42:
2927:
Kowalko, Johanna E.; Lilley, Thomas M.; Malard, Florian; Manenti, Raoul; Martínez, Alejandro; Meierhofer, Melissa B.; Niemiller, Matthew L.; Northup, Diana E.; Pellegrini, Thais G.; Pipan, Tanja; Protas, Meredith; Reboleira, Ana Sofia P. S.; Venarsky, Michael P.; Wynne, J. Judson; Zagmajster, Maja; Cardoso, Pedro (December 2020). "Fundamental research questions in subterranean biology".
845:, sometimes categorized/marked as unsolved. There have been online surveys used to generate priority research topics which were then classified into broader themes. Such may improve research relevance and value or strengthen rationale for societal dedication of limited resources or expansions of the limited resources or for
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psychiatric illness?' to 'what is consciousness?' (Box 1). Asking
Caltech faculty added entries about how networks function and what neural computation is. Caltech students had things figured out and got straight to the point ('how can I sleep less?', 'how can we save our species?', 'can we become immortal?').
1108:
seeks to learn where, or when, so the writer's research must be directed at determining the where, or when of the research topic. Therefore, when crafting a research question for a quantitative study, the writer will need to ask a where, or when question about the topic. For example: Where should the
1004:
Similar to outlining open research questions, there have also been proposals to e.g. combine specific fields or sources of data and knowledge as the subject or method of new research or to engage more and more scientifically in specific research topics along with the establishment of new high-quality
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Correlational studies: A correlational study is non-experimental, requiring the writer to research relationships without manipulating or randomly selecting the subjects of the research. The research question for a correlational study may look like this: What is the relationship between long-distance
633:
The FINER method can be a useful tool for outlining research criteria used in the construction of a research question. Due to the flexibility of the criteria, this method may be used for a variety of research scenarios. The FINER method prompts researchers to determine whether one has the means and
1094:
_________ (How or what) is the _________ ("story for" for narrative research; "meaning of" the phenomenon for phenomenology; "theory that explains the process of" for grounded theory; "culture-sharing pattern" for ethnography; "issue" in the "case" for case study) of _________ (central phenomenon)
1086:
seeks to learn why or how, so the writer's research must be directed at determining the what, why and how of the research topic. Therefore, when crafting a research question for a qualitative study, the writer will need to ask a why or how question about the topic. For example: How did the company
3139:
Breyer, Christian; Khalili, Siavash; Bogdanov, Dmitrii; Ram, Manish; Oyewo, Ayobami
Solomon; Aghahosseini, Arman; Gulagi, Ashish; Solomon, A. A.; Keiner, Dominik; Lopez, Gabriel; Østergaard, Poul Alberg; Lund, Henrik; Mathiesen, Brian V.; Jacobson, Mark Z.; Victoria, Marta; Teske, Sven; Pregger,
1154:
Once the writer has determined the type of study to be used and the specific objectives the paper will address, the writer must also consider whether the research question passes the "so what" test. The "so what" test means that the writer must construct evidence to convince the audience why the
779:
over years for a major project. When the research is complete and the researcher knows the (probable) answer to the research question, writing up can begin (as distinct from writing notes, which is a process that goes on through a research project). In term papers, the answer to the question is
2926:
Mammola, Stefano; Amorim, Isabel R.; Bichuette, Maria E.; Borges, Paulo A. V.; Cheeptham, Naowarat; Cooper, Steven J. B.; Culver, David C.; Deharveng, Louis; Eme, David; Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes; Fišer, Cene; Fišer, Žiga; Fong, Daniel W.; Griebler, Christian; Jeffery, William R.; Jugovic, Jure;
1784:
As for
Hilbert's problems, there is a Knowledge entry for 'unsolved problems in neuroscience'; there are more popular writings; and there are books. In trying to brainstorm a list of my own, I read the above sources and asked around. This yields a predictable list ranging from 'how can we cure
1150:
and quantitative studies, so the writer's research must be directed at determining the why or how and the what, where, or when of the research topic. Therefore, the writer will need to craft a research question for each study required for the assignment. A typical study may be expected to have
1187:
titled "The
Predicament of Mankind". In this prospectus the authors designated 49 Continuous Critical Problems facing humankind, saying "We find it virtually impossible to view them as problems that exist in isolation – or as problems capable of being solved in their own terms... It is this
950:
ones, can "support identification of problems, formulation of research questions, and study design". Participatory research can "improve study outcomes and foster greater data accessibility and utility as well as increase public transparency". Participants can have continued discussions and
1341:
Boudin F, Nie J-Y, Dawes M. Clinical information retrieval using document and PICO structure. In: Human
Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics. Association for Computational Linguistics; 2010. p.
