94:
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32:
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812:), are all connected by a common critique of previous standard objectivist approaches. Constructivist psychology schools share assumptions about the active constructive nature of human knowledge. In particular, the critique is aimed at the "associationist" postulate of empiricism, "by which the mind is conceived as a passive system that gathers its contents from its environment and, through the act of knowing, produces a copy of the order of reality."
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focus is on presenting results as negotiable constructs rather than as models that aim to "represent" social realities more or less accurately. Norma Romm, in her book
Accountability in Social Research (2001), argues that social researchers can earn trust from participants and wider audiences insofar as they adopt this orientation and invite inputs from others regarding their inquiry practices and the results thereof.
4001:
1298:
constitute it, the quality of reality or absolute truth. But there may be different ways in which one could model the same physical situation, with each employing different fundamental elements and concepts. If two such ...theories or models accurately predict the same events, one cannot be said to be more real than the other; rather we are free to use whichever model is the most convenient.
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was a prominent proponent of radical constructivism. This claims that knowledge is not a commodity that is transported from one mind into another. Rather, it is up to the individual to "link up" specific interpretations of experiences and ideas with their own reference of what is possible and viable.
785:
In the field of the social sciences, constructivism as an epistemology urges that researchers reflect upon the paradigms that may be underpinning their research, and in the light of this that they become more open to considering other ways of interpreting any results of the research. Furthermore, the
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We shall adopt an approach that we call model-dependent realism. It is based on the idea that our brains interpret the input from our sensory organs by making a model of the world. When such a model is successful at explaining events, we tend to attribute to it, and to the elements and concepts that
1087:
view of language, which severely constrains the minds and use of words by members of societies: they are not just "constructed" by language on this view but are literally "determined" by it. Kitching notes the contradiction here: somehow, the advocate of constructivism is not similarly constrained.
833:
has published numerous social and educational books on critical constructivism (2001, 2005, 2008), a version of constructivist epistemology that places emphasis on the exaggerated influence of political and cultural power in the construction of knowledge, consciousness, and views of reality. In the
1071:
Another criticism of constructivism is that it holds that the concepts of two different social formations be entirely different and incommensurate. This being the case, it is impossible to make comparative judgments about statements made according to each worldview. This is because the criteria of
1043:
It is substantial for relational constructivism that it basically originates from an epistemological point of view, thus from the subject and its construction processes. Coming from this perspective it then focusses on the (not only social, but also material) relations under which these cognitive
995:
That is, the process of constructing knowledge, of understanding, is dependent on the individual's subjective interpretation of their active experience, not what "actually" occurs. Understanding and acting are seen by radical constructivists not as dualistic processes but "circularly conjoined".
815:
In contrast, "constructivism is an epistemological premise grounded on the assertion that, in the act of knowing, it is the human mind that actively gives meaning and order to that reality to which it is responding". The constructivist psychologies theorize about and investigate how human beings
755:
But paradigm debates are not really about relative problem-solving ability, though for good reasons they are usually couched in those terms. Instead, the issue is which paradigm should in future guide research on problems many of which neither competitor can yet claim to resolve completely. A
1027:
can be perceived as a relational consequence of radical constructivism. In contrary to social constructivism, it picks up the epistemological threads. It maintains the radical constructivist idea that humans cannot overcome their limited conditions of reception (i.e.,
948:, etc.) reveal their contingent character as a social and ideological construction. Thus, a "realist" or "rationalist" interpretation is subjected to criticism. Kincheloe's political and pedagogical notion (above) has emerged as a central articulation of the concept.
782:. While not rejecting an independent reality, model-dependent realism says that we can know only an approximation of it provided by the intermediary of models. These models evolve over time as guided by scientific inspiration and experiments.
1560:
2015: The Life We Live and the Life We
Experience: Introducing the Epistemological Difference between "Lifeworld" (Lebenswelt) and "Life Conditions" (Lebenslage). In: Social Work and Society. International Online Journal. Retrieved 27 August
756:
decision between alternate ways of practicing science is called for, and in the circumstances that decision must be based less on past achievement than on future promise. ... A decision of that kind can only be made on faith.
