Caste - Knowledge

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both entomological and sociological data and clues to describe caste systems. He wrote "while the fundamental industries of man are dispersed throughout the insect world, the same kind of polymorphism appears again and again in different species of social insects which have reacted in the same manner as man, under the influence of the same environment, to ensure the supply and provision of subsistence." Comparing the caste system in India to caste polymorphism in insects, he noted, "where we find the organization of social insects developed to perfection, there also has been seen among human associations a minute and even rigid specialization of functions, along with ant- and bee-like societal integrity and cohesiveness." He considered the "resemblances between insect associations and caste-ridden societies" to be striking enough to be "amusing".

5167: 7318:: Caste has been described as the fundamental social institution of India. Sometimes the term is used metaphorically to refer to rigid social distinctions or extreme social exclusiveness wherever found, and some authorities have used the term 'colour-caste system' to describe the stratification based on race in the United States and elsewhere. But it is among the Hindus in India that we find the system in its most fully developed form although analogous forms exist among Muslims, Christians, Sikhs and other religious groups in South Asia. It is an ancient institution, having existed for at least 2,000 years among the Hindus who developed not only elaborate caste practices but also a complex theory to explain and justify those practices (Dumont 1970). The theory has now lost much of its force although many of the practices continue." 9931:

de cagots, corrélant la recherche de conjoints lointains à l'épuisement des possibilités locales. A. Guerreau et Y. Guy, en utilisant la documentation gersoise exploitée par G. Loubès et les documents publiés par Fay pour le Béarn et la Chalosse (XVe–XVIIe s.) concluent que l'endogamie des cagots semble s'opérer au sein de trois sous-ensembles qui correspondent à ceux que distingue la terminologie à partir du XVIe siècle: agotes, cagots, capots. Au sein de chacun d'eux, les distances moyennes d'intermariage sont relativement importantes: entre 12 et 15 km en Béarn et Chalosse, plus de 30 km dans le Gers, dans une société où plus de la moitié des mariages se faisaient à l'intérieur d'un même village.

7032:. The guarantee of admittance to a certain proportion of people from oppressed castes is not enough to deal with the implications of divisions in higher education. For example, the reservation percentage can vary by state but is generally around 15% for Scheduled Castes, but 2019-20 data shows most universities miss this mark. Across the board, there is an average of 14.7% of scheduled caste students, meaning many universities are at a far lower rate than legislated. These reservation systems have backlash from upper caste groups, who claim that people are only admitted due to their caste status, as opposed to merit, in a similar argument playing out to affirmative action in the United States. 6238:). Sheikhs are in charge of both religious and administrative functions and are divided into three endogamous houses, Şemsanî, Adanî and Qatanî who are in turn divided into lineages. The Pîrs are in charge of purely religious functions and traditionally consist of 40 lineages or clans, but approximately 90 appellations of Pîr lineages have been found, which may have been a result of new sub-lineages arising and number of clans increasing over time due to division as Yazidis settled in different places and countries. Division could occur in one family, if there were a few brothers in one clan, each of them could become the founder of their own Pîr sub-clan ( 5994: 4957: 5454:, lit. "those under the power of another"). The castes were hereditary, though they were not rigid. They were more accurately a reflection of the interpersonal political relationships, a person is always the follower of another. People can move up the caste system by marriage, by wealth, or by doing something extraordinary; and conversely they can be demoted, usually as criminal punishment or as a result of debt. Shamans are the exception, as they are either volunteers, chosen by the ranking shamans, or born into the role by innate propensity for it. They are enumerated below from the highest rank to the lowest: 6681:. He then presents the Dime of Southwestern Ethiopia, amongst whom there operates a system which Todd claims can be unequivocally labelled as caste system. The Dime have seven castes whose size varies considerably. Each broad caste level is a hierarchical order that is based on notions of purity, non-purity and impurity. It uses the concepts of defilement to limit contacts between caste categories and to preserve the purity of the upper castes. These caste categories have been exclusionary, endogamous and the social identity inherited. 6688:, there were also traditionally groups labelled as castes. "Based on research done before the Derg regime, these studies generally presume the existence of a social hierarchy similar to the caste system. At the top of this hierarchy were the Kafa, followed by occupational groups including blacksmiths (Qemmo), weavers (Shammano), bards (Shatto), potters, and tanners (Manno). In this hierarchy, the Manjo were commonly referred to as hunters, given the lowest status equal only to slaves." 5714: 5031:, and thrives in the politics of democracy, where caste provides ready made constituencies to politicians. The globalisation and economic opportunities from foreign businesses has influenced the growth of India's middle-class population. Some members of the Chhattisgarh Potter Caste Community (CPCC) are middle-class urban professionals and no longer potters unlike the remaining majority of traditional rural potter members. There is persistence of caste in Indian 15191: 13898: 11912: 7242:, ranked groups based on heredity within rigid systems of social stratification, especially those that constitute Hindu India. Some scholars deny that true caste systems are found outside India. The caste is a closed group whose members are severely restricted in their choice of occupation and degree of social participation. Marriage outside the caste is prohibited. Social status is determined by the caste of one's birth and may only rarely be transcended. 6824: 9952:(15th–17th century) conclude that the endogamy of Cagots seems to operate within three subsets that correspond to those distinguished by terminology from the 16th century: agotes, cagots, capots. Within each of them, the average intermarriage distances are relatively long: between 12 and 15 km in Béarn and Chalosse, more than 30 km in the Gers, in a society where more than half of marriages took place at home, inside the same village.] 36: 5774:)" under the daimyo, with 80% of peasants under the 5% samurai class, followed by craftsmen and merchants. However, various studies have revealed since about 1995 that the classes of peasants, craftsmen, and merchants under the samurai are equal, and the old hierarchy chart has been removed from Japanese history textbooks. In other words, peasants, craftsmen, and merchants are not a social pecking order, but a social classification. 2955: 699: 6067:. The nobi population could fluctuate up to about one third of the population, but on average the nobi made up about 10% of the total population. In 1801, the vast majority of government nobi were emancipated, and by 1858 the nobi population stood at about 1.5% of the total population of Korea. The hereditary nobi system was officially abolished around 1886–87 and the rest of the nobi system was abolished with the 4768: 7107:, although attributing more weight to environmental explanations than the biological nonetheless believed that there were obstacles to the assimilation of blacks into American society and that an "accommodation stage" in a biracially organized caste system was required before full assimilation. He did disavow his position in 1937, suggesting that blacks were a minority and not a caste. The Indian sociologist 13908: 11941: 5275: 7036:

academic institutions. Universities are a crucial place of integration and moving to offer equitable opportunity beyond just attendance, but implementing protective policies to ensure students can be successful. Attendance at university has already been shown to impact how people view caste and has the potential to shape equity building beyond the current interpersonal and systemic relationship.

9933:[The extent of marital areas and the distribution of surnames are the main indices of cagot mobility. F. Bériac links the extension of the matrimonial areas of the Cagots of the different localities studied (from 20 to more than 35 km) to the importance and the relative density of the groups of cagots, correlating the search for distant spouses with the exhaustion of possibilities local. 7046:"When I was enrolled for an undergraduate course, I was vocal about his Dalit identity and vouched for the rights of Dalits and marginalized sections. Most of my upper-caste mates were against reservation. I was always typecast, stereotyped and even labeled with derogatory nicknames," Nishat Kabir, who is studying film at Ambedkar University in New Delhi, told Anadolu Agency. 7066:

protests and demonstrations against institutional discrimination. Students used tactics of information spreading from pamphlets and court cases, to public civil disobedience through marches and sit-ins to disrupt the flow of university life and lead to broader discussions. The student unrest was not unique to Allahabad University but was strong enough to last over 90 days.

6861:, by their colonial rulers. In the social and racial hierarchy, European Spaniards were at the apex, with legal rights and privileges. Lower racial groups (Africans, mixed-race castas, and pure indigenous), had fewer legal rights and lower social status. Unlike the rigid caste system in India, in colonial Spanish America there was some fluidity within the social order. 5606:) – the lowest class composed of the rest of the community who were not part of the enfranchised classes. They were further subdivided into the commoner class who had their own houses, the servants who lived in the houses of others, and the slaves who were usually captives from raids, criminals, or debtors. Most members of this class were equivalent to the European 4836:, the Census Commissioner, noted that "The principle suggested as a basis was that of classification by social precedence as recognized by native public opinion at the present day, and manifesting itself in the facts that particular castes are supposed to be the modern representatives of one or other of the castes of the theoretical Indian system." 6445:, with six sub-caste categories. Unlike other parts of the world, mobility is sometimes possible within sub-castes, but not across caste lines. Farmers and artisans have been, claims Richter, distinct castes. Certain sub-castes are shunned more than others. For example, exogamy is rare for women born into families of woodcarvers. 7024:

caste out of universities. This leads to their exclusion from the potential to be part of higher-paying jobs that are perceived as more elite. This social expectation and prevention of access to education and opportunity have elongated the struggle for financial and social equity amongst people from scheduled tribes and castes.

7266:, any of the ranked, hereditary, endogamous social groups, often linked with occupation, that together constitute traditional societies in South Asia, particularly among Hindus in India. Although sometimes used to designate similar groups in other societies, the "caste system" is uniquely developed in Hindu societies. 5044:

status of their son in law. In this case, the women are bearers of the egalitarian principle of the marriage. There would be no benefit in marrying a higher caste if the terms of the marriage did not imply equality. However, men are systematically shielded from the negative implications of the agreement.

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L'étendue des aires matrimoniales et la distribution des patronymes constituent les principaux indices de la mobilité des cagots. F. Bériac relie l'extension des aires matrimoniales des cagots des différentes localités étudiées (de 20 à plus de 35 km) à l'importance et la densité relative des groupes

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Academic + Faculty Discrimination: Discrimination may extend to the academic sphere, with students facing biased treatment, unfair grading, or limited access to academic resources based on their caste background. Instances of discrimination can involve faculty members, who may hold biases that affect

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contrasted the differences between discrimination in the United States and India. In India, there are complex religious features which make up the system, whereas in the United States race and color are the basis for differentiation. The caste systems in India and the United States have higher groups

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of France and Spain as an inferior caste, and a group of untouchables. While they had the same skin color and religion as the majority, in the churches they had to use segregated doors, drink from segregated fonts, and receive communion on the end of long wooden spoons. It was a closed social system.

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experienced over the last century. It is well known that urban centers tend to be less reliant on agriculture and are more progressive as a whole. As India's cities boomed in population, the job market grew to keep pace. Prosperity and stability were now more easily attained by an individual, and the

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have been found to be less likely to leave or divorce their husbands since they are of a relatively lower caste system, and have higher restrictions on their freedoms. On the other hand, Pahari women, of the northern mountains, have much more freedom to leave their husbands without stigma. This often

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A pure caste system is rooted in the religious order and may be thought of as a hierarchy of hereditary, endogamous, occupational groups with positions fixed and mobility barred by ritual distances between each caste. Empirically, the classical Hindu system of India approximated most closely to pure

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arguing that caste differences between higher caste Aryans and lower cast native-Indians being more due to religious factors. While the term remains contended, it is widely understood that this racial assessment is based on the way lower-caste people are treated. Africana diasporic groups who do not

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make up a small minority of the population with scholars noting that the exact number is hard to determine due to exclusion and lack of recognition from the government. Siddis and Kaffirs are considered untouchables due to their darker skin color alongside other physical factors that distinguish the

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In a review of social stratification systems in Africa, Richter reports that the term caste has been used by French and American scholars to many groups of West African artisans. These groups have been described as inferior, deprived of all political power, have a specific occupation, are hereditary

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The notion of caste encouraged a link between scholarship in entomology and sociology because it served as an example of a division of labour in which the participants seemed to be uncompromisingly adapted to special functions and sometimes even unique environments. To bolster the concept of caste,

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The clarity that comes from people sharing their experiences has led to significant pushback in the 21st century, where students have been centering fights for justice and equity, often based on movements that student activists of the past have used. Allahabad University has seen a spike in student

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Racial caste is embedded in the institutions that make up South Asia, particularly its governing bodies. When it comes to the electorate of India, voter preference is often based on race, caste, religion, alongside other attributing physical and political factors. This power imbalance alongside the

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have been endogamous social groups without any fixed hierarchy but subject to vague notions of rank articulated over time based on lifestyle and social, political, or economic status. Many of India's major empires and dynasties like the Mauryas, Shalivahanas, Chalukyas, Kakatiyas among many others,

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The initial observational studies of the division of labour in ant colonies attempted to demonstrate that ants specialized in tasks that were best suited to their size when they emerged from the pupae stage into the adult stage. A large proportion of the experimental work was done in species that

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The foundational divisions of caste have historically been seen as a determining factor in one's skills and career prospects. Today, many people perceive higher education as a means of achieving their own professional goals, but there are still methods based on caste assumptions used to keep lower

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are thus considered inferior for their darker skin and grouped in with the untouchables. Since caste is inherited at birth and is inflexible to change throughout a lifetime, this can lead to a racial caste system where colorism largely influences the mobility one has in their lifetime. Terminology

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Racial casteism is a term used to identify the relationship between caste, race, and colorism. In modern-day India, the caste system has expanded to include groups and identities from diasporic groups as well such as the Africana Siddis and Kaffirs. Siddis make up 40,000 of India's vast population

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study in 2021 criticizes Equality Labs findings and methodology noting Equality Labs study "relied on a nonrepresentative snowball sampling method to recruit respondents. Furthermore, respondents who did not disclose a caste identity were dropped from the data set. Therefore, it is likely that the

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who surrendered were settled in isolated communities throughout Goryeo to forestall rebellion. They were valued for their skills in hunting, herding, butchering, and making of leather, common skill sets among nomads. Over time, their ethnic origin was forgotten, and they formed the bottom layer of

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was influenced by Robert E. Park and adopted the concept of "caste" to describe race relations in the US. According to anthropologist Diane Rodgers, Mukerjee "proceeded to suggest that a caste system should be correctly instituted in the (US) South to ease race relations." Mukerjee often employed

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is perhaps the most powerful force for homogenization, whereas the state may be the defender of local difference and variety in some instances". The caste system, a relic of feudalistic economic systems, emphasizes differences between socio-economic classes that are obviated by openly free market

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Various sociologists have reported caste systems in Africa. The specifics of the caste systems have varied in ethnically and culturally diverse Africa; however, the following features are common – it has been a closed system of social stratification, the social status is inherited, the castes are

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is still a common practice in India and Hindu culture. Men are expected to marry within their caste, or one below, with no social repercussions. If a woman marries into a higher caste, then her children will take the status of their father. If she marries down, her family is reduced to the social

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Eighty-four percent of the SC/ST students surveyed said examiners had asked them about their caste directly or indirectly during their evaluations. One student said: "Teachers are fine till they do not know your caste. The moment they come to know, their attitude towards you changes completely."

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Reservation policies constitute a first step in providing access to admittance into higher education opportunities but do not overcome the overarching challenge of casteism. Caste-based discrimination and social stigma can still affect the experiences of students from marginalized communities in

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Affirmative Action has been a global phenomenon to develop more spaces in politics, jobs, and education for people from historically disadvantaged backgrounds, which has led to the reservation system being applied to universities. Even with these regulations, caste nevertheless remains a largely

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of the samurai class required the approval of the Tokugawa shogunate. It was also forbidden for a member of the samurai class to marry a peasant, craftsman, or merchant, but this was done through a loophole in which a person from a lower class was adopted into the samurai class and then married.

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The Brahmana caste was further subdivided by Dutch ethnographers into two: Siwa and Buda. The Siwa caste was subdivided into five: Kemenuh, Keniten, Mas, Manuba and Petapan. This classification was to accommodate the observed marriage between higher-caste Brahmana men with lower-caste women. The

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system found in India. Ancient Sri Lankan texts such as the Pujavaliya, Sadharmaratnavaliya and Yogaratnakaraya and inscriptional evidence show that the above hierarchy prevailed throughout the feudal period. The repetition of the same caste hierarchy even as recently as the 18th century, in the

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Campus Facilities: Discrimination can also be observed in access to living facilities, food services, and other campus amenities. Students from marginalized castes may encounter difficulties in availing of these services without bias, and the living arrangements are often internally segregated.

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has been declining as a result of urbanisation and affirmative action programs. A subject of much scholarship by sociologists and anthropologists, the Hindu caste system is sometimes used as an analogical basis for the study of caste-like social divisions existing outside Hinduism and India. In

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Social Discrimination: Students from marginalized castes face social discrimination, exclusion, and/or isolation on campuses. This affects their general educational experience and mental well-being. Numerous cases of harassment and bullying based on caste lines have been reported, with drastic

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As West Africa evolved over time, sub-castes emerged that acquired secondary specialisations or changed occupations. Endogamy was prevalent within a caste or among a limited number of castes, yet castes did not form demographic isolates according to Tamari. Social status according to caste was

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did not. According to the new system, they were then required to fill in the blanks for surname in order to be registered as constituting separate households. Instead of creating their own family name, some cheonmins appropriated their masters' surname, while others simply took the most common

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Studies by Bhatt and Beteille have shown changes in status, openness, mobility in the social aspects of Indian society. As a result of modern socio-economic changes in the country, India is experiencing significant changes in the dynamics and the economics of its social sphere. While arranged

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system, as interpreted by the British rulers. It is well established that by the 9th century, kings from all the four Varnas, including Brahmins and Vaishyas, had occupied the highest seat in the monarchical system in Hindu India, contrary to the Varna theory. In many instances, as in Bengal,

7763:}}; Examples include the Bothpur and Vaddamanu inscriptions of Ganapati's general Malyala Gunda senani. The Kakatiyas also maintained marital relations with other Shudra families, such as the Kotas and the Natavadi chiefs. All these evidences indicate that the Kakatiyas were of Shudra origin. 6413:

has been and continues to be a major social issue. The Osu caste is determined by one's birth into a particular family irrespective of the religion practised by the individual. Once born into Osu caste, this Nigerian person is an outcast, shunned and ostracised, with limited opportunities or

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A social hierarchy chart based on old academic theories. Such hierarchical diagrams were removed from Japanese textbooks after various studies in the 1990s revealed that peasants, craftsmen, and merchants were in fact equal and merely social categories. Successive shoguns held the highest or

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economy was based on a caste system. The most common were metalworkers, fishermen, and carpenters. Lower caste participants consisted of mostly non-farm working immigrants, who at times were provided special privileges and held high positions in society. At the top were noblemen and direct

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marriages are still the most common practice in India, the internet has provided a network for younger Indians to take control of their relationships through the use of dating apps. This remains isolated to informal terms, as marriage is not often achieved through the use of these apps.

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entomologists and sociologists referred to the complementary social or natural parallel and thereby appeared to generalize the concept and give it an appearance of familiarity. In the late 19th- and early 20th centuries, the perceived similarities between the Indian caste system and

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Due to the challenges experienced on top of the normal pressure of being a student, the discrimination that Dalits and people of OBCs face has led to increased rates of suicide, with numerous examples shown to be tied directly to campus harassment and lack of administrative support.

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sample does not fully represent the South Asian American population and could skew in favor of those who have strong views about caste. While the existence of caste discrimination in India is incontrovertible, its precise extent and intensity in the United States can be contested".

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their interactions with students. This comes from the inherent hierarchical nature of caste having built centuries of prejudice against lower caste and indigenous students. This influences academic mentorship, guidance, and opportunities for students from marginalized backgrounds.

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McKim Marriott claims a social stratification that is hierarchical, closed, endogamous and hereditary is widely prevalent, particularly in western parts of Pakistan. Frederik Barth in his review of this system of social stratification in Pakistan suggested that these are castes.

5383:– societies which have a wealthy class based on property and the hosting of periodic prestige feasts. In some groups, it was an actual caste whose members had specialised leadership roles, married only within the same caste, and wore specialised clothing. These include the 6978:

and are perceived as untouchables under the caste framework.This categorization is paired with anti-black ideology in the country, that is often adapted by broader uses of the term caste in western countries, most notably the United States. Like the Siddis, Africana caste

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India has also implemented a form of Affirmative Action, locally known as "reservation groups". Quota system jobs, as well as placements in publicly funded colleges, hold spots for the 8% of India's minority, and underprivileged groups. As a result, in states such as

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system of racial classification, based on whether a person was of pure European, Indigenous or African descent, or some mix thereof, with the different groups being placed in a racial hierarchy; however, despite the etymological connection between the Latin American

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surname and its bongwan in the local area. Along with this example, activists within and outside the Korean government had based their visions of a new relationship between the government and people through the concept of citizenship, employing the term

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A survey on caste discrimination conducted by Equality Labs found 67% of Indian Dalits living in the US reporting that they faced caste-based harassment at the workplace, and 27% reporting verbal or physical assault based on their caste. However, the

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In a review published in 1977, Todd reports that numerous scholars report a system of social stratification in different parts of Africa that resembles some or all aspects of caste system. Examples of such caste systems, he claims, are to be found in

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showed strong variation in size. As the size of an adult was fixed for life, workers of a specific size range came to be called a "caste", calling up the traditional caste system in India in which a human's standing in society was decided at birth.

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in times of war. In some Filipino ethnic groups, they were often tattooed extensively to record feats in battle and as protection against harm. They were sometimes further subdivided into different classes, depending on their relationship with the

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Bilhana, in his Sanskrit work Vikramanakadevacharitam claims the Chalukyas were born from the feet of Brahma, implying they were Shudras, while some sources claim they were born in the arms of Brahma, and hence were Kshatriyas (Ramesh 1984, p.

6990:, initiated by Muslim Arabs. During the trade, enslaved Africans were often brought as court servants, herbalists, midwives, or as bonded labor. The limited awareness of these groups can be attributed to caste-ideology fueled from this trade. 5254:

other castes were similarly further sub-classified by 19th-century and early-20th-century ethnographers based on numerous criteria ranging from profession, endogamy or exogamy or polygamy, and a host of other factors in a manner similar to

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Since there was an economic advantage for a poor samurai class person to marry a wealthy merchant or peasant class woman, they would adopt a merchant or peasant class woman into the samurai class as an adopted daughter and then marry her.