1969:
Synnot, Anneliese J.; Tong, Allison; Bragge, Peter; Lowe, Dianne; Nunn, Jack S.; O’Sullivan, Molly; Horvat, Lidia; Kay, Debra; Ghersi, Davina; McDonald, Steve; Poole, Naomi; Bourke, Noni; Lannin, Natasha A.; Vadasz, Danny; Oliver, Sandy; Carey, Karen; Hill, Sophie J. (29 April 2019).
545:
To form a research question, one must determine what type of study will be conducted such as a qualitative, quantitative, or mixed study. Additional factors, such as project funding, may not only affect the research question itself but also when and how it is formed during the
1919:
Synnot, Anneliese; Bragge, Peter; Lowe, Dianne; Nunn, Jack S; O’Sullivan, Molly; Horvat, Lidia; Tong, Allison; Kay, Debra; Ghersi, Davina; McDonald, Steve; Poole, Naomi; Bourke, Noni; Lannin, Natasha; Vadasz, Danny; Oliver, Sandy; Carey, Karen; Hill, Sophie J (May 2018).
1136:
Experimental studies: An experimental study is experimental in that it requires the writer to manipulate and randomly select the subjects of the research. The research question for an experimental study may look like this: Does the consumption of fast food lead to eating
2606:
Fortunato, Santo; Bergstrom, Carl T.; Börner, Katy; Evans, James A.; Helbing, Dirk; Milojević, Staša; Petersen, Alexander M.; Radicchi, Filippo; Sinatra, Roberta; Uzzi, Brian; Vespignani, Alessandro; Waltman, Ludo; Wang, Dashun; Barabási, Albert-László (2 March 2018).
619:
process when parameters of the research process, such as field of study or methodology, do not fit the original question. Literature suggests several methods for selecting criteria in the development of a research question, two of which are the FINER and PICO methods.
923:
has compiled a small list of "Research questions that could have a big social impact, organised by discipline". In public health research, "it is vital that research questions posed are important and that funded research meets a research need or a gap in evidence".
985:"takes place at the level of the posing of research questions in the overlapping areas between various disciplines". There is research into enabling presenting scholarly knowledge "flexibly enriched with contextual information" for specific research questions.
899:, researchers have however cautioned that such may lead to a counterproductive false sense of security. Not all technological progress may be beneficial in general or in contemporary contexts (environments or systems) and various research may for example
955:
regarding new questions. Research questions can be or are positioned at varying levels of detail – from broad to very specific questions – which are semantically or can be displayed as nested – for instance via category trees. In one platform, about
610:
and in some cases it may precede construction of the conceptual framework of study; in all cases, it makes the theoretical assumptions in the framework more explicit and indicates what the researcher wants to know most and first. Therefore, the
1837:
Among many of the responses I received, a large majority mentioned several aspects of neuroscience. This is not surprising since the brain remains the most uncharted area in humans. A list of unsolved problems in neuroscience can be found in
906:
Many studies "ask uninteresting research questions, make only marginal contributions". One study suggests that while research on climate change "is valuable, it does not tackle head-on the most urgent question: how to change society to
964:, users "can zoom into the major research questions and hypotheses" of the field, "which are connected to the relevant studies published in the field and, if available, the underlying raw data" with tools like the Wikimedia project
598:. Having an interest in or knowledge of a particular subject can be useful in the construction of a research question. Formation of the research question is largely determined by, and likewise influences, where and what kind of
976:
of research in such a way that their contribution to practical solutions of a societal problem is narrow enough to be useful". Both everyday practical knowledge and scientific knowledge play a role in this process. In
542:. Investigation will require data collection and analysis, and the methodology for this will vary widely. Good research questions seek to improve knowledge on an important topic, and are usually narrow and specific.