1072:
judgment will themselves have to be based on some worldview or other. If this is the case, then it brings into question how communication between them about the truth or falsity of any given statement could be established.
1571:
2019: Relational constructivism and relational social work. In: Webb, Stephen, A. (edt.) The
Routledge Handbook of Critical Social Work. Routledge international Handbooks. London and New York: Taylor & Francis
750:
replaced the Earth-centric views of
Ptolemy not because of empirical failures but because of a new "paradigm" that exerted control over what scientists felt to be the more fruitful way to pursue their goals.
956:
Cultural constructivism asserts that knowledge and reality are a product of their cultural context, meaning that two independent cultures will likely form different observational methodologies.
648:
contends that categories of knowledge and reality are actively created by social relationships and interactions. These interactions also alter the way in which scientific episteme is organized.
1044:
construction processes are performed. Consequently, it's not only about social construction processes, but about cognitive construction processes performed under certain relational conditions.
838:
perspective, Kincheloe argues that understanding a critical constructivist epistemology is central to becoming an educated person and to the institution of just social change.
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argued that changes in scientists' views of reality not only contain subjective elements but result from group dynamics, "revolutions" in scientific practice, and changes in
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A paradigm governs, in the first instance, not a subject matter but rather a group of practitioners. Any study ... must begin by locating the responsible group or groups.
1550:
2014: Introducing a model for analyzing the possibilities of power, help and control. In: Social Work and
Society. International Online Journal. Retrieved 3 April 2019.(
1035:
In spite of the subjectivity of human constructions of reality, relational constructivism focuses on the relational conditions applying to human perceptional processes.
609:
in science but rather a diversity of useful methods. They also hold that the world is independent of human minds, but knowledge of the world is always a human and
617:, embracing the belief that human beings can come to know the truth about the natural world not mediated by scientific approximations with different degrees of
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While other individuals are controlled by the dominant concepts of society, the advocate of constructivism can transcend these concepts and see through them.
3612:
237:
863:
The centrality of the perspectives of oppressed peoples—the value of the insights of those who have suffered as the result of existing social arrangements
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contemporary mediated electronic era, Kincheloe argues, dominant modes of power have never exerted such influence on human affairs. Coming from a
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1064:
Numerous criticisms have been levelled at
Constructivism. The most common one is that it either explicitly advocates or implicitly reduces to
2347:
1369:
2390:
804:, constructivism refers to many schools of thought that, though extraordinarily different in their techniques (applied in fields such as
53:
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4004:
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1431:
Björn Kraus: Plädoyer für den
Relationalen Konstruktivismus und eine Relationale Soziale Arbeit. in Forum Sozial (2017) 1 pp. 29-35,
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The necessity of understanding consciousness—even though it does not lend itself to traditional reductionistic modes of measurability
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is a free online journal publishing peer-reviewed articles on radical constructivism by researchers from multiple domains.
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consists of mental constructs that aim to explain sensory experiences and measurements, and that there is no single valid
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Standpoint epistemology: Locating ourselves in the web of reality, we are better equipped to produce our own knowledge
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3109:
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2137:
2014:
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Glanville, R. (2013). Radical constructivism = second order cybernetics. Cybernetics and Human
Knowing, 19(4), 27-42.
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1315:"Epistemological and theoretical foundations of constructivist cognitive therapies: post-rationalist developments"
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1355:"Constructivism in psychology: personal construct psychology, radical constructivism, and social constructionism"
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20:
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908:(1991) served as a manifesto for the movement of critical constructivism in various disciplines, including the
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977:. From 1955 to 1980, Piaget was Director of the International Centre for Genetic Epistemology in Geneva.
