3426:. Aaby concludes: 'The connection between the reification of women on the one hand and the state and private property on the other is exactly the opposite of that posed by Engels and his followers. Without the reification of women as a historically given socio-structural feature, the origin of private property and the state will remain inexplicable.' If we follow Aaby's argument, which I find persuasive, we must conclude that in the course of the agricultural revolution the exploitation of human labor and the sexual exploitation of women become inextricably linked.
1373:
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1815:
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1473:, a philosopher who wrote about "good mothers" in the context of maternal ethics, describes the dilemma facing contemporary mothers who must train their children within a patriarchal system. She asks whether a "good mother" trains her son to be competitive, individualistic, and comfortable within the hierarchies of patriarchy, knowing that he may likely be economically successful but a mean person, or whether she resists patriarchal ideologies and
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1801:
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Epistle to the
Hebrews. In his essay "A Judicial Patriarchy: Family Law at the Turn of the Century", Michael Grossberg coined the phrase "judicial patriarchy", stating that "The judge became the buffer between the family and the state", and that "Judicial patriarchs dominated family law because within these institutional and intraclass rivalries judges succeeded in protecting their power over the law governing the hearth."
7715:
1325:. According to standard sociological theory, patriarchy is the result of sociological constructions that are passed down from generation to generation. These constructions are most pronounced in societies with traditional cultures and less economic development. Even in modern, developed societies, however, gender messages conveyed by family, mass media, and other institutions largely favor males having a dominant status.
987:, which has traditionally been controlled by men. In this view, men directed household production and sought to control women in order to ensure the passing of family property to their own (male) offspring, while women were limited to household labor and producing children. Lerner disputes this idea, arguing that patriarchy emerged before the development of class-based society and the concept of private property.
5907:
1295:, laws governing morality, sexuality, and gender-relations continued to be based on Confucian teachings. Men and women were both subject to strict laws regarding sexual behavior, however men were punished infrequently in comparison to women. Additionally, women's punishment often carried strong social stigma, "rendering unmarriageable", a stigma which did not follow men. Similarly, in the
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have periods of time where they can be aggressive and irrational; furthermore, unrelated effects of aging and similar medical problems are often blamed on menopause, amplifying its reputation. These biological traits and others specific to women, such as their ability to get pregnant, are often used against them as an attribute of weakness.
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combined to sustain patriarchy. Gradually, technological advances, especially industrial machinery, diminished the primacy of physical strength in everyday life. Introduction of household appliances reduced the amount of manual labor needed in the households. Similarly, contraception has given women control over their reproductive cycle.
1081:
structure in his theories. Lerner claims that through this patriarchal belief system, passed down generation to generation, people have been conditioned to believe that men are superior to women. These symbols are benchmarks which children learn about when they grow up, and the cycle of patriarchy continues much past the Greeks.
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patriarchy still grew with power. Lewontin and others argue that such biological determinism unjustly limits women. In his study, he states women behave a certain way not because they are biologically inclined to, but rather because they are judged by "how well they conform to the stereotypical local image of femininity".
1537:, analyzing the concept of patriarchy and the role that it has played in the development of feminist thought, says that seeing patriarchy as a "universal, trans-historical and trans-cultural phenomenon" where "women were everywhere oppressed by men in more or less the same ways tended toward a biological essentialism."
1252:, a Confucian text, places a woman's value on her loyalty and obedience. It explains that an obedient woman is to obey their father before her marriage, her husband after marriage, and her first son if widowed, and that a virtuous woman must practice sexual propriety, proper speech, modest appearance, and hard work.
876:. Several researchers have stated that the first signs of a sexual division of labour dates from around 2 million years ago, deep within humanity's evolutionary past. It has been connected to an evolutionary process during a period of resource scarcity in Africa approximately 2 million years ago. In the 2009 book
1703:. In 1973, Goldberg wrote, "The ethnographic studies of every society that has ever been observed explicitly state that these feelings were present, there is literally no variation at all." Goldberg has critics among anthropologists. Concerning Goldberg's claims about the "feelings of both men and women",
4671:
Patriarchy is a political-social system that insists that males are inherently dominating, superior to everything and everyone deemed weak, especially females, and endowed with the right to dominate and rule over the weak and to maintain that dominance through various forms of psychological terrorism
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often refers to male domination generally, another interpretation sees it as literally "rule of the father". So some people believe patriarchy does not refer simply to male power over women, but the expression of power dependent on age as well as gender, such as by older men over women, children, and
1453:
represents an outlier in this regard. German argued for a need to redefine the origins and sources of the patriarchy, describing the mainstream theories as providing "little understanding of how women's oppression and the nature of the family have changed historically. Nor is there much notion of how
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and applied the challenges they faced to women today. Working from both the Hebrew
Scriptures and the New Testament, she analysed different variations of patriarchy, and outlined the paradox of Rahab, a prostitute in the Old Testament who became a role-model in the New Testament Epistle of James, and
1173:
denies inheritance of paternal authority stating, "... reason shows us that mothers have rights and authority equal to those of fathers; for the obligations imposed on children originate equally from the mother and the father, as both are equally responsible for bringing them into the world. Thus the
1503:
family, which they see as a necessary component of female oppression. The family not only serves as a representative of the greater civilization by pushing its own affiliates to change and obey, but performs as a component in the rule of the patriarchal state that rules its inhabitants with the head
1391:
of women. Firestone believes that patriarchy is caused by the biological inequalities between women and men, e.g. that women bear children, while men do not. Firestone writes that patriarchal ideologies support the oppression of women and gives as an example the joy of giving birth, which she labels
1080:
stated that
Aristotle believed that "soul contributes the form and model of creation". This implies that any imperfection that is caused in the world must be caused by a woman because one cannot acquire an imperfection from perfection (which he perceived as male). Aristotle had a hierarchical ruling
1765:
