37:
1437:
turn a blind eye to the graft and corruption." For the small minority that managed this, this fraudulent enrollment may have earned white people potential benefits for themselves and their descendants, but also could have subjected them to further removal, relocation or incarceration. There were also land runs during this era, and other methods for white people to obtain land. Most of the white people on the Dawes roll are noted as included due to marrying a member of the tribe and having Indian children.
1430:
enumeration entirely meant completely leaving one's community and assimilating. Since that period, the tribes have relied on the Dawes Rolls as part of the membership qualification process, using them as records of citizens at a particular time, and requiring new members to document direct descent from a person or persons on these rolls. Courts have upheld this rule even when it has been proven that a brother or sister of an ancestor was listed on the rolls but not the direct ancestor himself/herself.
1329:. When word got out that people could get land, many non-Natives appeared at the offices and falsely claimed to be Native. Most of these false claimants claimed to be Cherokee. Family myths still persist of "hiding in the hills", or of being "rejected from the rolls", or "refusing to enroll" when the reason for having not been enrolled is that the applicants were simply not Native American.
1404:
It rejected the unconscionable claim that a white person once admitted into the tribe by marriage to an Indian could confer citizenship upon any white person whom he might afterwards marry and upon his white descendants. It also uncovered a great mass of nauseous evidence, and rejected a large number
1293:
Traditionally, the land in these tribal communities had been held communally. With the establishment of the Dawes
Commission, the ruling was made by the colonial agents to divide the land into parcels and institute a system of individual ownership in accordance with US laws, overriding the treaty and
1436:
Gregory
Smithers, associate professor of history at Virginia Commonwealth University stated, "These were opportunistic white men who wanted access to land or food rations. ... These were people who were more than happy to exploit the Dawes Commission – and government agents, for $ 5, were willing to
1429:
never enrolled, but some of them were later arrested and forcibly enrolled, while others were enrolled on their behalf by people in their communities. Additionally all individuals on the Census Roll of 1896 were enrolled without notification to the parties involved. The only real choice to avoid
1399:
More than 250,000 people applied for membership, and the Dawes
Commission enrolled just over 100,000. Most were rejected because they were non-Natives who showed up demanding land, but could not prove any connection to an existing Native community, such as naming living relatives or speaking the
1412:
While some initially refused to be enumerated, almost all were later arrested and enrolled against their will; enrollment was not a matter of "choice". Refusing to be enumerated, and even fleeing, would mean warrants being issued for the person's arrest; they could then be treated brutally and
1440:
The Dawes Rolls, though recognized as flawed, are still essential to the citizenship process of the
Nations that include them in their laws. The federal government uses them in determining blood-quantum status of individuals for
1548:
1597:, each less and less "voluntary", has led to the myth that "enrollment" was somehow optional. If they refused, warrants were issued and people were hunted down by soldiers. They had to sign up or face criminal charges.
3779:
1353:, a concept previously foreign to the tribal communities. Those recording this percentage of ancestry wrote down an estimation, based on physical appearance and personal opinion if the individual was present.
1413:
imprisoned in the process of being enrolled by force. Still, due to understandable distrust of the government, there were those who tried to avoid enumeration. Notable among those who resisted were
Muscogee
1433:
Another issue on the Dawes Rolls are people termed "Five-Dollar
Indians". Some white people bribed government officials to obtain land allotments, but this was not as widespread as some would believe.
3642:
1345:, which provided that a new roll would be taken and supersede all previous rolls. Difficulties in enumerating the population included the forced migrations of the period as well as the
1325:
The rolls were used to assign allotments to heads of household and to provide an equitable division of all monies obtained from sales of surplus lands. These rolls became known as the
2908:
2837:
992:
3452:
3742:
1556:
3558:
1341:
went to the individual tribes to obtain the membership lists, but it took a series of attempts to gain anything approaching an accurate count. In 1898, Congress passed the
1820:
1989:
102:
3830:
3333:
2765:
2715:
1261:
3036:
3594:
3031:
1210:
297:
3630:
3405:
3285:
2122:
162:
3606:
3261:
2009:
3880:
3021:
1200:
1073:
1409:
An act of
Congress on April 26, 1906 closed the rolls on March 5, 1907. An additional 312 persons were enrolled under an act approved August 1, 1914.
