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federal government. Before this bill was enacted, the federal government signed treaties with different Native
American tribes, committing the tribes to land cessions, in exchange for specific lands designated to Indians for exclusive indigenous use as well as annual payments in the form of cash, livestock, supplies, and services. These treaties, which took much time and effort to finalize, ceased with the passage of the 1871 Indian Appropriation Act, declaring that "no Indian nation or tribe" would be recognized "as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty." On the other hand, the statute also declared "no obligation of any treaty lawfully made and ratified with any such Indian nation or tribe prior to March 3, 1871, shall be hereby invalidated or impaired." Thus, it can be argued that this bill made it significantly easier for the federal government to secure lands that were previously owned by Native Americans.
785:. However, under a section in this original act, those who entered these unassigned lands illegally, before their respective racing times as designated in the President's opening proclamation, would be denied the rights to the lands they claimed. These people were termed "Sooners," with this section of the act being termed as the "sooner clause." But there was growing political pressure to open these unassigned lands to settlement quickly. Thus, later in 1889, an amendment to the Indian Appropriations Act allowed President Benjamin Harrison to be involved in this historical bill as well, proclaiming unassigned lands were open for settlement under much less stringent rules.
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settling on more and more lands. This quickly posed a potentially dangerous security and insurance concern for many enterprising
Americans, and the federal government, responsible for protecting its own citizens, was expected to respond with a solution not known before and departing from that previously practiced by the British Empire.
724:
theories conceptualized by
President Thomas Jefferson in 1803, that Native Americans needed to be resettled westward for their own protection. As decided, Native Americans in the South were forced to move to the Great Plains, but by the 1850s, Americans began to move into that area as well. Thus, the
716:
Another explanation is that due to the country's fixed amount of land, the previously unrestricted presence of the
Natives' living under different tribal laws but outside the jurisdiction of American Law began to unintentionally, but naturally, conflict legally with the growing number of Americans
740:
According to the Indian
Appropriation Act of March 3, 1871, no longer was any group of Indians in the United States recognized as an independent nation by the federal government. Moreover, Congress directed that all Indians should be treated as individuals and legally designated "wards" of the
725:
federal government, acting on such exigency and on
Americans' long-standing sentiments regarding the Indians, passed the Indian Appropriations Act of 1851, placing Native Americans on reservations given there were no other lands available for another forced relocation.
692:. A considerable number of acts were passed under the same name throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, but the most notable landmark acts consist of the Appropriation Bill for Indian Affairs of 1851 and the 1871 Indian Appropriations Act.
712:
There are differing explanations as to why this act was instituted, one of which is that
Indians' control of land and natural resources around the country was regarded as a serious potential threat to Americans' expansionary and economic goals.
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where they would be protected and enclosed by the United States government. According to the federal government at that time, reservations were to be created in order to protect the
Indians from increasing numbers of
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The most utilized explanation originated in the 1830s, nearly two decades before the passing of this Act, when many
Americans agreed with President
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1986:
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757:, Congress passed the 1885 Act which allowed Indian tribes and individual Indians to sell unoccupied lands that they claimed to be their own.
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region was aggravated when settlers began to move into the final remaining land and Native
Americans had no place in which to be relocated.
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Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics: Hispanic Americans and Native Americans The American political landscape series
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Appropriation Bill for Indian Affairs, ch. 14, 9 Stat. 574, passed on February 27, 1851
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777:. On a side-note, Grover Cleveland signed the Act into law days before his successor,
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The 1851 Indian Appropriations Act allocated funds to move Western tribes onto
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769:, on March 2, 1889, signed the 1889 Act which officially opened the
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2094:
List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations
2022:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
1476:
1406:
709:. This act set the precedent for modern-day Indian reservations.