The operations of power in such cases are usually enacted unconsciously. All are subject, even fathers are bound by its strictures. It is represented in unspoken traditions and conventions performed in everyday behaviors, customs, and habits. The triangular relationship of a father, a mother and an
1332:
Feminists believe that people have gendered biases, which are perpetuated and enforced across generations by those who benefit from them. For instance, it has historically been claimed that women cannot make rational decisions during their menstrual periods. This claim cloaks the fact that men also
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But in a situation in which ecological conditions and irregularities in biological reproduction threatened the survival of the group, people would search for more reproducers — that is, women. Thus, the first appropriation of private property consists of the appropriation of the labor of women as
1188:
voiced skepticism about the ability of men to translate and interpret passages relating to the roles of the sexes without bias. She proposed alternative translations and interpretations of passages relating to women, and she applied historical and cultural criticism to a number of verses, arguing
1137:
Although many 16th- and 17th-century theorists agreed with
Aristotle's views concerning the place of women in society, none of them tried to prove political obligation on the basis of the patriarchal family until sometime after 1680. The patriarchal political theory is closely associated with Sir
1787:
Marx was on to something more profound than he knew when he observed that the family contained within itself in embryo all the antagonisms that later develop on a wide scale within the society and the state. For unless revolution uproots the basic social organisation, the biological family – the
1328:
Although patriarchy exists within the scientific atmosphere, "the periods over which women would have been at a physiological disadvantage in participation in hunting through being at a late stage of pregnancy or early stage of child-rearing would have been short". During the time of the nomads,
1042:
First of all, if you take the virtue of a man, it is easily stated that a man's virtue is this—that he be competent to manage the affairs of his city, and to manage them so as to benefit his friends and harm his enemies, and to take care to avoid suffering harm himself. Or take a woman's virtue:
2148:
In its narrow meaning, patriarchy refers to the system, historically derived from Greek and Roman law, in which the male head of the household had absolute legal and economic power over his dependent female and male family members. Patriarchy in its wider definition means the manifestation and
1262:
that a woman's primary concern is to subordinate themselves before patriarchal figures, such as a husband or father, and that they need not concern themselves with intelligence or talent. Ban Zhao is considered by some historians as an early champion for women's education in China; however, her
2254:
The core concept of patriarchy of male domination and female subordination
Although patriarchy has been variously defined, for purposes of this article, it means social arrangements that privilege males, where men as a group dominate women as a group, both structurally and ideologically man
1540:
Anna
Pollert has described use of the term patriarchy as circular and conflating description and explanation. She remarks the discourse on patriarchy creates a "theoretical impasse ... imposing a structural label on what it is supposed to explain" and therefore impoverishes the possibility of
1363:
The idea that patriarchy is natural has, however, come under attack from many sociologists, explaining that patriarchy evolved due to historical, rather than biological, conditions. In technologically simple societies, men's greater physical strength and women's common experience of pregnancy
4553:
Feminism, as I understand it, arises in resistance to the gender binary enforced by the patriarchy, an injustice that is as harmful to men as it is to women, as we can see in the long history of unjust wars, rationalized by patriarchy, in which men have fought and been killed and injured and
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itself. As such, female liberation needs to begin "with an assessment of the material position of women in capitalist society." In that, German differs from Young or
Hartmann by rejecting the notion ("eternal truth") that the patriarchy is at the root of female oppression.
1654:
understanding of patriarchy argue that because of human female biology, women are more fit to perform roles such as anonymous child-rearing at home, rather than high-profile decision-making roles, such as leaders in battles. Through this basis, "the existence of a
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that is harmful to both men and women. It often includes any social, political, or economic mechanism that evokes male dominance over women. Because patriarchy is a social construction, it can be overcome by revealing and critically analyzing its manifestations.
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portrayed women as morally, intellectually, and physically inferior to men; saw women as the property of men; claimed that women's role in society was to reproduce and to serve men in the household; and saw male domination of women as natural and virtuous.
1234:
in the West, "the emperor of Japan changed
Japanese modes of worship", giving supremacy to male deities and suppressing belief in female spiritual power in what feminist scholars in the field of religious studies have called a "patriarchal revolution."
1022:. Steven Taylor argues that the rise of patriarchal domination was associated with the appearance of socially stratified hierarchical polities, institutionalised violence and the separated individuated ego associated with a period of climatic stress.
2376:
Today, as in the past, men generally hold political, economic, and religious power in most societies thanks to patriarchy, a system whereby men largely control women and children, shape ideas about appropriate gender behavior, and generally dominate
1529:
argues that the new term identifies the ideological system itself (that men claim dominance and superiority to women) that can be believed and acted upon by either men or women, whereas the earlier terms imply only men act as oppressors of women.
810:; these writers sought to use an understanding of patriarchal social relations to liberate women from male domination. This concept of patriarchy was developed to explain male dominance as a social, rather than biological, phenomenon.
1454:
widely differing that oppression is from class to class." Instead, the patriarchy is not the result of men's oppression of women or sexism per se, with men not even identified as the main beneficiaries of such a system, but
958:
that there was no single event, and documents that patriarchy as a social system arose in different parts of the world at different times. Some scholars point to social and technological events, notably the emergence of
994:
as far back as 3100 BCE, as are restrictions on a woman's reproductive capacity and exclusion from "the process of representing or the construction of history". According to some researchers, with the appearance of the
1575:) suggest that sexual conflicts of interest underlying the patriarchy precede the emergence of the human species. However, the extent of male power over females varies greatly across different primate species. Among
1284:, a book containing biographies of women who lived according to the Confucian ideals of virtuous womanhood, popularized an entire genre of similar writing during the Ming dynasty. Women who lived according to this
1263:
extensive writing on the value of a woman's mediocrity and servile behavior leaves others feeling that this narrative is the result of a misplaced desire to cast her in a contemporary feminist light. Similarly to
1659:
in primitive societies is a starting point as much for purely social accounts of the origins of patriarchy as for biological." Hence, the rise of patriarchy is recognized through this apparent "sexual division".