2309:
Garrett, K. A.; Alcalá-Briseño, R. I.; Andersen, K. F.; Brawner, J.; Choudhury, R. A.; Delaquis, E.; Fayette, J.; Poudel, R.; Purves, D.; Rothschild, J.; Small, I. M.; Thomas-Sharma, S.; Xing, Y. (April 2020).
1877:
Cartaxo, Bruno; Pinto, Gustavo; Ribeiro, Danilo; Kamei, Fernando; Santos, Ronnie E.S.; da Silva, Fábio Q.B.; Soares, Sérgio (May 2017). "Using Q&A Websites as a Method for
Assessing Systematic Reviews".
816:
and/or aggregated, sometimes supplemented with priorities or other details. A common way open research questions are identified, communicated, established/confirmed and prioritized are their inclusion in
637:
According to
Farrugia et al., the FINER criteria "highlight useful points that may increase the chances of developing a successful research project". These criteria were first suggested in the book
1116:
Does _________ (name the theory) explain the relationship between _________ (independent variable) and _________ (dependent variable), controlling for the effects of _________ (control variable)?
1109:
company market its new product? Unlike a qualitative study, a quantitative study is mathematical analysis of the research topic, so the writer's research will consist of numbers and statistics.
895:
suggests research to focus primarily on questions and tools that are thought to increase safety and mitigate issues rather than risky technologies which are instead best to delay. Concerning
1332:
Santos CM da C, Pimenta CA de M, Nobre MRC. The PICO strategy for the research question construction and evidence search. Revista latino-americana de enfermagem. 2007;15(3):508–511.
1438:
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approaches may influence the research process, including when and how the research question is developed. Clearly and accurately defining the research question can become an
1171:
is a term that functions analogously to the research problem or question used typically when addressing global systemic problems. The term achieved prominence in 1970 when
965:
1191:
Situations similar to the global problematique in their complexity are also called problematiques. These situations receive different designations from other authors. In
992:. There has been a suggestion for establishing a public non-profit organization that would identify "gaps in the science that need addressing", referring to the field of
2839:
2512:
Senabre
Hidalgo, Enric; Perelló, Josep; Becker, Frank; Bonhoure, Isabelle; Legris, Martine; Cigarini, Anna (2021). "Participation and Co-creation in Citizen Science".
732:
studies. Such research may focus on assessment or evaluation of patients or problems, as well as what may be the causal factor(s) with control and experimental groups.
1087:
successfully market its new product? The sources needed for qualitative research typically include print and internet texts (written words), audio and visual media.
615:
must first identify the type of study (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed) before the research question is developed. Forming the research question may become an
566:
The answer to a research question will help address a research problem or question. Specifying a research question, "the central issue to be resolved by a formal
2677:
1972:"Selecting, refining and identifying priority Cochrane Reviews in health communication and participation in partnership with consumers and other stakeholders"
2869:
185:
1124:
There is no significant difference between _________ (the control and experimental groups on the independent variable) on _________ (dependent variable).
767:
Continuing the research process, the investigator then carries out the research necessary to answer the research question, whether this involves reading
968:. Individuals "who can ask novel, field-altering questions" may vary from "those who can answer them" or vary per question. Translation of a (societal)
574:, or research project," is typically one of the first steps an investigator takes when undertaking research. Considerations, such as project funding or
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1013:
448:
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2130:
3238:
3047:
Tajbakhsh, Alireza; Hassini, Elkafi (1 January 2015). "Performance measurement of sustainable supply chains: a review and research questions".
1650:
1074:
Therefore, the writer must first identify the type of study (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed) before the research question is developed.