486:
1369:
Native American rights movement/Red Power movement (1968-1977)
177:
1246:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1079:
The State of Oklahoma â An Introduction to the Sooner State
765:
After years of trying to open Indian Territory, President
1972:
Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States
898:
Hypertext History: Our Online American History Textbook
3774:
List of federal judges appointed by Chester A. Arthur
2536:
An Act for the Admission of the State of California
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1138:"Indian Appropriations Act of 1889 ~ P.L. 50-412"
1127:"Indian Appropriations Act of 1885 ~ P.L. 48-341"
1116:"Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 ~ P.L. 41-120"
4411:United States federal appropriations legislation
4367:
2322:List of Indian reservations in the United States
1987:Native American recognition in the United States
1105:"Indian Appropriations Act of 1851 ~ P.L. 31-14"
2047:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC)
3905:
3601:
2697:
2371:
1472:Native American identity in the United States
1163:
1110:. 9 Stat. 574. USLaw.Link. February 27, 1851.
665:
4077:Agricultural Experiment Stations Act of 1887
2317:State-recognized tribes in the United States
2099:Modern social statistics of Native Americans
940:. Vol. 2. Greenwood Publishing Group.
847:. The Law book Exchange. pp. 201â203.
773:to non-native settlers under tenets of the
3912:
3898:
3608:
3594:
2704:
2690:
2378:
2364:
1293:Native Americans in the American Civil War
1177:
1170:
1156:
1143:. 25 Stat. 980. USLaw.Link. March 2, 1889.
1132:. 23 Stat. 362. USLaw.Link. March 3, 1885.
1121:. 16 Stat. 544. USLaw.Link. March 3, 1871.
1049:25 USC CHAPTER 3 - AGREEMENTS WITH INDIANS
1019:25 USC CHAPTER 3 - AGREEMENTS WITH INDIANS
922:Jane Burbank and Frederick Cooper (2010).
872:. The Lawbook Exchange. pp. 195â219.
688:is the name of several acts passed by the
672:
658:
2300:Native American Medal of Honor recipients
1308:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
993:The Conquest of the Western United States
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
3970:New York Institute for Special Education
3681:1880 United States presidential election
3017:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act
3007:District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871
2483:1856 United States presidential election
2468:1848 United States presidential election
1658:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887â1924)
3691:Chester Alan Arthur State Historic Site
935:
867:
842:
4368:
3739:United States Civil Service Commission
3893:
3615:
3589:
2685:
2359:
2032:National Congress of American Indians
1977:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
1940:National Congress of American Indians
1879:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
1467:Native American disease and epidemics
1241:European colonization of the Americas
1151:
1075:"The Sooner State; Boomer's Paradise"
4067:Dependent and Disability Pension Act
3919:
3175:Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant
2926:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo
2711:
2385:
2037:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)
1894:Native American people and Mormonism
1738:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879)
1051:. uscode - house.gov. Archived from
1021:. uscode - house.gov. Archived from
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
4396:Native American history of Oklahoma
4040:Presidential Succession Act of 1886
3686:1880 Republican National Convention
3643:Vice President of the United States
2413:Vice President of the United States
2305:List of federally recognized tribes
13:
3734:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
2068:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
2063:Black Indians in the United States
2027:Native American Rights Fund (NARF)
1303:Certificate Degree of Indian Blood
728:As a consequence, conflict in the
14:
4422:
4186:Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
4102:Indian Appropriations Act of 1889
3764:Indian Appropriations Act of 1885
3719:Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur
3676:Collector of the Port of New York
3358:Grant Cottage State Historic Site
3082:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
2531:Indian Appropriations Act of 1851
2488:1856 American National Convention
1992:Native American women in politics
1343:Native Americans and World War II
1328:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
1097:
986:
900:. Digital History. Archived from