1201:, which proposed a feminist reading of the Old and New Testament. This tendency was enlarged by feminist theory, which denounced the patriarchal Judeo-Christian tradition. In 2020, social theorist and theologian
729:
Historically, patriarchy has manifested itself in the social, legal, political, religious, and economic organization of a range of different cultures. Most contemporary societies are, in practice, patriarchal.
4754:
Feldblum, Joseph T.; Wroblewski, Emily E.; Rudicell, Rebecca S.; Hahn, Beatrice H.; Paiva, Thais; Cetinkaya-Rundel, Mine; Pusey, Anne E.; Gilby, Ian C. (December 2014).
1174:
positive laws of God that relate to the obedience of children join the father and the mother without any differentiation; both possess a kind of ascendancy and jurisdiction over their children...."
1770:
in rituals of courtship and marriage. They provide conceptual models for organising power relations in spheres that have nothing to do with the family, for example, politics and business.
1707:
countered in 1974 that the data on women's attitudes are "sparse and contradictory", and that the data on male attitudes about male–female relations are "ambiguous". Also, the effects of
2948:
Sometimes, men in matrilineal societies were the ones who inherited, but they did so through their mother's brothers, and passed their own inheritances along to their sisters' children.
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compare human gender roles to sexed behavior in other primates and some argue that gender inequality comes primarily from genetic and reproductive differences between men and women.
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over which males of most species will compete. This idea suggests that females prefer males who control more resources that can help her and her offspring, which in turn causes an
606:
1076:
Lerner states that
Aristotle believed that women had colder blood than men, which made women not evolve into men, the sex that Aristotle believed to be perfect and superior.
1596:
states that "...many cultures bestow power preferentially on one sex or the other...." Some anthropologists, such as
Floriana Ciccodicola, have argued that patriarchy is a
902:
1718:
argues that patriarchy evolved in humans through conflict between the respective reproductive interests of males and females. She lists six ways it may have emerged:
1924:
1507:
Many feminists (especially scholars and activists) have called for culture repositioning as a method for deconstructing patriarchy. Culture repositioning relates to
1321:
Sociologists tend to reject predominantly biological explanations of patriarchy and contend that socialization processes are primarily responsible for establishing
979:
2811:
Catalano, D. Chase J.; Griffin, Pat (2016). "Sexism, Heterosexism, and Trans* Oppression: An Integrated Perspective". In Adams, Maurianne; Bell, Lee Anne (eds.).
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i.e. patriarchy as the 'norm' or common sense, is relevant. However, there do exist cultures that some anthropologists have described as matriarchal. Among the
6046:
5843:
3072:
3020:
Alger, Ingela; Hooper, Paul L.; Cox, Donald; Stieglitz, Jonathan; Kaplan, Hillard S. (19 May 2020). "Paternal provisioning results from ecological change".
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to describe the interactive relationship of capitalism and patriarchy in producing and reproducing the oppression of women. According to Hartmann, the term
6122:
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contest this argument, arguing that gender roles and gender inequity are instruments of power and have become social norms to maintain control over women.
292:
1400:
also understands patriarchy as the primary cause of women's oppression. The system of patriarchy accomplishes this by alienating women from their bodies.
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along gender lines, with power predominantly held by men, has been observed in most, but not all societies. The concept of patriarchy is also related to
6132:
1499:
Jaggar, Young, and Hartmann are among the feminist theorists who argue that the system of patriarchy should be completely overturned, especially the
1484:, makes a series of arguments about the origins and reproduction of patriarchy as a system of oppression of women, and concludes that patriarchy is
7250:
1383:
Feminist theorists have written extensively about patriarchy either as a primary cause of women's oppression, or as part of an interactive system.
651:
3359:
2149:
institutionalization of male dominance over women and children in the family and the extension of male dominance over women in society in general.
1246:, Confucianism has strong dictates regarding the behavior of women, declaring a woman's place in society, as well as outlining virtuous behavior.
3228:. Cambridge McDonald Monograph Series. Cambridge Oakville, Connecticut: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge.
3183:
1443:. In its being both systematic and universal, therefore, the concept of patriarchy represents an adaptation of the Marxist concept of class and
1069:. In it, Plato argues that women would have complete educational and political equality in such a society, and would serve in the military. The
7005:
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extended from the 1840s to the late 1970s Nevertheless, men's government of women is one of the most deeply entrenched of all power structures
309:
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1043:
there is no difficulty in describing it as the duty of ordering the house well, looking after the property indoors, and obeying her husband.
3699:
1586:
There is also considerable variation in the role that gender plays in human societies, and there is no academic consensus on to what extent
1758:
This psychoanalytic model is based upon revisions of Freud's description of the normally neurotic family using the analogy of the story of
1163:
However, in the latter half of the 18th century, clerical sentiments of patriarchy were meeting challenges from intellectual authorities –
1579:(a close relative of humans), for example, male coercion of females is rarely, if ever, observed, and bonobos are widely considered to be
1299:, laws governing morality which were written as egalitarian were selectively enforced favoring men, with insufficient enforcement against
1340:
has composed six overlapping structures that define patriarchy and that take different forms in different cultures and different times:
579:
1344:
The household: women are more likely to have their labor expropriated by their husbands such as through housework and raising children
6105:
2844:
2470:
1392:
a patriarchal myth. For Firestone, women must gain control over reproduction in order to be free from oppression. Feminist historian
893:
between males and females may have originated with the invention of cooking, which is estimated to have happened simultaneously with
297:
1278:, widowed women were expected to never remarry, and unmarried women were expected to remain chaste for the duration of their lives.
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2052:
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younger men. Some of these younger men may inherit and therefore have a stake in continuing these conventions. Others may rebel.