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The existence of multiple realities: Making sense of a world far more complex than we originally imagined
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The new frontier of classroom knowledge: Personal experiences intersecting with pluriversal information
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and signifying) with reference to social structures and institutions. Several traditions use the term
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Political struggles: Power plays an exaggerated role in the production of knowledge and consciousness
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2003:
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Social activity presupposes human interaction, and in the case of social construction, utilizing
472:
1593:
Mariyani-Squire, E. 1999. "Social
Constructivism: A flawed Debate over Conceptual Foundations",
3924:
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The
Invented Reality: How Do We Know What We Believe We Know? (Contributions to Constructivism)
1661:
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Nola, R. 1997. "Constructivism in Science and in Science Education: A Philosophical Critique",
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The importance of uniting logic and emotion in the process of knowledge and producing knowledge
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Slezak, P. 2000. "A Critique of Radical Social Constructivism", in D.C. Philips, (ed.) 2000,
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This article is about the view in the philosophy of science. For other uses of the term, see
1515:
Getting beyond the Facts: Teaching Social Studies/Social Science in the Twenty-First Century
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Becoming humble knowledge workers: Understanding our location in the tangled web of reality
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1434:"Plädoyer für den Relationalen Konstruktivismus und eine Relationale Soziale Arbeit"
1433:
1032:). Therefore, humans are not able to come to objective conclusions about the world.
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The Foundations of Social Research: Meaning and Perspective in the Research Process
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Constructivism in Education: Opinions and Second Opinions on Controversial Issues
1604:
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845:
Knowledge is socially constructed: World and information co-construct one another
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Approaches and Methodologies in the Social Sciences: A Pluralist Perspective
816:
create systems for meaningfully understanding their worlds and experiences.
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1481:
Gillett, E. 1998. "Relativism and the Social-constructivist Paradigm",
1393:
1258:. FT Press Science, a division of Pearson Education, Inc. p. 427.
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The construction of knowledge, Contributions to conceptual semantics
3829:
3632:
3437:
3422:
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2711:
2077:
928:", "proof", and other central categories of empirical research (in
917:
913:
652:
622:
332:
130:
125:
85:
1255:
The Logic of Chance: The Nature and Origin of Biological Evolution
3503:
2691:
2057:
941:
933:
929:
770:
The view of reality as accessible only through models was called
1605:
Constructivism in Science Education: A Philosophical Examination
2758:
2171:
1720:
1694:
https://www.springer.com/social+sciences/book/978-0-306-46564-2
1542:
The Trouble with Theory: The Educational Costs of Postmodernism
1459:
The Trouble with Theory: The Educational Costs of Postmodernism
1278:
2399:
2271:
1917:
1179:
1083:
argues that constructivists usually implicitly presuppose a
2637:
925:
875:
Constructing practical knowledge for critical social action
1637:, Encyclopédie de la Pléiade, vol. 22. Editions Gallimard.
1578:: Constructivism: what it is (not) and how it matters, in
734:
973:
invented this expression, which was later popularized by
945:
2368:
841:
Kincheloe's characteristics of critical constructivism:
1616:
La MĂ©thode, Tome 3, La Connaissance de la connaissance
890:
Constructing new ways of being human: Critical ontology
884:
The centrality of interpretation: Critical hermeneutics
1659:
Suchting, W.A. 1992. "Constructivism Deconstructed",
1505:
Radical constructivism: A way of knowing and learning
746:. As an example, Kuhn suggested that the Sun-centric
633:
719:'s later philosophy can be seen as a foundation for
601:
of the natural world. According to constructivists,
1322:Dialogues in Philosophy, Mental and Neuro Sciences
881:Knowledge is always entrenched in a larger process
4027:
1251:
789:
819:
904:A series of articles published in the journal
860:The inseparability of the knower and the known
628:
3391:
2516:
2384:
1736:
1221:(2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
1211:
998:Radical constructivism is closely related to
563:
3405:
1013:
894:
1563:http://www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/438
1552:http://www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/393
613:. Constructivism opposes the philosophy of
3398:
3384:
2523:
2509:
2391:
2377:
1743:
1729:
1279:Stephen Hawking; Leonard Mlodinow (2011).
951:
912:. Not only truth and reality, but also "
899:
570:
556:
92:
3179:
3142:Relationship between religion and science
2530:
1109:Constructivism in international relations
980:
1692:, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
1484:Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology
1285:. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 8.
1048:
826:Constructivism (philosophy of education)
501:Library and information science software
1537:, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
1308:
1306:
1272:
1215:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
959:
763:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
735:Constructivism in philosophy of science
723:, with its key theoretical concepts of
597:, which seeks to measure and construct
4028:
1352:
1030:self-referentially operating cognition
848:Consciousness is a social construction
496:Geographic information system software
3379:
2504:
2372:
1724:
1312:
1245:
796:Constructivism (psychological school)
4000:
1706:Journal of Constructivist Psychology
1635:Logique et connaissance scientifique
1590:, Cambridge University Press, 80–98.