3043:
2970:
1217:
1141:
1058:
1766:
3617:
3357:
3121:
3065:
2730:
1931:
1913:
1232:
1068:
1048:
46:
3860:
3683:
3870:
3237:
3885:
3006:
2215:
1994:
1278:(or Final Rolls of Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes, or Dawes Commission of Final Rolls) were created by the United States
1185:
741:
244:
107:
3850:
3825:
3647:
3622:
3341:
3060:
3053:
2990:
2953:
2842:
2205:
1254:
1227:
1161:
997:
322:
3835:
2960:
1131:
1053:
3277:
2975:
2190:
2096:
2036:
1146:
307:
147:
3088:
3070:
2051:
157:
3805:
3381:
3767:
2185:
1247:
302:
3800:
2928:
1106:
1787:
3663:
3588:
3564:
3134:
2948:
2775:
2720:
2683:
2622:
2210:
1984:
1922:
1442:
1126:
1043:
893:
808:
783:
751:
327:
97:
27:
3875:
3865:
3245:
3114:
2892:
2637:
1906:
972:
823:
227:
3815:
3552:
3213:
3048:
2790:
1593:
Note: The fact many tried to understandably avoid this, plus the fact that there were multiple waves of departure on the
1222:
908:
3772:
3600:
2985:
2965:
2811:
2806:
2046:
1882:
1864:
1623:
1156:
1136:
933:
928:
3845:
3722:
3317:
3181:
3026:
2980:
2735:
2086:
2071:
1669:
1631:
1531:
1322:– formerly enslaved African-Americans who had been emancipated after the American Civil War, and their descendants.
1205:
1151:
746:
197:
182:
3840:
3269:
3083:
2923:
2091:
1101:
202:
3107:
3011:
1899:
1299:
1190:
137:
1400:
Native language. Overrun with prospective claimants, the commission was overwhelmed and instituted guidelines:
36:
3706:
3309:
3016:
2885:
2469:
2066:
1949:
1195:
1121:
593:
177:
67:
3540:
2933:
2918:
2780:
2578:
1526:(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1940; new edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984), p.39
1469:
1287:
1111:
1096:
898:
706:
3855:
3727:
3582:
3421:
3130:
2678:
2427:
2401:
2117:
736:
549:
523:
222:
117:
1763:
3737:
3522:
2770:
2107:
888:
848:
1875:(Dawes Roles) The Final Rolls: of Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory
3157:
2710:
2533:
2303:
2298:
2014:
1549:"An Open Letter to Defenders of Andrea Smith: Clearing Up Misconceptions about Cherokee Identification"
778:
661:
419:
414:
1741:
Rivers of Sand: Creek Indian
Emigration, Forced Relocation, and Ethnic Cleansing in the American South
3516:
3443:
3301:
2632:
2355:
2056:
828:
475:
167:
3668:
3570:
3546:
3373:
2943:
2785:
2705:
2690:
2481:
1421:. But both Harjo and Smith were eventually coerced into enrolling. According to Cherokee professor
1393:
Indians (those adopted by the
Cherokee tribe were enrolled as a separate group within the Cherokee)
903:
773:
758:
605:
3099:
3717:
3528:
2880:
2816:
2606:
2477:
2367:
2200:
2195:
2175:
2132:
1999:
938:
601:
487:
317:
312:
277:
122:
3732:
3635:
3510:
3389:
3293:
3229:
3189:
2700:
2642:
2583:
1422:
1283:
833:
768:
711:
217:
112:
1857:
Index to The Final Rolls: of
Citizens and Freedmen of the Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory
1617:
1494:
3480:
3397:
3173:
2588:
2573:
2568:
2347:
2293:
2180:
2140:
2103:
2004:
1974:
1659:
1295:
716:
701:
696:
467:
409:
282:
252:
207:
2397:
1318:) were to be enumerated and registered by the US government. These counts also included the
519:
3820:
3165:
2503:
2308:
2268:
2230:
2061:
1009:
629:
424:
384:
346:
172:
8:
3673:
3149:
2854:
2558:
2513:
2415:
2385:
2332:
2243:
2170:
1014:
686:
641:
537:
507:
450:
359:
272:
3810:
3712:
3693:
3498:
3486:
3474:
3468:
3435:
2849:
2740:
2695:
2662:
2473:
2461:
2457:
2342:
2112:
2081:
1964:
1716:
1708:
1459:
1346:
1002:
838:
763:
597:
585:
581:
462:
332:
212:
192:
127:
82:
1795:
3688:
3413:
3325:
3197:
2627:
2393:
2359:
1878:
1860:
1720:
1665:
1627:
1527:
1379:(persons formerly enslaved by Native Americans and/or adopted by the Cherokee tribe)
818:
515:
479:
2938:
2875:
2870:
2490:
2337:
2288:
2031:
1979:
1700:
1338:
1279:
1116:
964:
958:
616:
457:
404:
142:
92:
3780:
United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes
3700:
3429:
3349:
3253:
3221:
2499:
2485:
2431:
2283:
1969:
1954:
1774:
1770:
625:
609:
553:
399:
87:
72:
3757:
3534:
3205:
2913:
2563:
2258:
2253:
2155:
2026:
2021:
1594:
1544:
1311:
1091:
1063:
691:
374:
369:
132:
1661:
The Dawes Commission and the Allotment of the Five Civilized Tribes, 1893-1914
3794:
3762:
3747:
3365:
2724:
2543:
2381:
2363:
2351:
2328:
2273:
2145:
2076:
1959:
1939:
1426:
1418:
1405:
of claims upon the ground they had been advanced through perjury and forgery.
1350:
787:
671:
503:
483:
471:
446:
389:
257:
187:
77:
57:
2419:
541:
3576:
2523:
2465:
1944:
1414:
813:
651:
589:
62:
1704:
2657:
2548:
2389:
2377:
2323:
2313:
2278:
2263:
2238:
2160:
1891:
676:
511:
499:
439:
429:
394:
379:
354:
1294:
tribal laws of the region. To allot the communal lands, citizens of the
3752:
2821:
2518:
2508:
2495:
2453:
2423:
2372:
2248:
1454:
1342:
646:
636:
621:
577:
545:
494:
364:
1821:"Paying to Play Indian: The Dawes Rolls and the Legacy of $ 5 Indians"
1712:
3504:
3492:
2745:
2652:
2538:
2528:
2448:
2439:
2318:
1464:
1303:
858:
853:
843:
666:
656:
572:
561:
434:
1586:
3129:
2647:
2553:
2443:
2435:
2411:
2406:
2165:
1691:
Kimberly Tallbear (2003). "DNA, Blood, and Racializing the Tribe".
1524:
And Still the Waters Run: The Betrayal of the Five Civilized Tribes
1376:
1319:
1315:
863:
681:
565:
557:
533:
528:
267:
2838:
List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations
2766:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
884:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
3453:
List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes
2220:
2150:
1307:
292:
287:
262:
1349:. Additionally, non-Native census takers introduced the idea of
1619:
African Cherokees in Indian Territory: From Chattel to Citizens
1474:
1390:
2113:
Native American rights movement/Red Power movement (1968-1977)
883:
1990:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
103:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
3334:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
2716:
Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States
1848:
Russell, Steve (2002). "Apples are the Color of Blood".
3595:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
3559:
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
1738:
1356:
Tribal citizens were listed under several categories:
298:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
3406:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
3286:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
3607:
Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art
3262:
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
16:
1893 registry of citizens living on US tribal lands
3831:History of racial segregation in the United States
1877:. U.S. Department of the Interior. 25 March 2017.
1690:
1589:Encyclopedia of American Indian Removal, Volume 1
3792:
3358:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield
3066:List of Indian reservations in the United States
2731:Native American recognition in the United States
1233:List of Indian reservations in the United States
3684:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
1859:. U.S. Department of the Interior. 2017-03-22.
1615:
1587:Daniel F. Littlefield; James W. Parins (2011).
3238:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.
2791:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC)
1780:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
909:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC)
3115:
2216:Native American identity in the United States
1907:
1332:
1255:
1228:List of federally recognized tribes by state
3342:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc.
3061:State-recognized tribes in the United States
2843:Modern social statistics of Native Americans
1699:(1). University of Minnesota Press: 81–107.