12924: 1676: 5537:) the ruling class, either inclusive of or exclusive of the royal family. Most are descendants of the royal line or gained their status through wealth or bravery in battle. They owned lands and subjects, from whom they collected taxes. 7083:

in insects were used to create a correspondence or parallelism for the purpose of explaining or clarifying racial stratification in human societies; the explanations came particularly to be employed in the United States. Ideas from

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is determined at birth and makes them take up that Jati's occupation; members could and did change their occupation based on personal strengths as well as economic, social and political factors. A 2016 study based on the

7306:: What makes Indian society unique is the phenomenon of caste. Economic, religious, and linguistic differentiations, even race-based discrimination, are known elsewhere, but nowhere else does one see caste but in India. 2835:

in the primary modern sense of the English word 'caste' when they applied it to the thousands of endogamous, hereditary Indian social groups they encountered upon their arrival in India in 1498. The use of the spelling

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The process of creating a homogenized society by social engineering in both India and the Southern US has created other institutions that have made class distinctions among different groups evident. Anthropologist

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Shalivahana was born in a potter's house, by grace of Adi-Sheshan. William Cooke Taylor (1838). Examination and Analysis of the Mackenzie Manuscripts Deposited in the Madras College Library. Asiatic Society. pp.

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reported that "Every North Korean citizen is assigned a heredity-based class and socio-political rank over which the individual exercises no control but which determines all aspects of his or her life." Called

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Geographical factors also determine adherence to the caste system. Many Northern villages are more likely to participate in exogamous marriage, due to a lack of eligible suitors within the same caste. Women in

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hierarchical, certain castes are shunned while others are merely endogamous and exclusionary. In some cases, concepts of purity and impurity by birth have been prevalent in Africa. In other cases, such as the

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Yoshida, Sayuri (2009). "Why did the Manjo convert to Protestant? Social Discrimination and Coexistence in Kafa, Southwest Ethiopia?". In Ege, Svein; Aspen, Harald; Teferra, Birhanu; Bekele, Shiferaw (eds.).

7594: 6779:, to "introduce legislation on caste, including any necessary exceptions to the caste provisions, within the framework of domestic discrimination law". Section 9(5) of the Equality Act 2010 provides that "a 4555: 11304: 9014: 6117:, which was implemented by the loyalists' cabinet. Whereas the old registration system signified household members according to their hierarchical social status, the new system called for an occupation. 5061:

anxiety to marry quickly and effectively was reduced. Thus, younger, more progressive generations of urban Indians are less likely than ever to participate in the antiquated system of arranged endogamy.

6182:. It originated in 1946 and was entrenched by the 1960s, and consisted of 53 categories ranging across three classes: loyal, wavering, and impure. The privileged "loyal" class included members of the 7204: 5434:

societies. Most of them were usually divided into four to five caste systems with different names under different ethnic groups that roughly correspond to each other. The system was more or less

2985: 8557:[No. 35: The disappearance of the four classes of samurai, farmers, artisans and merchants from textbooks - Part 2 - August issue of the Reiwa 3rd year Uki Public Relations "Ukikara"]. 6598:

inherited by off-springs automatically; but this inheritance was paternal. That is, children of higher caste men and lower caste or slave concubines would have the caste status of the father.

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has put forth the argument that pre-1950s Tibetan society was functionally a caste system, in contrast to previous scholars who defined the Tibetan social class system as similar to European

5035:. Caste associations have evolved into caste-based political parties. Political parties and the state perceive caste as an important factor for mobilisation of people and policy development. 7043:

consequences for the victims, but often none for the perpetrators. This promotes a hostile environment for students and hampers their ability to engage positively in the academic community.

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acceptance, regardless of his or her ability or merit. Obinna discusses how this caste system-related identity and power is deployed within government, Church and indigenous communities.

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Korean society. Their efforts included attacking social discrimination by upper class, authorities, and "commoners", and the use of degrading language against children in public schools.

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from participating in the formal economy and achieving economic success on parity with their white peers, or destroying that economic success in instances where it was achieved, such as

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capitalistic economic systems, which reward individual initiative, enterprise, merit, and thrift, thereby creating a path for social mobility. When the feudalistic slave economy of the

6653: 5107:(1382–1395) categorised Newars into 64 castes (Gellner 2001). A similar exercise was made during the reign of Mahindra Malla (1506–1575). The Hindu social code was later set up in the 4872:

system was never truly operational in society and there is no evidence of it ever being a reality in Indian history. The practical division of the society had always been in terms of

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Jayawardene, Sureshi M. (2016). "Racialized Casteism: Exposing the Relationship Between Race, Caste, and Colorism Through the Experiences of Africana People in India and Sri Lanka".

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in contemporary literature. In 2001, Dalits were 16.2% of India's population. Most of the 15 million bonded child workers are from the lowest castes. Independent India has witnessed

7646: 6365:, who have been described as an endogamous caste of West Africa who specialise in oral story telling and culture preservation. They have been also referred to as the bard caste. 6316:

who are kept as perennial manual workers. Estimates put their number at over 3.5 million residents who are discriminated, out of a total Yemeni population of around 22 million.

620: 5073:, where underprivileged populations predominate, over 80% of government jobs are set aside in quotas. In education, colleges lower the marks necessary for the Dalits to enter. 4268: 10403: 10219: 6262:

society was immensely complex, with separate systems of social organisation governing numerous different groups within the empire. Historians believe society comprised four

5719: 7795: 4990:. This constitution would also ban discrimination of the basis of the caste, though its practice in India remained intact. The Untouchable communities are sometimes called 9138: 7353:

caste. The system existed for some 3,000 years and continues today despite many attempts to get rid of some of its restrictions. It is essentially connected with Hinduism.

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regarded, by birth, as respectively, second and third in the hierarchy of Rwandese society. These groups were largely endogamous, exclusionary and with limited mobility.

6049:: literally "middle people"). This was a small class of specialised professions such as medicine, accounting, translators, regional bureaucrats, etc. Below that were the 4949:(community) refers to the thousands of actual endogamous social groups prevalent across the subcontinent. The classical authors scarcely speak of anything other than the 9093:

Pirbari, Dimitri; Mossaki, Nodar; Yezdin, Mirza Sileman (March 2020). "A Yezidi Manuscript:—Mišūr of P'īr Sīnī Bahrī/P'īr Sīnī Dārānī, Its Study and Critical Analysis".

7940: 4968:

in 1837, which confirms the popular perception and nature of caste as Jati, before the British colonial authorities made it applicable only to Hindus grouped under the

7774:

The Rashtrakutas And Their Times; being a political, administrative, religious, social, economic and literary history of the Deccan during C. 750 A.D. to C. 1000 A.D.

2721:), follow lifestyles often linked to a particular occupation, hold a ritual status observed within a hierarchy, and interact with others based on cultural notions of 4933:, however ancient, could be applied to all the modern castes found in India, and " meant to identify and place several hundred million Indians within it." The terms 7627: 7604: 6113:, introduced systematic measures for abolishing the traditional class system. One measure was the new household registration system, reflecting the goals of formal 13387: 8068: 2145: 7003:

shifted away from race-conscious terms in South Asian antiquity, where Aryans had pre-conceived social hierarchies built off of race, to a caste framework during

11285: 9890: 9003: 12433: 5481:

is dependent on the willingness of their followers to render him respect and obedience. Most roles of the datu were judicial and military. In case of an unfit

1169: 7092:

influenced some sociologists who believed that some groups were predetermined to belong to a lower social or occupational status. Chiefly through the work of

14267: 2855:

system and South Asian caste systems (the former giving its name to the latter), it is controversial to what extent the two phenomena are really comparable.

9175:

The Yezidi religious textual tradition: from oral to written categories, transmission, scripturalisation and canonisation of the Yezidi oral religious texts

3505: 306: 12641: 4734: 4506: 4502: 3969: 1385: 7989: 5551:) the spirit mediums, usually female or feminised men. While they were not technically a caste, they commanded the same respect and status as nobility. 4220: 3550: 2910:, according to the nature of the work of its members. Varna was not an inherited category and the occupation determined the varna. However, a person's 13782: 13165: 10324: 9136:

Omarkhali, Khanna (31 December 2008). "On the Structure of the Yezidi Clan and Tribal System and its Terminology among the Yezidis of the Caucasus".

7468: 6266:, which linguistic analysis indicates may have been referred to collectively as "pistras". The classes, from highest to lowest status, were priests ( 2556: 1917: 12592: 11516: 9963: 9934: 5303:

In the Philippines, pre-colonial societies do not have a single social structure. The class structures can be roughly categorised into four types:

4876:(birth groups), which are not based on any specific religious principle but could vary from ethnic origins to occupations to geographic areas. The 4610: 3923: 2688: 1336: 665: 10001: 8975:

Hwang, Kyung Moon (2004). "Citizenship, Social Equality and Government Reform: Changes in the Household Registration System in Korea, 1894–1910".

7975: 2725:, with certain castes considered as either more pure or more polluted than others. The term "caste" is also applied to morphological groupings in 6746:

with its rigid aristocracy can also be considered as a caste system. A formal political expression of the system was the system of three or four

6406: 4653: 11077:

Rodgers, Diane M. (2019). "Scientific Analogies and Hierarchical Thinking: lessons from the hive?". In Brekhus, Wayne H.; Ignatow, Gabe (eds.).

10377: 12513: 11526: 9784: 6703:

also have a class system, wherein the Wata, an acculturated hunter-gatherer group, represent the lowest class. Though the Wata today speak the

4754: 4749: 4182: 2748:

society into rigid social groups. Its roots lie in South Asia's ancient history and it still exists; however, the economic significance of the

1249: 323: 10426: 9833: 8589: 5726:

In Japan's history, social strata based on inherited position rather than personal merit, were rigid and highly formalised in a system called

11453: 11410: 8236: 5689: 4292: 4287: 13170: 11755: 11630: 8932:

Kim, Joong-Seop (1999). "In Search of Human Rights: The Paekchŏng Movement in Colonial Korea". In Shin, Gi-Wook; Robinson, Michael (eds.).

8682:[Marriage required the permission of the lord, but what about divorce? The life events of the Edo period "samurai"] (in Japanese). 7252: 6884: 5318:

Warrior societies – societies where a distinct warrior class exists, and whose membership depends on martial prowess. Examples include the

4190: 1922: 14995: 14870: 13140: 12734: 12266: 10297:

Ahuja, Amit, Susan, Ashish (2016). "Is Only Fair Lovely in Indian Politics? Consequences of Skin Color in a Survey Experiment in Delhi".

5166: 4805: 3124: 1892: 1478: 994: 9913: 3935: 14880: 12418: 10223: 10186: 6958: 3786: 3264: 1154: 593: 9542:

Albert, Ethel M. (Spring 1960). "Socio-Political Organization and Receptivity to Change: Some Differences between Ruanda and Urundi".

6787:

amend the statutory definition of race to include caste and may provide for exceptions in the Act to apply or not to apply to caste".

6082:. However, everyone was not equal under the Christian congregation, and even so protests erupted when missionaries tried to integrate 5410:

Principalities – societies with an actual ruling class and caste systems determined by birthright. Most of these societies are either

15138: 11521: 6870: 6160: 5997:

A typical Yangban family scene from 1904. The Yoon family had an enduring presence in Korean politics from the 1800s until the 1970s.

4342: 3940: 3654: 3377: 3368: 311: 11377: 8513: 5200:

caste structure has been described as being based either on three categories—the noble triwangsa (thrice born), the middle class of

4964:, which consists of 72 full-color hand-painted images of men and women of various religions, occupations and ethnic groups found in 14036: 12348: 12236: 11979: 11591: 10395: 9681:

Freeman, D., and A. Pankhurst, eds. 2003. Peripheral people: The excluded minorities of Ethiopia. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press.

6198:. She claims that a bad family background is called "tainted blood", and that by law this "tainted blood" lasts three generations. 4149: 1076: 964: 14987: 14925: 11611: 11596: 7803: 4718: 3817: 3330: 613: 8709: 5012:. In 2005, government recorded approximately 110,000 cases of reported violent acts, including rape and murder, against Dalits. 14967: 14298: 13944: 13883: 12597: 12358: 12186: 12171: 12166: 12012: 11541: 8631: 6646: 6094:

began to resist open social discrimination. They focused on social and economic injustices affecting them, hoping to create an

5124: 4280: 3804: 3799: 3794: 2975: 2873: 2657: 1341: 1086: 914: 899: 894: 726: 5153:

Kadayimpoth – Boundary books as well indicates the continuation of the tradition right up to the end of Sri Lanka's monarchy.

4778: 14962: 13911: 12492: 12423: 12151: 11298: 11267: 11235: 11201: 11167: 11134: 11107: 11061: 11032: 11010: 10977: 10906: 10850: 10817: 10774: 10740: 10694: 10664: 10633: 10465: 9880: 9707: 9592: 9273: 9182: 9065: 8941: 8909: 8868: 8827: 8494: 8465: 8398: 8312: 7950: 7899: 7870: 7832: 7753: 7704: 7578: 7335: 7289: 7220: 6999: 6889: 6429:

are derived from indigenous religious beliefs and discriminate against the "Osus" people as "owned by deities" and outcasts.

4983: 4914: 4819: 4534: 4320: 3965: 3759: 3640: 3545: 3510: 3291: 3224: 3158: 1228: 1159: 879: 354: 14972: 12946: 12241: 12063: 11448: 11388: 11359:

Auguste Comte on why and how castes developed across the world – in The Positive Philosophy, Volume 3 (see page 55 onwards)

9996: 9544: 9356: 8676: 8192: 6953:. Parts of the United States are sometimes divided by race and class status despite the national narrative of integration. 6831:

In colonial Spanish America (16th-early 19th centuries), there were legal divisions of society, the Republic of Spaniards (

6795: 4497: 4493: 4438: 4429: 3691: 3352: 3129: 3112: 2681: 1698: 969: 783: 658: 8743: 7177:

Described as a "Dalit rights organisation" and a "nonprofit organization focused on ending what it calls caste apartheid".

5699:, as well as non-scholarly western accounts which seek to romanticise a supposedly 'egalitarian' ancient Tibetan society. 15005: 13592: 13262: 13175: 13066: 12724: 12544: 12176: 12161: 11675: 10280: 7631: 6986:

The migration of Africana groups such as the Siddis and Kaffirs to South Asia is widely considered to be a result of the

4671: 4666: 4542: 4315: 4215: 4159: 3580: 2358: 2014: 1927: 1818: 1468: 1286: 904: 889: 8078: 8011: 5442:

ultimately having control of all the lands of the community. The land is subdivided among the enfranchised classes, the

15153: 15133: 15112: 13160: 12624: 10953:

2a. spec. One of the several hereditary classes into which society in India has from time immemorial been divided; ...

7914: 7383:

2a. spec. One of the several hereditary classes into which society in India has from time immemorial been divided; ...

4695: 4643: 4605: 4299: 3930: 3452: 3246: 1912: 1368: 8551: 7100:, a group of sociologists sharing similar principles came to evolve around the creed of caste in the 1930s and 1940s. 15117: 15000: 14843: 12798: 12629: 12115: 12093: 11403: 10713: 10607: 10140: 9859: 9218:

common among ancient Iranian, Indian and Romans with one extra Iranian element (from Yashna xix/17). cf. Frye, p. 54.

8486: 8457: 6191: 5980: 4708: 4615: 3955: 3872: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3729: 3659: 3308: 1542: 1373: 835: 813: 587: 11363: 7654: 14865: 13545: 13382: 13282: 12729: 12619: 11099: 4953:, as it provided a convenient shorthand; but a problem arises when colonial Indologists sometimes confuse the two. 4256: 3813: 3567: 3528: 3086: 3064: 2311: 2140: 2034: 1473: 1363: 10363:"Caste in Twenty First Century India: Sociological Reflections on University Students' Perceptions in South India" 6594:

epic, led to the formation of blacksmith and bard castes among the people that ultimately became the Mali empire.

2878:

Modern India's caste system is based on the superimposition of an old four-fold theoretical classification called

13135: 12636: 12388: 12191: 11665: 11438: 6763: 5806:. While modern law has officially abolished the class hierarchy, there are reports of discrimination against the 5009: 4798: 4625: 3488: 3466: 3202: 3185: 2674: 1887: 1380: 1124: 919: 651: 9259: 8391:

The Anthropological Romance of Bali 1597-1972: Dynamic Perspectives in Marriage and Caste, Politics and Religion

7394:"Body, Dress, and Symbolic Capital: Multifaceted Presentation of PUGREE in Colonial Governance of British India" 5610:

class, who paid taxes and can be conscripted to communal tasks, but were more or less free to do as they please.

5566:) the martial class. They could own land and subjects like the higher ranks, but were required to fight for the 14855: 12251: 11655: 11501: 10265: 9396: 7127: 5785:

because it could lead to political maneuvering. For the same reason, marriages between daimyo and high-ranking

5477:

and immediate descendants. They are often further categorised according to purity of lineage. The power of the

4369: 3708: 979: 449: 12398: 1134: 15148: 14920: 14915: 14399: 13814: 13530: 12231: 10081: 10044: 10028: 8715:[Marriage among samurai in the Edo period was not easy. They needed permission from the shogunate.]. 7941:"'I would tell the other girls at school that I was Brahmin': The struggle to challenge India's caste system" 6090:

finding this attempt insensitive to traditional notions of hierarchical advantage. Around the same time, the

4744: 4648: 4519: 4361: 4205: 3845: 2588: 2296: 959: 288: 11368: 15143: 14977: 14942: 14893: 14617: 13093: 13041: 12002: 11972: 11945: 11670: 11650: 11396: 7147: 5973: 5683: 4862:(workmen/service providers). The texts do not mention any hierarchy or a separate, untouchable category in 4620: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4174: 3918: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3682: 1845: 1793: 716: 159: 11468: 10316: 8451: 6660:(Midgan) specialise in leather occupation. Along with the Tumal and Yibir, they are collectively known as 6480:

have social stratification systems that divide society by ethnic ties. The Mande class system regards the

5407:. In others, though wealth may give one prestige and leadership qualifications, it was not a caste per se. 2840:, with this latter meaning, is first attested in English in 1613. In the Latin American context, the term 15097: 15087: 14954: 14162: 13725: 13577: 12996: 12587: 12533: 11932: 11800: 11617: 9819:

A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa

9467: 8677:"Kekkon wa shukun no kyoka ga hitsuyōdaga, rikon suru toki wa dōdatta? Edo jidai 'bushi' no isshō gyōji" 7891: 7862: 6641:

In Ethiopia, there have been a number of studies of castes. Broad studies of castes have been written by

5020: 4374: 4337: 4263: 4210: 4139: 3699: 3589: 3457: 3042: 2499: 2343: 1748: 1331: 1269: 15077: 14416: 13937: 13834: 12609: 12286: 12017: 11511: 11458: 10686: 9265: 7997: 7824: 7696: 7570: 6217: 6183: 5343: 4791: 4713: 4633: 4419: 4243: 4200: 4195: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3750: 3623: 3606: 3117: 3096: 2608: 1353: 1014: 731: 11347: 8552:"Dai 35-kai kyōkasho kara "shinōkōshō" ga kieta ̄ kōhen ̄-rei wa 3-nen kōhō uki 'ukikara' 8 tsuki-gō" 8046: 6011:) were an "untouchable" outcaste of Korea. The meaning today is that of butcher. It originates in the 5796:

had its own untouchable caste, shunned and ostracised, historically referred to by the insulting term

15102: 15042: 13187: 13001: 12898: 12778: 12440: 12408: 12073: 12007: 11483: 11478: 10923: 10766: 10599: 10362: 9699: 9645:

Pankhurst, Alula (1999). "'Caste' in Africa: the evidence from south-western Ethiopia reconsidered".

7519: 7393: 7212: 6938: 5993: 5759: 5139: 4843: 4550: 4477: 4455: 4352: 4307: 3745: 3535: 3497: 3394: 2829:, they used the word to mean a 'clan or lineage'. It was, however, the Portuguese who first employed 1939: 1753: 1642: 1522: 1176: 1144: 793: 721: 276: 11002: 10992: 6613:

were caste-like social stratification systems. Similarly, in 1961, Maquet notes that the society in

2825:'s Spanish dictionary (1569), means "race, lineage, tribe or breed". When the Spanish colonised the 15047: 15037: 14394: 14206: 13447: 13335: 13182: 12951: 12883: 12706: 12661: 12523: 12403: 12380: 12316: 12246: 12130: 11927: 10418: 9865: 9215: 8606: 7015:

rigid nature of caste can work against those of darker skin complexion to hold positions of power.

6987: 6174:

describes this "class structure" as an updating of the hereditary "caste system", a combination of

4739: 4401: 3523: 3342: 3236: 3168: 2997: 2980: 2205: 2093: 1934: 1703: 1627: 1450: 1405: 1259: 1139: 1114: 1044: 974: 850: 11358: 8246: 4886:

historically the kings and rulers had been called upon, when required, to mediate on the ranks of

15225: 15194: 15092: 15027: 13901: 13730: 13710: 13572: 13562: 13520: 13150: 12991: 12848: 12843: 12813: 12808: 12751: 12686: 12671: 12604: 12577: 12562: 11965: 11795: 11660: 11159: 10937: 10449: 9803: 9584: 8519:[Regarding the absence of the terms "Shi-no-Ko-Sho" and "Equality of the Four Classes"]. 8274: 7745: 7524: 7367: 6187: 5679: 5673: 4890:, which might number in thousands all over the subcontinent and vary by region. In practice, the 4726: 4570: 4131: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3649: 3447: 3299: 3274: 3074: 3052: 2504: 2484: 2338: 2328: 2286: 1902: 1743: 1592: 1587: 1557: 1552: 1495: 1430: 1415: 1348: 1321: 1306: 682: 577: 340: 12788: 11566: 9581:

The Premise of Inequality in Ruanda: A Study of Political Relations in a Central African Kingdom

5638:, which was a legal caste system. The order of four classes of people in descending order were: 4956: 1532: 15220: 15052: 14681: 14423: 13829: 13802: 13792: 13272: 13252: 13115: 12986: 12878: 12823: 12793: 12773: 12701: 12681: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12557: 12528: 12501: 12472: 12467: 12393: 12058: 12048: 11886: 11805: 11506: 9497:

Richter, Dolores (January 1980). "Further considerations of caste in West Africa: The Senufo".