1303:
1205:
25:
1353:Raskin, Jonathan D. (Spring 2002).
878:Complexity: Overcoming reductionism
13:
1656:, The University of Chicago Press.
1468:
1404:from the original on 19 April 2018
1180:Critical Theory and Constructivism
634:Social constructivism in sociology
14:
4087:
3162:Sociology of scientific knowledge
3157:Sociology of scientific ignorance
3110:History and philosophy of science
1699:
1690:Accountability in Social Research
1238:from the original on 2013-03-28.
3999:
3990:
3989:
3979:
3547:Traditional ecological knowledge
3493:
3359:
3347:
1750:
1627:, Vol.6, no.1-2, pp. 55–83.
30:
3845:Science, technology and society
1665:, vol.1, no.3, pp. 223–254
1599:, vol.10, no.4, pp. 97–125
1535:Knowledge and Critical Pedagogy
1451:
1440:from the original on 2017-10-15
1425:
1375:from the original on 2009-02-09
1335:from the original on 2011-07-08
16:Branch in philosophy of science
2551:Analytic–synthetic distinction
2167:Analytic–synthetic distinction
1683:On Constructivist Epistemology
1646:The Sciences of the Artificial
1544:, Penn State University Press.
1525:Critical Constructivism Primer
1461:. Penn State University Press.
1416:
1386:
1362:American Communication Journal
1346:
1192:
1172:
1:
3686:Religion and environmentalism
1649:(3rd Edition MIT Press 1996).
1608:, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
1596:Capitalism, Nature, Socialism
1487:, Vol.5, No.1, pp. 37–48
1478:, Princeton University Press.
1398:www.radicalconstructivism.com
1165:
1149:Personal construct psychology
1059:
790:Constructivism and psychology
3749:Environmental interpretation
820:Constructivism and education
7:
3722:Environmental communication
2884:Hypothetico-deductive model
2859:Deductive-nomological model
2844:Constructivist epistemology
2212:Internalism and externalism
1602:Matthews, M.R. (ed.) 1998.
1091:
683:, themselves influenced by
629:Constructivism and sciences
43:to comply with Knowledge's
10:
4092:
3537:Environmental anthropology
1716:Constructivist Foundations
1052:
1017:
1007:Constructivist Foundations
984:
963:
823:
793:
637:
18:
3975:
3880:
3782:
3704:
3666:
3598:
3555:
3502:
3491:
3413:
3338:
3170:
3072:
3002:
2945:Semantic view of theories
2864:Epistemological anarchism
2816:
2801:dependent and independent
2538:
2437:
2406:
2398:
2338:
2287:
2136:
2043:Evolutionary epistemology
2013:
1758:
1252:Eugene V. Koonin (2011).
1119:Epistemological pluralism
1025:Relational constructivism
1020:Relational constructivism
1014:Relational constructivism
895:Constructivist approaches
709:philosophy of mathematics
523:Qualitative data analysis
4036:Epistemological theories
3952:Sustainable architecture
3890:Arts and Crafts movement
3754:Environmental journalism
3648:Environmental philosophy
3407:Environmental humanities
2687:Intertheoretic reduction
2676:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
2653:Functional contextualism
2315:Philosophy of perception
2118:Representational realism
2088:Naturalized epistemology
1394:"Radical Constructivism"
1000:second-order cybernetics
56:may contain suggestions.
41:may need to be rewritten
4051:Philosophical analogies
4041:Epistemology of science
3774:Thematic interpretation
3727:Environmental education
3527:Ecological anthropology
3433:Environmental sculpture
3172:Philosophers of science
2950:Scientific essentialism
2899:Model-dependent realism
2834:Constructive empiricism
2727:Evidence-based practice
2295:Outline of epistemology
2128:Transcendental idealism
1662:Science & Education
1624:Science & Education
1039:puts it in a nutshell:
952:Cultural constructivism
900:Critical constructivism
772:model-dependent realism
748:Copernican "revolution"
4056:Social constructionism
3925:Landscape architecture
3872:Sustainability studies
3681:Environmental theology
3255:Alfred North Whitehead
3245:Charles Sanders Peirce
2242:Problem of other minds
1711:Radical Constructivism
1212:Thomas S Kuhn (1970).