1657:
1571:
3278:McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission
3122:
3108:
2037:Native Americans in the American Civil War
1921:
1914:
1900:
1262:
1248:
3881:United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians
3044:Native American Medal of Honor recipients
2052:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
1537:
1218:Native American Medal of Honor recipients
158:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
2402:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924)
1814:
1812:
1684:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1543:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
524:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924)
3631:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
3861:Politics and race in the United States
3793:
1818:
1734:
1732:
1730:
3871:Race legislation in the United States
3565:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
3382:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
3135:Native Americans in the United States
3103:
2776:National Congress of American Indians
2721:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
2684:National Congress of American Indians
2623:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
2211:Native American disease and epidemics
1985:European colonization of the Americas
1895:
1809:
1756:
1646:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1505:
1443:Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood
894:National Congress of American Indians
809:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
98:European colonization of the Americas
3886:White supremacy in the United States
3246:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States
2781:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)
2638:Native American people and Mormonism
2482:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879)
899:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)
606:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879)
228:Native American temperance activists
3851:Native American history of Oklahoma
3826:Discrimination in the United States
3553:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
3214:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
3049:List of federally recognized tribes
1727:
1282:. The commission was authorized by
1223:List of federally recognized tribes
13:
3836:Legal history of the United States
2812:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
2807:Black Indians in the United States
2771:Native American Rights Fund (NARF)
2047:Certificate Degree of Indian Blood
1624:University of North Carolina Press
1600:
1495:"Our Documents - Dawes Act (1887)"
934:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
889:Native American Rights Fund (NARF)
14:
3897:
3723:National Indian Gaming Commission
3318:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe
3182:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
2736:Native American women in politics
2087:Native Americans and World War II
2072:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
198:Native Americans and World War II
183:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
3270:Menominee Tribe v. United States
2368:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877)
2356:Antelope Hills expedition (1858)
2092:American Indian boarding schools
488:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877)
476:(1858)|Antelope Hills expedition
203:American Indian boarding schools
35:
3477:(1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834)
2786:Women of All Red Nations (WARN)
1819:Landry, Alysa (27 March 2017).
1743:. University of Nebraska Press.
1739:Christopher D. Haveman (2016).
904:Women of All Red Nations (WARN)
163:Racism against Native Americans
138:Native American slave ownership
3707:In the Courts of the Conqueror
3310:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
2886:Native American Pidgin English
2691:American Indian Movement (AIM)
2067:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
1950:Archaic period in the Americas
1747:
1487:
759:American Indian Movement (AIM)
178:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
68:Archaic period in the Americas
1:
3801:19th-century Cherokee history
3589:Native American Languages Act
2584:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911)
2360:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875)
2348:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877)
1842:
1470:Cherokee freedmen controversy
1425:, some Natives hiding in the
1288:General Allotment Act of 1887
712:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911)
480:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875)
468:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877)
3728:Native American civil rights
3583:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
3422:Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl
2679:Native American civil rights
2589:Battle of Bear Valley (1918)
2574:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909)
2569:Battle of Sugar Point (1898)
2491:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856)
2118:Native American civil rights
1852:Vol. 28, 1, 2002, p. 65