9261:

Asia Before Europe: Economy and Civilisation of the Indian Ocean from the Rise of Islam to 1750

7858: 6918: 6325: 6226:. Membership in the Yazidi society and a caste is conferred by birth. Pîrs and Sheikhs are the 5144:

The caste system in Sri Lanka is a division of society into strata, influenced by the textbook

4514: 4275: 3484: 3475: 3320: 3214: 2603: 2576: 2566: 2024: 2004: 1867: 1738: 1622: 1567: 1537: 1517: 1445: 1425: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1301: 1264: 1237: 1208: 1203: 1129: 778: 768: 567: 144: 75: 66: 20: 11219: 11185: 11118: 10961: 10805: 10724: 10644: 10617: 10220:"Social Realities of Indian Americans: Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey" 8895: 8854: 8841:

10 percent of the total population on average, but it could rise up to one-third of the total.

8819: 7323: 7273: 6027:, Korea systemised its own native class system. At the top were the two official classes, the 4902:, for example the Jats and Yadavs, straddled two Varnas i.e. Kshatriyas and Vaishyas, and the 15107: 15082: 15072: 15062: 15057: 14910: 13978: 13930: 13797: 13757: 13690: 13587: 13535: 13462: 13217: 12981: 12888: 12863: 12858: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12768: 12716: 12676: 12582: 12552: 12450: 12068: 11855: 11788: 11556: 11425: 11253: 11151: 10988: 10890: 10834: 10132: 9925: 7532: 7097: 6780: 5823: 5247: 5192: 5082: 5057: 5016: 4979: 2992: 2966: 2869: 2749: 2717:. Within such a system, individuals are expected to marry exclusively within the same caste ( 2710: 2571: 2531: 2464: 2353: 2301: 2220: 1969: 1733: 1632: 1607: 1602: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1512: 1460: 1420: 1326: 1296: 1186: 788: 641: 429: 27: 11536: 11418: 11086: 7547: 4960:

An image of a man and woman from the toddy-tapping community in Malabar from the manuscript

15168: 15163: 15067: 14937: 14888: 14282: 14248: 14233: 14069: 14016: 13668: 13202: 13076: 12903: 12783: 12741: 12691: 12666: 12482: 12445: 12181: 12043: 11916: 11865: 11860: 11551: 10898: 10842: 9055: 8351:

Rogers, John (February 2004). "Caste as a social category and identity in colonial Lanka".

7945: 7122: 7029: 6904:

which desire to retain their positions for themselves and thus perpetuate the two systems.

6849:, the offspring of unions between whites, blacks, and indigenous. The Republic of Indians ( 6767:

The socially isolated Cagots were endogamous, and chances of social mobility non-existent.

6747: 6707:, they have traditions of having previously spoken another language before adopting Oromo. 6519:

Tamari has described endogamous castes of over fifteen West African peoples, including the

6105:

of 1896, the class system of Korea was officially abolished. Following the collapse of the

5777:

Marriage between certain classes was generally prohibited. In particular, marriage between

4680: 4529: 3721: 3540: 3518: 2442: 1954: 1828: 1647: 1527: 1485: 1435: 1410: 1218: 1181: 909: 763: 434: 409: 164: 10656: 10649: 10166:"Group opposes protection from caste discrimination in California Varsity's faculty union" 9319:

Obinna, Elijah (2012). "Contesting identity: the Osu caste system among Igbo of Nigeria".

6722:

were traditionally sometimes treated as outcasts. As Gabboye, the Madhiban along with the

5307:

Classless societies – egalitarian societies with no class structure. Examples include the

8: 14552: 14357: 14332: 14312: 14216: 13844: 13705: 13340: 13242: 13222: 13011: 12919: 12873: 12853: 12818: 12711: 12506: 12311: 11835: 11760: 11738: 11733: 11680: 10794: 10457: 9009: 8769:

Newell, William H. (December 1961). "The Comparative Study of Caste in India and Japan".

8526: 7993: 7258: 7108: 6946: 6106: 4833: 4585: 4463: 4233: 3439: 3360: 3316: 3144: 3020: 2618: 2479: 2098: 1994: 1974: 1763: 1671: 1617: 1597: 1562: 1455: 1242: 1039: 637: 11546: 10441: 9916:[The cagots of the Pyrenees: an attested segregation, a poorly known mobility]. 6250:, who are each affiliated to a Pîr and a Sheikh priestly lineage assigned to the tribe. 14709: 14691: 14686: 14674: 14508: 14327: 14307: 14277: 14059: 14031: 13617: 13612: 13602: 13550: 13540: 13515: 13457: 13415: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13227: 12518: 11623: 11606: 11601: 11576: 11561: 11493: 11473: 11463: 11433: 11284:

Zwick-Maitreyi, M.; Soundararajan, T.; Dar, N.; Bheel, R. F.; Balakrishnan, P. (2018),

10591: 10259: 10106: 10098: 10061: 9778: 9750: 9742: 9664: 9627: 9561: 9524: 9516: 9413: 9373: 9336: 9118: 8788: 8432: 8368: 8217: 8209: 8041: 7970: 7599: 7477: 7421: 6993:

The racial understanding of caste has largely been debated by scholars, with some like

6950: 6930: 6926: 6012: 5782: 5579: 5540: 5523: 5495: 5423: 5100: 4987: 4676: 4485: 4468: 4396: 3737: 3572: 3420: 3338: 3030: 3007: 2383: 2378: 2368: 2316: 2306: 2281: 2215: 2173: 2083: 2078: 2073: 1979: 1254: 572: 474: 404: 193: 130: 80: 11049: 10245: 9948:

documentation exploited by G. Loubès and the documents published by Fay for Béarn and

6109:, the new cabinet, which became the Gwangmu government after the establishment of the 14714: 14632: 14369: 14322: 14260: 14089: 13876: 13787: 13715: 13700: 13499: 13442: 13247: 13155: 13046: 12966: 12803: 12098: 11830: 11711: 11294: 11263: 11231: 11197: 11193: 11163: 11130: 11103: 11057: 11028: 11006: 10973: 10902: 10874: 10846: 10813: 10770: 10736: 10732: 10709: 10690: 10660: 10629: 10603: 10461: 10339: 10191: 10146: 10136: 10110: 10065: 9939: 9855: 9754: 9703: 9588: 9565: 9528: 9417: 9377: 9340: 9269: 9188: 9178: 9155: 9122: 9110: 9061: 8937: 8905: 8864: 8823: 8808: 8720: 8683: 8642: 8490: 8461: 8394: 8372: 8333: 8308: 8221: 7895: 7866: 7828: 7777: 7749: 7700: 7574: 7425: 7413: 7331: 7285: 7281: 7216: 7089: 6979: 6934: 6880: 6855:) comprised all the various indigenous peoples, now classified in a single category, 6776: 6536: 6520: 6190:

officers' corps, the wavering class included peasants, and the impure class included

6075: 5099:

system superimposed. Inscriptions attest the beginnings of a caste system during the

3992: 3672: 3597: 3402: 3002: 2943: 2763:

were a category within the Hispanic sector but the social order was otherwise fluid.

2650: 2561: 2489: 2474: 2257: 2200: 1999: 1907: 1798: 1718: 1547: 818: 399: 384: 379: 10419:"India's Universities Are Falling Terribly Short on Addressing Caste Discrimination" 10025:

The Limits of Racial Domination: Plebeian Society in Colonial Mexico City, 1660–1720

6941:, with only rare but commonly touted exceptions to lasting personal success such as 6734:, and their general social status has improved with the expansion of urban centers. 15158: 15032: 14932: 14762: 14570: 14460: 14411: 14384: 14137: 14132: 13985: 13839: 13824: 13752: 13673: 13643: 13474: 13310: 13016: 12572: 12567: 12413: 12306: 11881: 11765: 11706: 11696: 11342: 11332:, Edited by Paul Hockings and Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, Amsterdam, 1987. 11082: 10453: 10218:

Badrinathan, Sumitra; Kapur, Devesh; Kay, Jonathan; Vaishnav, Milan (9 June 2021).

10129:

Seeing like a state: how certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed

10090: 10053: 9847: 9734: 9725: 9656: 9647: 9619: 9557: 9553: 9508: 9499: 9405: 9369: 9365: 9328: 9147: 9102: 8984: 8780: 8710:"Edo jidai no buke no kekkon wa kantan janakatta. Bakufu no kyoka mo hitsuyōdatta" 8514:"'Shinōkōshō' ya ' sì mín píng děng ' No yōgo ga tsukawa rete inai koto ni tsuite" 8360: 8283: 8205: 8201: 8170: 8101: 7848: 7405: 7152: 6942: 6897:

used caste as an analogy to understand racial discrimination in the United States.

6894: 6410: 6239: 6231: 5839: 5396: 5331: 5327: 5312: 5209: 5150: 5104: 5053:

leads to better husbandry as his actions are not protected by social expectations.

5028: 4992: 4970: 4864: 4828: 4703: 4638: 4251: 4027: 3614: 3282: 3060: 2891: 2879: 2778: 2722: 2613: 2598: 2526: 2447: 2417: 2232: 2068: 1768: 1316: 1311: 1149: 1034: 544: 534: 514: 504: 11384:

International Dalit Solidarity Network: An international advocacy group for Dalits

11369:

Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age

9432: 9106: 8747: 8744:"Class, Ethnicity and Nationality: Japan Finds Plenty of Space for Discrimination" 8288: 8269: 8175: 8156: 7409: 6449: 14903: 14595: 14406: 14152: 14142: 13854: 13762: 13658: 13607: 13467: 13452: 13432: 13397: 13110: 13021: 12956: 12746: 12696: 12477: 12331: 11870: 11642: 11531: 11020: 10868: 10758: 10442:"Transforming universities: Student activism, caste, and politics in North India" 9885: 9332: 7852: 7226: 7093: 6969:

became the first city in the United States to ban discrimination based on caste.

6900: 6876: 6784: 6685: 6642: 6606: 6564: 6540: 6349:

of Sudan, the exclusionary principle has been driven by evolving social factors.

6114: 6039:). Scholars had a significant social advantage over the warriors. Below were the 5835: 5070: 4685: 4661: 4524: 3562: 2628: 2536: 2432: 2373: 2225: 2210: 2190: 2155: 1862: 1773: 1708: 1490: 1440: 1213: 1059: 582: 539: 494: 479: 424: 174: 106: 101: 50: 16:

Formal and informal social stratification and classification which confers status

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The Korean Paekjŏng under Japanese rule: the quest for equality and human rights

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Scott, William Henry (1979). "Class Structure in the Unhispanized Philippines".

7742:

Pre-colonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra

15215: 14860: 14804: 14643: 14600: 14528: 14272: 14243: 14168: 14122: 14064: 14021: 13849: 13807: 13777: 13767: 13685: 13678: 13663: 13653: 13489: 13425: 13367: 13362: 13347: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13006: 12941: 12455: 12428: 12276: 11988: 11922: 11840: 11815: 11810: 11723: 10124: 9610: 9036: 8364: 7693:

Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present

7142: 7104: 7008: 6994: 6909: 6704: 6700: 6610: 6544: 6524: 6433: 6247: 6227: 6171: 6133: 6095: 6024: 5599: 5513: 5490: 5462: 5427: 5419: 5355: 5319: 5308: 5279: 5259: 5108: 5032: 4406: 4388: 4379: 4047: 3987: 3038: 2754: 2623: 2581: 2551: 2541: 2459: 2452: 2437: 2427: 2247: 2183: 2125: 2120: 2105: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1758: 1693: 1191: 1164: 1004: 690: 529: 519: 509: 454: 247: 9409: 9192: 8988: 7818: 6586:

populations, no later than 16th century. Tamari claims that wars, such as the

15209: 14701: 14498: 14287: 14157: 14147: 14105: 14079: 14074: 14011: 13971: 13861: 13484: 13420: 13405: 13267: 13232: 13212: 13083: 13026: 12961: 12353: 12256: 11905: 11825: 11701: 11586: 11443: 9159: 9114: 8559: 8521: 8337: 8241: 7417: 6922: 6711: 6674: 6560: 6532: 6437:

descendants of the original Songhai people, followed by freemen and traders.

6382: 6110: 6016: 5530: 5411: 5404: 5392: 5388: 5323: 4926: 4446: 4112: 4082: 3979: 3716: 3210: 3082: 2635: 2242: 2178: 2163: 2019: 1984: 1964: 1835: 1778: 1713: 1081: 984: 524: 459: 419: 414: 394: 282: 242: 237: 223: 213: 208: 111: 54: 10150: 9914:"Les cagots des Pyrénées: une ségrégation attestée, une mobilité mal connue" 9151: 8021: 7918: 6078:

activity in the late 19th century saw some improvement in the status of the

6059:: literally 'commoner'), farmers working their own fields. Korea also had a 4881:

were founded by people who would have been classified as Shudras, under the

14734: 14661: 14440: 14430: 14349: 14099: 14006: 13956: 13695: 13582: 13410: 13377: 13357: 13287: 13277: 13257: 13237: 12868: 12761: 12756: 12487: 12462: 12321: 12261: 12226: 12196: 11027:, (Macmillan social science library), Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference US, 10079:

Berreman, Gerald (September 1960). "Caste in India and the United States".

8771: 8564: 8330:

Caste ranking and community structure in five regions of India and Pakistan

8161: 6791: 6692: 6678: 6552: 6548: 6528: 6485: 6477: 6394: 6263: 6175: 5660: 5627: 5367: 5351: 5175: 4772: 4007: 3631: 3430: 3385: 3232: 2924: 2916: 2887: 2822: 2706: 2469: 2348: 2168: 2135: 2115: 2039: 2029: 2009: 1989: 1612: 1505: 1500: 1223: 1198: 1049: 989: 954: 924: 499: 489: 484: 444: 439: 389: 188: 169: 10878: 7466:

Wilson, E. O. (1979). "The Evolution of Caste Systems in Social Insects".

6625:, noted Maquet, considered themselves as superior, with the more numerous 2744:

The paradigmatic ethnographic example of caste is the division of India's

14898: 14729: 14719: 14669: 14651: 14562: 14523: 14317: 14228: 14211: 13597: 13557: 13525: 13392: 13352: 13192: 13105: 13056: 13031: 12931: 12614: 12343: 12326: 12281: 12201: 11581: 11372: 11287:

Caste in the United States: A survey of Caste among South Asian Americans

11056:, Macmillan social science library, Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference US, 10886: 10790: 9289: 8601: 7595:"Genetic study suggests caste began to dictate marriage from Gupta reign" 7248: 6556: 6501: 6465: 6442: 6402: 6378: 6370: 6345: 6333: 6195: 6102: 6068: 5827: 5708: 5653: 5631: 5435: 5431: 5289: 5179: 5049: 4823: 4169: 4122: 4117: 4052: 3260: 3104: 2738: 2363: 2323: 2291: 2150: 2110: 1944: 1857: 1808: 1783: 1683: 1358: 1071: 1054: 1009: 929: 469: 464: 11419:

Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)

10340:"Education and Caste Based Discrimination: A Sociological Understanding" 10317:"Indian student's fight against caste discrimination raises Dalit hopes" 9798:

Smith, Edwin William; Forde, Cyril Daryll; Westermann, Diedrich (1981).

9631: 8436: 7781: 5831: 14744: 14084: 13871: 13866: 13747: 13742: 13638: 13622: 13479: 13372: 13330: 13292: 13100: 13088: 13061: 13051: 12971: 12370: 12365: 12336: 12271: 12120: 11891: 11748: 11743: 11728: 10102: 9746: 9723:

Todd, D. M. (October 1977). "La Caste en Afrique? (Caste in Africa?)".

9668: 9520: 9394:

Tamari, Tal (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa".

8860: 8792: 8213: 8105: 7513: 6913: 6390: 5713: 5380: 5066: 5056:

Chiefly among the factors influencing the rise of exogamy is the rapid

4575: 4144: 4097: 3557: 3407: 2645: 2640: 2521: 2516: 2412: 2388: 2237: 2130: 2088: 2044: 1852: 1840: 1813: 1803: 1723: 1098: 1093: 1064: 999: 840: 361: 154: 149: 10929: 10812:, New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine Transaction Publishers, pp. 194–195, 7481: 7359: 7330:. New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine Transaction Publishers. pp. 194–195. 7080: 6441:

and sometimes despised by others. Richter illustrates caste system in

5015:

The socio-economic limitations of the caste system are reduced due to

14790: 14785: 14752: 14724: 14612: 14607: 14543: 14518: 14465: 14379: 14094: 14026: 13772: 13720: 13437: 13036: 12146: 11783: 11716: 11571: 11227: 10998: 10969: 10625: 10170: 9771:

Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies

9623: 8901: 8190:

Berreman, Gerald D. (1962). "Village Exogamy in Northernmost India".

8140: 7157: 6823: 6818: 6775:

In July 2013, the UK government announced its intention to amend the

6743: 6715: 6652: 6398: 6386: 6339: 6313: 6299: 6179: 6002: 5949: 5802: 5693: 5562: 5415: 5263: 5225: 5040: 4851: 4102: 4087: 4062: 4037: 4032: 3154: 2899: 2826: 2546: 2494: 2195: 1788: 874: 549: 218: 121: 9738: 9660: 9512: 9354:

Watson, James B. (Winter 1963). "Caste as a Form of Acculturation".

8784: 8092:

Sen, Ronojoy (2012). "The persistence of caste in Indian politics".

7567:

Before Mestizaje: The Frontiers of Race and Caste in Colonial Mexico

6879:, discrimination in the Southern United States in the 1930s against 6031:, which literally means "two classes". It was composed of scholars ( 5770: 5739: 5735: 5418:

to a degree. They include the larger coastal ethnic groups like the

35: 14799: 14771: 14757: 14624: 14590: 14548: 14533: 14493: 14238: 13737: 13567: 13494: 13145: 13071: 12976: 12936: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12216: 12211: 12156: 11876: 11259: 11126: 10250: 10094: 10057: 9949: 8815: 8073: 7364:

Oxford English Dictionary, Second edition; online version June 2012

7085: 7004: 6827:

Casta painting showing 16 racial groupings. Anonymous, 18th century

6719: 6696: 6670: 6657: 6426: 6259: 6223: 6125: 5929: 5786: 5467: 5372: 5238: 5112: 5024: 4855: 4072: 3176: 2920: 2745: 2726: 2718: 2511: 2333: 2252: 1897: 1823: 1728: 1688: 1029: 1024: 1019: 944: 939: 884: 203: 11330:

Dimensions of Social Life: Essays in honour of David G. Mandelbaum

10199: 9446:

Nadel, S. F. (1954). "Caste and government in primitive society".

2954: 14795: 14780: 14776: 14538: 14488: 14480: 14470: 14374: 14362: 14221: 14117: 14111: 12221: 12125: 12105: 12078: 12053: 11957: 11850: 11820: 9475: 8270:"Ecologic Relationships of Ethnic Groups in Swat, North Pakistan" 7137: 6966: 6731: 6618: 6473: 6469: 6422: 6374: 6357: 6166: 6154: 6121: 6028: 5961: 5911: 5875: 5696: 5642: 5575:. They traditionally went on seasonal raids on enemy settlements. 5518: 5284: 5234: 5216: 5004: 4965: 4859: 4847: 4107: 4067: 4057: 4022: 4017: 2903: 2895: 949: 845: 825: 798: 773: 698: 125: 11190:

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10897:. Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael Watts, Sarah Whatmore. 8119:

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7676:

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2911: 2883: 14767: 14580: 14513: 14453: 14448: 14255: 13922: 13197: 12206: 12110: 12088: 12083: 12033: 11845: 11328:"Early Evidence for Caste in South India", pp. 467–492 in 9843: 9696:

Understanding Somalia and Somaliland: Culture, History, Society

8016: 7990:"Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes population: Census 2001" 6758:

For centuries, through the modern times, the majority regarded

6614: 6461: 6453: 6309: 5955: 5893: 5859: 5778: 5590: 5584: 5556: 5489:

were almost always male, though in some ethnic groups like the

5451: 5243: 5229: 5220: 4164: 4092: 4077: 4042: 2907: 2709:

into which an individual is born within a particular system of

1949: 934: 830: 808: 803: 755: 9074: 8746:. South Asia Human Rights Documentation System. Archived from 5274: 5266:, and caste system studies in British colonies such as India. 5087:

The Nepali caste system resembles in some respects the Indian

14575: 14503: 13207: 11353: 10187:"Even in the U.S. he couldn't escape the label 'untouchable'" 7760:

Most of the Kakatiya records proudly describe them as Shudra.

7647:"Even with a Harvard pedigree, caste follows 'like a shadow'" 7554:. London, UK: Tavistock. pp. 231–256. GGKEY:EC3ZBGF5QC9. 6845: 6812: 6759: 6723: 6649:. and a later volume by Dena Freeman writing with Pankhurst. 6622: 6457: 6362: 6305: 6129: 5864: 5793: 5508: 5347: 4998: 4565: 4154: 4002: 3997: 2846: 2816: 2784: 2759: 1959: 198: 41: 10558: 10556: 26:"Caste system" redirects here. For the system in India, see 14585: 14127: 13819: 13648: 11096:

Debugging the Link between Social Theory and Social Insects

10955:

This is now the leading sense, which influences all others.

10246:"Seattle becomes first US city to ban caste discrimination" 10217: 9945: 7385:

This is now the leading sense, which influences all others.

6718:

agro-pastoral clans and the occupational clans such as the

6626: 6222:

There are three hereditary groups, often called castes, in

6060: 5943: 5731: 5647: 5607: 5473: 5197: 5171: 4917:

led by colonial administrator Herbert Hope Risley, all the

4826:

arbitrarily and incorrectly forced all Jātis into the four

4560: 2593: 2422: 9992:"Research report 91: Caste in Britain: Socio-legal Review" 9964:"Caste legislation introduction – programme and timetable" 9004:"North Korea caste system 'underpins human rights abuses'" 8483:

Barangay: sixteenth-century Philippine culture and society

7854:

The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India

7435: 7039:

Several forms of discrimination manifest in universities:

6504:

societies also have class divisions. Other castes include

4846:

texts, describes society as divided into four categories:

10553: 10543: 10541: 10539: 10537: 10535: 10522: 10520: 10518: 10503: 9294: 7552:

The translation of culture essays to E.E. Evans-Pritchard

7132: 6630: 5370:

ethnic groups or ethnic groups which had seasonal raids (

4580: 4012: 2799: 2734: 2730: 10683:

Ant Encounters: Interaction Networks and Colony Behavior

10568: 10481: 10479: 10477: 8856:

Women and Confucianism in Choson Korea: New Perspectives

7966:"Scaling Caste Walls With Capitalism's Ladders in India" 7888:

Homo hierarchicus: the caste system and its implications

7447: 2890:

conceptualised a society as consisting of four types of

9347: 9230:

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8138:

Gandhi, Divya (2 April 2016). "Running in the family".