602:
will be sought. The research question must be accurately and clearly defined. Choosing a research question is the central element of both
988:
Identification of open research questions may be useful for the adoption and application of science in society and accelerating specific
517:
1412:
3084:"Developing a priority global research agenda for antimicrobial resistance in the human health sector: protocol for a scoping review"
2203:"Promoting novelty, rigor, and style in energy social science: Towards codes of practice for appropriate methods and research design"
634:
interest to conduct the study. It also asks one to consider the ethical ramifications, as well as the relevancy of the research.
475:
2029:
892:
458:
145:
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2379:"Identifying research priorities for public health research to address health inequalities: use of Delphi-like survey methods"
3346:
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3140:
Thomas; Fthenakis, Vasilis; Raugei, Marco; Holttinen, Hannele; Bardi, Ugo; Hoekstra, Auke; Sovacool, Benjamin K. (2022).
2565:
Jeschke, Jonathan M.; Heger, Tina; Kraker, Peter; Schramm, Maxi; Kittel, Christopher; Mietchen, Daniel (18 August 2021).
2067:
1922:"Research priorities in health communication and participation: international survey of consumers and other stakeholders"
1027:
Examples of lists of open significant research questions in reviews include a list of "major outstanding questions" for (
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is "a question that a research project sets out to answer". Choosing a research question is an essential element of both
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process. Literature suggests several variations on criteria selection for constructing a research question, such as the
2106:
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866:
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510:
908:
3267:
2702:
Haris, Muhammad; Stocker, Markus; Auer, Sören (28 March 2022). "Enriching
Scholarly Knowledge with Context".
480:
133:
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Bhattacharya S. Journal club and post-graduate medical education. Indian J Plast Surg. 2017 Dec;50(3):302–5.
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Sometimes research questions overlap with or also refer to challenges of a specific theory or field such as
941:
2891:
Alvesson, Mats; Sandberg, Jörgen (1 April 2011). "Generating
Research Questions Through Problematization".
933:
438:
972:"from its meaning in an everyday context into a scientifically valid research question means defining the
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Sharma, Angira; Kosasih, Edward; Zhang, Jie; Brintrup, Alexandra; Calinescu, Anisoara (8 August 2022).
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generalized meta system of problems, which we call the 'problematique' that inheres in our situation."
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Dönertaş, Handan Melike; Fuentealba, Matías; Partridge, Linda; Thornton, Janet M. (February 2019).
1048:
989:
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420:
2465:"From Crowdsourcing to Extreme Citizen Science: Participatory Research for Environmental Health"
1596:. Hulley, Stephen B. (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2007.
833:
and dedicated (sub-)websites such as 80000hours.org's "research questions by discipline" or the
3082:
Hamers, Raph L.; Cassini, Alessandro; Asadinia, Koe Stella; Bertagnolio, Silvia (1 June 2022).
1052:
937:
612:
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2990:"Digital Twins: State of the art theory and practice, challenges, and open research questions"
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data gathering systems. One approach for the generation of research questions is challenging
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process. How the question is constructed can depend on the type of research or discipline.
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Here is Creswell's (2009) example of a script for a qualitative research central question:
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1521:"Practical tips for surgical research: Research questions, hypotheses and objectives"
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Here is Creswell's (2009) example of a script for a quantitative research question:
919:(not necessarily of financial nature) are identified to maximize research benefits.
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1993:
1983:
1941:
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Scientists often communicate open research questions. Sometimes such questions are
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103:
68:
2438:"Peer Production Practices: Design Strategies in Online Citizen Science Platforms"
3338:
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1880:
2017 IEEE/ACM 14th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR)
1643:"Research questions that could have a big social impact, organised by discipline"
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Alternatively, a script for a quantitative null hypothesis might be as follows:
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Research design : qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches
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Research design : qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches
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1988:
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Research design : qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches
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It determines where and what kind of research the writer will be looking for.
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2007:
1955:
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803:
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2724:"The war in Ukraine is exposing gaps in the world's food-systems research"
2278:
2064:
1675:
Coley, Alan A (30 August 2017). "Open problems in mathematical physics".