1417:(Crazy Snake), and Cherokee
717:Battle of Bear Valley (1918)
702:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909)
697:Battle of Sugar Point (1898)
617:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856)
223:Alcohol and Native Americans
118:Slavery in the United States
7:
3876:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
3866:History of Indian Territory
3806:Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)
3743:Recognition of sacred sites
3738:Native American Rights Fund
3643:Federally recognized tribes
3523:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act
3032:Native American politicians
3022:Native American War Leaders
2500:Puget Sound War (1855–1856)
2486:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891)
2478:Great Sioux War (1876–1877)
2474:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868)
2458:First Sioux War (1854-1856)
2386:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886)
2108:Native American Rights Fund
1448:
626:Puget Sound War (1855–1856)
610:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891)
602:Great Sioux War (1876–1877)
598:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868)
582:First Sioux War (1854-1856)
508:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886)
10:
3902:
3816:Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma
3601:Indian Arts and Crafts Act
3158:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
2711:Occupation of Wounded Knee
2428:Black Hawk War (1865–1872)
2416:Battle at Fort Utah (1850)
2398:Geronimo's War (1881–1886)
2394:Victorio's War (1879–1880)
2299:American Revolutionary War
1333:Enumeration and enrollment
779:Occupation of Wounded Knee
550:Black Hawk War (1865–1872)
538:Battle at Fort Utah (1850)
520:Geronimo's War (1881–1886)
516:Victorio's War (1879–1880)
415:American Revolutionary War
3656:
3616:
3517:Indian Reorganization Act
3461:
3444:Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta
3302:United States v. Antelope
3141:
3079:
2999:
2901:
2893:Native American languages
2863:
2830:
2799:
2754:
2671:
2633:Native American religions
2615:
2597:
2382:Jicarilla War (1849–1855)
2364:Red River War (1874–1875)
2352:Comanche Wars (1836–1877)
2229:
2131:
2057:Indian Appropriations Act
1930:
1365:New Born Citizen by Blood
1211:congressional politicians
973:Native American languages
504:Jicarilla War (1849–1855)
484:Red River War (1874–1875)
472:Comanche Wars (1836–1877)
168:Indian Appropriations Act
3846:Native American genocide
3669:Bureau of Indian Affairs
3571:Indian Child Welfare Act
3374:South Dakota v. Bourland
2706:Trail of Broken Treaties
2534:Hualapai War (1865–1870)
2524:Yavapai Wars (1861–1875)
2504:Coeur d'Alene War (1858)
2466:Colorado War (1863–1865)
1616:Celia E. Naylor (2009).
1480:
774:Trail of Broken Treaties
662:Hualapai War (1865–1870)
630:Coeur d'Alene War (1858)
590:Colorado War (1863–1865)
3841:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
3718:Long Walk of the Navajo
3648:State recognized tribes
3547:Indian Civil Rights Act
2881:American Indian English
2817:Louisiana Creole people
2607:Native American studies
2559:Bannock Uprising (1895)
2514:Navajo Wars (1849–1866)
2470:Powder River War (1865)
2378:Apache Wars (1849–1924)
2196:Mesoamerican literature
2191:Indigenous Peoples' Day
2000:Partus sequitur ventrem
1664:. Ancestry Publishing.
1368:Minor Citizens by Blood
1286:in 1893 to execute the
687:Bannock Uprising (1895)
652:Yavapai Wars(1861–1875)
642:Navajo Wars (1849–1866)
594:Powder River War (1865)
500:Apache Wars (1849–1924)
308:Indigenous Peoples' Day
123:Partus sequitur ventrem
3733:Native American gaming
3636:Legal status of Hawaii
3511:Indian Citizenship Act
3390:Idaho v. United States
3294:Bryan v. Itasca County
3230:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock
3190:Standing Bear v. Crook
2701:Occupation of Alcatraz
2643:Native American church
2509:Mohave War (1858–1859)
2496:Yakima War (1855–1858)
2454:Sioux Wars (1854–1891)
2432:White River War (1879)
2420:Walker War (1853–1854)
2304:Cherokee–American wars
1553:IndianCountryToday.com
1407:
1284:United States Congress
1069:Southeastern Woodlands
1049:Northeastern Woodlands
834:Native American Church
769:Occupation of Alcatraz
622:Yakima War (1855–1858)
578:Sioux Wars (1854–1891)
554:White River War (1879)
542:Walker War (1853–1854)
420:Cherokee–American wars
218:Native American rights
3541:Indian Relocation Act
3398:United States v. Lara
3174:Fellows v. Blacksmith
2564:Yaqui Uprising (1896)
2539:Modoc War (1872–1873)
2529:Snake War (1864–1869)
2444:Bluff Skirmish (1921)
2440:Bluff War (1914–1915)
2390:Tonto War (1871–1875)
2141:Mississippian culture
2104:Civil rights movement
2005:Five Civilized Tribes
1705:10.1353/wic.2003.0008
1402:
829:Traditional religions
737:Civil rights movement
692:Yaqui Uprising (1896)
667:Modoc War (1872–1873)
657:Snake War (1864–1869)
637:Mohave War(1858–1859)
566:Bluff Skirmish (1921)
562:Bluff War (1914–1915)
512:Tonto War (1871–1875)
253:Mississippian culture
208:Civil rights movement
3166:Worcester v. Georgia
2579:Last Massacre (1911)
2544:Nez Perce War (1877)
2412:Ute Wars (1850–1923)
2309:Northwest Indian War
2062:Racial Integrity Act
1788:"Tribal Citizenship"
1658:Kent Carter (2009).