1129:Map–territory relation
1046:
987:Radical constructivism
981:Radical constructivism
768:
689:sociology of knowledge
593:is constructed by the
402:Inferential statistics
348:Descriptive statistics
295:Human subject research
4046:Metatheory of science
3744:Environmental history
3643:Environmental justice
3354:Philosophy portal
3105:Hard and soft science
3100:Faith and rationality
2969:Scientific skepticism
2749:Scientific Revolution
2532:Philosophy of science
2320:Philosophy of science
2300:Faith and rationality
2182:Descriptive knowledge
2053:Feminist epistemology
1993:Nicholas Wolterstorff
1580:Donatella della Porta
1501:Ernst von Glasersfeld
1491:Ernst von Glasersfeld
1144:Ontological pluralism
1055:Social constructivism
1049:Social Constructivism
1041:
992:Ernst von Glasersfeld
753:
721:social constructivism
661:Social Constructivism
646:social constructivism
640:Social constructivism
587:philosophy of science
186:Philosophical schools
3920:Environmental design
3800:Biophilia hypothesis
3638:Environmental ethics
3608:Aesthetics of nature
3080:Criticism of science
2955:Scientific formalism
2839:Constructive realism
2744:Scientific pluralism
2717:Problem of induction
2252:Procedural knowledge
2237:Problem of induction
1576:Friedrich Kratochwil
1313:Balbi, Juan (2008).
966:Genetic epistemology
960:Genetic epistemology
836:critical pedagogical
595:scientific community
591:scientific knowledge
589:that maintains that
511:Reference management
461:Scientific modelling
203:Critical rationalism
4061:Social epistemology
3962:Sustainable fashion
3147:Rhetoric of science
3085:Descriptive science
2829:Confirmation holism
2722:Scientific evidence
2682:Inductive reasoning
2611:Demarcation problem
2330:Virtue epistemology
2325:Social epistemology
2305:Formal epistemology
2192:Epistemic injustice
2187:Exploratory thought
1988:Ludwig Wittgenstein
1688:Romm, N.R.A. 2001.
1540:Kitching, G. 2008.
1457:Kitching, G. 2008.
717:Ludwig Wittgenstein
611:social construction
491:Argument technology
3985:Environment portal
3957:Sustainable design
3590:Outdoor literature
3517:Cultural landscape
3443:Landscape painting
3366:Science portal
3295:Carl Gustav Hempel
3250:Wilhelm Windelband
3137:Questionable cause
2960:Scientific realism
2781:Underdetermination
2616:Empirical evidence
2606:Creative synthesis
1983:Timothy Williamson
1773:Augustine of Hippo
1185:2016-03-03 at the
1178:(Schofield, n.d.)
1114:Cultural pluralism
971:James Mark Baldwin
485:Tools and software
429:Secondary research
353:Discourse analysis
4071:Theories of truth
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3915:Educational trail
3905:Ecological design
3764:Outdoor education
3759:Environmental law
3691:Spiritual ecology
3653:Predation problem
3480:Site-specific art
3428:Environmental art
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2984:Uniformitarianism
2739:Scientific method
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1868:Søren Kierkegaard
1527:, NY: Peter Lang.
1517:, NY: Peter Lang.
1476:Realism and Truth
1474:Devitt, M. 1997.
1198:Crotty, M. 1998.