599:
3497:
7227:
2212:
Hunnicutt, Gwen (2009). "Varieties of Patriarchy and Violence Against Women: Resurrecting 'Patriarchy' as a Theoretical Tool".
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1788:
vinculum through which the psychology of power can always be smuggled – the tapeworm of exploitation will never be annihilated.
1230:, and ancient writings were replete with references to great priestesses and magicians. However, at the time contemporary with
5705:
Masculinities in Contemporary American Culture: An Intersectional Approach to the Complexities and Challenges of Male Identity
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1396:
believes that male control over women's sexuality and reproductive functions is a fundamental cause and result of patriarchy.
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5158:
5096:
5071:
5039:
4950:
4925:
4664:
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Chigbu, Uchendu Eugene (2015). "Repositioning culture for development: women and development in a Nigerian rural community".
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I shall define patriarchy as a system of social structures, and practices in which men dominate, oppress and exploit women.
1938:
644:
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7202:
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1676:, argues that females almost always invest more energy into producing offspring than males, and therefore, females are a
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5955:
4107:
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2622:
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defines patriarchy as "a system of social structures and practices in which men dominate, oppress, and exploit women".
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Resisting Injustice and the Feminist Ethics of Care in the Age of Obama: "Suddenly ... All the Truth Was Coming Out"
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1623:, China), for example, women exert greater power, authority, and control over decision-making. Other societies are
1189:
that their admonitions applied to specific historical situations, and were not to be viewed as universal commands.
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Family and other relations: a thesis examining the extent to which family relationships shape the relations of art
2441:
7789:
6142:
6065:
4330:
1943:
894:
637:
5677:
3440:"The end of Old Europe: the intrusion of Steppe Pastoralists from South Russia and the transformation of Europe"
1018:
in the Aegean, the Balkans and southern Italy instituted male hierarchies that led to the rise of patriarchy in
7744:
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1511:. It involves the reconstruction of the cultural concept of a society. Prior to the widespread use of the term
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435:
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What Paul Really Said About Women: an Apostle's liberating views on equality in marriage, leadership, and love
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inheriting eldest son frequently form the dynamic and emotional narratives of popular culture and are enacted
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5360:(2nd ed.). Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire England New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 177–200.
4303:
3814:"Crossing boundaries: nineteenth-century domestic relations law and the merger of family and legal history"
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1918:
145:
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rule by the male head of a family; however, since the late 20th century it has also been used to refer to
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Gao, Xiongya (2003). "Women Existing for Men: Confucianism and Social Injustice against Women in China".
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2506:
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In the 19th century, various women began to question the commonly accepted patriarchal interpretation of
802:
in which power is primarily held by adult men. The term was particularly used by writers associated with
20:
5322:"The mirror stage as formative of the function of the I as revealed in psychoanalytic experience (1949)"
1271:
was meant as a moral guide for proper feminine behavior, and was widely accepted as such for centuries.
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7089:
2634:
2600:
2566:
2532:
1973:
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1762:. Those who fall outside the Oedipal triad of mother/father/child are less subject to male authority.
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2008:
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used Grimké's criticism of biblical sources to establish a basis for feminist thought. She published
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1983:
1015:
5919:
5507:"Negotiating a software career: informal work practices and 'the lads' in a software installation"
4597:"Violence against Women and Media: Advancements and Challenges of a Research and Political Agenda"
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2003:
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left a record of his shock at the contrast between the roles of Egyptian women and the women of
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5626:(1999). "Articulating adolescent girls' resistance to patriarchal discourse in popular media".
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5421:
4567:
3888:"Daughter/Wife/Mother or Sage/Immortal/Bodhisattva? Women in the Teaching of Chinese Religions"
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Hennessy, Rosemary (2012). "Patriarchy". In Harrington, A.; Marshall, B.L.; Muller, H. (eds.).
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4913:"Patriarchal Chimpanzees, Matriarchal Bonobos: Potential Ecological Causes of a Pan Dichotomy"
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Culture: representation of women in media, and popular culture is "within a patriarchal gaze".
864:
Some preconditions for the eventual development of patriarchy were the emergence of increased
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Practicing anthropology in development processes: new perspectives for a radical anthropology
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4350:"Assessing the "Engines of Liberation": Home Appliances and Female Labor Force Participation"
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3468:
2845:"Can the patriarchy be matrilineal? An anthropologist calls for clarity | Santa Fe Institute"
1968:
1953:
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ideal were celebrated in official documents, and some had structures erected in their honor.
1231:
1149:
932:, and suggests that patriarchal social structures did not develop until after the end of the
839:
627:
415:
3551:
3364:
Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge, Volume 2
3341:
3184:"The Origins of Sex Differences in Human Behavior: Evolved Dispositions Versus Social Roles"
2440:
1222:, power in society was more evenly distributed, particularly in the religious domain, where
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Patriarchy and accumulation on a world scale: women in the international division of labour
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5112:
Buss, David Michael; Schmitt, David P. (May 2011). "Evolutionary psychology and feminism".
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Bosson, Jennifer Katherine; Vandello, Joseph Alan; Buckner, Camille E. (27 February 2018).
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1988:
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in various areas, while infanticide of any form was, by the letter of the law, prohibited.
1197:
1061:
Not all of the great Greek thinkers believed that women were inferior. Aristotle's teacher
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150:
2478:
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Green, Fiona Joy (2010). "Patriarchal Ideology of Motherhood". In O'Reilly, Andrea (ed.).
33:"Patriarchal system" redirects here. For the political hierarchy of the Western Zhou, see
8:
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3849:"Patriarchal Revolution in Ancient Japan: Episodes from the "Nihonshoki" Sūjin Chronicle"
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5701:"Patriarchy, Male Privilege, and the Consequences of Living in a Patriarchal Society"
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365:
4896:
4719:
Pollert, Anna (1996). "Gender and Class Revisited, or the Poverty of 'Patriarchy'".