1499:www.ourdocuments.gov
1010:Tribal disenrollment
707:Last Massacre (1911)
672:Nez Perce War (1877)
425:Northwest Indian War
173:Racial Integrity Act
30:in the United States
3856:Native American law
3713:Indian reservations
3674:Cherokee Commission
3150:Johnson v. McIntosh
2855:Reservation poverty
2800:Ethnic subdivisions
2672:Political movements
2333:Second Seminole War
2244:Anglo-Powhatan Wars
1373:Citizen by Marriage
1015:Reservation poverty
998:Societal statistics
922:Ethnic subdivisions
730:Political movements
534:Ute Wars(1850–1923)
451:Second Seminole War
360:Anglo-Powhatan Wars
22:Part of a series on
3773:Self-determination
3768:Tribal sovereignty
3694:Eagle-bone whistle
3487:Indian Removal Act
3475:Nonintercourse Act
3469:Blood quantum laws
3436:McGirt v. Oklahoma
2756:Civic and economic
2741:Tribal sovereignty
2696:Red Power Movement
2663:Longhouse Religion
2598:Education, science
2549:Bannock War (1878)
2343:American Civil War
2294:Lord Dunmore's War
2082:Blood quantum laws
1965:Post-Classic stage
1850:Critical Sociology
1769:2019-01-28 at the
1753:Russell (2002) p72
1460:Blood quantum laws
1347:American Civil War
839:Longhouse Religion
764:Red Power Movement
742:Self-determination
677:Bannock War (1878)
463:American Civil War
410:Lord Dunmore's War
333:Tribal sovereignty
213:Red Power movement
193:Blood quantum laws
148:American Civil War
128:Indian Removal Act
83:Post-Classic stage
3788:
3787:
3689:Eagle feather law
3623:State recognition
3414:Cobell v. Salazar
3326:Solem v. Bartlett
3198:Ex parte Crow Dog
3097:
3096:
2628:Eagle feather law
2519:Paiute War (1860)
2462:Dakota War (1862)
2424:Tintic War (1856)
2338:Osage Indian War
2269:King Philip's War
1382:New Born Freedmen
1362:Citizen by Blood
1272:
1271:
1170:
1169:
1059:Pacific Northwest
1054:Northwest Plateau
849:Keetoowah Society
819:Eagle Feather law
747:Women in politics
586:Dakota War (1862)
546:Tintic War (1856)
458:Osage Indian War
385:King Philip's War
235:
234:
3893:
3664:Aboriginal title
3481:Civilization Act
3417:(D.C. Cir. 2009)
3124:
3117:
3110:
3101:
3100:
3007:Native Americans
2876:American English
2449:Posey War (1923)
2166:Iroquois culture
2032:Indian Territory
1980:Age of Discovery
1916:
1909:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1870:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1816:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1794:. Archived from
1784:
1778:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1725:
1724:
1693:WĂÄŤazo Ĺ a Review
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1655:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1613:
1598:
1592:
1584:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1555:. Archived from
1547:(10 July 2015).
1541:
1535:
1520:
1503:
1502:
1491:
1339:Dawes Commission
1280:Dawes Commission
1264:
1257:
1250:
1186:Native Americans
1064:The Great Plains
1032:
1031:
967:
965:American English
939:Louisiana Creole
647:Paiute War(1860)
573:Posey War (1923)
268:Iroquois culture
143:Indian Territory
93:Age of Discovery
52:
51:
39:
28:Native Americans
19:
18:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3701:Hunting license
3652:
3621:
3612:
3529:Nationality Act
3457:
3430:Sharp v. Murphy
3350:Hodel v. Irving
3254:Williams v. Lee
3222:Talton v. Mayes
3137:
3128:
3098:
3093:
3075:
2995:
2897:
2859:
2826:
2795:
2759:
2757:
2750:
2667:
2611:
2599:
2593:
2554:Crow War (1887)
2225:
2151:Hohokam culture
2127:
1970:Woodland period
1955:Formative stage
1926:
1923:Native American
1920:
1885:
1873:
1867:
1855:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1817:
1810:
1801:
1799:
1792:Cherokee Nation
1786:
1785:
1781:
1775:Cherokee Nation
1771:Wayback Machine
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1737:
1728:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1614:
1601:
1585:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1545:Cornsilk, David
1542:
1538:
1521:
1506:
1501:. 9 April 2021.