1124:Tinkerbell effect
1104:Consensus reality
585:is a view in the
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3308:
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3285:Rudolf Carnap
3283:
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3220:Auguste Comte
3218:
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3208:
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3200:
3198:
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3192:Francis Bacon
3190:
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3120:Pseudoscience
3118:
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3018:
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3005:
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2987:
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2979:Structuralism
2977:
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2970:
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2965:
2961:
2958:
2956:
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2941:Received view
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2872:
2870:
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2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:Contextualism
2847:
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2837:
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2240:
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2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:Justification
2215:
2213:
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2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
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2185:
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2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2093:Phenomenalism
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2083:NaĂŻve realism
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2033:Contextualism
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1998:Vienna Circle
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
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1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
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1951:
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1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:Hilary Putnam
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1908:Robert Nozick
1906:
1904:
1903:John McDowell
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1863:Immanuel Kant
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1833:Alvin Goldman
1831:
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1826:
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1821:
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1816:
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1811:
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1804:
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1620:
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1598:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1586:(eds.) 2008,
1585:
1581:
1577:
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1454:
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1234:
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1208:
1201:
1195:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1154:Perspectivism
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1139:Metacognition
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1085:deterministic
1082:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1056:
1045:
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1038:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1011:
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844:
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842:
839:
837:
832:
827:
817:
813:
811:
810:psychotherapy
807:
803:
797:
787:
783:
781:
777:
773:
764:
761:Thomas Kuhn,
757:
752:
749:
745:
741:
732:
730:
729:forms of life
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:Alfred SchĂĽtz
682:
678:
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506:Bibliometrics
504:
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444:Meta-analysis
442:
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434:Bibliometrics
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305:Phenomenology
303:
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132:
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83:
79:
75:
74:
65:
55:
51:
46:
42:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
3947:New Urbanism
3618:Deep ecology
3580:Geocriticism
3570:Ecocriticism
3542:Ethnoecology
3532:Ecosemiotics
3453:conservation
3330:Larry Laudan
3310:Imre Lakatos
3265:Otto Neurath
3240:Karl Pearson
3230:Pierre Duhem
3202:Isaac Newton
3132:Protoscience
3090:Epistemology
2964:Anti-realism