3813:
3614:. Women and History, Volume 1. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 199–211.
2405:
2136:. Women and History, Volume 1. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 238–239.
710:
tend to reject predominantly biological explanations of patriarchy and contend that
7529:
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3305:
Kraemer, Sebastian (1991). "The Origins of Fatherhood: An Ancient Family Process".
3195:
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3043:
3025:
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3409:. Women and History, Volume 1. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 50–53.
3256:
Foucault, Subjectivity, and Identity: Historical Constructions of Subject and Self
26:"Macho politics" redirects here. For the concept of pride in male domination, see
7749:
7697:
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6818:
6758:
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6634:
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6313:
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5457:. Buckingham England Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Open University. pp. 9–32.
5321:
5260:
5231:
5227:
5174:
4623:
3725:
3578:
3439:
3284:. Women and History, Volume 1. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 8–11.
3255:
3221:
2644:
2610:
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2542:
1848:
1834:
1820:
1704:
1688:
1684:
on males to be competitive with each other in order to gain resources and power.
1677:
1636:
1157:
1073:
also valued the participation of women, who were treated as intellectual equals.
1034:, in the Platonic dialogue of the same name, sums up the prevailing sentiment in
1019:
1003:
948:, historical research has not yet found a specific "initiating event". Historian
827:
684:
568:
525:
480:
465:
410:
160:
92:
87:
4732:
4697:
3793:. Chapel Hill London: The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 289–307.
2179:
1185:
1169:
7665:
7504:
6954:
6803:
6613:
6564:
6414:
6298:
5678:"Gender, democratic citizenship v. patriarchy: a feminist perspective on Rawls"
5089:
Male dominance and female autonomy: domestic authority in matrilineal societies
3996:
3199:
2436:
2389:
2040:
1998:
1993:
1887:
1806:
1767:
1644:
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1408:
1202:
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843:
742:
719:
515:
505:
495:
440:
233:
5918:
5127:
5000:
4837:
4812:
4779:
3936:
2501:
2090:
1148:. However, it was not published until after his death. In it, he defended the
7733:
6888:
6848:
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6753:
6547:
6419:
6227:
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5381:
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3039:
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2562:
2528:
2233:
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1913:
1881:
1715:
1610:
1492:
1474:
1397:
1347:
Paid work: women are likely to be paid less and face exclusion from paid work
1139:
1122:
941:
799:
711:
668:
510:
445:
405:
400:
380:
268:
228:
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209:
199:
194:
97:
4284:
4146:
4029:
3704:
Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert – Collaborative Translation Project
3073:"Invention of cooking drove evolution of the human species, new book argues"
3030:
2820:
1695:, and thus that patriarchy arises more as a result of inherent biology than
7062:
6964:
6903:
6838:
6833:
6793:
6743:
6508:
6486:
6345:
6340:
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3918:
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1275:
1239:
1100:
949:
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485:
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425:
375:
174:
155:
41:
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999:, there is also "the exclusion of woman from the God-humanity covenant".
960:
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933:
929:
925:
917:
883:
715:
707:
455:
450:
5880:
5763:
5517:. London Bristol, Pennsylvania: Taylor & Francis. pp. 192–209.
4381:
4349:
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3963:
3872:
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4880:
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4534:. Routledge Research in American Politics and Governance. p. 143.
4108:"Law, Sexual Morality, and Gender Equality in Qing and Communist China"
4043:
3848:
3730:(1st ed.). Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press. pp. 130–138.
3553:
The police power: patriarchy and the foundations of American government
2030:
1628:
1580:
1572:
1534:
1526:
1412:
1388:
1144:
1095:. He observed that Egyptian women attended market and were employed in
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795:
347:
140:
5210:
4572:
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4131:
3791:
Governing the hearth: law and the family in nineteenth-century America
3580:
Engendering origins: critical feminist readings in Plato and Aristotle
2993:"Why ancient men had to evolve from carousers to doting dads — or die"
2880:
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1477:
her son to be cooperative and communal but economically unsuccessful.
6985:
6579:
2449:(revised and expanded ed.). Greenwood Publishing. p. 1048.
2035:
2018:
1958:
1871:
1350:
The state: women are unlikely to have formal power and representation
1227:
1088:
1054:
819:
535:
204:
107:
4910:
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4305:
The menopause industry: how the medical establishment exploits women
3159:
Agricultural and pastoral societies in ancient and classical history
2933:"Patrilineal vs. Matrilineal Succession: How Does Inheritance Work?"
1439:
to a moral and political responsibility liable directly to men as a
1387:, a radical-libertarian feminist, defines patriarchy as a system of
1356:
Sexuality: women's sexuality is more likely to be treated negatively
671:
in which positions of authority are primarily held by men. The term
7030:
6823:
6691:
6434:
5964:
5066:. Abingdon, Oxon, UK; New York, N.Y.: Routledge. pp. 106–107.
4123:
1842:
1692:
1253:
1112:
1104:
831:
695:
189:
27:
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3911:
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3638:. James B. Pritchard, ed. Princeton University Press, 1950. p. 412
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1465:, an African American feminist writer and theorist, believed that
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between 1 and 2 million years ago. The idea was early proposed by
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controlled by the father or eldest male or group of males, and in
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5894:
4479:
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3504:. Vol. 3. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press
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5750:(2004). "On patriarchs and losers: rethinking men's interests".
5515:
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on the cultures represented in the studies were not considered.
5906:
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3446:. San Francisco, California: Harper Collins. pp. 351–510.
2364:(3rd ed.). Stamford, Conn.: Cengage Learning. p. 88.