7820:

Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of New India

10839:

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10532: 10515: 10491: 10396:"India 'struggling' with casteism in higher education" 9840:

The invention of racism: Antiquity and the Middle Ages

8431:(2, Special Issue in Memory of Frank Lynch): 137–159. 7772:

Notes of Yuan Chwang, Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1934).

6730:) have since obtained political representation within 6570:

no later than 14th century, and was present among the

11380:

by Marguerite Abadjian (Archive of the Baltimore Sun)

10474: 10042:

Warner, W. Lloyd (1936). "American Caste and Class".

8853:

Kim, Youngmin; Pettid, Michael J. (1 November 2011).

7488: 6285: 6279: 6273: 6267: 5730:(身分制). At the top were the Emperor and Court nobles ( 2802: 2796: 2787: 2781: 10685:. Primers in Complex Systems. Princeton and Oxford: 10305:: 227–252 – via Cambridge University Press Journals. 9821:. LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster. pp. 13–14. 9797: 9092: 9041:

Nothing to Envy: Love, Life and Death in North Korea

8897:

Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia

7069: 5208:(once born), much similar to the traditional Indian 4937:(conceptual classification based on occupation) and 2805: 2790: 11383: 11364:

Robert Merton on Caste and The Sociology of Science

9245:

Why the Middle East Lagged Behind: The Case of Iran

10648: 10288:: 323–345 – via EBSCOhost Academic Search Premier. 9057:The Impossible State: North Korea, Past and Future 9002: 8807: 7512: 6496:(slaves and slave descendants) and the underclass 6488:in Senegal is divided into three main groups, the 13783:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 11188:. In Christensen, Karen; Levinson, David (eds.). 11054:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 11025:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 10651:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions 10157: 9214:These four are the three common "Indo-Euoropean" 9060:. Internet Archive. New York: Ecco. p. 186. 8344: 8037:"For 15 million in India, a childhood of slavery" 7796:"Census in Colonial India and the Birth of Caste" 7469:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 6883:was similar to Indian castes in such features as 6246:). Mirîds are the lay caste and are divided into 6230:, which are represented by many sacred lineages ( 6120:While most Koreans by then had surnames and even 5023:. Nevertheless, the caste system still exists in 2557:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 15207: 10706:Ants at work: How an insect society is organized 10622:Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology 8069:"UN report slams India for caste discrimination" 7915:"The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order 1950" 7257:, Encyclopæida Britannica Online, archived from 2830: 13443:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 11283: 11255:Dictionary of Concepts in Cultural Anthropology 10205: 9872: 8508: 8506: 8307:. Aldine Publishing Company. pp. 337–354. 8305:The New Wind: Changing Identities in South Asia 8303:Ahmed, Zeyauddin (1977). David, Kenneth (ed.). 7511: 7028:determining factor in the university system in 6837:), comprising European whites, African slaves ( 6794:led a project on "Caste in Britain" for the UK 5746: 2201:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 12925:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 11125:, vol. 1, Santa Barbara, CA; Oxford, UK: 10620:. In Barnard, Alan; Spencer, Jonathan (eds.). 10338:Kahali, Sonu; Sagarika, Sipra (October 2021). 10337: 9835:L'invention du racisme: Antiquité et Moyen-Âge 9199: 8584: 8582: 7628:"Caste originated during Gupta dynasty: Study" 6023:In 1392, with the foundation of the Confucian 5753: 4910:itself was subject to articulation over time. 1677:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 13938: 11973: 11404: 11217: 11149: 7441: 7018: 6856: 6850: 6838: 6832: 5981: 5485:, support may be withdrawn by his followers. 4925:categories. According to political scientist 4799: 2814: 2682: 659: 14842: 14622: 11756:Residential segregation in the United States 11123:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery 10729:Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society 10655:. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. p. 10446:Universities as Transformative Social Spaces 9831: 8810:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery 8546: 8544: 8503: 8418: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8410: 8034: 7278:Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society 7195: 7193: 6887:and marriage restrictions. In her 2020 book 6054: 6044: 6006: 5499:) co-rules as the female counterpart of the 2986:Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and 13141:List of people killed for being transgender 9842:]. Hors collection (in French). Paris: 9435:. International Humanist and Ethical Union. 8595:[Update on human rights awareness] 8579: 8554:第35回　教科書から『士農工商』が消えたー後編ー　令和3年広報うき「ウキカラ」8月号 7545: 7507: 7505: 7503: 7391: 5659:Southerners (people of the former Southern 4868:classifications. Scholars believe that the 4818:From 1901 onwards, for the purposes of the 4503:Ambassadors and High Commissioners of India 1893:List of people killed for being transgender 45:weaving bamboo baskets in a 1916 book. The 13945: 13931: 11980: 11966: 11411: 11397: 11079:The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Sociology 10224:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 9791: 9783:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9389: 9387: 9314: 9312: 9290:"Yemen's Al-Akhdam face brutal oppression" 9247:. University Press of America. p. 72. 8719:(in Japanese). 6 June 2023. Archived from 8012:"Children pay high price for cheap labour" 7793: 7539: 6959:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 5974: 5678:There is significant controversy over the 4941:(groups) are two distinct concepts: while 4832:categories as described in ancient texts. 4806: 4792: 2813:) derives from the Spanish and Portuguese 2689: 2675: 666: 652: 594:Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems 10994:Encyclopedia of International Development 10964:. In Kuper, Adam; Kuper, Jessica (eds.). 10360: 9644: 9608:Codere, Helen (1962). "Power in Ruanda". 9257: 9172: 9135: 8970: 8968: 8936:. Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 326. 8852: 8805: 8541: 8407: 8353:Indian Economic and Social History Review 8287: 8174: 7982: 7190: 6871:Caste discrimination in the United States 6645:has published a study of caste groups in 6161:Committee for Human Rights in North Korea 6071:of 1894, but traces remained until 1930. 4982:listed 1,108 Jatis across the country as 3655:National Judicial Appointments Commission 14830: 12237:Social determinants of health in poverty 11251: 11116: 10866: 10806:"Castes (part of Social Stratification)" 10803: 10615: 10574: 10299:Journal of race, ethnicity, and politics 10163: 10078: 9689: 9687: 9043:. London: Fourth Estate. pp. 26–27. 8893: 8702: 8679:結婚は主君の許可が必要だが、離婚するときはどうだった？江戸時代「武士」の一生行事 8327: 8189: 7963: 7500: 7494: 7453: 7324:"Castes (part of SOCIAL STRATIFICATION)" 7321: 7311: 6822: 6726:and Tumaal (collectively referred to as 6651: 6356: 5992: 5745:Older scholars believed that there were 5712: 5273: 5165: 4962:Seventy-two Specimens of Castes in India 4955: 4150:Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu 965:Social determinants of health in poverty 34: 11093: 11076: 11047: 10873:. New York and London: The Century Co. 10810:A New Dictionary of the Social Sciences 10756: 10642: 10590: 10562: 10547: 10526: 10509: 10497: 10417:Sitlhou, Makepeace (21 November 2017). 10416: 10314: 9767: 9496: 9384: 9309: 8889: 8887: 8663: 8449: 8443: 8384: 8382: 7879: 7847: 7328:A New Dictionary of the Social Sciences 7202: 6124:, although still substantial number of 5656:people (in the northern areas of China) 4974:categories from the 1901 census onwards 2935:This article is part of a series on the 614:Political and Legal Anthropology Review 15208: 11183: 11150:Scott, John; Marshall, Gordon (2005). 10832: 10703: 10680: 10485: 10429:from the original on 25 November 2023. 10406:from the original on 25 November 2023. 10383:from the original on 25 November 2023. 10327:from the original on 25 November 2023. 10315:Nagaraj, Anuradha (29 November 2021). 10184: 10041: 9878: 9607: 9578: 9541: 9393: 9353: 9318: 9227: 9080: 9035: 8965: 8768: 8624: 8474: 8350: 8137: 8118: 8035:Coursen-Neff, Zama (30 January 2003). 7885: 7739: 7625: 7564: 7465: 7103:The ecologically oriented sociologist 6998:fit the caste system reflected by the 6790:From September 2013 to February 2014, 6609:in 1960 claimed that the societies in 5781:and court nobles was forbidden by the 5125:Caste system among South Asian Muslims 4858:(farmers, merchants and artisans) and 4691:State Visits by Indian Prime Ministers 2874:Caste system among South Asian Muslims 270:Societies without hierarchical leaders 14829: 14186: 13926: 11961: 11392: 11310:from the original on 3 September 2021 11087:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190273385.013.28 10986: 10959: 10885: 10789: 10722: 10439: 10243: 10123: 9911: 9816: 9693: 9684: 9468:"Kingdoms of Ancient African History" 9445: 9242: 8974: 8669: 8480: 8453:An Introduction to Philippine History 8422: 8302: 8267: 8154: 7816: 7810: 7794:Samarendra, Padmanabh (5 June 2015). 7271: 7247: 6890:Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents 6621:can be best described as castes. The 6308:there exists a hereditary caste, the 5621: 5204:(twice born), and the lower class of 5156: 4945:is a theoretical four-part division, 4183:Proposed states and union territories 2919:of unrelated Indians determined that 2882:on the social ethnic grouping called 13907: 12947:Capital punishment for homosexuality 12242:Social determinants of mental health 11940: 11224:Encyclopedia of the Developing World 11018: 10393: 10164:Lakshman, Sriram (24 January 2022). 10022: 9997:Equality and Human Rights Commission 9893:from the original on 12 January 2021 9722: 9545:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 9430: 9357:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 9017:from the original on 11 January 2022 8884: 8741: 8388: 8379: 8193:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 8121:Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 7964:Polgreen, Lydia (21 December 2011). 7533:participating institution membership 6796:Equality and Human Rights Commission 6714:are divided into clans, wherein the 4978:Upon independence from Britain, the 1699:Capital punishment for homosexuality 970:Social determinants of mental health 13067:Genital modification and mutilation 11761:Segregation academy (United States) 11676:Sex segregation in public restrooms 10281:Journal of African American Studies 9177:. Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 27. 9053: 8956: 8931: 8894:Campbell, Gwyn (23 November 2004). 8091: 7690: 6500:. In various parts of West Africa, 6484:slaves as inferior. Similarly, the 4921:were grouped under the theoretical 1819:Genital modification and mutilation 13: 14188: 14187: 11987: 11316: 10804:Mitchell, Geoffrey Duncan (2006), 10458:10.1093/oso/9780192865571.003.0008 10185:Walker, Nani Sahra (4 July 2021). 9449:Journal of Anthropological Society 8234: 8157:"Intermarriage in Caste Societies" 7675: 7644: 7603:. 16 February 2016. Archived from 7392:Kanti Ghosh, Sumit (18 May 2023). 7322:Mitchell, Geoffrey Duncan (2006). 6972: 6015:in the 11th century. The defeated 5818:are regarded as "ostracised". The 3453:Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2953: 2844:is sometimes used to describe the 14: 15237: 11336: 11218:Sooryamoorthi, Radhamany (2006). 11121:, in Rodriguez, Junius P. (ed.), 10895:The Dictionary of Human Geography 10727:. In Schaefer, Richard T. (ed.). 8686:. 31 January 2022. Archived from 8487:Ateneo de Manila University Press 8458:Ateneo de Manila University Press 8268:Barth, Fredrick (December 1956). 7276:. In Schaefer, Richard T. (ed.). 7070:Caste in sociology and entomology 6770: 6636: 6601: 6192:collaborators with Imperial Japan 5682:, especially with regards to the 5578:Commoners and slaves – (Visayan, 5161: 4264:Lieutenant Governor/Administrator 3660:National Legal Services Authority 3369:Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs 588:Political economy in anthropology 15190: 15189: 13952: 13906: 13897: 13896: 13546:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 13383:Law for Protection of the Nation 13283:White genocide conspiracy theory 11939: 11911: 11910: 11325:by David Ludden 11 December 2001 11100:Louisiana State University Press 10799:, Encyclopæida Britannica Online 10433: 10410: 10387: 10354: 10331: 10308: 10291: 10272: 10237: 10211: 9881:"The Last Untouchable in Europe" 9832:Delacampagne, Christian (1983). 9433:"Caste discrimination in Africa" 8155:Davis, Kingsley (13 June 2013). 6864: 6806: 6753: 6405:states of the country – scholar 6074:The opening of Korea to foreign 5722:, higher than most court nobles. 4766: 2858: 2777: 2312:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 2141:Law for Protection of the Nation 2035:White genocide conspiracy theory 697: 13388:MSM blood donation restrictions 13136:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 11222:. In Leonard, Thomas M. (ed.). 10936:(Second ed.), Oxford, UK: 10440:Kumar, Satendra (31 May 2022). 10394:Adil, Ahmad (24 January 2022). 10244:Matza, Max (22 February 2023). 10178: 10117: 10072: 10035: 10016: 9984: 9956: 9924:(1–3): 197–222 . Archived from 9905: 9825: 9810: 9773:. Trondheim. pp. 299–309 . 9761: 9716: 9675: 9638: 9601: 9572: 9535: 9490: 9460: 9439: 9424: 9282: 9251: 9236: 9221: 9208: 9166: 9129: 9086: 9047: 9029: 8995: 8950: 8925: 8846: 8799: 8762: 8735: 8712:江戸時代の武家の結婚は簡単じゃなかった。幕府の許可も必要だった 8657: 8321: 8296: 8261: 8228: 8183: 8148: 8131: 8112: 8085: 8061: 8028: 8004: 7957: 7933: 7917:. Lawmin.nic.in. Archived from 7907: 7841: 7787: 7766: 7740:Talbot, Austin Cynthia (2001). 7733: 7723: 7713: 7684: 7669: 7638: 7626:Kalyan, Ray (27 January 2016). 7619: 7171: 5174:. Photo from 1870, courtesy of 2146:MSM blood donation restrictions 1888:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 14831: 13401:(as religious or racial quota) 11323:Spectres of Agrarian Territory 11052:, in William A. Darity (ed.), 11048:Roberts, Nathaniel P. (2008), 11023:, in William A. Darity (ed.), 9558:10.1086/soutjanth.16.1.3629054 9397:The Journal of African History 9370:10.1086/soutjanth.19.4.3629284 8516:「士農工商」や「四民平等」の用語が使われていないことについて 8206:10.1086/soutjanth.18.1.3629123 8077:. 2 March 2007. Archived from 7949:. 27 June 2022. Archived from 7587: 7558: 7459: 7128:Inter-caste marriages in India 6352: 6148: 5366:. This society is typical for 5269: 4850:(scholars and yajna priests), 2159:(as religious or racial quota) 450:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges 1: 13815:Second-generation gender bias 13531:Constitutional colorblindness 12232:Social determinants of health 10867:Mukerjee, Radhakamal (1926). 10350:(2) – via ResearchGate. 10082:American Journal of Sociology 10045:American Journal of Sociology 10029:University of Wisconsin Press 9879:Thomas, Sean (28 July 2008). 9846:. pp. 114–115, 121–124. 9107:10.1080/00210862.2019.1669118 8806:Rodriguez, Junius P. (1997). 8641:(in Japanese). Archived from 8605:(in Japanese). Archived from 8563:(in Japanese). Archived from 8525:(in Japanese). Archived from 8481:Scott, William Henry (1994). 8289:10.1525/aa.1956.58.6.02a00080 8176:10.1525/aa.1941.43.3.02a00030 7800:Economic and Political Weekly 7776:Poona: Oriental Book Agency. 7550:. In Beidelman, T. O. (ed.). 7410:10.1080/14759756.2023.2208502 7184: 5768:), craftsmen, and merchants ( 5293: 4745:Pan-African e-Network project 2589:Second-generation gender bias 2297:Constitutional colorblindness 960:Social determinants of health 621:Journal of Legal Anthropology 289:The Art of Not Being Governed 11252:Winthrop, Robert H. (1991). 10997:, Abingdon, Oxon; New York: 10708:. New York: The Free Press. 10643:Doniger, Wendy, ed. (1999). 10361:Gundemeda, Nagaraju (2020). 10344:Social Issues & Problems 9971:Government Equalities Office 9431:Igwe, Leo (21 August 2009). 9333:10.1080/14725843.2011.614412 8590:"Jinken ishiki no appudēto" 7546:Pitt-Rivers, Julian (1971). 7314:, pp. 136–137. Quote: " 6563:. Castes appeared among the 6206: 6201: 5684:serfdom in Tibet controversy 5616: 5334:who had warriors called the 5186: 5133: 4894:may or may not fit into the 4824:British colonial authorities 4430:Ministry of External Affairs 3966:States and union territories 3641:Additional Solicitor General 2923:jatis originated during the 2766: 7: 13726:Medical model of disability 13578:Hate speech laws by country 11618:Brown v. Board of Education 11184:Sonnad, Subhash R. (2003). 11117:Salamone, Frank A. (1997), 10966:Social Science Encyclopedia 10893:. In Gregory, Derek (ed.). 10757:Lagasse, Paul, ed. (2007), 10704:Gordon, Deborah M. (1999). 10681:Gordon, Deborah M. (2010). 9918:Le Monde alpin et rhodanien 9852:10.3917/fayar.delac.1983.01 9579:Maquet, Jacques J. (1962). 8934:Colonial Modernity in Korea 8742:Nair, Ravi (18 June 2001). 7892:University of Chicago Press 7863:University of Chicago Press 7817:Dirks, Nicholas B. (2001). 7203:Lagasse, Paul, ed. (2007). 7115: 6933:prevented many industrious 6801: 6762:who lived primarily in the 6673:in communities such as the 6286: 6280: 6274: 6268: 6243: 6235: 5747: 5358:refer to their warriors as 5118: 4898:classes and many prominent 4211:Community Development Block 3787:Vice Presidential elections 3692:Chief Election Commissioner 3581:Ministry of Law and Justice 3458:Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2988:Fundamental Duties of India 2500:Medical model of disability 2344:Hate speech laws by country 10: 15242: 14037:Weberian (three-component) 13835:Social model of disability 12287:Discrimination against men 11527:Czechoslovakia and Hungary 11094:Rodgers, Diane M. (2008). 10687:Princeton University Press 10583: 10264:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 9173:Omarkhali, Khanna (2017). 9139:Journal of Kurdish Studies 8365:10.1177/001946460404100104 7825:Princeton University Press 7697:Cambridge University Press 7571:Cambridge University Press 7019:Caste and higher education 6912:elaborates on how "global 6868: 6816: 6810: 6710:The traditionally nomadic 6323: 6297: 6218:Yazidi social organization 6215: 6211: 6152: 5706: 5671: 5210:BKVS social stratification 5190: 5137: 5122: 5080: 2867: 2821:, which, according to the 2609:Social model of disability 1015:Discrimination against men 627:Journal of Law and Society 347:Colonialism and resistance 25: 18: 15185: 15126: 15018: 14986: 14953: 14879: 14851: 14838: 14825: 14743: 14700: 14660: 14642: 14561: 14479: 14439: 14348: 14341: 14296: 14199: 14195: 14182: 14045: 13999: 13995: 13966: 13892: 13631: 13508: 13301: 13188:Opposition to immigration 12912: 12542: 12379: 12139: 12089:Race / Ethnicity 12026: 11995: 11900: 11774: 11689: 11641: 11572:Apartheid in South Africa 11492: 11424: 11156:A Dictionary of Sociology 10991:, in Forsyth, Tim (ed.), 10934:Oxford English Dictionary 10924:Oxford English Dictionary 10767:Columbia University Press 10763:The Columbia Encyclopedia 10600:Stanford University Press 10370:Asian and African Studies 10023:Cope, R. Douglas (1994). 9912:Jolly, Geneviève (2000). 9700:Columbia University Press 9410:10.1017/S0021853700025718 9258:Chaudhuri, K. N. (1990). 8989:10.1017/S0026749X04001106 8637:[Family status]. 8450:Arcilla, José S. (1998). 7520:Oxford English Dictionary 7442:Scott & Marshall 2005 7213:Columbia University Press 7209:The Columbia Encyclopedia 6737: 6421:class systems of eastern 6319: 6055: 6045: 6007: 5969: 5754: 5626:During the period of the 5140:Caste system in Sri Lanka 3730:State Election Commission 3498:Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud 1940:Opposition to immigration 809:Race / Ethnicity 301:Non-western state systems 277:African Political Systems 15159:Pre-industrial East Asia 13183:Occupational segregation 12952:Compulsory sterilization 10960:Parry, Jonathan (2003). 10723:Gupta, Dipankar (2008). 10616:Béteille, André (2002). 10598:, Stanford, California: 9083:, pp. 28, 197, 202. 8957:Kim, Joong-Seop (2003). 8711: 8678: 8633: 8591: 8553: 8515: 8328:Marriott, McKim (1960). 7272:Gupta, Dipankar (2008). 7164: 6988:Indian Ocean Slave Trade 6343:of East Africa, and the 6293: 6063:population known as the 6013:Khitan invasion of Korea 5845: 5824:minority groups in Japan 5702: 5667: 5399:peoples, as well as the 5076: 3957:Administrative divisions 3873:State Assembly elections 3331:Leader of the Opposition 3225:Leader of the Opposition 2981:Basic structure doctrine 2863: 1935:Occupational segregation 1704:Compulsory sterilization 14207:Administrative detainee 13711:Internalized oppression 13573:Fighting Discrimination 13563:Fat acceptance movement 13521:Anti-discrimination law 13161:Native American mascots 11796:Anti-miscegenation laws 11631:Anti-miscegenation laws 11348:Encyclopædia Britannica 11160:Oxford University Press 11050:"Anthropology of Caste" 10987:Pavri, Firooza (2004), 10968:. London and New York: 10938:Oxford University Press 10450:Oxford University Press 9804:Oxford University Press 9585:Oxford University Press 9152:10.2143/jks.6.0.2038092 9054:Cha, Victor D. (2013). 8460:. p. 14–16. 8275:American Anthropologist 8235:R., A. (13 June 2013). 7859:Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber 7746:Oxford University Press 7525:Oxford University Press 7368:Oxford University Press 6885:residential segregation 6629:and the least numerous 6253: 6086:into worship, with non- 5764:of "samurai, peasants ( 5680:social classes of Tibet 5674:Social classes of Tibet 5376:) into enemy territory. 