999:
797:
599:
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359:
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Argyris, C. (1968) "Some Unintended Consequences of Rigorous Research".
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research is expected to add new or useful knowledge to the literature.
916:
841:, aggregative/integrative studies, as well as unsolved online posts on
413:
317:
285:
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175:
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2201:
Sovacool, Benjamin K.; Axsen, Jonn; Sorrell, Steve (1 November 2018).
1302:
1285:
1070:
It identifies the specific objectives the study or paper will address.
3142:"On the History and Future of 100% Renewable Energy Systems Research"
2436:
Kloppenborg, Katharina; Ball, Mad Price; Tzovaras, Bastian Greshake.
1021:
834:
616:
579:
354:
2511:
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English, P.B.; Richardson, M.J.; Garzón-Galvis, C. (1 April 2018).
1689:
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729:
595:
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78:
73:
33:
2567:"Towards an open, zoomable atlas for invasion science and beyond"
2123:"Biologists create new genetic systems to neutralize gene drives"
1840:
http://en.wikipedia.org/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_neuroscience
1383:
1240:
1051:, and unaddressed or neglected questions in the literature about
969:
791:
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3049:
International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management
2664:
2662:
2660:
694:
Amenable to a study that institutional review board will approve
915:, research questions with the greatest potential benefits from
571:
2462:
2312:"Effective Altruism as an Ethical Lens on Research Priorities"
1564:(4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications.
1043:(across fields), open questions in performance measurement of
672:
Getting the answer intrigues investigator, peers and community
2657:
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1006:
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2925:
2777:
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1799:"Unsolved problems in biology—The state of current thinking"
1670:
1668:
1284:
Mattick, Karen; Johnston, Jenny; de la Croix, Anne (2018).
973:
882:
821:
of a sub-field or specific research question, including in
2987:
2095:
The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity
1283:
1095:
for _________ (participants) at _________ (research site).
2784:"Identifying Potential Ageing-Modulating Drugs In Silico"
2772:
2564:
2026:"Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios"
3138:
1876:
1665:
2832:"Opinion | We're asking the wrong questions about UFOs"
2516:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 199–218.
2250:
Overland, Indra; Sovacool, Benjamin K. (1 April 2020).
2377:
Turner, S.; Ollerhead, E.; Cook, A. (9 October 2017).
3248:. 1970. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014
2862:"Why some scientists want serious research into UFOs"
590:
Specifying the research question is one of the first
2200:
1968:
1918:
1128:
Quantitative studies also fall into two categories:
724:
criteria tend to be used to frame questions used in
594:
steps the investigator has to take when undertaking
2435:
2376:
1014:
how to solve known problems with the Standard Model
585:
16:
Question that a research project sets out to answer
3298:The Little, Brown Guide to Writing Research Papers
2671:"Transdisciplinarity in the Practice of Research"
1559:
942:Problem solving § Collective problem solving
852:
3370:
3046:
2890:
2701:
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3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
2252:"The misallocation of climate research funding"
891:and related concepts, the proposed strategy of
623:
1183:conceptualized the original prospectus of the
792:Aggregated research questions and coordination
683:Confirms, refutes or extends previous findings
2994:Journal of Industrial Information Integration
2020:
1637:
1635:
511:
3174:
2014:
1803:Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
1000:Examples and breadth of "research questions"
1354:
1632:
1063:The research question serves two purposes
928:ICTs, participation and routine procedures
518:
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40:
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1997:
1987:
1945:
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1417:A Dictionary of Business Research Methods
1301:
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3187:
2788:Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism
2482:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013702
1518:
1024:gaps can also overlap or be synonymous.
911:right now". In the ethical framework of
449:Library and information science software
2151:
1738:"The unsolved problems of neuroscience"
1735:
1410:
1286:"How to…write a good research question"
3371:
2063:9 Journal of Evolution and Technology
1461:
1035:, "fundamental" research questions in
893:differential technological development
444:Geographic information system software
3302:
3219:from the original on 16 November 2023
2683:from the original on 3 September 2023
1674:
1462:Haynes, R. Brian (1 September 2006).