4349:
4348:
3873:
3872:
3569:
3568:
2742:Grant and the American Civil War
2665:
2664:
2511:Inauguration of Millard Fillmore
1624:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876â1877)
1612:Antelope Hills expedition (1858)
1348:American Indian boarding schools
290: population exchange
142:
25:
4050:Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
2042:Women of All Red Nations (WARN)
1067:
1037:
962:"Events in the West, 1870-1880"
36:needs additional citations for
4149:Democratic National Convention
4122:Democratic National Convention
4055:Interstate Commerce Commission
4018:Democratic National Convention
3936:President of the United States
3632:President of the United States
2726:President of the United States
2402:President of the United States
2142:Native American Pidgin English
1947:American Indian Movement (AIM)
1323:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
1206:Archaic period in the Americas
1007:
980:
954:
929:
916:
886:
861:
836:
827:
783:President of the United States
749:After several attempts by the
1:
4221:Grover Cleveland High School
3975:1881 Buffalo mayoral election
2972:Specie Payment Resumption Act
2561:1852 Whig National Convention
2493:1856 Whig National Convention
2473:1848 Whig National Convention
2458:1844 Whig National Convention
1840:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911)
1616:Comanche Campaign (1867â1875)
1604:TexasâIndian wars (1836â1877)
820:
815:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)
136:Racial and ethnic segregation
3980:1882 New York state election
2846:State of the Union addresses
1935:Native American civil rights
1845:Battle of Bear Valley (1918)
1830:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909)
1825:Battle of Sugar Point (1898)
1747:Rogue River Wars (1855â1856)
1374:Native American civil rights
966:New Perspectives on the West
936:Schultz, Jeffrey D. (2000).
707:Americans moving to the West
7:
4406:1880s in Oklahoma Territory
4401:1890s in Oklahoma Territory
4166:Sherman Silver Purchase Act
3965:Grover Cleveland Birthplace
3790:Statue of Chester A. Arthur
3415:1922 Grant Memorial coinage
2288:Native American politicians
2278:Native American War Leaders
1756:Puget Sound War (1855â1856)
1742:Ghost Dance War (1890â1891)
1734:Great Sioux War (1876â1877)
1730:Red Cloud's War (1866â1868)
1714:First Sioux War (1854-1856)
1642:Chiricahua Wars (1860â1886)
1364:Native American Rights Fund
788:
760:
744:
735:
695:
60:"Indian Appropriations Act"
10:
4427:
4139:1892 presidential election
4112:1888 presidential election
4008:1884 presidential election
3111:Naturalization Act of 1870
3002:U.S. Department of Justice
2962:General Mining Act of 1872
2577:Statue of Millard Fillmore
2521:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
1967:Occupation of Wounded Knee
1684:Black Hawk War (1865â1872)
1672:Battle at Fort Utah (1850)
1654:Geronimo's War (1881â1886)
1650:Victorio's War (1879â1880)
1555:American Revolutionary War
4320:
4255:
4209:
4201:National Democratic Party
4191:Venezuelan crisis of 1895
4030:Wedding to Frances Folsom
3998:
3957:
3927:
3839:
3798:
3782:
3769:Bureau of Animal Industry
3709:
3653:
3623:
3547:
3468:
3435:
3313:
3295:
3254:
3184:
3166:
3143:
3042:
3022:Yellowstone National Park
2985:
2942:Public Credit Act of 1869
2934:
2896:
2799:
2734:
2719:
2631:
2590:
2569:
2551:Illinois Central Railroad
2501:
2435:
2393:
2335:
2255:
2157:
2149:Native American languages
2119:
2086:
2055:
2010:
1927:
1889:Native American religions
1871:
1853:
1638:Jicarilla War (1849â1855)
1620:Red River War (1874â1875)
1608:Comanche Wars (1836â1877)
1485:
1387:
1313:Indian Appropriations Act
1186:
1045:"SUBCHAPTER I - TREATIES"
1015:"SUBCHAPTER I - TREATIES"
686:Indian Appropriations Act
16:Several related U.S. laws
4299:Richard Falley Cleveland
4247:Mount Cleveland (Alaska)
4171:WilsonâGorman Tariff Act
4107:Federal judges appointed
3224:Ulysses S. Grant Cottage
3126:Civil Rights Act of 1875
3034:Electoral Commission Act
3012:Civil Service Commission
1962:Trail of Broken Treaties
1790:Hualapai War (1865â1870)
1780:Yavapai Wars (1861â1875)
1760:Coeur d'Alene War (1858)
1722:Colorado War (1863â1865)
924:Empires in World History
493:West Bank settlement law
3749:Immigration Act of 1882
3094:Enforcement Act of 1870
2604:Millard Powers Fillmore
2137:American Indian English
2073:Louisiana Creole people
1863:Native American studies
1815:Bannock Uprising (1895)
1770:Navajo Wars (1849â1866)
1726:Powder River War (1865)
1634:Apache Wars (1849â1924)
1452:Mesoamerican literature
1447:Indigenous Peoples' Day
1256:Partus sequitur ventrem
868:Bennett, Elmer (2008).