5170:A Sudra caste man from 4988:positive discrimination 4929:, Risley believed that 4854:(rulers and warriors), 3568:Pendency of court cases 3467:Code of Civil Procedure 3448:Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 3300:Harivansh Narayan Singh 3075:Prime Minister of India 3053:Vice President of India 2485:Internalized oppression 2339:Fighting Discrimination 2329:Fat acceptance movement 2287:Anti-discrimination law 1913:Native American mascots 326:and the State in Africa 14623: 13830:Social identity threat 13803:Reverse discrimination 13793:Racial color blindness 13273:Violence against women 13253:Sex-selective abortion 11887:White Australia policy 11806:Corporative federalism 9944:and Y. Guy, using the 7996:. 2004. Archived from 7886:Dumont, Louis (1980), 6983:group as lower caste. 6919:southern United States 6857: 6851: 6839: 6834:República de Españoles 6833: 6828: 6665: 6366: 6326:Caste system in Africa 6141:("people") and later, 6128:, mostly consisted of 5998: 5723: 5300: 5183: 5091:system, with numerous 5010:caste-related violence 4975: 4494:Diplomatic missions of 3760:Presidential elections 3674:Elections and Politics 3476:Supreme Court of India 2958: 2831: 2815: 2604:Social identity threat 2577:Reverse discrimination 2567:Racial color blindness 2025:Violence against women 2005:Sex-selective abortion 568:Circumscription theory 355:Europe and the People 324:Technology, Tradition, 58: 53:found in the state of 21:Caste (disambiguation) 15164:Pre-industrial Europe 13798:Religious intolerance 13758:Political correctness 13588:Intersex human rights 13536:Cultural assimilation 13218:Religious persecution 12982:Disability hate crime 12757:Jewish / Antisemitism 11856:Religious intolerance 11192:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 10899:John Wiley & Sons 10843:John Wiley & Sons 10833:Morris, Mike (2012). 10596:The Meiji Restoration 10133:Yale University Press 9928:on 13 February 2023. 9817:Lewis, I. M. (1999). 9694:Lewis, I. M. (2008). 9228:Taheri, Amir (1986). 8237:"Indian Reservations" 7802:: 7–8. Archived from 7691:Roy, Kaushik (2012). 7548:"On the word 'caste'" 7098:University of Chicago 6826: 6655: 6590:war described in the 6360: 6298:Further information: 6216:Further information: 6184:Korean Workers' Party 5996: 5734:), together with the 5716: 5554:Warriors – (Visayan: 5506:Nobility – (Visayan: 5493:, the female shaman ( 5277: 5193:Balinese caste system 5169: 5083:Caste system in Nepal 5058:urbanisation in India 4959: 4696:State Visits to India 4370:Municipal Corporation 4288:Deputy Chief Minister 3846:Rajya Sabha elections 3709:Election Commissioner 2957: 2870:Caste system in India 2750:caste system in India 2711:social stratification 2572:Religious intolerance 2532:Political correctness 2354:Intersex human rights 2302:Cultural assimilation 1970:Religious persecution 1734:Disability hate crime 1501:Jewish / Antisemitism 642:cultural anthropology 430:E. E. Evans-Pritchard 283:Papuan Big man system 38: 28:Caste system in India 15021: or countries 14832:By country or region 14070:Class discrimination 13203:Political repression 12192:Anti-left handedness 12182:Anti-intellectualism 11866:Second-class citizen 11861:Reservation in India 11587:United Arab Emirates 11517:Bulgaria and Romania 11196:. pp. 115–121. 11158:. Oxford; New York: 11019:Ramu, G. N. (2008), 10735:. pp. 246–250. 10628:. pp. 136–137. 10624:. New York; London: 9587:. pp. 135–171. 8977:Modern Asian Studies 8389:Boon, James (1977). 8000:on 13 February 2021. 7865:. pp. 116–117. 7565:Vinson, Ben (2018). 7284:. pp. 246–250. 7261:on 24 October 2023, 7123:Estates of the realm 6748:estates of the realm 6188:Korean People's Army 6076:Christian missionary 5851:Joseon class system 5822:are one of the main 5344:Cordillera highlands 5342:. Similarly, in the 5212:— or on four castes 4915:1901 Census of India 4714:Sino-Indian Disputes 4677:Foreign aid by India 4672:Extradition Treaties 4606:Non-Aligned Movement 4520:Overseas Citizenship 4362:Municipal Governance 4321:Legislative Assembly 4221:Urban Agglomerations 4191:Autonomous Divisions 3915:National coalitions 3722:Sukhbir Singh Sandhu 1955:Political repression 920:Anti-left handedness 910:Anti-intellectualism 435:Wolfgang Fikentscher 410:Henri J. M. Claessen 165:Pantribal sodalities 19:For other uses, see 14553:Vanniar (Chieftain) 13706:Historical eugenics 13243:Segregation academy 13223:Religious terrorism 13012:Enemy of the people 12920:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 12424:Jehovah's Witnesses 12312:Perpetual foreigner 11734:Exclusionary zoning 11681:Separatist feminism 11459:Partition of Bengal 10592:Beasley, William G. 10206:Equality Labs, 2018 10004:on 27 February 2023 9472:africankingdoms.com 9216:social tripartition 9013:. UK. 6 June 2012. 9010:The Daily Telegraph 8529:on 30 November 2023 8081:on 19 January 2024. 7994:Government of India 7978:on 24 October 2023. 7678:The People of India 7523:(Online ed.). 7109:Radhakamal Mukerjee 6852:República de Indios 6492:(freeborn/nobles), 5905:intermediate class 5852: 4980:Indian Constitution 4834:Herbert Hope Risley 4719:Disputes with Nepal 4709:Indo-Pakistani Wars 4464:Kirti Vardhan Singh 4338:Official Opposition 4316:Legislative Council 4140:Andaman and Nicobar 3814:Lok Sabha elections 3683:Election Commission 3440:Indian criminal law 3361:Pramod Chandra Mody 3317:Jagat Prakash Nadda 3309:Leader of the House 3203:Leader of the House 2480:Historical eugenics 1995:Segregation academy 1975:Religious terrorism 1764:Enemy of the people 1672:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 1160:Jehovah's Witnesses 1040:Perpetual foreigner 578:Left–right paradigm 15134:18th-century Spain 14988:Standard of living 14692:Upper middle class 14687:Lower middle class 14278:Political prisoner 14060:Chattering classes 14032:Spoon class theory 13618:Social integration 13613:Self-determination 13603:Racial integration 13551:Diversity training 13541:Cultural pluralism 13516:Affirmative action 13416:Racial segregation 13326:Crime of apartheid 13228:Religious violence 12721:Indigenous people 12116:Sexual orientation 11624:Massive resistance 11612:School segregation 11607:Separate but equal 11532:Dominican Republic 11434:Partition of India 11262:. pp. 27–30. 10870:Regional Sociology 10208:, pp. 20, 27. 9321:African Identities 9243:ʻAlamdārī, Kāẓim. 9232:. Encounter books. 8425:Philippine Studies 8249:on 24 October 2023 8106:10.5509/2012852363 8042:The New York Times 7971:The New York Times 7894:, pp. 66–67, 7651:The World from PRX 7607:on 24 October 2023 7600:The Indian Express 7081:caste polymorphism 6995:Dr. B. R. Ambedkar 6951:Madame C.J. Walker 6931:white supremacists 6927:domestic terrorism 6901:Gerald D. Berreman 6875:In the opinion of 6843:), and mixed-race 6829: 6666: 6578:, as well as some 6367: 6284:), and commoners ( 5999: 5850: 5814:underclasses. The 5783:Tokugawa shogunate 5724: 5622:China and Mongolia 5301: 5184: 5157:Outside South Asia 5021:affirmative action 4976: 4913:Starting with the 4842:, as mentioned in 4486:Vinay Mohan Kwatra 4469:Pabitra Margherita 4397:District Panchayat 4216:Metropolitan Areas 3339:Mallikarjun Kharge 3031:President of India 3008:Uniform Civil Code 2959: 2384:Social integration 2379:Self-determination 2369:Racial integration 2317:Diversity training 2307:Cultural pluralism 2282:Affirmative action 2174:Racial segregation 2084:Crime of apartheid 1980:Religious violence 1465:Indigenous people 836:Sexual orientation 573:Legal anthropology 475:Thomas Blom Hansen 405:Robert L. Carneiro 194:Segmentary lineage 131:Leveling mechanism 81:legal anthropology 59: 15203: 15202: 15181: 15180: 15177: 15176: 15014: 15013: 14821: 14820: 14817: 14816: 14813: 14812: 14715:Lumpenproletariat 14217:illegal immigrant 14178: 14177: 14090:Classless society 13920: 13919: 13788:Racism by country 13716:Intersectionality 13701:Heteronormativity 13500:Voter suppression 13248:Sexual harassment 13047:Forced conversion 12967:Cultural genocide 12620:African Americans 12434:post–Cold War era 12419:Eastern Orthodoxy 12177:Anti-drug addicts 12172:Anti-homelessness 12099:Scientific racism 11955: 11954: 11831:Majority minority 11712:Ethnic federalism 11494:Ethnic and racial 11454:Greece and Turkey 11300:978-0-692-94411-0 11293:, Equality Labs, 11269:978-0-313-24280-9 11237:978-0-415-97662-6 11230:. pp. 252–. 11203:978-0-7619-2598-9 11194:SAGE Publications 11169:978-0-19-860987-2 11136:978-0-87436-885-7 11109:978-0-8071-3369-9 11063:978-0-02-865967-1 11034:978-0-02-865967-1 11012:978-0-415-25342-0 10979:978-0-415-28560-5 10908:978-1-4443-5995-4 10852:978-1-4443-3209-4 10819:978-0-202-30878-4 10776:978-0-231-14446-9 10742:978-1-4129-2694-2 10733:SAGE Publications 10731:. Thousand Oaks: 10696:978-0-691-13879-4 10666:978-0-87779-044-0 10635:978-0-415-28558-2 10565:, pp. 81–82. 10512:, pp. 80–82. 10467:978-0-19-286557-1 10192:Los Angeles Times 9868:on 19 April 2023. 9709:978-0-231-70084-9 9594:978-0-19-823168-4 9275:978-0-521-31681-1 9184:978-3-447-10856-0 9067:978-0-06-199850-8 8943:978-0-674-00594-5 8911:978-1-135-75917-9 8870:978-1-4384-3777-4 8829:978-0-87436-885-7 8684:The Asahi Shimbun 8567:on 30 August 2023 8496:978-971-550-135-4 8467:978-971-550-261-0 8400:978-0-521-21398-1 8314:978-90-279-7959-9 7901:978-0-226-16963-7 7872:978-0-226-73137-7 7849:Rudolph, Lloyd I. 7834:978-0-691-08895-2 7755:978-0-19803-123-9 7706:978-1-107-01736-8 7645:Martin, Phillip. 7580:978-1-107-02643-8 7531:(Subscription or 7456:, pp. 27–30. 7337:978-0-202-30878-4 7291:978-1-4129-2694-2 7282:SAGE Publications 7280:. Thousand Oaks: 7229:on 1 October 2023 7222:978-0-231-14446-9 7090:natural selection 7009:third century BCE 6980:Sri Lanka Kaffirs 6939:Black Wall Street 6935:African Americans 6777:Equality Act 2010 5991: 5990: 5826:, along with the 5636:Four Class System 5313:Kalanguya peoples 5095:divisions with a 4816: 4815: 4543:Foreign Relations 4535:Visa requirements 4478:Foreign Secretary 4456:Minister of State 4421:Foreign Relations 4160:Jammu and Kashmir 4132:Union territories 3993:Arunachal Pradesh 3931:Political parties 3751:Electronic voting 3746:Electoral College 3624:Solicitor General 3598:Arjun Ram Meghwal 3422:Law and Judiciary 3403:Arjun Ram Meghwal 3395:Minister of State 3353:Secretary General 3254:Utpal Kumar Singh 3247:Secretary General 3097:Cabinet secretary 2948: 2945:Politics of India 2894:, or categories: 2771:The English word 2699: 2698: 2562:Racism by country 2490:Intersectionality 2475:Heteronormativity 2258:Voter suppression 2000:Sexual harassment 1799:Forced conversion 1719:Cultural genocide 1364:African Americans 1170:post–Cold War era 1155:Eastern Orthodoxy 905:Anti-drug addicts 900:Anti-homelessness 819:Scientific racism 676: 675: 400:Jeremy Boissevain 385:Georges Balandier 380:E. Adamson Hoebel 15233: 15193: 15192: 15020: 14921:Mexican-American 14849: 14848: 14840: 14839: 14827: 14826: 14628: 14571:Business magnate 14461:Knowledge worker 14346: 14345: 14234:dual or multiple 14197: 14196: 14184: 14183: 14138:Social exclusion 14133:Social cleansing 14047: 13997: 13996: 13986:Economic classes 13947: 13940: 13933: 13924: 13923: 13910: 13909: 13900: 13899: 13840:Social privilege 13825:Social exclusion 13753:Police brutality 13674:Multiculturalism 13644:Amatonormativity 13475:Social exclusion 13311:Age of candidacy 13111:Homeless dumping 13017:Ethnic cleansing 11982: 11975: 11968: 11959: 11958: 11943: 11942: 11914: 11913: 11882:Social apartheid 11766:Social exclusion 11739:Forced migration 11707:Ethnic cleansing 11697:Auto-segregation 11439:Northern Ireland 11413: 11406: 11399: 11390: 11389: 11311: 11309: 11292: 11280: 11278: 11276: 11248: 11246: 11244: 11214: 11212: 11210: 11180: 11178: 11176: 11146: 11145: 11143: 11113: 11090: 11073: 11072: 11070: 11044: 11043: 11041: 11015: 10983: 10948: 10947: 10945: 10919: 10917: 10915: 10882: 10863: 10861: 10859: 10829: 10828: 10826: 10800: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10753: 10751: 10749: 10719: 10700: 10677: 10675: 10673: 10654: 10639: 10612: 10578: 10572: 10566: 10560: 10551: 10545: 10530: 10524: 10513: 10507: 10501: 10495: 10489: 10483: 10472: 10471: 10437: 10431: 10430: 10414: 10408: 10407: 10391: 10385: 10384: 10382: 10367: 10358: 10352: 10351: 10335: 10329: 10328: 10312: 10306: 10295: 10289: 10276: 10270: 10269: 10263: 10255: 10241: 10235: 10234: 10232: 10230: 10215: 10209: 10203: 10197: 10196: 10182: 10176: 10175: 10161: 10155: 10154: 10121: 10115: 10114: 10076: 10070: 10069: 10039: 10033: 10032: 10020: 10014: 10013: 10011: 10009: 10000:. Archived from 9988: 9982: 9981: 9979: 9977: 9968: 9960: 9954: 9953: 9943: 9909: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9898: 9876: 9870: 9869: 9864:. Archived from 9829: 9823: 9822: 9814: 9808: 9807: 9795: 9789: 9788: 9782: 9774: 9765: 9759: 9758: 9720: 9714: 9713: 9691: 9682: 9679: 9673: 9672: 9642: 9636: 9635: 9624:10.2307/25604523 9605: 9599: 9598: 9576: 9570: 9569: 9539: 9533: 9532: 9494: 9488: 9487: 9485: 9483: 9474:. Archived from 9464: 9458: 9457: 9443: 9437: 9436: 9428: 9422: 9421: 9391: 9382: 9381: 9351: 9345: 9344: 9316: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9302: 9286: 9280: 9279: 9255: 9249: 9248: 9240: 9234: 9233: 9225: 9219: 9212: 9206: 9203: 9197: 9196: 9170: 9164: 9163: 9133: 9127: 9126: 9101:(1–2): 223–257. 9090: 9084: 9078: 9072: 9071: 9051: 9045: 9044: 9033: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9022: 9006: 8999: 8993: 8992: 8972: 8963: 8962: 8954: 8948: 8947: 8929: 8923: 8922: 8920: 8918: 8891: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8850: 8844: 8843: 8838: 8836: 8813: 8803: 8797: 8796: 8766: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8750:on 31 March 2022 8739: 8733: 8732: 8730: 8728: 8706: 8700: 8699: 8697: 8695: 8673: 8667: 8661: 8655: 8654: 8652: 8650: 8628: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8611: 8598: 8586: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8572: 8548: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8510: 8501: 8500: 8478: 8472: 8471: 8447: 8441: 8440: 8420: 8405: 8404: 8386: 8377: 8376: 8348: 8342: 8341: 8325: 8319: 8318: 8300: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8282:(6): 1079–1089. 8265: 8259: 8258: 8256: 8254: 8245:. Archived from 8232: 8226: 8225: 8187: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8152: 8146: 8145: 8135: 8129: 8128: 8116: 8110: 8109: 8089: 8083: 8082: 8065: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8054: 8045:. Archived from 8032: 8026: 8025: 8024:on 27 June 2017. 8020:. Archived from 8008: 8002: 8001: 7986: 7980: 7979: 7974:. Archived from 7961: 7955: 7954: 7953:on 13 July 2024. 7937: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7926: 7921:on 28 March 2015 7911: 7905: 7904: 7883: 7877: 7876: 7845: 7839: 7838: 7814: 7808: 7807: 7791: 7785: 7770: 7764: 7762: 7737: 7731: 7727: 7721: 7717: 7711: 7710: 7688: 7682: 7681: 7673: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7662: 7653:. Archived from 7642: 7636: 7635: 7634:on 1 March 2024. 7630:. Archived from 7623: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7543: 7537: 7536: 7528: 7516: 7509: 7498: 7492: 7486: 7485: 7463: 7457: 7451: 7445: 7439: 7433: 7429: 7388: 7377: 7375: 7355: 7346: 7344: 7308: 7300: 7298: 7268: 7244: 7236: 7234: 7225:. Archived from 7211:. New York, NY: 7197: 7178: 7175: 7153:Social exclusion 6921:was dismantled, 6895:Isabel Wilkerson 6860: 6854: 6842: 6836: 6411:Osu caste system 6337:of Nigeria, the 6289: 6283: 6278:), secretaries ( 6277: 6271: 6132:and slaves, and 6058: 6057: 6048: 6047: 6035:) and warriors ( 6020:Korean society. 6010: 6009: 5983: 5976: 5941:lowborn people ( 5853: 5849: 5763: 5757: 5756: 5750: 5298: 5295: 5260:Spanish colonies 5105:Jayasthiti Malla 5069:or those in the 4993:Scheduled Castes 4984:Scheduled Castes 4820:Decennial Census 4808: 4801: 4794: 4773:India portal 4771: 4770: 4769: 4740:Look East policy 4704:Kashmir Conflict 4439:Cabinet Minister 4422: 4353:Local Government 4236: 4028:Himachal Pradesh 3958: 3936:National parties 3675: 3615:R. Venkataramani 3607:Attorney-General 3423: 3378:Cabinet Minister 3283:Jagdeep Dhankhar 3147: 3061:Jagdeep Dhankhar 3023: 2969: 2946: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2834: 2820: 2812: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2729:insects such as 2691: 2684: 2677: 2614:Social privilege 2599:Social exclusion 2527:Police brutality 2448:Multiculturalism 2418:Amatonormativity 2233:Social exclusion 2069:Age of candidacy 1863:Homeless dumping 1769:Ethnic cleansing 701: 678: 677: 668: 661: 654: 562:Related articles 545:Douglas R. White 535:Jonathan Spencer 515:Marshall Sahlins 505:Sally Falk Moore 61: 60: 15241: 15240: 15236: 15235: 15234: 15232: 15231: 15230: 15206: 15205: 15204: 15199: 15173: 15122: 15010: 14982: 14949: 14933:Underprivileged 14875: 14834: 14833: 14809: 14739: 14696: 14656: 14638: 14557: 14475: 14435: 14337: 14292: 14191: 14190: 14174: 14153:Social position 14143:Social mobility 14041: 13991: 13962: 13961: 13951: 13921: 13916: 13888: 13763:Polyculturalism 13659:Civil liberties 13627: 13608:Reappropriation 13509:Countermeasures 13504: 13433:Racial steering 13399:Numerus clausus 13303: 13297: 13022:Ethnic conflict 12957:Corrective rape 12908: 12538: 12493:minority Muslim 12375: 12267:HIV/AIDS stigma 12135: 12084:Mental disorder 12022: 11991: 11986: 11956: 11951: 11896: 11871:Separate school 11776: 11770: 11685: 11637: 11488: 11420: 11417: 11339: 11319: 11317:Further reading 11314: 11307: 11301: 11290: 11274: 11272: 11270: 11242: 11240: 11238: 11220:"Caste Systems" 11208: 11206: 11204: 11174: 11172: 11170: 11141: 11139: 11137: 11129:, p. 133, 11110: 11098:. Baton Rouge: 11068: 11066: 11064: 11039: 11037: 11035: 11013: 10980: 10972:. p. 131. 10943: 10941: 10928: 10913: 10911: 10909: 10857: 10855: 10853: 10824: 10822: 10820: 10781: 10779: 10777: 10747: 10745: 10743: 10716: 10697: 10671: 10669: 10667: 10636: 10610: 10586: 10581: 10573: 10569: 10561: 10554: 10546: 10533: 10525: 10516: 10508: 10504: 10496: 10492: 10484: 10475: 10468: 10438: 10434: 10415: 10411: 10392: 10388: 10380: 10365: 10359: 10355: 10336: 10332: 10313: 10309: 10296: 10292: 10277: 10273: 10257: 10256: 10242: 10238: 10228: 10226: 10216: 10212: 10204: 10200: 10183: 10179: 10162: 10158: 10143: 10125:Scott, James C. 10122: 10118: 10077: 10073: 10040: 10036: 10021: 10017: 10007: 10005: 9990: 9989: 9985: 9975: 9973: 9966: 9962: 9961: 9957: 9937: 9910: 9906: 9896: 9894: 9886:The Independent 9877: 9873: 9862: 9830: 9826: 9815: 9811: 9796: 9792: 9776: 9775: 9766: 9762: 9739:10.2307/1158345 9721: 9717: 9710: 9692: 9685: 9680: 9676: 9661:10.2307/1160872 9643: 9639: 9606: 9602: 9595: 9577: 9573: 9540: 9536: 9513:10.2307/1158641 9495: 9491: 9481: 9479: 9466: 9465: 9461: 9444: 9440: 9429: 9425: 9392: 9385: 9352: 9348: 9317: 9310: 9300: 9298: 9288: 9287: 9283: 9276: 9256: 9252: 9241: 9237: 9226: 9222: 9213: 9209: 9204: 9200: 9185: 9171: 9167: 9134: 9130: 9095:Iranian Studies 9091: 9087: 9079: 9075: 9068: 9052: 9048: 9037:Demick, Barbara 9034: 9030: 9020: 9018: 9001: 9000: 8996: 8973: 8966: 8955: 8951: 8944: 8930: 8926: 8916: 8914: 8912: 8904:. p. 163. 8892: 8885: 8875: 8873: 8871: 8863:. p. 141. 8851: 8847: 8834: 8832: 8830: 8804: 8800: 8785:10.2307/3023467 8767: 8763: 8753: 8751: 8740: 8736: 8726: 8724: 8723:on 7 March 2024 8713: 8708: 8707: 8703: 8693: 8691: 8690:on 7 March 2024 8680: 8675: 8674: 8670: 8662: 8658: 8648: 8646: 8645:on 7 March 2024 8635: 8630: 8629: 8625: 8615: 8613: 8609: 8596: 8593: 8588: 8587: 8580: 8570: 8568: 8555: 8550: 8549: 8542: 8532: 8530: 8517: 8512: 8511: 8504: 8497: 8479: 8475: 8468: 8448: 8444: 8421: 8408: 8401: 8387: 8380: 8349: 8345: 8326: 8322: 8315: 8301: 8297: 8266: 8262: 8252: 8250: 8233: 8229: 8188: 8184: 8153: 8149: 8136: 8132: 8117: 8113: 8094:Pacific Affairs 8090: 8086: 8067: 8066: 8062: 8052: 8050: 8049:on 4 April 2023 8033: 8029: 8010: 8009: 8005: 7988: 7987: 7983: 7962: 7958: 7939: 7938: 7934: 7924: 7922: 7913: 7912: 7908: 7902: 7884: 7880: 7873: 7846: 7842: 7835: 7815: 7811: 7806:on 21 May 2024. 