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1576:
1466:
1440:
1415:
interact together to oppress women. Young, Hartmann, and other
1223:
1182:
1092:
936:
epoch, following social and technological developments such as
687:
to describe a broader social structure in which men as a group
4753:
4012:
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3787:"A judicial patriarchy: family law at the turn of the century"
2274:. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. pp. 969–970.
1699:. Goldberg contends that patriarchy is a universal feature of
2623:
2589:
2555:
2521:
1900:
1640:
1616:
1491:
Some feminist theorists believe that patriarchy is an unjust
1377:
1238:
In ancient China, gender roles and patriarchy were shaped by
1219:
1096:
1084:
1062:
983:(1884), assigns the origin of patriarchy to the emergence of
778:
769:
759:
745:
184:
102:
19:
This article is about the social system. For other uses, see
4331:"How the appliance boom moved more women into the workforce"
3977:
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3675:
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5933:
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Patriarchy is a social system in which men are the primary
680:
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3698:
Louis, Chevalier de Jaucourt (Biography) (February 2003).
3181:
1734:
female strategies that reinforce male control over females
1925:
Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism
1142:. Sometime before 1653, Filmer completed a work entitled
1065:
laid out his vision of the most just society in his work
964:
5824:(30th anniversary ed.). Stanford University Press.
5267:
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4909:
4756:"Sexually coercive male chimpanzees sire more offspring"
4596:
3636:
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3444:
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2670:(2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. pp. 592–593.
1205:
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1038:
about the respective virtues of men and women. He says:
980:
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5541:
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3019:
1691:
argues that social behavior is primarily determined by
1643:
of southern Africa, have been characterized as largely
1469:
and patriarchy were intertwined systems of oppression.
5653:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
5572:
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4504:"Lindsey German: Theories of Patriarchy (Spring 1981)"
3099:"Review of 'Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human'"
2362:
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846:
in a anthropological sense, although not exclusively.
698:
acts to explain and justify patriarchy by attributing
5805:. Vol. 2. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
4940:
4267:
Not in our genes: biology, ideology, and human nature
3113:
2420:
The heyday of the patriarchal structures analyzed in
714:
processes are primarily responsible for establishing
6047:
Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)
5730:
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3549:
3522:
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5723:
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5264:
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4911:
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4302:
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3752:
3605:
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3402:
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7731:
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5477:
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5263:. In McDowell, Linda; Pringle, Rosemary (eds.).
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5220:
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4253:
4251:
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4243:
4241:
4166:
4164:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3153:Hughes, Sarah Shaver & Hughes Brady (2001).
3119:
2958:
2956:
2779:
2763:Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2: L–Z
2750:
2748:
2722:
2720:
1525:to refer roughly to the same phenomenon. Author
768:), "lineage, descent, family, fatherland" (from
4993:
4565:
4432:Tong, Rosemarie; Botts, Tina Fernandes (2017).
4219:
4081:Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques
3750:
3576:
3182:Eagly, Alice H. & Wood, Wendy (July 1999).
3022:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2810:
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2655:
2653:
2166:Walby, Sylvia (1989). "Theorising Patriarchy".
1773:Arguing from this standpoint, radical feminist
5838:
4657:The will to change: men, masculinity, and love
4498:
4496:
4494:
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4184:
3529:(2nd ed.). Psychology Press. p. 27.
3103:The Councilor: A Journal of the Social Studies
2986:
2984:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2295:
2293:
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5949:
5217:
5142:
5034:. Roma: Edizioni Nuova Cultura. p. 160.
4862:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4296:
4294:
4238:
4161:
3362:. In Kramarae, Cheris; Spender, Dale (eds.).
3348:; Leibowitz, 1983; Lerner, 1986; Sanday, 1981
3242:
3215:
3213:
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3015:
3013:
2953:
2804:
2745:
2717:
2429:
2324:
2304:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 65–67, 240.
2205:
2123:
2121:
2119:
645:
5544:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press.
5478:Hofstede, Geert; Hofstede, Gert Jan (2005).
5167:
4810:
4643:
4641:
4574:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 1197–1198.
4427:
4425:
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3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
2684:
2659:
2650:
2400:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 1–3.
2382:
2265:
2263:
2161:
2159:
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859:
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5027:
4934:
4903:
4659:. Washington Square Press. pp. 17–25.
4491:
4404:"Taming the Cycle: How Does the Pill Work?"
3597:
3556:. Columbia University Press. pp. 5–7.
3495:
3351:
3219:
2981:
2788:International Encyclopedia of Social Policy
2785:
2703:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 441–442.
2346:
2288:
2024:
1435:redirects the focus of oppression from the
1256:, a Confucian disciple, writes in her book
990:Domination by men of women is found in the
754:), "father or chief of a race", which is a
6712:African-American women's suffrage movement
5956:
5942:
5851:. London Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.
5728:. In Boynton, Victoria; Malin, Jo (eds.).
5054:
4853:
4464:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4291:
3394:
3386:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3210:
3175:
3010:
2116:
1745:
1242:. Adopted as the official religion in the
1025:
652:
638:
580:Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems
5564:
5238:. New York: Pantheon Books. p. 409.
5200:
4836:
4787:
4638:
4431:
4422:
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4144:
3755:American Feminism: a contemporary history
3346:The Evolution of Human Gender Hierarchies
3262:
3090:
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2873:
2813:Teaching for Diversity and Social Justice
2666:. In Kuper, Adam; Kuper, Jessica (eds.).
2260:
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787:), "domination, authority, sovereignty".
704:natural differences between men and women
6657:Discrimination against transgender women
5646:
5600:
5296:. London Concord, Massachusetts: Pluto.
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4813:"Sexual Conflict: Nice Guys Finish Last"
4528:David A. J. Richards (5 February 2014).
4220:Macionis, John J.; Plummer, Ken (2000).