2962: /
2943: /
2934: /
2920: /
2918:Reductionism
2916: /
2889:Inductionism
2869:Evolutionism
2674:
2561:a posteriori
2560:
2556:
2465:Deflationary
2424:Truth-bearer
2419:Propositions
2276:
2177:Common sense
2155:A posteriori
2154:
2146:
2108:Reductionism
2002:
1953:Gilbert Ryle
1823:Fred Dretske
1808:Keith DeRose
1752:Epistemology
1689:
1682:
1679:Tom Rockmore
1672:
1660:
1653:
1644:
1634:
1633:(ed.) 1967.
1622:
1615:
1603:
1594:
1587:
1541:
1534:
1524:
1514:
1504:
1494:
1482:
1475:
1458:
1453:
1442:. Retrieved
1427:
1418:
1406:. Retrieved
1397:
1388:
1377:. Retrieved
1365:
1361:
1348:
1337:. Retrieved
1328:(1): 15–27.
1325:
1321:
1296:
1281:
1274:
1254:
1247:
1239:
1214:
1207:
1199:
1194:
1174:
1079:philosopher
1074:
1070:
1063:
1042:
1034:
1029:
1023:
1005:
1004:
997:
990:
969:
955:
905:
903:
840:
829:
814:
799:
784:
769:
762:
754:
738:
728:
727:embedded in
724:
720:
677:Peter Berger
669:Lev Vygotsky
660:
650:
645:
643:
582:
581:
285:Hermeneutics
197:
173:Quantitative
59:
50:You can help
40:
3967:Themed walk
3696:Stewardship
3676:Ecotheology
3623:Ecofeminism
3448:Photography
3320:Ian Hacking
3305:Thomas Kuhn
3290:Karl Popper
3270:C. D. Broad
3187:Roger Bacon
3115:Non-science
3057:Linguistics
3037:Archaeology
2932:Rationalism
2922:Determinism
2909:Physicalism
2874:Fallibilism
2824:Coherentism
2754:Testability
2707:Observation
2702:Objectivity
2663:alternative
2594:Correlation
2584:Consilience
2429:Truth-maker
2257:Proposition
2227:Objectivity
2113:Reliabilism
2103:Rationalism
2048:Fallibilism
2023:Coherentism
1968:Ernest Sosa
1943:Thomas Reid
1928:James Pryor
1898:G. E. Moore
1888:David Lewis
1878:Saul Kripke
1873:Peter Klein
1853:Susan Haack
1783:Robert Audi
1631:Jean Piaget
1612:Edgar Morin
1569:Björn Kraus
1558:Björn Kraus
1548:Björn Kraus
1099:Autopoiesis
1037:Björn Kraus
975:Jean Piaget
744:"paradigms"
740:Thomas Kuhn
713:Paul Ernest
705:Sal Restivo
701:mathematics
693:David Bloor
655:resources (
615:objectivism
607:methodology
358:Ethnography
258:Methodology
213:Fallibilism
161:Qualitative
131:Referencing
4030:Categories
3930:assessment
3900:Biomimicry
3840:Sexecology
3737:arts-based
3600:Philosophy
3557:Literature
3207:David Hume
3180:Precursors
3062:Psychology
3042:Economics‎
2936:Empiricism
2927:Pragmatism
2914:Positivism
2904:Naturalism
2774:scientific
2658:Hypothesis
2621:Experiment
2485:Redundancy
2358:Discussion
2348:Task Force
2267:Simplicity
2247:Perception
2123:Skepticism
2098:Positivism
2073:Infinitism
2038:Empiricism
1893:John Locke
1858:David Hume
1848:Anil Gupta
1843:Paul Grice
1818:John Dewey
1788:A. J. Ayer
1444:2017-06-07
1379:2009-02-07
1339:2010-10-19
1228:0226458121
1166:References
1159:Pragmatism
1066:relativism
1060:Criticisms
938:statistics
922:experience
802:psychology
765:, pp 157–8
665:psychology
533:Statistics
528:Simulation
466:Simulation
407:Interviews
370:Experiment
338:Case study
310:Pragmatism
228:Pragmatism
218:Positivism
208:Empiricism
3910:Ecomuseum
3862:Slow food
3795:Bioethics
3575:Ecopoetry
3458:landscape
3047:Geography
3015:Chemistry
2974:Scientism
2769:ladenness
2589:Construct
2567:Causality
2480:Pragmatic
2475:Pluralist
2470:Epistemic
2450:Consensus
2445:Coherence
2414:Statement
2222:Knowledge
2207:Induction
2157:knowledge
2149:knowledge
806:education
697:sociology
673:sociology
166:Art-based
62:July 2020
54:talk page
4010:Journals
3995:Category
3935:planning
3668:Religion
3633:Ecosophy
3468:wildlife
3438:Land art
3423:Crop art
3342:Category
2994:Vitalism
2817:Theories
2791:Variable
2712:Paradigm
2599:function
2557:A priori
2546:Analysis
2539:Concepts
2490:Semantic
2438:Theories
2343:Category
2162:Analysis
2147:A priori
2138:Concepts
2078:Innatism
2015:Theories
1438:Archived
1408:24 April
1402:Archived
1370:Archived
1330:Archived
1233:Archived
1183:Archived
1092:See also
918:document
914:evidence
759:—
675:(after
653:semiotic
623:accuracy
619:validity
333:Analysis
126:Argument
86:Research
78:a series
76:Part of
4015:Degrees
4005:Commons
3882:Applied
3819:museums
3783:Related
3504:Culture
3052:History
3020:Physics
3010:Biology
2808:more...
2796:control
2692:Inquiry
2407:General
2278:more...
2058:Fideism
2004:more...
1202:, Sage.
942:history
934:biology
930:physics
667:(after
412:Mapping
327:Methods
233:Realism
121:Writing
3463:nature
2764:choice
2759:Theory
2697:Nature
2626:design
2172:Belief
2068:Holism
1681:2008.
1671:1984.
1643:1969.
1614:1986,
1582:&
1561:2018.(
1533:2008.
1523:2005.
1513:2001.
1503:1995.
1493:1987.
1289:
1262:
1225:
599:models
473:Survey
52:. The
3809:ethic
3732:adult
3705:Other
2400:Truth
2353:Stubs
2272:Truth
1918:Plato
1373:(PDF)
1368:(3).
1358:(PDF)
1333:(PDF)
1318:(PDF)
1236:(PDF)
1219:(PDF)
2668:null
2638:Fact
2559:and
1572:Ltd.
1410:2018
1287:ISBN
1260:ISBN
1223:ISBN
1075:The
926:fact
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