843:Bennett, Elmer (2008).
805:Indian Peace Commission
268:French colonial empire
161:Anti-miscegenation laws
4242:Cleveland, Mississippi
3938:(1885â1889, 1893â1897)
3812:Chester Alan Arthur II
3696:Chester A. Arthur Home
3385:Ohio Statehouse statue
3099:Second Enforcement Act
3062:Native American policy
2791:Commanding generalship
2526:Swamp Land Act of 1850
2443:Millard Fillmore House
2427:(1833â1835, 1837â1843)
1957:Occupation of Alcatraz
1899:Native American church
1765:Mohave War (1858â1859)
1752:Yakima War (1855â1858)
1710:Sioux Wars (1854â1891)
1688:White River War (1879)
1676:Walker War (1853â1854)
1560:CherokeeâAmerican wars
894:"Jacksonian Democracy"
690:United States Congress
297: in Europe
207:Housing discrimination
3865:Thomas A. Hendricks â
3754:Chinese Exclusion Act
3701:Albany Rural Cemetery
3560:Rutherford B. Hayes â
2997:Judiciary Act of 1869
2947:Copyright Act of 1870
2841:Judicial appointments
2610:Mary Abigail Fillmore
2463:University at Buffalo
1820:Yaqui Uprising (1896)
1795:Modoc War (1872â1873)
1785:Snake War (1864â1869)
1700:Bluff Skirmish (1921)
1696:Bluff War (1914â1915)
1646:Tonto War (1871â1875)
1397:Mississippian culture
1360:Civil rights movement
1261:Five Civilized Tribes
810:Medicine Lodge Treaty
628:Racial discrimination
452:South Asian labourers
385:Contemporary examples
4386:1889 in American law
4381:1885 in American law
4376:1851 in American law
4281:Richard F. Cleveland
4196:Enabling Act of 1889
4062:Tenure of Office Act
3947:Governor of New York
3860:â William A. Wheeler
3520:Ulysses S. Grant III
3502:Ulysses S. Grant Jr.
3496:Frederick Dent Grant
3478:Hannah Simpson Grant
3328:Presidential library
3153:Bid for a third term
2952:Currency Act of 1870
2906:Treaty of Washington
2616:Caroline C. Fillmore
2546:Millard County, Utah
1835:Last Massacre (1911)
1800:Nez Perce War (1877)
1668:Ute Wars (1850â1923)
1565:Northwest Indian War
1318:Racial Integrity Act
481:Palestinian enclaves
312:Portugal & Spain
192:Institutional racism
45:improve this article
4333:âBenjamin Harrisonâ
4326:â Chester A. Arthur
4313:(great-grandfather)
4156:Second inauguration
4045:Electoral Count Act
3845:â James A. Garfield
3830:Mary Arthur McElroy
3532:Ulysses S. Grant IV
3508:Jesse Root Grant II
3437:Cultural depictions
3400:U.S. Postage stamps
3390:Philadelphia statue
3370:U.S. Capitol statue
2957:Funding Act of 1870
2814:Second inauguration
2772:RichmondâPetersburg
2421:U.S. Representative
2111:Reservation poverty
2056:Ethnic subdivisions
1928:Political movements
1589:Second Seminole War
1500:Anglo-Powhatan Wars
926:, p. 264. Princeton
795:Cherokee Commission
702:Indian reservations
598:Forced assimilation
232:Historical examples
212:Exclusionary zoning
202:Forced displacement
4340:William McKinley â
4311:Richard Falley Jr.