3819:American Bar Foundation Research Journal
3811:
3784:
3437:
2965:Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human
2962:
2754:
2726:
2435:
2053:Shared earning/shared parenting marriage
1559:Social construction of gender difference
1371:
1317:Social construction of gender difference
1014:into the early agricultural cultures of
879:Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human
5819:
5746:
5504:
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5173:
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4594:
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3769:
3647:
3475:. Winchester: O Books. pp. 17–19.
3130:10.7551/mitpress/9780262034258.001.0001
2695:
2660:Cannell, Fenella; Green, Sarah (1996).
2388:
2359:
2299:
1731:increased hierarchy formation among men
1663:
1125:spread, however, with the conquests of
600:Political and Legal Anthropology Review
7732:
5675:
5622:
5442:
5412:
5380:
5348:
5091:. New Haven, Connecticut: HRAF Press.
4965:
4609:
4595:Montiel, Aimée Vega (8 October 2014).
4354:The Review of Economics and Statistics
4224:. Harlow: Prentice Hall. p. 347.
3976:
3908:
3672:
3603:
3466:
3400:
3357:
3275:
2990:
2447:Women's Studies Encyclopedia, Volume 2
2127:
1548:
1111:transactions, and inherit or bequeath
1103:women were eligible to sit on a local
868:in the offspring, also referred to as
256:Societies without hierarchical leaders
7006:Post-structuralist discourse analysis
6272:Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary
5937:
5802:Women's history in global perspective
5795:
5721:
5698:
5537:
5316:
4966:Angier, Natalie (10 September 2016).
4683:
4647:
4309:. Alameda, California: Hunter House.
4300:
3885:
3723:
3697:
3220:Erdal, David; Whiten, Andrew (1996).
3070:
2874:Fortunato, Laura (2 September 2019).
2701:The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology
2269:
2165:
1855:
1728:increased male control over resources
963:, about six thousand years ago (4000
5773:
5416:(2008). "Complex family relations".
4478:
4009:
3096:
2272:Encyclopedia of Motherhood, Volume 3
2108:"Meaning of patriarchy in English".
1939:Correspondence principle (sociology)
4042:
3949:
1488:and seen as natural and invisible.
1376:"FIGHT PATRIARCHY" – a graffito in
13:
5594:
5271:. London: Polity/Open University.
4945:. SAGE Publications. p. 185.
4157:: 33 – via eScholarship.org.
3832:10.1111/j.1747-4469.1985.tb00520.x
3700:"Encyclopedie, Paternal Authority"
3634:Ptahhotep, trans. John A. Wilson.
2499:
1725:elaboration of male-male alliances
1567:and female resistance in nonhuman
1367:
1306:
1087:left no philosophical record, but
908:
14:
7801:
5873:
5845:50 key concepts in gender studies
3469:"What's wrong with human beings?"
3120:Herculano-Houzel, Suzana (2016).
2930:
1935:(about anthropological patriachy)
1907:
1741:and its power to create ideology.
1265:Three Obediences and Four Virtues
1249:Three Obediences and Four Virtues
1129:, who was educated by Aristotle.
973:theory, as articulated mainly by
574:Political economy in anthropology
35:Patriarchal system (Western Zhou)
7713:
7704:
7703:
7691:
7251:Democratic Republic of the Congo
6667:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
5905:
5893:
5879:
5628:Women's Studies in Communication
5558:
5531:
5498:
5471:
5436:
5406:
5374:
5342:
5310:
5285:
5252:
4943:The Psychology of Sex and Gender
4222:Sociology: A Global Introduction
4195:The Evolution of Human Sociality
4145:Jimmerson, Julie (Winter 1991).
3886:Adler, Joseph A. (Winter 2006).
3321:10.1111/j.1545-5300.1991.00377.x
3155:"Women in Ancient Civilizations"
1841:
1827:
1813:
1799:
1714:Anthropologist and psychologist
1600:, and the masculinities scholar
1213:
889:suggests that the origin of the
5608:. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
5181:The Inevitability of Patriarchy
5151:The inevitability of patriarchy
5105:
5080:
5048:
4959:
4804:
4747:
4712:
4677:
4603:
4588:
4559:
4521:
4472:
4396:
4341:
4323:
4213:
4138:
4099:
4072:
4036:
4003:
3970:
3943:
3902:
3879:
3840:
3789:. In Grossberg, Michael (ed.).
3778:
3763:
3744:
3717:
3691:
3666:
3641:
3628:
3570:
3543:
3516:
3489:
3460:
3431:
3335:
3298:
3146:
3064:
2924:
2867:
2837:
2765:. Routledge. pp. 843–846.
2761:. In O'Hara, Phillip A. (ed.).
2731:. Routledge. pp. 420–422.
2668:The Social Science Encyclopedia
2616:
2582:
2548:
2514:
2493:
2463:
2406:10.1002/9781118663219.wbegss468
1944:Family as a model for the state
1152:as having title inherited from
5640:10.1080/07491409.1999.10162421
5064:Studying men and masculinities
5028:Ciccodicola, Floriana (2012).
4920:. Springer. pp. 469–501.
4191:Sanderson, Stephen K. (2001).
3226:Modelling the early human mind
2790:. Routledge. pp. 987 ff.
2330:Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender
2318:
2101:
2083:
2065:
1403:Interactive systems theorists
1281:Biographies of Exemplary Women
895:humans gaining control of fire
854:
733:
436:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges
1:
5884:The dictionary definition of
5752:Berkeley Journal of Sociology
5259:Eherenreich, Barbara (1992).
5202:10.1525/aa.1974.76.2.02a00280
3648:Bristow, John Temple (1991).
2991:Betuel, Emma (21 June 2020).
2729:Encyclopedia of Social Theory
2396:. In Naples, Nancy A. (ed.).
2058:
1590:human social structure. The
1048:Meno, Plato in Twelve Volumes
607:Journal of Legal Anthropology
275:The Art of Not Being Governed
7613:Suffragists and suffragettes
5963:
4624:10.1080/13668803.2014.981506
4612:Community, Work & Family
4436:(Fifth ed.). New York.