1493:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1451:
1335:
1268:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1078:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1019:
987:
979:
978:
977:
963:
953:
945:
944:
943:
923:
915:
914:
913:
878:
870:
869:
868:
803:
795:
794:
793:
731:
723:
722:
721:
682:Crow War (1887)
349:
339:
338:
337:
263:Hohokam culture
247:
237:
236:
88:Woodland period
73:Formative stage
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3899:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3765:
3760:
3758:Trail of Tears
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3627:
3625:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3535:Public Law 280
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3471:(1705 onwards)
3465:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3440:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3258:
3250:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3210:
3206:Elk v. Wilkins
3202:
3194:
3193:(D. Neb. 1879)
3186:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3154:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3127:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3104:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2971:North Carolina
2968:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2600:and technology
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2493:
2488:
2451:
2446:
2436:Ute War (1887)
2409:
2404:
2375:
2370:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2259:Peach Tree War
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2156:Plains Indians
2153:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2123:Discrimination
2120:
2115:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2027:Trail of Tears
2024:
2022:Indian removal
2019:
2018:
2017:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1884:978-1544928852
1883:
1871:
1866:978-1544859316
1865:
1853:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1808:
1779:
1755:
1746:
1726:
1683:
1670:
1645:
1632:
1599:
1595:Trail of Tears
1570:
1536:
1504:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1447:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1385:Minor Freedmen
1383:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1334:
1331:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1142:North Carolina
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1000:
989:
988:
985:
984:
981:
980:
976:
975:
970:
969:
968:
955:
954:
951:
950:
947:
946:
942:
941:
936:
931:
925:
924:
921:
920:
917:
916:
912:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
880:
879:
876:
875:
872:
871:
867:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
805:
804:
801:
800:
797:
796:
792:
791:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
755:
754:
744:
739:
733:
732:
729:
728:
725:
724:
720:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
633:
632:
619:
613:
612:
575:
569:
568:
558:Ute War (1887)
531:
526:
497:
491:
490:
465:
460:
454:
453:
443:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
375:Peach Tree War
372:
367:
362:
357:
351:
350:
345:
344:
341:
340:
336:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
249:
248:
243:
242:
239:
238:
233:
232:
231:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
133:Trail of Tears
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
50:
45:
44:
41:
40:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3898:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:Treaty rights
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3748:Seminole Wars
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3366:Duro v. Reina
3363:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3120:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:By state/city
2900:
2894:
2891:
2887:
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2831:Demographics
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2284:Dummer's War
2106: /
2041:
1945:Lithic stage
1874:
1856:
1849:
1828:. Retrieved
1824:
1800:. Retrieved
1796:the original
1791:
1782:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1675:. Retrieved
1660:
1637:. Retrieved
1618:
1588:
1561:. Retrieved
1557:the original
1552:
1539:
1523:
1522:Angie Debo,
1498:
1489:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1415:Chitto Harjo
1411:
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1403:
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1355:
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1003:Reservations
986:Demographics
814:Christianity
628: /
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449: /
400:Dummer's War
152:
63:Lithic stage
3821:Dawes Rolls
3679:Dawes Rolls
3462:Legislation
2658:Sweat lodge
2324:Arikara War
2314:War of 1812
2279:Yamasee War
2264:Esopus Wars
2254:Kieft's War
2239:Beaver Wars
2161:Anishinaabe
2042:Dawes Rolls
1591:. ABC-CLIO.