4025:First inauguration
3852:Grover Cleveland â
3729:Star Route scandal
3662:Lemmon v. New York
3449:(2002 documentary)
3395:San Francisco bust
3346:General Grant tree
2967:Timber Culture Act
2809:First inauguration
2652:â George M. Dallas
2622:Nathaniel Fillmore
2516:Compromise of 1850
2448:Anti-Masonic Party
2012:Civic and economic
1997:Tribal sovereignty
1952:Red Power Movement
1919:Longhouse Religion
1854:Education, science
1805:Bannock War (1878)
1599:American Civil War
1550:Lord Dunmore's War
1338:Blood quantum laws
1221:Post-Classic stage
987:Pauls, Elizabeth.
870:Federal Indian Law
845:Federal Indian Law
420:BosniaâHerzegovina
369:Separate but equal
307:Partition of India
302:Pale of Settlement
197:Ethnic nationalism
166:Crime of apartheid
4363:
4362:
4287:Francis Cleveland
4263:Frances Cleveland
4225:Buffalo, New York
4087:Berlin Conference
4072:Hatch Act of 1887
3887:
3886:
3617:Chester A. Arthur
3583:
3582:
3464:
3463:
3457:(2020 miniseries)
3422:Grant High School
3139:
3138:
2921:Korean Expedition
2679:
2678:
2657:William R. King â
2644:Franklin Pierce â
2353:
2352:
1884:Eagle feather law
1775:Paiute War (1860)
1718:Dakota War (1862)
1680:Tintic War (1856)
1594:Osage Indian War
1525:King Philip's War
1055:on March 17, 2012
1025:on March 17, 2012
989:"Native American"
904:on April 13, 2012
779:Benjamin Harrison
751:Oklahoman Boomers
682:
681:
608:Income inequality
121:
120:
113:
95:
4418:
4391:Indian Territory
4352:
4351:
4275:Esther Cleveland
4129:Murchison letter
3990:Westland Mansion
3950:
3939:
3921:Grover Cleveland
3914:
3907:
3900:
3891:
3890:
3876:
3875:
3646:
3635:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3587:
3586:
3572:
3571:
3553:â Andrew Johnson
3538:Julia Dent Grant
3484:Jesse Root Grant
3446:Ulysses S. Grant
3427:U.S. Grant Hotel
3311:
3310:
3239:speeding arrests
3212:White Haven home
3131:Page Act of 1875
3104:Ku Klux Klan Act
3089:Enforcement Acts
2894:
2893:
2729:
2713:Ulysses S. Grant
2706:
2699:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2668:
2667:
2637:â Zachary Taylor
2598:Abigail Fillmore
2556:Perry Expedition
2428:
2416:
2405:
2387:Millard Fillmore
2380:
2373:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2263:Native Americans
2132:American English
1705:Posey War (1923)
1422:Iroquois culture
1288:Indian Territory
1236:Age of Discovery
1172:
1165:
1158:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1133:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
984:
978:
977:
975:
973:
958:
952:
951:
933:
927:
920:
914:
913:
911:
909:
890:
884:
883:
865:
859:
858:
840:
834:
831:
771:Unassigned Lands
767:Grover Cleveland
755:Indian Territory
674:
667:
660:
603:Gender apartheid
524:Northern Ireland
386:
296:
289:
257:Indian hospitals
252:Separate schools
146:
123:
122:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4316:
4295:(granddaughter)
4251:
4205:
4082:Texas Seed Bill
3994:
3953:
3942:
3931:
3923:
3918:
3888:
3883:
3835:
3794:
3778:
3705:
3670:Central America
3649:
3638:
3627:
3619:
3614:
3584:
3579:
3543:
3540:(granddaughter)
3460:
3431:
3375:Brooklyn relief
3364:The Peacemakers
3309:
3291:
3250:
3180:
3162:
3145:Post-presidency
3135:
3077:Great Sioux War
3038:
3029:Post Office Act
2988:
2981:
2977:Desert Land Act
2935:Economic policy
2930:
2892:
2795:
2735:Military career
2730:
2721:
2715:
2710:
2680:
2675:
2627:
2586:
2582:Fillmore Street
2565:
2497:
2431:
2419:
2408:
2397:
2389:
2384:
2354:
2349:
2331:
2251:
2153:
2115:
2082:
2051:
2015:
2013:
2006:
1923:
1867:
1855:
1849:
1810:Crow War (1887)
1481:
1407:Hohokam culture
1383:
1226:Woodland period
1211:Formative stage
1182:
1179:Native American
1176:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1013:
1012:
1008:
998:
996:
985:
981:
971:
969:
960:
959:
955:
948:
934:
930:
921:
917:
907:
905:
892:
891:
887:
880:
866:
862:
855:
841:
837:
832:
828:
823:
791:
781:, took over as
763:
747:
738:
698:
678:
633:
632:
581:
580:
571:
570:
388:
387:
384:
376:
375:
234:
233:
224:
223:
156:
155:
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4424:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4344:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4308:
4305:Rose Cleveland
4302:
4296:
4290:
4284:
4278:
4272:
4269:Ruth Cleveland
4266:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4219:
4217:Cleveland Park
4213:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4181:Pullman Strike
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4035:Foreign policy
4032:
4027:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4004:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3982:
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3959:
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3909:
3902:
3894:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3848:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3827:
3824:William Arthur
3821:
3815:
3809:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3744:Tariff of 1883
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3724:Foreign policy
3721:
3715:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
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3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3380:Chicago statue
3377:
3372:
3367:
3360:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3343:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3323:Grant Memorial
3319:
3317:
3308:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3258:
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3252:
3251:
3249:
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3243:
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3209:
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3199:
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3188:
3186:
3182:
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3155:
3149:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3067:"Peace Policy"
3059:
3058:
3057:
3050:Reconstruction
3046:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2902:
2900:
2898:Foreign policy
2891:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2686:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2640:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2541:Fillmore, Utah
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2490:
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2314:
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2312:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2227:North Carolina
2224:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
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2159:
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2057:
2053:
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2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1856:and technology
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1749:
1744:
1707:
1702:
1692:Ute War (1887)
1665:
1660:
1631:
1626:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1515:Peach Tree War
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1412:Plains Indians
1409:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1379:Discrimination
1376:
1371:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1283:Trail of Tears
1280:
1278:Indian removal
1275:
1274:
1273:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
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1190:
1184:
1183:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1134:
1123:
1112:
1099:
1098:External links
1096:
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355:United States
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351:United Kingdom
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322:Nuremberg Laws
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295:Jewish ghettos
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130:of articles on
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4294:
4293:Philippa Foot
4291:
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4285:
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4276:
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4161:Panic of 1893
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3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3933:22nd and 24th
