzerland
3695:South Korea
3461:New Zealand
3443:Netherlands
2582:open access
2563:peer review
2500:, the term
2363:colonialism
2272:Peer review
2127:engineering
2084:, the 1964
2008:August 2024
1948:Mathematics
1932:theoretical
1891:statistical
1796:in progress
1652:credibility
1633:Recognition
1530:open access
1511:Hakan Topal
1235:if you can.
1035:peer review
1015:methodology
955:Definitions
681:Disciplines
648:Linguistics
607:Information
329:Ethnography
229:Methodology
184:Fallibilism
132:Qualitative
102:Referencing
8624:Categories
8580:Technology
8532:science of
8527:history of
8412:revolution
8320:disruptive
8310:Innovation
8305:Hype cycle
8250:Technology
8221:ecological
8194:skepticism
8184:misconduct
8169:enterprise
7987:scientific
7914:Positivism
7884:Empiricism
7866:Philosophy
7565:11 January
7508:11 January
7437:10 January
7404:22 January
7394:www.aup.ru
6981:: 114299.
6662:24 October
6422:26 October
6394:1202451096
6335:(4): 1–8.
6308:3 December
6290:(4): 1–8.
5787:(4): 5–9.
5620:12 January
5488:"Research"
5435:(1): 1–6.
5352:References
5247:Laboratory
4699:Montenegro
4579:Luxembourg
4483:Kazakhstan
4123:Costa Rica
3407:Montenegro
3299:Luxembourg
3227:Kazakhstan
2831:Costa Rica
2626:April 2019
2540:Publishing
2504:(Russian:
2502:researcher
2466:Scientists
2456:See also:
2220:See also:
2197:linguicism
2180:Hua Oranga
2044:misconduct
2000:editing it
1896:positivism
1748:hypothesis
1450:and other
1365:Hypothesis
1345:discipline
1336:the nature
1332:scientific
1287:Microscopy
1241:March 2024
1150:newspapers
1139:"Research"
1079:improve it
1024:researcher
1019:analytical
975:especially
949:Old French
880:occupation
876:researcher
845:humanities
841:scientific
831:, and the
789:systematic
733:Categories
709:Persuasion
663:Pragmatics
504:Statistics
499:Simulation
437:Simulation
378:Interviews
341:Experiment
309:Case study
281:Pragmatism
199:Pragmatism
189:Positivism
179:Empiricism
29:ResearchED
8487:Factor 10
8315:diffusion
8154:consensus
8149:community
8114:education
7954:Sociology
7929:Scientism
7808:Economics
7678:145328311
7552:154398140
7368:0960-9822
7231:2214-109X
7174:2214-109X
7045:1588-2861
7003:0016-7061
6952:29 August
6825:Neurology
6770:145250687
6625:0002-8762
6571:1545-7885
5822:14 August
5764:14 August
5751:1752-6388
4939:Singapore
4651:Mauritius
4555:Lithuania
3979:Argentina
3623:Singapore
3353:Mauritius
3281:Lithuania
3101:Indonesia
2705:Argentina
2639:corporate
2492:In Russia
2426:talk page
2209:Caribbean
1646:integrity
1561:launched
1495:Stockholm
1478:in using
1440:semiotics
1328:curiosity
1085:talk page
1010:knowledge
945:recherche
935:The word
926:Aristotle
917:Etymology
903:astronomy
896:chemistry
884:job title
857:marketing
825:discovery
793:knowledge
694:Discourse
668:Semiotics
627:Sociology
612:Semiotics
137:Art-based
8630:Research
8607:Scholars
8602:Journals
8592:Category
8566:Portals
8447:transfer
8437:dynamics
8387:feminist
8189:priority
8174:literacy
8134:rhetoric
8100:Science
8064:Logology
7763:Research
7751:Research
7738:research
7707:Research
7589:Archived
7495:25687243
7447:cite web
7398:Archived
7376:33621503
7325:24 March
7299:24 March
7270:24 March
7247:51630341
7239:30012263
7190:21725769
7182:29773111
7131:24 March
7106:24 March
7076:24 March
7053:18463459
6975:Geoderma
6946:Archived
6917:Archived
6877:Archived
6855:22665145
6656:Archived
6589:26431313
6489:Archived
6416:Archived
6412:uwec.edu
6302:Archived
6230:Archived
6188:Archived
6153:(page 3)
5949:(2012),
5900:Archived
5856:Archived
5816:Archived
5755:Archived
5657:12038930
5611:Archived
5560:9 August
5492:Archived
5460:Archived
5402:Archived
5368:(2015).
5220:See also
5107:Thailand
4987:Slovenia
4963:Slovakia
4843:Portugal
4603:Malaysia
4051:Bulgaria
3938:Applied
3927:Country
3767:Thailand
3659:Slovenia
3641:Slovakia
3551:Portugal
3515:Pakistan
3317:Malaysia
2759:Bulgaria
2420:You may
2260:May 2017
2207:and the
2076:and the
1952:theorems
1919:Big data
1639:Analysis
1627:Evidence
1549:database
1452:evidence
1217:require
937:research
900:biology,
863:, life,
849:artistic
801:evidence
797:analysis
785:creative
781:Research
719:Rhetoric
714:Research
617:Language
304:Analysis
97:Argument
57:Research
49:a series
47:Part of
8570:Science
8252:studies
8164:dissent
8104:citizen
8021:studies
8019:Science
7966:Social
7831:History
7126:NPR.org
6983:Bibcode
6883:29 July
6846:3369519
6732:3588146
6580:4592065
5862:15 June
5793:1175121
5408:4 April
5203:Vietnam
5131:Ukraine
4867:Romania
4387:Ireland
4339:Iceland
4315:Hungary
4243:Estonia
4219:Denmark
4195:Czechia
4147:Croatia
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