1099:
3309:(2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
2668:
2256:Energy Research & Social Science
2207:Energy Research & Social Science
1457:
1455:
1441:from the original on 6 December 2021
1425:10.1093/acref/9780191792236.001.0001
1279:
1277:
1151:between 1 and 6 research questions.
1077:
1058:
829:. Other channels include reports by
2444:from the original on 31 August 2022
2133:from the original on 9 October 2020
2092:
1796:
1653:from the original on 31 August 2022
1390:: The University of Chicago Press.
555:
551:
13:
3291:
2842:from the original on 16 April 2022
2383:Health Research Policy and Systems
2032:from the original on 27 April 2011
1976:Health Research Policy and Systems
1009:of existing theories and studies.
897:control strategies for gene drives
14:
3395:
3356:
2154:"The Vulnerable World Hypothesis"
1797:Dev, Sukhendu B. (1 March 2015).
1553:
1452:
1274:
780:normally given in summary in the
716:
641:by Hulley et al., detailed below.
628:
2872:from the original on 6 July 2022
2734:(7905): 217–218. 12 April 2022.
1816:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2015.02.001
1468:Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
1195:and related fields, researchers
1163:
1158:
586:Constructing a research question
3274:
3231:
3132:
3075:
3040:
2981:
2919:
2884:
2854:
2824:
2716:
2695:
2599:
2558:
2505:
2456:
2429:
2370:
2302:
2243:
2194:
2152:Bostrom, Nick (November 2019).
2145:
2115:
2086:
1962:
1912:
1870:
1790:
1736:Adolphs, Ralph (1 April 2015).
1729:
1586:
1133:commuters and eating disorders?
867:List of causes of death by rate
3363:Developing a Research Question
2514:The Science of Citizen Science
2469:Annual Review of Public Health
1512:
1480:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.06.006
1404:
1345:
1335:
1326:
1146:A mixed study integrates both
1141:
1039:, open research questions for
901:result in engineered pandemics
853:Prioritization and evaluations
745:– Intervention (or Indicator)
1:
3306:Developing Research Questions
1267:
708:To clinical and health policy
561:
3239:"The Predicament of Mankind"
2893:Academy of Management Review
2523:10.1007/978-3-030-58278-4_11
2329:10.1094/PHYTO-05-19-0168-RVW
1842:(Accessed January 12, 2015).
1742:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
1464:"Forming research questions"
934:List of environmental issues
658:Affordable in time and money
655:Adequate technical expertise
624:Construction method examples
7:
3159:10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3193402
3100:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060553
1938:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019481
1594:Designing clinical research
1525:Canadian Journal of Surgery
1519:Farrugia, Patricia (2010).
1419:, Oxford University Press,
1261:Problem structuring methods
1218:
843:Q&A websites and forums
775:term paper or carrying out
652:Adequate number of subjects
639:Designing Clinical Research
10:
3400:
3061:10.1108/IJPPM-03-2013-0056
2749:10.1038/d41586-022-00994-8
2269:10.1016/j.erss.2019.101349
2220:10.1016/j.erss.2018.07.007
1754:10.1016/j.tics.2015.01.007
1560:Creswell, John W. (2014).
931:
871:Quality-adjusted life year
856:
839:lists of unsolved problems
808:Further research is needed
801:
795:
3266:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3017:10.1016/j.jii.2022.100383
2800:10.1016/j.tem.2018.11.005
2584:10.3897/neobiota.68.66685
2396:10.1186/s12961-017-0252-2
1989:10.1186/s12961-019-0444-z
1045:sustainable supply chains
471:Qualitative data analysis
1707:10.1088/1402-4896/aa83c1
1207:called these situations
1049:antimicrobial resistance
990:research and development
875:Intergenerational equity
3303:White, Patrick (2017).
2625:10.1126/science.aao0185
2171:10.1111/1758-5899.12718
2075:Oxford Research Archive
2070:8 November 2023 at the
1203:and Melvin Webber, and
994:sustainable food system
909:mitigate climate change
771:over a few days for an
739:– Patient (or Problem)
705:To scientific knowledge
3282:Psychological Bulletin
2053:Cite journal requires
1624:: CS1 maint: others (
1411:Duignan, John (2016),
1374:Fitzgerald, William T.