7792: 7788: 7771: 7767: 7756: 7738: 7734: 7728: 7724: 7718: 7714: 7707: 7689: 7685: 7674: 7670: 7660: 7658: 7657:on 29 July 2024 7643: 7639: 7624: 7620: 7610: 7608: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7581: 7563: 7559: 7544: 7540: 7530: 7510: 7501: 7493: 7489: 7464: 7460: 7452: 7448: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7373: 7371: 7358: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7232: 7230: 7223: 7198: 7191: 7187: 7182: 7181: 7176: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7118: 7094:W. Lloyd Warner 7072: 7021: 7007:'s rise in the 7000:scheduled tribe 6975: 6973:Racial casteism 6877:W. Lloyd Warner 6873: 6867: 6821: 6815: 6809: 6804: 6773: 6756: 6740: 6643:Alula Pankhurst 6639: 6607:Ethel M. Albert 6604: 6448:Similarly, the 6409:finds that the 6355: 6328: 6322: 6302: 6296: 6256: 6228:priestly castes 6220: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6157: 6151: 6115:social equality 6107:Gabo government 5987: 5848: 5751: 5711: 5705: 5676: 5670: 5624: 5619: 5356:Kalinga peoples 5296: 5272: 5195: 5189: 5164: 5159: 5142: 5136: 5127: 5121: 5085: 5079: 4812: 4783: 4779:Other countries 4767: 4765: 4760: 4759: 4729: 4700: 4658: 4654:Pacific Islands 4630: 4545: 4515:Nationality law 4511: 4490: 4473: 4451: 4432: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4411: 4402:Block Panchayat 4384: 4355: 4310: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4226: 4225: 4187: 4179: 4127: 3973: 3960: 3956: 3948: 3947: 3912: 3868: 3841: 3809: 3782: 3755: 3740: 3726: 3704: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3665: 3664: 3646: 3636: 3619: 3602: 3583: 3573:Other tribunals 3563:Nyaya Panchayat 3515: 3511:Bar Association 3502: 3478: 3462: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3412: 3390: 3371: 3348: 3326: 3304: 3287: 3268: 3242: 3220: 3198: 3181: 3162: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3136: 3109: 3092: 3070: 3048: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3012: 2998:Judicial review 2987: 2971: 2967: 2944: 2934: 2876: 2868:Main articles: 2866: 2861: 2795: 2780: 2776: 2769: 2755:Spanish America 2695: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2537:Polyculturalism 2433:Civil liberties 2405: 2397: 2396: 2395: 2394: 2393: 2374:Reappropriation 2274: 2273:Countermeasures 2266: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2262: 2191:Racial steering 2157:Numerus clausus 2061: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2049: 1774:Ethnic conflict 1709:Corrective rape 1664: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1289: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1229:minority Muslim 1117: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1103: 995:HIV/AIDS stigma 867: 859: 858: 857: 856: 855: 804:Mental disorder 748: 740: 739: 738: 737: 736: 709: 672: 632: 631: 608: 600: 599: 583:State formation 563: 555: 554: 540:Bjorn Thomassen 495:Elizabeth Mertz 480:Ted C. Lewellen 425:Pierre Clastres 375: 374:Major theorists 367: 366: 357:Without History 356: 325: 261: 253: 252: 175:Paramount chief 107:Achieved status 102:Ascribed status 94:Status and rank 90: 79: 51:Scheduled Caste 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 15239: 15229: 15228: 15226:Discrimination 15223: 15218: 15201: 15200: 15198: 15197: 15186: 15183: 15182: 15179: 15178: 15175: 15174: 15172: 15171: 15166: 15161: 15156: 15154:Ottoman Empire 15151: 15146: 15141: 15139:Ancient Greece 15136: 15130: 15128: 15124: 15123: 15121: 15120: 15115: 15113:United Kingdom 15110: 15105: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15080: 15075: 15070: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15024: 15022: 15016: 15015: 15012: 15011: 15009: 15008: 15006:Home-ownership 15003: 14998: 14992: 14990: 14984: 14983: 14981: 14980: 14975: 14970: 14965: 14959: 14957: 14951: 14950: 14948: 14947: 14946: 14945: 14940: 14930: 14929: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14908: 14907: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14885: 14883: 14877: 14876: 14874: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14861:American Dream 14858: 14852: 14846: 14836: 14835: 14823: 14822: 14819: 14818: 14815: 14814: 14811: 14810: 14808: 14807: 14802: 14793: 14788: 14783: 14774: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14749: 14747: 14741: 14740: 14738: 14737: 14732: 14727: 14722: 14717: 14712: 14706: 14704: 14698: 14697: 14695: 14694: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14678: 14677: 14666: 14664: 14658: 14657: 14655: 14654: 14648: 14646: 14640: 14639: 14637: 14636: 14629: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14604: 14603: 14598: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14567: 14565: 14559: 14558: 14556: 14555: 14546: 14541: 14536: 14531: 14526: 14521: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14491: 14485: 14483: 14477: 14476: 14474: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14457: 14456: 14445: 14443: 14437: 14436: 14434: 14433: 14428: 14427: 14426: 14421: 14420: 14419: 14404: 14403: 14402: 14397: 14389: 14388: 14387: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14366: 14365: 14354: 14352: 14343: 14339: 14338: 14336: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14310: 14304: 14302: 14294: 14293: 14291: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14273:Migrant worker 14270: 14265: 14264: 14263: 14253: 14252: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14236: 14226: 14225: 14224: 14219: 14209: 14203: 14201: 14193: 14192: 14189:By demographic 14180: 14179: 14176: 14175: 14173: 14172: 14169:Status Anxiety 14165: 14160: 14155: 14150: 14145: 14140: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14123:Ranked society 14120: 14115: 14102: 14097: 14092: 14087: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14065:Class conflict 14062: 14057: 14051: 14049: 14048: topics 14043: 14042: 14040: 14039: 14034: 14029: 14024: 14022:Mudsill theory 14019: 14014: 14009: 14003: 14001: 13993: 13992: 13990: 13989: 13982: 13975: 13967: 13964: 13963: 13960: 13959: 13953: 13950: 13949: 13942: 13935: 13927: 13918: 13917: 13915: 13914: 13904: 13893: 13890: 13889: 13887: 13886: 13881: 13880: 13879: 13869: 13864: 13859: 13858: 13857: 13852: 13847: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13811: 13810: 13808:Reverse racism 13800: 13795: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13778:Prisoner abuse 13775: 13770: 13768:Power distance 13765: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13734: 13733: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13686:Ethnic penalty 13683: 13682: 13681: 13679:Neurodiversity 13676: 13666: 13664:Dehumanization 13661: 13656: 13654:Cisnormativity 13651: 13646: 13641: 13635: 13633: 13632:Related topics 13629: 13628: 13626: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13590: 13585: 13580: 13575: 13570: 13565: 13560: 13555: 13554: 13553: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13512: 13510: 13506: 13505: 13503: 13502: 13497: 13492: 13490:State religion 13487: 13482: 13477: 13472: 13471: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13429: 13428: 13426:Nuremberg Laws 13423: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13368:Ghetto benches 13365: 13363:Gerrymandering 13360: 13355: 13350: 13348:Gender pay gap 13345: 13344: 13343: 13338: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13307: 13305: 13302:Discriminatory 13299: 13298: 13296: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13179: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13131:Lavender scare 13128: 13126:Kill Haole Day 13123: 13121:Indian rolling 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13097: 13096: 13086: 13081: 13080: 13079: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13007:Eliminationism 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12942:Cancel culture 12939: 12934: 12929: 12928: 12927: 12916: 12914: 12913:Manifestations 12910: 12909: 12907: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12799:Middle Eastern 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12765: 12764: 12754: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12738: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12633: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12601: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12549: 12547: 12540: 12539: 12537: 12536: 12534:Zoroastrianism 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12510: 12509: 12499: 12498: 12497: 12496: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12460: 12459: 12458: 12456:Untouchability 12453: 12443: 12438: 12437: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12385: 12383: 12377: 12376: 12374: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12362: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12341: 12340: 12339: 12334: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12277:Leprosy stigma 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12143: 12141: 12137: 12136: 12134: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12102: 12101: 12096: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12030: 12028: 12024: 12023: 12021: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 11999: 11997: 11993: 11992: 11989:Discrimination 11985: 11984: 11977: 11970: 11962: 11953: 11952: 11950: 11949: 11937: 11936: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11908: 11901: 11898: 11897: 11895: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11841:Nuremberg Laws 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11816:Ghetto benches 11813: 11811:Discrimination 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11792: 11791: 11780: 11778: 11772: 11771: 11769: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11752: 11751: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11724:Ethnopluralism 11721: 11720: 11719: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11693: 11691: 11687: 11686: 11684: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11647: 11645: 11639: 11638: 11636: 11635: 11634: 11633: 11628: 11627: 11626: 11621: 11609: 11604: 11594: 11592:United Kingdom 11589: 11584: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11498: 11496: 11490: 11489: 11487: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11430: 11428: 11422: 11421: 11416: 11415: 11408: 11401: 11393: 11387: 11386: 11381: 11378:Class In Yemen 11375: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11338: 11337:External links 11335: 11334: 11333: 11326: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11312: 11299: 11281: 11268: 11249: 11236: 11215: 11202: 11181: 11168: 11162:. p. 66. 11147: 11135: 11114: 11108: 11091: 11074: 11062: 11045: 11033: 11016: 11011: 10984: 10978: 10957: 10920: 10907: 10901:. p. 72. 10883: 10864: 10851: 10845:. p. 33. 10841:. Malden, MA: 10830: 10818: 10801: 10787: 10775: 10754: 10741: 10720: 10714: 10701: 10695: 10678: 10665: 10640: 10634: 10613: 10608: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10579: 10577:, p. 228. 10567: 10552: 10531: 10514: 10502: 10490: 10473: 10466: 10432: 10409: 10400:Anadolu Ajansı 10386: 10353: 10330: 10307: 10290: 10271: 10236: 10210: 10198: 10177: 10156: 10141: 10116: 10095:10.1086/222839 10089:(2): 120–127. 10071: 10058:10.1086/217391 10052:(2): 234–237. 10034: 10015: 9983: 9955: 9935:Alain Guerreau 9904: 9871: 9860: 9824: 9809: 9806:. p. 853. 9790: 9760: 9733:(4): 398–412. 9715: 9708: 9683: 9674: 9655:(4): 485–509. 9637: 9611:Anthropologica 9600: 9593: 9571: 9534: 9489: 9478:on 19 May 2019 9459: 9438: 9423: 9404:(2): 221–250. 9383: 9364:(4): 356–379. 9346: 9327:(1): 111–121. 9308: 9281: 9274: 9250: 9235: 9220: 9207: 9205:Nicolle, p. 11 9198: 9183: 9165: 9128: 9085: 9073: 9066: 9046: 9028: 8994: 8983:(2): 355–387. 8964: 8961:. p. 147. 8949: 8942: 8924: 8910: 8883: 8869: 8845: 8828: 8798: 8761: 8734: 8701: 8668: 8656: 8623: 8612:on 6 June 2023 8578: 8540: 8502: 8495: 8473: 8466: 8442: 8406: 8399: 8378: 8343: 8320: 8313: 8295: 8260: 8227: 8182: 8169:(3): 376–395. 8147: 8130: 8111: 8100:(2): 363–369. 8084: 8060: 8027: 8003: 7981: 7956: 7932: 7906: 7900: 7878: 7871: 7840: 7833: 7809: 7786: 7765: 7754: 7732: 7722: 7712: 7705: 7683: 7668: 7637: 7618: 7586: 7579: 7557: 7538: 7499: 7487: 7476:(4): 204–210. 7458: 7446: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7404:(2): 334–365. 7389: 7366:, Oxford, UK: 7356: 7336: 7319: 7309: 7290: 7269: 7245: 7221: 7199: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7143:Priestly caste 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7105:Robert E. Park 7071: 7068: 7020: 7017: 6974: 6971: 6910:James C. Scott 6869:Main article: 6866: 6863: 6811:Main article: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6772: 6771:United Kingdom 6769: 6755: 6752: 6739: 6736: 6705:Oromo language 6701:Horn of Africa 6638: 6637:Horn of Africa 6635: 6611:Central Africa 6603: 6602:Central Africa 6600: 6354: 6351: 6324:Main article: 6321: 6318: 6295: 6292: 6264:social classes 6255: 6252: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6172:Barbara Demick 6153:Main article: 6150: 6147: 6025:Joseon dynasty 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5978: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5925: 5924: 5923:common people 5921: 5918: 5915: 5907: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5897: 5889: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5847: 5844: 5707:Main article: 5704: 5701: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5664: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5596:kiapangdilihan 5576: 5552: 5538: 5504: 5491:Banwaon people 5456: 5455: 5408: 5377: 5332:B'laan peoples 5316: 5282:royal couple ( 5271: 5268: 5251: 5250: 5241: 5232: 5223: 5191:Main article: 5188: 5185: 5163: 5162:Southeast Asia 5160: 5158: 5155: 5151:Kandyan-period 5138:Main article: 5135: 5132: 5123:Main article: 5120: 5117: 5115:(1603–1636). 5109:Gorkha Kingdom 5081:Main article: 5078: 5075: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4781: 4775: 4762: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4727:Foreign Policy 4725: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4699: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4657: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4644:European Union 4641: 4636: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4621:United Nations 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4510: 4509: 4500: 4489: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4472: 4471: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4450: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4425: 4418: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4407:Gram Panchayat 4404: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4389:Panchayati Raj 4383: 4382: 4380:Town Panchayat 4377: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4357: 4356: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4335: 4334: 4333: 4323: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4276:Chief Minister 4273: 4272: 4271: 4261: 4260: 4259: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4239: 4232: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4186: 4185: 4178: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4126: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4048:Madhya Pradesh 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3988:Andhra Pradesh 3984: 3983: 3975: 3974: 3964: 3961: 3954: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3943: 3938: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3921: 3911: 3910: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3867: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3818:Constituencies 3808: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3781: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3754: 3753: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3725: 3724: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3703: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3687: 3686: 3681: 3678: 3671: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3650:Law Commission 3645: 3644: 3635: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3618: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3601: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3546:Chief Justices 3538: 3536:Gram Nyayalaya 3533: 3532: 3531: 3524:District Court 3521: 3514: 3513: 3508: 3501: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3435: 3434: 3429: 3426: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3389: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3373: 3372: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3347: 3346: 3335: 3334: 3325: 3324: 3313: 3312: 3303: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3292:Deputy Speaker 3286: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3270: 3269: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3241: 3240: 3229: 3228: 3219: 3218: 3207: 3206: 3197: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3186:Deputy Speaker 3180: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3164: 3163: 3153: 3150: 3143: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3133: 3132: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3108: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3091: 3090: 3079: 3078: 3069: 3068: 3057: 3056: 3047: 3046: 3039:Droupadi Murmu 3035: 3034: 3026: 3019: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2983: 2978: 2972: 2965: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2950: 2949: 2939: 2938: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2768: 2765: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2693: 2686: 2679: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2654: 2653: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2582:Reverse racism 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2552:Prisoner abuse 2549: 2544: 2542:Power distance 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2508: 2507: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2460:Ethnic penalty 2457: 2456: 2455: 2453:Neurodiversity 2450: 2440: 2438:Dehumanization 2435: 2430: 2428:Cisnormativity 2425: 2420: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2404:Related topics 2403: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2248:State religion 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2187: 2186: 2184:Nuremberg Laws 2181: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2126:Ghetto benches 2123: 2121:Gerrymandering 2118: 2113: 2108: 2106:Gender pay gap 2103: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1883:Lavender scare 1880: 1878:Kill Haole Day 1875: 1873:Indian rolling 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1838: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1759:Eliminationism 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1694:Cancel culture 1691: 1686: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1663:Manifestations 1662: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1543:Middle Eastern 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1482: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1273: 1272: 1270:Zoroastrianism 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1192:Untouchability 1189: 1179: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1005:Leprosy stigma 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 871: 870: 869: 868: 865: 864: 861: 860: 854: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 822: 821: 816: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 758: 752: 751: 750: 749: 746: 745: 742: 741: 735: 734: 729: 724: 719: 713: 712: 711: 710: 707: 706: 703: 702: 694: 693: 691:Discrimination 687: 686: 674: 673: 671: 670: 663: 656: 648: 645: 644: 634: 633: 630: 629: 624: 617: 609: 606: 605: 602: 601: 598: 597: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 564: 561: 560: 557: 556: 553: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 530:Aidan Southall 527: 522: 520:James C. Scott 517: 512: 510:Rodney Needham 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 455:Ernest Gellner 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 376: 373: 372: 369: 368: 365: 364: 359: 351: 350: 348: 344: 343: 337: 336: 334: 330: 329: 319: 318: 315: 314: 309: 303: 302: 299: 297: 293: 292: 285: 280: 272: 271: 268: 266: 262: 259: 258: 255: 254: 251: 250: 248:Ritual warfare 245: 240: 234: 233: 231: 230:Law and custom 227: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 185: 184: 182: 178: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 141: 140: 138: 134: 133: 128: 119: 114: 109: 104: 98: 97: 95: 91: 89:Basic concepts 88: 87: 84: 83: 72: 71: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15238: 15227: 15224: 15222: 15221:Social status 15219: 15217: 15214: 15213: 15211: 15196: 15188: 15187: 15184: 15170: 15167: 15165: 15162: 15160: 15157: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15131: 15129: 15125: 15119: 15118:United States 15116: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15025: 15023: 15019:Other regions 15017: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14993: 14991: 14989: 14985: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14960: 14958: 14956: 14952: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14935: 14934: 14931: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14913: 14912: 14909: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14891: 14890: 14887: 14886: 14884: 14882: 14878: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14853: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14844:United States 14841: 14837: 14828: 14824: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14750: 14748: 14746: 14742: 14736: 14733: 14731: 14728: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14718: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14708: 14707: 14705: 14703: 14699: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14676: 14673: 14672: 14671: 14668: 14667: 14665: 14663: 14659: 14653: 14650: 14649: 14647: 14645: 14641: 14635: 14634: 14630: 14627: 14626: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14593: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14568: 14566: 14564: 14560: 14554: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14527: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14486: 14484: 14482: 14478: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14455: 14452: 14451: 14450: 14447: 14446: 14444: 14442: 14438: 14432: 14429: 14425: 14422: 14418: 14415: 14414: 14413: 14410: 14409: 14408: 14405: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14392: 14390: 14386: 14383: 14382: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14364: 14361: 14360: 14359: 14356: 14355: 14353: 14351: 14347: 14344: 14340: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14306: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14295: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14283:Socioeconomic 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14262: 14259: 14258: 14257: 14254: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14231: 14230: 14227: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14214: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14204: 14202: 14198: 14194: 14185: 14181: 14171: 14170: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14158:Social stigma 14156: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14148:Social orphan 14146: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14113: 14108: 14107: 14106:Nouveau riche 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14080:Class traitor 14078: 14076: 14075:Class society 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14052: 14050: 14044: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14020: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14012:Gilbert model 14010: 14008: 14005: 14004: 14002: 13998: 13994: 13988: 13987: 13983: 13981: 13980: 13976: 13974: 13973: 13969: 13968: 13965: 13958: 13955: 13954: 13948: 13943: 13941: 13936: 13934: 13929: 13928: 13925: 13913: 13905: 13903: 13895: 13894: 13891: 13885: 13882: 13878: 13875: 13874: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13862:Social stigma 13860: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13842: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13809: 13806: 13805: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13746: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13732: 13729: 13728: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13671: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13636: 13634: 13630: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13591: 