3930:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3910:
3908:
3903:
3901:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3880:
3879:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3599:
3597:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3576:
3575:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3526:Chapman Grant
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3339:General Grant
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:Social policy
3041:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2747:Fort Donelson
2745:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2672:
2671:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2623:
2620:
2618:(second wife)
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:By state/city
2156:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1981:Red handprint
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1585:Seminole Wars
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1545:Pontiac's War
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1530:Tuscarora War
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1462:Neighborhoods
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1402:Adena culture
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1333:Jim Crow laws
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1216:Classic stage
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1196:Paleo-Indians
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1010:
994:
990:
983:
967:
963:
957:
949:
947:1-57356-149-5
943:
939:
932:
925:
919:
903:
899:
895:
889:
881:
879:9781584777762
875:
871:
864:
856:
854:9781584777762
850:
846:
839:
830:
826:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
786:
784:
780:
776:
775:Homestead Act
772:
768:
758:
756:
752:
742:
733:
731:
726:
723:
718:
714:
710:
708:
703:
693:
691:
687:
675:
670:
668:
663:
661:
656:
655:
653:
652:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
637:
636:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
613:One-drop rule
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
592:
591:Statelessness
589:
588:
587:
584:
583:
575:
574:
567:
564:
562:
559:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
536:
535:
534:United States
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
498:
494:
491:
489:
488:
484:
482:
479:
478:
477:
474:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
460:
457:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
439:
438:
435:
433:
430:
426:
423:
422:
421:
418:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
395:
394:
391:
390:
380:
379:
370:
367:
365:
364:Jim Crow laws
362:
360:
357:
356:
354:
352:
349:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
335:
332:
330:
327:
323:
320:
319:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
293:
291:
288:GreekâTurkish
286:
282:
281:
277:
275:
274:
270:
269:
267:
265:
264:Fascist Italy
262:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
242:
240:
237:
236:
228:
227:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
189:
188:Environmental
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
172:
169:
168:
167:
164:
162:
159:
158:
150:
149:
145:
141:
140:
137:
134:
133:
129:
125:
124:
115:
112:
104:
101:November 2009
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: â
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
4347:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4210:Public image
4176:Coxey's Army
4101:
4000:Presidencies
3871:
3850:
3843:
3818:Gavin Arthur
3783:Public image
3763:
3669:
3660:
3567:
3558:
3551:
3514:Nellie Grant
3452:
3444:
3362:
3338:
3305:Bibliography
3246:Grant's Tomb
3234:Horsemanship
3202:Boyhood home
3173:
3116:Comstock Act
3081:
2911:
2663:
2642:
2635:
2600:(first wife)
2570:Public image
2530:
2478:Know Nothing
2106:Reservations
2087:Demographics
1758: /
1754: /
1740: /
1736: /
1732: /
1728: /
1724: /
1720: /
1716: /
1712: /
1698: /
1694: /
1690: /
1686: /
1682: /
1678: /
1674: /
1670: /
1656: /
1652: /
1648: /
1644: /
1640: /
1636: /
1622: /