1215:called them "messes".
938:Technology and society
765:
714:
350:Inferential statistics
296:Descriptive statistics
243:Human subject research
2905:10.5465/amr.2009.0188
2669:Jahn, Thomas (2008).
2099:Bloomsbury Publishing
2080:10 April 2023 at the
1379:The Craft of Research
1231:Design of experiments
1193:organizational theory
1053:100% renewable energy
863:Philosophy of science
796:Further information:
734:
643:
134:Philosophical schools
3341:. pp. 131–133.
2609:"Science of science"
1882:. pp. 238–242.
1290:The Clinical Teacher
1181:Alexander Christakis
1047:, knowledge gaps in
1037:subterranean biology
608:qualitative research
540:qualitative research
459:Reference management
409:Scientific modelling
151:Critical rationalism
3284:, pp. 185–197.
2740:2022Natur.604..217.
1699:2017PhyS...92i3003C
1413:"Research question"
1370:Williams, Joseph M.
831:science journalists
751:– Comparison group
661:Manageable in scope
439:Argument technology
2929:Biological Reviews
2619:(6379): eaao0185.
2097:. United Kingdom:
2093:Ord, Toby (2020).
1888:10.1109/MSR.2017.5
1366:Colomb, Gregory G.
1106:quantitative study
1100:Quantitative study
913:effective altruism
849:a specific study.
823:systematic reviews
819:scientific reviews
711:To future research
433:Tools and software
377:Secondary research
301:Discourse analysis
3348:978-1-4522-2609-5
3339:SAGE Publications
3325:Creswell, John W.
3316:978-1-137-49047-6
3212:978-1-4522-2609-5
3203:SAGE Publications
3189:Creswell, John W.
2941:10.1111/brv.12642
2543:978-3-030-58277-7
1897:978-1-5386-1544-7
1856:External link in
1603:978-0-7817-8210-4
1571:978-1-4522-2609-5
1434:978-0-19-179223-6
1372:; Bizup, Joseph;
1303:10.1111/tct.12776
1197:C. West Churchman
1084:qualitative study
1078:Qualitative study
1059:Types and purpose
979:interdisciplinary
784:in the form of a
769:secondary sources
728:studies, such as
532:research question
528:
527:
494:Philosophy portal
402:Systematic review
387:Literature review
345:Historical method
328:Social experiment
263:Scientific method
248:Narrative inquiry
99:Interdisciplinary
93:Research strategy
64:Research question
59:Research proposal
3391:
3352:
3333:(4th ed.).
3320:
3285:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3265:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3243:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3197:(4th ed.).
3185:
3172:
3171:
3161:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3119:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3019:
3009:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2952:
2935:(6): 1855–1872.
2923:
2917:
2916:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2779:
2770:
2769:
2751:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2682:
2675:
2666:
2655:
2654:
2644:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2586:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2535:
2525:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2484:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2416:
2398:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2341:
2331:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2281:
2271:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2222:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2173:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2090:
2084:
2062:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2001:
1991:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1949:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1844:
1818:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1773:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1692:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1615:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1540:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1499:
1459:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1305:
1281:
958:invasion science
946:Platforms, e.g.
837:articles of the
786:thesis statement
777:primary research
520:
513:
506:
466:Science software
365:Cultural mapping
333:Quasi-experiment
323:Field experiment
291:Content analysis
186:Critical realism
104:Multimethodology
44:
21:
20:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3369:
3368:
3359:
3349:
3317:
3294:
3292:Further reading
3289:
3288:
3279:
3275:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3249:
3246:sunsite.utk.edu
3241:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3220:
3213:
3186:
3175:
3152:: 78176–78218.
3137:
3133:
3080:
3076:
3045:
3041:
2986:
2982:
2924:
2920:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2873:
2868:. 19 May 2022.