13589: 13586: 13584: 13581: 13579: 13576: 13574: 13571: 13569: 13566: 13564: 13561: 13559: 13556: 13552: 13549: 13548: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13514: 13513: 13511: 13507: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13486: 13485:State atheism 13483: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13450: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13421:Jim Crow laws 13419: 13418: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13406:One-drop rule 13404: 13402: 13400: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13333: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13321:Blood quantum 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13308: 13306: 13300: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13268:Victimisation 13266: 13264: 13263:Trans bashing 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13233:Religious war 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13213:Racialization 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13163: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13095: 13092: 13091: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13084:Glass ceiling 13082: 13078: 13075: 13074: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13027:Ethnic hatred 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12962:Counter-jihad 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12926: 12923: 12922: 12921: 12918: 12917: 12915: 12911: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12763: 12760: 12759: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12736: 12735:United States 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12722: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12617: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12599: 12598:United States 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12585: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12550: 12548: 12546: 12541: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12519:Protestantism 12517: 12515: 12512: 12508: 12505: 12504: 12503: 12500: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12470: 12469: 12466: 12465: 12464: 12461: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12448: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12429:LDS or Mormon 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12411: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12386: 12384: 12382: 12378: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12354:Transmisogyny 12352: 12350: 12347: 12346: 12345: 12342: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12329: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12257:Gerontophobia 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12187:Anti-intersex 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12162:Anti-albinism 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12144: 12142: 12138: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12091: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12031: 12029: 12025: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12003:Institutional 12001: 12000: 11998: 11994: 11990: 11983: 11978: 11976: 11971: 11969: 11964: 11963: 11960: 11948: 11947: 11938: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11920: 11919: 11918: 11909: 11907: 11906:Pillarisation 11903: 11902: 11899: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11826:Jim Crow laws 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11790: 11787: 11786: 11785: 11782: 11781: 11779: 11773: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11750: 11747: 11746: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11718: 11715: 11714: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11702:Balkanization 11700: 11698: 11695: 11694: 11692: 11688: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11648: 11646: 11644: 11640: 11632: 11629: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11619: 11615: 11614: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11599: 11598: 11597:United States 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11499: 11497: 11495: 11491: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11431: 11429: 11427: 11423: 11414: 11409: 11407: 11402: 11400: 11395: 11394: 11391: 11385: 11382: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11349: 11344: 11341: 11340: 11331: 11327: 11324: 11321: 11320: 11306: 11302: 11296: 11289: 11288: 11282: 11271: 11265: 11261: 11257: 11256: 11250: 11239: 11233: 11229: 11225: 11221: 11216: 11205: 11199: 11195: 11191: 11187: 11182: 11171: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11153: 11148: 11138: 11132: 11128: 11124: 11120: 11115: 11111: 11105: 11101: 11097: 11092: 11088: 11084: 11080: 11075: 11065: 11059: 11055: 11051: 11046: 11036: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11017: 11014: 11008: 11004: 11000: 10996: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10981: 10975: 10971: 10967: 10963: 10958: 10956: 10952: 10939: 10935: 10931: 10926: 10925: 10921: 10910: 10904: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10888: 10884: 10880: 10876: 10872: 10871: 10865: 10854: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10831: 10821: 10815: 10811: 10807: 10802: 10798: 10797: 10792: 10788: 10778: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10755: 10744: 10738: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10721: 10717: 10715:0-684-85733-2 10711: 10707: 10702: 10698: 10692: 10688: 10684: 10679: 10668: 10662: 10658: 10653: 10652: 10646: 10641: 10637: 10631: 10627: 10623: 10619: 10614: 10611: 10609:0-8047-0815-0 10605: 10601: 10597: 10593: 10589: 10588: 10576: 10575:Mukerjee 1926 10571: 10564: 10559: 10557: 10550:, p. 82. 10549: 10544: 10542: 10540: 10538: 10536: 10529:, p. 81. 10528: 10523: 10521: 10519: 10511: 10506: 10500:, p. 80. 10499: 10494: 10488:, p. 26. 10487: 10482: 10480: 10478: 10469: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10436: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10413: 10405: 10401: 10397: 10390: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10364: 10357: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10334: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10311: 10304: 10300: 10294: 10287: 10283: 10282: 10275: 10267: 10261: 10253: 10252: 10247: 10240: 10225: 10221: 10214: 10207: 10202: 10194: 10193: 10188: 10181: 10173: 10172: 10167: 10160: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10142:0-300-07016-0 10138: 10135:. p. 8. 10134: 10131:. New Haven: 10130: 10126: 10120: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10083: 10075: 10067: 10063: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10046: 10038: 10030: 10026: 10019: 10003: 9999: 9998: 9993: 9987: 9972: 9965: 9959: 9951: 9947: 9941: 9936: 9932: 9927: 9923: 9920:(in French). 9919: 9915: 9908: 9892: 9888: 9887: 9882: 9875: 9867: 9863: 9861:9782213011172 9857: 9853: 9849: 9845: 9841: 9837: 9836: 9828: 9820: 9813: 9805: 9801: 9794: 9786: 9780: 9772: 9764: 9756: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9727: 9719: 9711: 9705: 9702:. p. 8. 9701: 9697: 9690: 9688: 9678: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9654: 9650: 9649: 9641: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9612: 9604: 9596: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9575: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9546: 9538: 9530: 9526: 9522: 9518: 9514: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9501: 9493: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9463: 9455: 9451: 9450: 9442: 9434: 9427: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9407: 9403: 9399: 9398: 9390: 9388: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9358: 9350: 9342: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9326: 9322: 9315: 9313: 9297: 9296: 9291: 9285: 9277: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9262: 9254: 9246: 9239: 9231: 9224: 9217: 9211: 9202: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9180: 9176: 9169: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9140: 9132: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9089: 9082: 9077: 9069: 9063: 9059: 9058: 9050: 9042: 9038: 9032: 9016: 9012: 9011: 9005: 8998: 8990: 8986: 8982: 8978: 8971: 8969: 8960: 8953: 8945: 8939: 8935: 8928: 8913: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8898: 8890: 8888: 8872: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8857: 8849: 8842: 8831: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8812: 8811: 8802: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8773: 8765: 8749: 8745: 8738: 8722: 8718: 8717:Livedoor News 8714: 8705: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8672: 8665: 8660: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8627: 8608: 8604: 8603: 8594: 8585: 8583: 8566: 8562: 8561: 8560:Uki, Kumamoto 8556: 8547: 8545: 8528: 8524: 8523: 8522:Tokyo Shoseki 8518: 8509: 8507: 8498: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8477: 8469: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8454: 8446: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8419: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8411: 8402: 8396: 8392: 8385: 8383: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8347: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8324: 8316: 8310: 8306: 8299: 8290: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8276: 8271: 8264: 8248: 8244: 8243: 8242:The Economist 8238: 8231: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8194: 8186: 8177: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8163: 8158: 8151: 8143: 8142: 8134: 8126: 8122: 8115: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8088: 8080: 8076: 8075: 8070: 8064: 8048: 8044: 8043: 8038: 8031: 8023: 8019: 8018: 8013: 8007: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7985: 7977: 7973: 7972: 7967: 7960: 7952: 7948: 7947: 7942: 7936: 7920: 7916: 7910: 7903: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7882: 7874: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7855: 7850: 7844: 7836: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7821: 7813: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7790: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7769: 7761: 7757: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7736: 7726: 7716: 7708: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7687: 7679: 7672: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7641: 7633: 7629: 7622: 7606: 7602: 7601: 7596: 7590: 7582: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7561: 7553: 7549: 7542: 7534: 7526: 7522: 7521: 7515: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7497:, p. 66. 7496: 7495:Béteille 2002 7491: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7470: 7462: 7455: 7454:Winthrop 1991 7450: 7444:, p. 66. 7443: 7438: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7382: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7354: 7351: 7339: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7320: 7317: 7313: 7312:Béteille 2002 7310: 7307: 7305: 7293: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7260: 7256: 7255: 7250: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7228: 7224: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7201: 7200: 7196: 7194: 7189: 7174: 7170: 7159: 7158:Warrior caste 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7120: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7101: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7082: 7076: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7044: 7040: 7037: 7033: 7031: 7025: 7016: 7012: 7010: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6989: 6984: 6981: 6970: 6968: 6963: 6960: 6954: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6943:Maggie Walker 6940: 6936: 6932: 6929:committed by 6928: 6924: 6923:Jim Crow laws 6920: 6915: 6911: 6905: 6902: 6898: 6896: 6893:, journalist 6892: 6891: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6872: 6865:United States 6862: 6859: 6853: 6848: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6825: 6820: 6814: 6807:Latin America 6799: 6797: 6793: 6788: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6768: 6765: 6764:Basque region 6761: 6754:Basque region 6751: 6749: 6745: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6712:Somali people 6708: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6689: 6687: 6682: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6663: 6659: 6654: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6599: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6588:Sosso-Malinke 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6567: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6517: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6452:societies in 6451: 6446: 6444: 6438: 6435: 6430: 6428: 6425:and southern 6424: 6420: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6407:Elijah Obinna 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6377:– especially 6376: 6372: 6364: 6359: 6350: 6348: 6347: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6335: 6327: 6317: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6301: 6291: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6272:), warriors ( 6270: 6265: 6261: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6219: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6162: 6156: 6146: 6145:("citizen"). 6144: 6140: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6111:Korean Empire 6108: 6104: 6099: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6052: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6004: 5995: 5984: 5979: 5977: 5972: 5971: 5968: 5964: 5963: 5958: 5957: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5945: 5940: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5931: 5927: 5926: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5834:and those of 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5804: 5800:, now called 5799: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5767: 5761: 5749: 5748:Shi-nō-kō-shō 5743: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5721: 5718:near-highest 5715: 5710: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5577: 5574: 5569: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5558: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5535:bangsa mataas 5532: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5469: 5464: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5405:Ibaloi people 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5249: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5168: 5154: 5152: 5147: 5141: 5131: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5084: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5054: 5051: 5045: 5042: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5013: 5011: 5007: 5006: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4986:in 1950, for 4985: 4981: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4966:Madura, India 4963: 4958: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4927:Lloyd Rudolph 4924: 4920: 4916: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4844:ancient Hindu 4841: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4825: 4821: 4809: 4804: 4802: 4797: 4795: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4764: 4763: 4756: 4755:Narendra Modi 4753: 4751: 4750:Indira Gandhi 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4649:Latin America 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4447:S. Jaishankar 4445: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4426: 4423: 4416: 4415: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4277: 4274: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4240: 4237: 4230: 4229: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4206:Sub-districts 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4113:Uttar Pradesh 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3959: 3952: 3951: 3942: 3941:State parties 3939: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3717:Gyanesh Kumar 3715: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3676: 3669: 3668: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3543: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3485:Chief Justice 3482: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3427: 3424: 3417: 3416: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3211:Narendra Modi 3209: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3151: 3148: 3141: 3140: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3083:Narendra Modi 3081: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3024: 3017: 3016: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2970: 2963: 2962: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2932: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2871: 2859:In South Asia 2856: 2854: 2849: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2818: 2810: 2774: 2764: 2762: 2761: 2757:, mixed-race 2756: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2692: 2687: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2669: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2636:Social stigma 2634: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2401: 2400: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2270: 2269: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2243:State atheism 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2179:Jim Crow laws 2177: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2164:One-drop rule 2162: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2079:Blood quantum 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2057: 2056: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2020:Victimisation 2018: 2016: 2015:Trans bashing 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1985:Religious war 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1965:Racialization 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1836:Glass ceiling 1834: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1779:Ethnic hatred 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1714:Counter-jihad 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1660: 1659: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1479:United States 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1342:United States 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1288: 1282: 1281: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1255:Protestantism 1253: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1165:LDS or Mormon 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1116: 1111: 1110: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1082:Transmisogyny 1080: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 985:Gerontophobia 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 915:Anti-intersex 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 890:Anti-albinism 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 872: 863: 862: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 820: 817: 815: 812: 811: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 759: 757: 754: 753: 744: 743: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 717:Institutional 715: 714: 705: 704: 700: 696: 695: 692: 689: 688: 684: 680: 679: 669: 664: 662: 657: 655: 650: 649: 647: 646: 643: 639: 636: 635: 628: 625: 623: 622: 618: 616: 615: 611: 610: 604: 603: 596: 595: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 565: 559: 558: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 525:Elman Service 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 460:David Graeber 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 420:John Comaroff 418: 416: 415:Jean Comaroff 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 395:Fredrik Barth 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 377: 371: 370: 363: 360: 358: 353: 352: 349: 346: 345: 342: 339: 338: 335: 333:Legal systems 332: 331: 328: 327: 321: 320: 317: 316: 313: 310: 308: 305: 304: 300: 298: 295: 294: 291: 290: 286: 284: 281: 279: 278: 274: 273: 269: 267: 264: 263: 257: 256: 249: 246: 244: 243:Legal culture 241: 239: 238:Customary law 236: 235: 232: 229: 228: 225: 224:Theatre state 222: 220: 217: 215: 214:House society 212: 210: 209:Petty kingdom 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 186: 183: 180: 179: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 142: 139: 136: 135: 132: 129: 127: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 112:Social status 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 99: 96: 93: 92: 86: 85: 82: 77: 74: 73: 70: 68: 63: 62: 56: 55:Uttar Pradesh 52: 48: 44: 43: 37: 33: 29: 22: 15169:Soviet Union 15144:Ancient Rome 15001:Homelessness 14926:Upper Middle 14798: / 14779: / 14770: / 14735:Working poor 14631: 14618:Robber baron 14441:Intellectual 14431:Royal family 14395:Ancient Rome 14249:second-class 14167: 14110: 14109: / 14104: 14100:High society 14054: 14007:Elite theory 13984: 13977: 13970: 13957:Social class 13696:Gender-blind 13583:Human rights 13411:Racial quota 13398: 13378:Jewish quota 13358:Gerontocracy 13353:Gender roles 13331:Disabilities 13316:Blood purity 13288:Wife selling 13278:White flight 13258:Slut-shaming 13238:Scapegoating 13156:Murder music 12819:Palestinians 12762:Anti-Zionism 12630:South Africa 12615:Black people 12593:South Africa 12409:Christianity 12399:Baháʼí Faith 12322:Sectarianism 12262:Heterosexism 12227:Ephebiphobia 12197:Anti-Masonry 12064:Hair texture 12038: 11944: 11915: 11666:Saudi Arabia 11616: 11582:Saudi Arabia 11469:Saudi Arabia 11346: 11329: 11322: 11286: 11273:. Retrieved 11254: 11241:. Retrieved 11226:. New York: 11223: 11207:. Retrieved 11189: 11173:. Retrieved 11155: 11140:, retrieved 11122: 11095: 11078: 11069:24 September 11067:, retrieved 11053: 11040:24 September 11038:, retrieved 11024: 10993: 10965: 10954: 10950: 10942:, retrieved 10933: 10922: 10912:. Retrieved 10894: 10887:Nagar, Richa 10869: 10856:. Retrieved 10838: 10823:, retrieved 10809: 10795: 10791:Madan, T. N. 10782:24 September 10780:, retrieved 10765:, New York: 10762: 10746:. Retrieved 10728: 10705: 10682: 10672:24 September 10670:. Retrieved 10650: 10621: 10595: 10570: 10563:Rodgers 2008 10548:Rodgers 2008 10527:Rodgers 2008 10510:Rodgers 2008 10505: 10498:Rodgers 2008 10493: 10445: 10435: 10422: 10412: 10399: 10389: 10373: 10369: 10356: 10347: 10343: 10333: 10320: 10310: 10302: 10298: 10293: 10285: 10279: 10274: 10249: 10239: 10227:. Retrieved 10213: 10201: 10190: 10180: 10169: 10159: 10128: 10119: 10086: 10080: 10074: 10049: 10043: 10037: 10024: 10018: 10006:. Retrieved 10002:the original 9995: 9986: 9974:. Retrieved 9970: 9958: 9929: 9926:the original 9921: 9917: 9907: 9895:. Retrieved 9884: 9874: 9866:the original 9839: 9834: 9827: 9818: 9812: 9799: 9793: 9770: 9763: 9730: 9724: 9718: 9695: 9677: 9652: 9646: 9640: 9618:(1): 45–85. 