1618: /
1614: /
1610: /
1606: /
1587: /
1540:Dummer's War
1362: /
1312:
1201:Lithic stage
1085:February 28,
1083:. Retrieved
1078:
1069:
1059:February 27,
1057:. Retrieved
1053:the original
1048:
1039:
1029:February 27,
1027:. Retrieved
1023:the original
1018:
1009:
999:February 27,
997:. Retrieved
995:. Britannica
992:
982:
972:February 27,
970:. Retrieved
965:
956:
937:
931:
923:
918:
908:February 28,
906:. Retrieved
902:the original
897:
888:
869:
863:
844:
838:
829:
764:
748:
739:
730:Great Plains
727:
719:
715:
711:
699:
685:
683:
495: /
485:
442:Saudi Arabia
334:South Africa
317:Nazi Germany
278:
271:
190: /
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
4230:Los Angeles
4134:Gray Gables
3949:(1883â1885)
3806:Nell Arthur
3759:Edmunds Act
3634:(1881â1885)
3490:Julia Grant
3229:Galena home
3207:Schoolhouse
3055:Amnesty Act
2782:Court House
2762:Chattanooga
2728:(1869â1877)
2415:(1849â1850)
2404:(1850â1853)
1914:Sweat lodge
1580:Arikara War
1570:War of 1812
1535:Yamasee War
1520:Esopus Wars
1510:Kieft's War
1495:Beaver Wars
1417:Anishinaabe
1298:Dawes Rolls
586:Citizenship
554:Residential
437:Gulf states
359:Black Codes
247:Pass system
171:Allegations
4370:Categories
4277:(daughter)
4271:(daughter)
3820:(grandson)
3711:Presidency
3534:(grandson)
3528:(grandson)
3522:(grandson)
3516:(daughter)
3333:Grant Park
3280:convention
3265:convention
3197:Birthplace
3192:Early life
3158:World tour
3121:Poland Act
2987:Government
2801:Presidency
2777:Appomattox
2612:(daughter)
2503:Presidency
2453:Whig Party
2180:California
2078:Pretendian
1629:Cayuse War
1505:Pequot War
1353:gravesites
1081:. Netstate
821:References
509:Mauritania
413:Roma walls
339:Bantustans
183:Xenophobia
71:newspapers
4097:Dawes Act
4092:Scott Act
3410:$ 50 bill
3315:Memorials
3255:Elections
3072:Modoc War
2757:Vicksburg
2327:Massacres
2283:musicians
2247:Wisconsin
2210:Baltimore
2120:Languages
2002:Land Back
1909:Sun Dance
1575:Creek War
1271:ownership
800:Dawes Act
753:to enter
623:Ethnicity
539:Academies
464:Uthapuram
344:Pass laws
280:IndigĂŠnat
273:Code Noir
239:Australia
217:Redlining
4354:Category
4307:(sister)
4301:(father)
4144:Campaign
4117:Campaign
4013:Campaign
3985:Mugwumps
3878:Category
3832:(sister)
3826:(father)
3574:Category
3486:(father)
3480:(mother)
3405:Currency
3285:election
3270:election
2824:Grantism
2819:Scandals
2767:Overland
2670:Category
2624:(father)
2340:Category
2310:by state
2242:Virginia
2232:Oklahoma
2222:Nebraska
2217:Michigan
2205:Maryland
2185:Colorado
1904:Smudging
1872:Religion
1663:Yuma War
1251:Genocide
789:See also
761:1889 Act
745:1885 Act
736:1871 Act
696:1851 Act
641:Category
561:Xinjiang
504:Malaysia
497:barriers
408:Slovenia
329:Rhodesia
154:Overview
128:a series
126:Part of
2989:reforms
2912:Alabama
2836:Cabinet
2831:Pardons
2293:writers
2268:artists
2190:Florida
2175:Arizona
2127:English
1477:Pow wow
1457:Fashion
1389:Culture
1266:Slavery
1188:History
722:Jackson
646:Commons
579:Related
549:Schools
544:Housing
519:Myanmar
514:Morocco
487:Hafrada
469:Muslims
425:Schools
403:Romania
243:Canada
85:scholar
4265:(wife)
4256:Family
4235:Queens
3808:(wife)
3799:Family
3645:(1881)
3492:(wife)
3470:Family
3297:Legacy
2914:Claims
2752:Shiloh
2591:Family
2345:Portal
2273:actors
2237:Oregon
2195:Hawaii
2170:Alaska
2014:groups
1181:topics
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476:Israel
432:Cyprus
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3276:1872
3261:1868
3167:Books
2606:(son)
2425:NYâ32
2256:Lists
1437:Music
1231:Trade
1141:(PDF)
1130:(PDF)
1119:(PDF)
1108:(PDF)
968:. PBS
566:Yemen
529:Sudan
459:India
398:Italy
178:Caste
92:JSTOR
78:books
3958:Life
3944:28th
3654:Life
3640:20th
3629:21st
3341:ship
3217:farm
3185:Life
2886:1876
2881:1875
2876:1874
2871:1873
2866:1872
2861:1871
2856:1870
2851:1869
2723:18th
2436:Life
2423:for
2410:12th
2399:13th
2200:Iowa
2165:List
1487:Wars
1442:Film
1432:Food
1087:2011
1061:2011
1031:2011
1001:2011
974:2011
942:ISBN
910:2011
874:ISBN
849:ISBN
684:The
618:Race
64:news
3668:SS
1427:Art
447:UAE
47:by
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