2860:
2859:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2836:Washington Post
2830:
2829:
2825:
2780:
2773:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2700:
2696:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2667:
2658:
2604:
2600:
2563:
2559:
2544:
2510:
2506:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2434:
2430:
2375:
2371:
2307:
2303:
2248:
2244:
2199:
2195:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2101:. p. 200.
2091:
2087:
2082:Wayback Machine
2072:Wayback Machine
2054:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2019:
2015:
1967:
1963:
1917:
1913:
1898:
1875:
1871:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1795:
1791:
1734:
1730:
1677:Physica Scripta
1673:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1617:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1572:
1558:
1554:
1517:
1513:
1460:
1453:
1444:
1442:
1435:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1362:Booth, Wayne C.
1359:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1282:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1256:Problem shaping
1251:Problem finding
1246:Research design
1226:Bold hypothesis
1221:
1209:wicked problems
1166:
1161:
1144:
1102:
1080:
1061:
1002:
948:citizen science
944:
930:
885:
855:
810:
800:
794:
719:
631:
626:
588:
564:
524:
488:
487:
434:
426:
425:
372:Phenomenography
311:Autoethnography
276:
268:
267:
228:Grounded theory
223:Critical theory
218:Art methodology
213:Action research
208:
198:
197:
136:
126:
125:
94:
86:
85:
54:
52:Research design
17:
12:
11:
5:
3397:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3367:
3366:
3358:
3357:External links
3355:
3354:
3353:
3347:
3321:
3315:
3300:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3273:
3230:
3211:
3173:
3131:
3094:(6): e060553.
3074:
3055:(6): 744–783.
3039:
2980:
2918:
2899:(2): 247–271.
2883:
2853:
2823:
2794:(2): 118–131.
2771:
2715:
2694:
2656:
2598:
2557:
2542:
2504:
2475:(1): 335–350.
2455:
2428:
2369:
2322:(4): 708–722.
2316:Phytopathology
2301:
2242:
2193:
2164:(4): 455–476.
2144:
2114:
2108:978-1526600219
2107:
2085:
2055:|journal=
2013:
1961:
1932:(5): e019481.
1911:
1896:
1869:
1809:(2): 232–239.
1789:
1748:(4): 173–175.
1728:
1664:
1631:
1602:
1585:
1570:
1552:
1511:
1474:(9): 881–886.
1451:
1433:
1403:
1396:
1353:
1344:
1334:
1325:
1296:(2): 104–108.
1272:
1271:
1269:
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1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1213:Russell Ackoff
1173:Hasan Özbekhan
1170:
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1071:
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1060:
1057:
1033:life extension
1001:
998:
929:
926:
879:Sustainability
859:Science policy
854:
851:
793:
790:
726:evidence-based
718:
717:PICOT criteria
715:
713:
712:
709:
706:
696:
695:
685:
684:
674:
673:
668:– Interesting
663:
662:
659:
656:
653:
630:
629:FINER criteria
627:
625:
622:
592:methodological
587:
584:
576:methodological
563:
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191:Subtle realism
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171:Postpositivism
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146:Constructivism
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141:Antipositivism
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45:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3396:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3350:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3335:Thousand Oaks
3332:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3283:
3277:
3269:
3263:
3247:
3240:
3234:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3199:Thousand Oaks
3196:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2976:
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2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
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2946:
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2930:
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2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2871:
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2857:
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2833:
2827:
2819:
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2805:
2801:
2797:
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2778:
2776:
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2759:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2741:
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2733:
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2725:
2719:
2710:
2705:
2698:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2652:
2648:
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2638:
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2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
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2594:
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2519:
2515:
2508:
2500:
2496:
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2361:
2357:
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2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2279:11250/2647605
2275:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2158:Global Policy
2155:
2148:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2110:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2060:
2047:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2022:Bostrom, Nick
2017:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1850:
1843:
1841:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1683:(9): 093003.
1682:
1678:
1671:
1669:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1627:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1595:
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2533:2445/173432
1148:qualitative
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757:– Outcomes
701:– Relevant
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600:information
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206:Methodology
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166:Positivism
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