1327:Dawes Rolls
1296:Five Tribes
1276:Dawes Rolls
1201:war leaders
1044:Great Basin
752:Nationalism
440:Arikara War
430:War of 1812
395:Yamasee War
380:Esopus Wars
370:Kieft's War
355:Beaver Wars
153:Dawes Rolls
3795:Categories
3753:Survivance
3499:Curtis Act
2924:California
2822:Pretendian
2373:Cayuse War
2249:Pequot War
2097:gravesites
1843:References
1802:2017-09-24
1677:2018-10-07
1639:2018-10-07
1455:Baker Roll
1343:Curtis Act
1102:California
495:Cayuse War
365:Pequot War
313:Literature
3811:Chickasaw
3505:Burke Act
3493:Dawes Act
3071:Massacres
3027:musicians
2991:Wisconsin
2954:Baltimore
2864:Languages
2746:Land Back
2653:Sun Dance
2319:Creek War
2015:ownership
1773:" at the
1721:201778441
1465:Dawes Act
1304:Chickasaw
1206:musicians
1162:Wisconsin
1074:Southwest
1035:by region
1028:Geography
952:Languages
859:Wabunowin
854:Midewiwin
844:Sun Dance
824:Mormonism
435:Creek War
3142:Case law
3084:Category
3054:by state
2986:Virginia
2976:Oklahoma
2966:Nebraska
2961:Michigan
2949:Maryland
2929:Colorado
2648:Smudging
2616:Religion
2407:Yuma War
1995:Genocide
1825:Ict News
1777:website.
1767:Archived
1449:See also
1391:Delaware
1377:Freedmen
1320:freedmen
1316:Seminole
1300:Cherokee
1157:Virginia
1147:Oklahoma
1137:Nebraska
1132:Michigan
1127:Maryland
1107:Colorado
1083:by state
864:Wocekiye
802:Religion
529:Yuma War
108:Genocide
3657:Related
3618:Federal
3037:writers
3012:artists
2934:Florida
2919:Arizona
2871:English
2221:Pow wow
2201:Fashion
2133:Culture
2010:Slavery
1932:History
1308:Choctaw
1191:artists
1112:Florida
1097:Arizona
959:English
318:Fashion
288:Pow wow
245:Culture
113:Slavery
47:History
3609:(2008)
3603:(1990)
3597:(1990)
3591:(1990)
3585:(1988)
3579:(1984)
3573:(1978)
3567:(1978)
3561:(1975)
3555:(1971)
3549:(1968)
3543:(1956)
3537:(1953)
3531:(1940)
3525:(1936)
3519:(1934)
3513:(1924)
3507:(1906)
3501:(1898)
3495:(1887)
3489:(1830)
3483:(1819)
3447:(2022)
3439:(2020)
3425:(2013)
3409:(2005)
3401:(2004)
3393:(2001)
3385:(1997)
3377:(1993)
3369:(1990)
3361:(1989)
3353:(1987)
3345:(1986)
3337:(1985)
3329:(1984)
3321:(1982)
3313:(1978)
3305:(1977)
3297:(1976)
3289:(1974)
3281:(1973)
3273:(1968)
3265:(1960)
3257:(1959)
3249:(1955)
3241:(1941)
3233:(1903)
3225:(1896)
3217:(1896)
3209:(1884)
3201:(1883)
3185:(1858)
3177:(1857)
3169:(1832)
3161:(1831)
3153:(1823)
3131:Rights
3089:Portal
3017:actors
2981:Oregon
2939:Hawaii
2914:Alaska
2758:groups
1925:topics
1881:
1863:
1830:23 May
1719:
1713:140943
1711:
1668:
1630:
1563:29 May
1530:
1475:Sooner
1314:, and
1196:actors
1152:Oregon
1117:Hawaii
1092:Alaska
877:Groups
328:Health
3000:Lists
2181:Music
1975:Trade
1717:S2CID
1709:JSTOR
1481:Notes
1312:Creek
1179:Lists
293:Dance
283:Music
2944:Iowa
2909:List
2231:Wars
2186:Film
2176:Food
1879:ISBN
1861:ISBN
1832:2019
1666:ISBN
1628:ISBN
1565:2019
1528:ISBN
1337:The
1274:The
1122:Iowa
784:MMIW
347:Wars
303:Film
278:Food
3620:and
3433:and
3133:of
2171:Art
1701:doi
273:Art
3797::
1823:.
1811:^
1790:.
1729:^
1715:.
1707:.
1697:18
1695:.
1648:^
1626:.
1622:.
1602:^
1573:^
1551:.
1507:^
1497:.
1445:.
1310:,
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1302:,
1290:.
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2723:(
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1642:.
1567:.
1534:.
1298:(
1263:e
1256:t
1249:v
790:)
786:(
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