9615: 9609: 9603: 9580: 9574: 9552:(1): 46–74. 9549: 9543: 9537: 9507:(1): 37–54. 9504: 9498: 9492: 9480:. Retrieved 9476:the original 9471: 9462: 9453: 9447: 9441: 9426: 9401: 9395: 9361: 9355: 9349: 9324: 9320: 9299:. Retrieved 9293: 9284: 9260: 9253: 9244: 9238: 9229: 9223: 9210: 9201: 9174: 9168: 9143: 9137: 9131: 9098: 9094: 9088: 9076: 9056: 9049: 9040: 9031: 9019:. Retrieved 9008: 8997: 8980: 8976: 8958: 8952: 8933: 8927: 8915:. Retrieved 8896: 8874:. Retrieved 8855: 8848: 8840: 8833:. Retrieved 8809: 8801: 8779:(10): 3–10. 8776: 8772:Asian Survey 8770: 8764: 8752:. Retrieved 8748:the original 8737: 8725:. Retrieved 8721:the original 8716: 8704: 8692:. Retrieved 8688:the original 8671: 8666:, p. 22 8664:Beasley 1972 8659: 8647:. Retrieved 8643:the original 8638: 8626: 8614:. Retrieved 8607:the original 8600: 8569:. Retrieved 8565:the original 8558: 8531:. Retrieved 8527:the original 8520: 8482: 8476: 8452: 8445: 8428: 8424: 8390: 8359:(1): 51–77. 8356: 8352: 8346: 8329: 8323: 8304: 8298: 8279: 8273: 8263: 8251:. Retrieved 8247:the original 8240: 8230: 8200:(1): 55–58. 8197: 8191: 8185: 8166: 8162:AnthroSource 8160: 8150: 8139: 8133: 8124: 8120: 8114: 8097: 8093: 8087: 8079:the original 8072: 8063: 8051:. Retrieved 8047:the original 8040: 8030: 8022:the original 8015: 8006: 7998:the original 7984: 7976:the original 7969: 7959: 7951:the original 7944: 7935: 7923:. Retrieved 7919:the original 7909: 7887: 7881: 7853: 7843: 7819: 7812: 7804:the original 7799: 7789: 7773: 7768: 7759: 7741: 7735: 7725: 7715: 7692: 7686: 7677: 7671: 7661:10 September 7659:. Retrieved 7655:the original 7650: 7640: 7632:the original 7621: 7609:. Retrieved 7605:the original 7598: 7589: 7566: 7560: 7551: 7541: 7518: 7490: 7473: 7467: 7461: 7449: 7437: 7401: 7397: 7384: 7380: 7379: 7372:, retrieved 7363: 7349: 7348: 7341:. Retrieved 7327: 7315: 7303: 7302: 7295:. Retrieved 7277: 7263: 7262: 7259:the original 7253: 7249:Madan, T. N. 7239: 7238: 7233:24 September 7231:. Retrieved 7227:the original 7208: 7173: 7102: 7077: 7073: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7045: 7041: 7038: 7034: 7026: 7022: 7013: 6992: 6985: 6976: 6964: 6955: 6947:Annie Malone 6925:and acts of 6906: 6899: 6888: 6874: 6844: 6830: 6792:Meena Dhanda 6789: 6774: 6757: 6741: 6727: 6709: 6695:of southern 6693:Borana Oromo 6690: 6683: 6667: 6661: 6640: 6605: 6596: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6565: 6518: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6481: 6478:Sierra Leone 6447: 6439: 6431: 6418: 6416: 6368: 6344: 6338: 6332: 6329: 6303: 6258:Pre-Islamic 6257: 6221: 6176:Confucianism 6165: 6158: 6142: 6138: 6134:untouchables 6119: 6100: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6073: 6064: 6050: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6022: 6000: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5928: 5910: 5892: 5887:noble class 5874: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5801: 5797: 5792: 5776: 5769: 5765: 5760:four classes 5744: 5727: 5725: 5688: 5677: 5661:Song dynasty 5635: 5628:Yuan dynasty 5625: 5603: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5572: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5548: 5544: 5543:– (Visayan: 5534: 5526: 5517: 5507: 5500: 5494: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5400: 5384: 5381:plutocracies 5371: 5368:head-hunting 5363: 5359: 5339: 5335: 5302: 5288:), from the 5283: 5255: 5252: 5205: 5201: 5196: 5176:Tropenmuseum 5145: 5143: 5128: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5086: 5063: 5055: 5046: 5037: 5017:urbanisation 5014: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4977: 4969: 4961: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4839: 4838: 4827: 4817: 4571:Commonwealth 4476: 4454: 4437: 4387: 4375:Municipality 4360: 4130: 4008:Chhattisgarh 3978: 3906: 3871: 3844: 3812: 3785: 3758: 3707: 3690: 3639: 3632:Tushar Mehta 3622: 3605: 3588: 3483: 3465: 3438: 3431:Law of India 3393: 3386:Kiren Rijiju 3376: 3351: 3329: 3307: 3290: 3273: 3245: 3233:Rahul Gandhi 3223: 3201: 3193: 3184: 3167: 3095: 3073: 3051: 3029: 2993:Human rights 2968:Constitution 2933: 2925:Gupta Empire 2917:DNA analysis 2888:Vedic period 2877: 2852: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2823:John Minsheu 2772: 2770: 2758: 2743: 2715:caste system 2714: 2707:social group 2702: 2700: 2470:Gender-blind 2349:Human rights 2169:Racial quota 2156: 2136:Jewish quota 2116:Gerontocracy 2111:Gender roles 2089:Disabilities 2074:Blood purity 2040:Wife selling 2030:White flight 2010:Slut-shaming 1990:Scapegoating 1908:Murder music 1563:Palestinians 1506:Anti-Zionism 1374:South Africa 1359:Black people 1337:South Africa 1145:Christianity 1135:Baháʼí Faith 1050:Sectarianism 990:Heterosexism 955:Ephebiphobia 925:Anti-Masonry 784:Hair texture 626: 619: 612: 592: 500:Sidney Mintz 490:Ralph Linton 485:Edmund Leach 445:Morton Fried 440:Meyer Fortes 390:F. G. Bailey 322: 287: 275: 260:Case studies 219:Ethnic group 189:Band society 116: 64: 46: 40: 32: 15088:New Zealand 14805:Untouchable 14730:Proletariat 14720:Pea-pickers 14670:Bourgeoisie 14358:Aristocracy 14244:naturalized 14239:native-born 13598:Nonviolence 13593:LGBT rights 13558:Empowerment 13526:Anti-racism 13448:Segregation 13393:No kid zone 13193:Persecution 13106:Hate speech 13057:Gay bashing 13032:Ethnic joke 12987:Dog whistle 12932:Blood libel 12610:Azerbaijani 12514:Neopaganism 12507:Persecution 12468:Persecution 12451:Persecution 12414:Catholicism 12394:Exclusivism 12344:Transphobia 12327:Supremacism 12282:Lesbophobia 12202:Aporophobia 12167:Anti-autism 12018:Taste-based 12013:Statistical 11801:Black Codes 11749:labor camps 11656:Afghanistan 11373:Susan Bayly 11001:, pp. 10930:"caste, n." 10486:Gordon 2010 10027:. Madison: 9938: [ 9266:CUP Archive 9146:: 104–119. 9081:Demick 2010 8917:14 February 8876:14 February 8835:14 February 8754:30 November 8602:Shimonoseki 8592:人権意識のアップデート 7925:30 November 7890:, Chicago: 7360:"caste, n." 6647:SW Ethiopia 6514:Cordonniers 6466:Ivory Coast 6443:Ivory Coast 6353:West Africa 6312:-descended 6287:Vastryoshan 6275:Arteshtaran 6149:North Korea 6103:Gabo reform 6096:egalitarian 6069:Gabo Reform 5720:court ranks 5709:Edo society 5690:Heidi Fjeld 5634:enforced a 5632:Kublai Khan 5604:kakatamokan 5588:; Tagalog: 5580:Maguindanao 5560:; Tagalog: 5547:; Tagalog: 5524:Kapampangan 5461:Royalty – ( 5438:, with the 5436:feudalistic 5424:Kapampangan 5297: 1590 5290:Boxer Codex 5270:Philippines 5180:Netherlands 5050:North India 4530:Visa policy 4308:Legislative 4170:Lakshadweep 4123:West Bengal 4118:Uttarakhand 4053:Maharashtra 3700:Rajiv Kumar 3519:Bar Council 3261:Rajya Sabha 3130:Secretaries 3125:Departments 3105:Rajiv Gauba 2705:is a fixed 2364:Nonviolence 2359:LGBT rights 2324:Empowerment 2292:Anti-racism 2206:Segregation 2151:No kid zone 1945:Persecution 1858:Hate speech 1809:Gay bashing 1784:Ethnic joke 1739:Dog whistle 1684:Blood libel 1354:Azerbaijani 1250:Neopaganism 1243:Persecution 1204:Persecution 1187:Persecution 1150:Catholicism 1130:Exclusivism 1072:Transphobia 1055:Supremacism 1010:Lesbophobia 930:Aporophobia 895:Anti-autism 732:Taste-based 727:Statistical 470:Ulf Hannerz 465:Lesley Gill 15210:Categories 15078:Luxembourg 14968:Inequality 14633:Superclass 14424:Hereditary 14400:Post-Roman 14391:Patrician 14261:adolescent 14085:Classicide 13872:Stereotype 13867:Speciesism 13748:Oppression 13743:Oikophobia 13639:Allophilia 13623:Toleration 13480:Sodomy law 13373:Internment 13293:Witch-hunt 13171:Blackhawks 13101:Hate group 13089:Hate crime 13062:Gendercide 13052:Freak show 13042:Excellence 13002:Employment 12972:Defamation 12899:Vietnamese 12894:Venezuelan 12779:Lithuanian 12441:Falun Gong 12371:Xenophobia 12366:Vegaphobia 12349:Non-binary 12307:Pedophobia 12272:Homophobia 12094:Skin color 12054:Disability 12027:Attributes 12008:Structural 11904:See also: 11892:Xenophobia 11744:Internment 11729:Ethnocracy 10376:(1). SAV. 10008:21 October 9889:. London. 9583:. London: 9482:22 October 9301:22 October 9193:1007841078 9021:3 November 8861:SUNY Press 8818:. p. 8253:4 December 8127:(2): 1–14. 7535:required.) 7185:References 6914:capitalism 6817:See also: 6684:Among the 6369:Among the 6196:landowners 5672:See also: 5594:; Tausug: 5412:Indianized 5230:knighthood 5071:north-east 5067:Tamil Nadu 4906:status of 4852:Kshatriyas 4300:Ministries 4235:Federalism 4175:Puducherry 4145:Chandigarh 4098:Tamil Nadu 3558:Lok Adalat 3541:High Court 3408:L. Murugan 3146:Parliament 3113:Ministries 3022:Government 2921:endogamous 2646:Stereotype 2641:Speciesism 2522:Oppression 2517:Oikophobia 2413:Allophilia 2389:Toleration 2238:Sodomy law 2131:Internment 2045:Witch-hunt 1923:Blackhawks 1853:Hate group 1841:Hate crime 1814:Gendercide 1804:Freak show 1794:Excellence 1754:Employment 1724:Defamation 1643:Vietnamese 1638:Venezuelan 1523:Lithuanian 1177:Falun Gong 1099:Xenophobia 1094:Vegaphobia 1077:Non-binary 1035:Pedophobia 1000:Homophobia 814:Skin color 774:Disability 747:Attributes 722:Structural 362:Cargo cult 265:Acephelous 155:Matriarchy 150:Patriarchy 137:Leadership 15103:Sri Lanka 14996:Education 14963:Household 14856:Affluence 14791:Rat tribe 14753:Ant tribe 14725:Precariat 14710:Lazzaroni 14652:Bohemians 14613:Overclass 14608:Old money 14544:Spartiate 14519:Kshatriya 14509:Hashashin 14466:Professor 14407:Political 14380:Oligarchy 14370:Hanseaten 14288:Stateless 14268:Convicted 14200:By status 14163:Subaltern 14095:Euthenics 14027:New class 13845:Christian 13773:Prejudice 13721:Masculism 13669:Diversity 13463:religious 13438:Redlining 13037:Ethnocide 12997:Education 12884:Ukrainian 12814:Pakistani 12804:Mongolian 12725:Australia 12707:Hungarian 12662:Colombian 12642:Bulgarian 12524:Rastafari 12473:Ahmadiyya 12381:Religious 12359:Trans men 12317:Pregnancy 12252:Gayphobia 12247:Fatphobia 12152:Acephobia 12147:Arophobia 12131:Viewpoint 11784:Apartheid 11717:Bantustan 11602:Civil War 11426:Religious 11354:Casteless 11275:10 August 11228:Routledge 11175:10 August 10999:Routledge 10970:Routledge 10951:caste, n. 10949:) Quote: 10914:10 August 10858:10 August 10825:10 August 10626:Routledge 10260:cite news 10171:The Hindu 10111:143949609 10066:146641210 9779:cite book 9755:144428371 9566:142847876 9529:146454269 9418:162509491 9378:155805468 9341:144982023 9160:1370-7205 9123:214483496 9115:0021-0862 8902:Routledge 8632:"Kakaku" 8373:143883066 8338:186146571 8222:131367161 8141:The Hindu 7426:258804155 7418:1475-9756 7381:caste, n. 7343:10 August 6965:In 2023, 6819:Mestizaje 6744:feudalism 6742:European 6716:Rahanweyn 6539:, Moors, 6510:Forgerons 6340:Beni Amer 6314:Al-Akhdam 6300:Al-Akhdam 6207:Kurdistan 6202:West Asia 6180:Communism 6101:With the 6092:baekjeong 6088:baekjeong 6084:baekjeong 6080:baekjeong 6003:baekjeong 5950:baekjeong 5842:descent. 5820:burakumin 5816:burakumin 5812:burakumin 5803:burakumin 5643:Mongolian 5617:East Asia 5563:maharlika 5549:katalonan 5416:Islamized 5397:Kankanaey 5385:kadangyan 5328:Tagakaulo 5248:servitude 5217:Brahminas 5187:Indonesia 5134:Sri Lanka 5041:Hypergamy 5029:patrimony 4686:Sanctions 4639:East Asia 4525:Passports 4244:Executive 4201:Districts 4196:Divisions 4103:Telangana 4088:Rajasthan 4063:Meghalaya 4038:Karnataka 4033:Jharkhand 3738:Elections 3155:Lok Sabha 3118:Ministers 2976:Amendment 2900:Kshatriya 2827:New World 2767:Etymology 2753:colonial 2723:exclusion 2619:Christian 2547:Prejudice 2495:Masculism 2443:Diversity 2221:religious 2196:Redlining 1789:Ethnocide 1749:Education 1628:Ukrainian 1558:Pakistani 1548:Mongolian 1469:Australia 1451:Hungarian 1406:Colombian 1386:Bulgarian 1260:Rastafari 1209:Ahmadiyya 1115:Religious 1087:Trans men 1045:Pregnancy 980:Gayphobia 975:Fatphobia 880:Acephobia 875:Arophobia 851:Viewpoint 550:Eric Wolf 122:Age grade 76:Political 57:in India. 15195:Category 15127:Historic 15048:Colombia 15038:Cambodia 14973:Personal 14871:Mobility 14800:Freedman 14786:Plebeian 14772:Prisoner 14758:Commoner 14644:Creative 14625:Seigneur 14591:Nobility 14549:Vanniyar 14534:Pendekar 14494:Cossacks 14128:Snobbery 14000:Theories 13902:Category 13884:The talk 13820:Snobbery 13738:Net bias 13568:Feminism 13495:Ugly law 13336:Catholic 13304:policies 13151:Mortgage 13146:Lynching 13077:examples 13072:Genocide 12992:Economic 12977:Democide 12937:Bullying 12849:Scottish 12844:Romanian 12809:Nigerian 12752:Japanese 12687:Georgian 12672:Filipino 12605:Assyrian 12578:Armenian 12568:American 12563:Albanian 12545:National 12529:Yazidism 12446:Hinduism 12404:Buddhism 12302:Nepotism 12297:Misogyny 12292:Misandry 12217:Clannism 12212:Biphobia 12157:Adultism 12074:Language 11917:Category 11877:Shunning 11873:(Canada) 11836:Nativism 11690:Dynamics 11567:Rhodesia 11562:Portugal 11557:Malaysia 11522:Bulgaria 11464:Portugal 11305:archived 11260:ABC-CLIO 11243:5 August 11209:5 August 11142:5 August 11127:ABC-CLIO 10944:5 August 10889:(2011). 10793:(2012), 10748:5 August 10594:(1972), 10427:Archived 10423:The Wire 10404:Archived 10378:Archived 10325:Archived 10251:BBC News 10151:37392803 10127:(1998). 9950:Chalosse 9891:Archived 9632:25604523 9039:(2010). 9015:Archived 8816:ABC-CLIO 8639:Kotobank 8437:42632474 8074:CBC News 8053:22 March 7946:ABC News 7851:(1984). 7784:, p. 331 7374:5 August 7297:5 August 7251:(2012), 7148:Propiska 7116:See also 7086:heredity 7005:Buddhism 6802:Americas 6798:(EHRC). 6781:Minister 6720:Madhiban 6697:Ethiopia 6671:Ethiopia 6658:Madhiban 6537:Minianka 6427:Cameroon 6260:Sassanid 6224:Yazidism 6126:cheonmin 5965:, etc.) 5930:Cheonmin 5832:Hokkaidō 5787:hatamoto 5766:hyakushō 5728:mibunsei 5630:, ruler 5545:babaylan 5496:babaiyon 5468:kadatoan 5373:mangayaw 5311:and the 5262:such as 5239:commerce 5198:Balinese 5119:Pakistan 5113:Ram Shah 5103:period. 5101:Licchavi 5033:politics 5025:endogamy 4856:Vaishyas 4848:Brahmins 4681:to India 4662:Diaspora 4507:to India 4498:in India 4252:Governor 4073:Nagaland 3970:Capitals 3590:Minister 3275:Chairman 3177:Om Birla 3003:Taxation 2739:termites 2727:eusocial 2719:endogamy 2658:The talk 2594:Snobbery 2512:Net bias 2334:Feminism 2253:Ugly law 2094:Catholic 2060:Policies 1903:Mortgage 1898:Lynching 1829:examples 1824:Genocide 1744:Economic 1729:Democide 1689:Bullying 1593:Scottish 1588:Romanian 1553:Nigerian 1496:Japanese 1431:Georgian 1416:Filipino 1349:Assyrian 1322:Armenian 1312:American 1307:Albanian 1287:national 1265:Yazidism 1182:Hinduism 1140:Buddhism 1030:Nepotism 1025:Misogyny 1020:Misandry 945:Clannism 940:Biphobia 885:Adultism 794:Language 683:a series 681:Part of 607:Journals 204:Chiefdom 181:Polities 67:a series 65:Part of 15098:Romania 15093:Nigeria 14978:Poverty 14881:Classes 14866:History 14777:Peasant 14763:Outcast 14702:Working 14682:Burgher 14539:Samurai 14529:Ocēlōtl 14489:Chhetri 14481:Warrior 14471:Scholar 14385:Russian 14375:Magnate 14363:Aristoi 14342:By type 14229:Citizen 14222:refugee 14118:Poverty 14112:Parvenu 14046:Related 14017:Marxian 13979:Stratum 13912:Commons 13691:Figleaf 13116:Housing 12879:Turkish 12824:Pashtun 12794:Mexican 12774:Kurdish 12747:Italian 12697:Haitian 12682:Finnish 12657:Chinese 12652:Chechen 12647:Catalan 12637:Bengali 12558:African 12543:Ethnic/ 12502:Judaism 12488:Sunnism 12478:Shi'ism 12389:Atheism 12222:Elitism 12121:Species 12059:Genetic 12049:Dialect 11946:Commons 11851:Rankism 11821:Hafrada 11775:Related 11671:Judaism 11547:Germany 11507:Bahrain 11484:Myanmar 11479:Bahrain 11345:at the 11186:"Caste" 11152:"caste" 11119:"Caste" 11021:"Caste" 10989:"Caste" 10962:"Caste" 10891:"caste" 10835:"caste" 10759:"Caste" 10725:"Caste" 10645:"Caste" 10618:"Caste" 10584:Sources 10321:Reuters 10103:2773155 9897:28 July 9747:1158345 9669:1160872 9521:1158641 9456:: 9–22. 8793:3023467 8727:7 March 8694:7 March 8649:7 March 8616:7 March 8571:7 March 8533:7 March 8214:3629123 7782:3793499 7611:5 April 7514:"caste" 7398:Textile 7274:"Caste" 7205:"Caste" 7138:Kamaiya 7096:at the 6967:Seattle 6783:may by 6732:Somalia 6699:in the 6619:Burundi 6592:Sunjata 6580:Songhay 6576:Soninke 6566:Malinke 6545:Soninke 6541:Manding 6525:Songhay 6521:Tukulor 6474:Senegal 6470:Liberia 6434:Songhai 6423:Nigeria 6383:Anambra 6375:Nigeria 6310:African 6281:Dabiran 6269:Asravan 6240:Kurdish 6232:Kurdish 6212:Yazidis 6167:Songbun 6155:Songbun 6143:kungmin 6122:bongwan 6051:sangmin 6041:jung-in 6029:Yangban 6017:Khitans 5962:gisaeng 5912:Sangmin 5876:Yangban 5869:Status 5840:Chinese 5697:serfdom 5600:Maranao 5541:Shamans 5519:maginoo 5514:Tagalog 5463:Visayan 5452:vassals 5428:Visayan 5420:Tagalog 5403:of the 5401:baknang 5387:of the 5364:maingal 5320:Mandaya 5309:Mangyan 5285:maginoo 5280:Tagalog 5226:Satrias 5206:ekajāti 5202:dwijāti 5005:Harijan 4860:Shudras 4667:History 4556:BIMSTEC 4326:Speaker 4108:Tripura 4068:Mizoram 4058:Manipur 4023:Haryana 4018:Gujarat 3265:Members 3169:Speaker 2904:Vaishya 2896:Brahmin 2465:Figleaf 1868:Housing 1623:Turkish 1568:Pashtun 1538:Mexican 1518:Kurdish 1491:Italian 1441:Haitian 1426:Finnish 1401:Chinese 1396:Chechen 1391:Catalan 1381:Bengali 1302:African 1285:Ethnic/ 1238:Judaism 1224:Sunnism 1214:Shi'ism 1125:Atheism 950:Elitism 841:Species 779:Genetic 769:Dialect 312:Mandala 145:Big man 126:Age set 15053:France 15033:Belize 15028:Africa 14955:Income 14911:Middle 14904:Gentry 14768:Outlaw 14675:Petite 14662:Middle 14596:Landed 14581:Gentry 14514:Knight 14454:Priest 14449:Clergy 14412:Family 14350:Ruling 14299:collar 14256:Clique 13972:Status 13877:threat 13731:autism 13468:sexual 13458:racial 13341:Jewish 13198:Pogrom 13176:Chiefs 13166:Braves 12889:Uyghur 12864:Somali 12859:Slavic 12839:Romani 12834:Quebec 12829:Polish 12769:Korean 12730:Canada 12717:Indian 12702:Hazara 12677:Fulani 12588:France 12553:Afghan 12483:Sufism 12207:Audism 12140:Social 12069:Height 11933:racial 11928:gender 11846:Racism 11777:topics 11643:Gender 11552:Israel 11542:France 11512:Brazil 11502:Canada 11449:Serbia 11444:Israel 11297: 11266: 11234: 11200: 11166: 11133: 11106: 11060: 11031: 11009: 10976: 10940:, 1989 10905: 10879:899573 10877: 10849: 10816: 10773: 10739: 10712: 10693: 10663: 10632: 10606: 10464: 10229:9 June 10149: 10139: 10109: 10101: 10064: 9976:2 June 9858: 9844:Fayard 9800:Africa 9753: 9745: 9726:Africa 9706: 9667: 9648:Africa 9630: 9591: 9564: 9527: 9519: 9500:Africa 9416: 9376: 9339: 9272: 9191: 9181: 9158: 9121: 9113: 9064: 8940: 8908: 8867: 8826: 8791: 8493: 8464: 8435: 8397: 8371: 8336: 8311: 8220: 8212: 8017:UNICEF 7898: 7869: 7831: 7780: 7752: 7703: 7577: 7482:986579 7480: 7424: 7416: 7370:, 1989 7350:Castes 7334: 7288: 7219: 6949:, and 6881:Blacks 6846:castas 6840:negros 6760:Cagots 6738:Europe 6675:Gurage 6615:Rwanda 6584:Fulani 6568:people 6561:Tuareg 6559:, and 6557:Fulani 6533:Senufo 6512:, and 6506:Griots 6502:Fulani 6462:Guinea 6454:Gambia 6395:Ebonyi 6320:Africa 6248:tribes 6033:munban 5956:mudang 5894:Jungin 5860:Hangul 5836:Korean 5808:buraku 5779:daimyo 5771:chōnin 5740:daimyō 5736:Shōgun 5694:feudal 5650:people 5591:alipin 5585:ulipon 5557:timawa 5531:Tausug 5471:) the 5430:, and 5395:, and 5393:Bontoc 5389:Ifugao 5379:Petty 5360:mengal 5350:, the 5340:magani 5336:bagani 5330:, and 5324:Bagobo 5264:Mexico 5256:castas 5244:Sudras 5235:Wesias 5221:priest 4951:varnas 4923:varnas 4883:Varnas 4870:Varnas 4822:, the 4634:Africa 4165:Ladakh 4093:Sikkim 4083:Punjab 4078:Odisha 4043:Kerala 3980:States 3551:Judges 3506:Judges 3194:Vacant 2908:Shudra 2892:varnas 2886:. The 2760:castas 2737:, and 2651:threat 2505:autism 2226:sexual 2216:racial 2099:Jewish 1950:Pogrom 1928:Chiefs 1918:Braves 1633:Uyghur 1608:Somali 1603:Slavic 1583:Romani 1578:Quebec 1573:Polish 1513:Korean 1474:Canada 1461:Indian 1446:Hazara 1421:Fulani 1332:France 1297:Afghan 1219:Sufism 935:Audism 866:Social 789:Height 638:Social 307:Negara 49:are a 15216:Caste 15149:Aztec 15108:Tibet 15083:Nepal 15073:Italy 15063:India 15058:Haiti 15043:China 14943:Under 14938:Lower 14916:Black 14899:Donor 14894:Black 14889:Upper 14796:Slave 14745:Under 14601:Petty 14576:Elite 14563:Upper 14504:Harii 14499:Cuāuh 14333:White 14313:Green 14212:Alien 14055:Caste 13855:white 13208:Purge 12904:Welsh 12869:Tatar 12789:Māori 12784:Malay 12742:Irish 12692:Greek 12667:Croat 12625:China 12583:Asian 12463:Islam 12332:White 12079:Looks 12044:Class 12039:Caste 11996:Forms 11923:caste 11651:Islam 11577:Spain 11474:Spain 11343:Caste 11308:(PDF) 11291:(PDF) 10796:caste 10381:(PDF) 10366:(PDF) 10107:S2CID 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4003:Bihar 3998:Assam 3924:INDIA 2880:varna 2864:India 2853:casta 2847:casta 2842:caste 2838:caste 2832:casta 2817:casta 2773:caste 2746:Hindu 2703:caste 2629:white 1960:Purge 1648:Welsh 1613:Tatar 1533:Māori 1528:Malay 1486:Irish 1436:Greek 1411:Croat 1369:China 1327:Asian 1199:Islam 1060:White 799:Looks 764:Class 760:Caste 708:Forms 296:State 199:Tribe 170:Chief 160:Elder 117:Caste 47:Basor 42:Basor 15068:Iran 14781:Serf 14586:Lord 14524:Nair 14417:List 14328:Pink 14318:Grey 14308:Blue 14297:By " 13850:male 13649:Bias 13094:LGBT 12874:Thai 12854:Serb 12712:Igbo 12573:Arab 12337:Male 12126:Size 12106:Rank 11789:laws 11661:Iran 11537:Fiji 11295:ISBN 11277:2012 11264:ISBN 11245:2012 11232:ISBN 11211:2012 11198:ISBN 11177:2012 11164:ISBN 11144:2012 11131:ISBN 11104:ISBN 11071:2012 11058:ISBN 11042:2012 11029:ISBN 11007:ISBN 10974:ISBN 10946:2012 10916:2012 10903:ISBN 10875:OCLC 10860:2012 10847:ISBN 10827:2012 10814:ISBN 10784:2012 10771:ISBN 10750:2012 10737:ISBN 10710:ISBN 10691:ISBN 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