3550:Dubber, Markus Dirk (2005).
3523:Fishbein, Harold D. (2002).
3071:Bradt, Steve (1 June 2009).
1919:Anti-subordination principle
1722:a reduction in female allies
1411:believe that patriarchy and
1207:Women in a Patriarchal World
1010:-building invaders from the
924:evidence suggests that most
16:Social system with male rule
7:
5324:. In Sheridan, Alan (ed.).
5236:Psychoanalysis and feminism
4733:10.1177/0038038596030004002
4698:10.1177/0038038589023002005
4263:"The determined patriarchy"
4174:(13th ed.). Prentice Hall.
3677:. Charles Scribner's Sons.
3253:Strozier, Robert M. (2002)
2507:Online Etymology Dictionary
2445:. In Tierney, Helen (ed.).
2180:10.1177/0038038589023002004
2046:
1792:
1672:, sometimes referred to as
1583:in their social structure.
813:
21:Patriarchy (disambiguation)
10:
7806:
5920:"Patriarchal System"
5842:; Wheelan, Imelda (2004).
5505:Tierney, Margaret (1995).
5448:"Theoretical perspectives"
5358:Visual and other pleasures
5292:Cockburn, Cynthia (1991).
4653:"Understanding patriarchy"
4170:Macionis, John J. (2012).
3812:Gossberg, Michael (1985).
3785:Gossberg, Michael (1985).
3612:The Creation of Patriarchy
3405:The Creation of Patriarchy
3280:The Creation of Patriarchy
3200:10.1037/0003-066x.54.6.408
3157:. In Adas, Michael (ed.).
2963:Wrangham, Richard (2009).
2624:
2590:
2556:
2522:
2300:Henslin, James M. (2001).
2132:The Creation of Patriarchy
2077:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
2073:"Definition of PATRIARCHY"
1974:Patriarch (disambiguation)
1608:' description of the term
1552:
1482:The Creation of Patriarchy
1310:
1297:People's Republic of China
1030:A prominent Greek general
955:The Creation of Patriarchy
928:societies were relatively
922:evolutionary psychological
903:unfinished essay from 1876
849:
794:has been used to refer to
779:
770:
760:
746:
613:Journal of Law and Society
333:Colonialism and resistance
39:
32:
25:
18:
7685:
7625:
7564:
7557:
7236:
6941:
6687:Female genital mutilation
6625:
6558:
6455:
6175:
6164:
6091:Majority-Muslim countries
6056:
6023:
5980:
5971:
5781:. London: Zed Books Ltd.
5484:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
5232:"The cultural revolution"
5149:Goldberg, Steven (1974).
5128:10.1007/s11199-011-9987-3
4838:10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.056
4780:10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.039
4151:Pacific Basin Law Journal
3724:Durso, Pamela R. (2003).
3438:Gimbutas, Marija (1992).
3366:. New York. p. 791.
2009:The personal is political
1555:Sex differences in humans
1480:Lerner, in her 1986 book
1313:Sex differences in humans
1119:were denied such rights.
952:asserts in her 1986 book
874:sexual division of labour
860:Sexual division of labour
287:Non-western state systems
263:African Political Systems
7660:Women's studies journals
7618:Women's rights activists
6167:Movements and ideologies
5820:Pateman, Carole (2018).
5722:Light, Aimee U. (2005).
5647:Gilligan, Carol (1982).
5087:Schlegel, Alice (1972).
4566:Tickner, Ann J. (2001).
4048:My Country and My People
4010:Bray, Francesca (1997).
3952:Race, Gender & Class
3847:Ellwood, Robert (1986).
3770:Storkey, Elaine (2020).
3759:. NYU Press. p. 31.
3751:Castro, Ginette (1990).
3577:Bar On, Bat-Ami (1994).
3358:Bryson, Valerie (2000).
2226:10.1177/1077801208331246
2025:Comparable social models
1984:Patrician (ancient Rome)
1657:sexual division of labor
1633:indigenous tribal groups
822:figures in the areas of
679:to describe a family or
40:Not to be confused with
7203:International relations
5676:Smiley, Marion (2004).
5538:Roper, Michael (1994).
5513:; Grint, Keith (eds.).
5188:American Anthropologist
5153:. New York: W. Morrow.
5006:Encyclopædia Britannica
4106:Ruskola, Teemu (1994).
3652:. New York: HarperOne.
3502:Plato in Twelve Volumes
3467:Taylor, Steven (2005).
3097:Rehg, Jennifer (2010).
3031:10.1073/pnas.1917166117
2821:10.4324/9781315775852-8
2755:Gardiner, Jean (1999).
2640:A Greek–English Lexicon
2606:A Greek–English Lexicon
2572:A Greek–English Lexicon
2538:A Greek–English Lexicon
2360:Lockard, Craig (2015).
2302:Essentials of Sociology
2004:Sociology of fatherhood
1877:Imperial House of Japan
1746:Psychoanalytic theories
1650:Some proponents of the
1593:Encyclopædia Britannica
1515:, early feminists used
1078:Maryanne Cline Horowitz
1026:Ancient Western history
790:Historically, the term
724:Social constructionists
312:and the State in Africa
7790:Political anthropology
7633:Conservative feminisms
6931:Women in the workforce
6899:Violence against women
6874:Sexual objectification
6834:Opposition to feminism
6031:Bicycling and feminism
5926:Encyclopedia Americana
5898:Quotations related to
5699:Keith, Thomas (2017).
5422:University of Plymouth
5060:"Troubling patriarchy"
4301:Coney, Sandra (1994).
3919:10.2307/j.ctt1ggjhm3.7
3604:Lerner, Gerda (1986).
3401:Lerner, Gerda (1986).
3276:Lerner, Gerda (1986).
2892:10.1098/rstb.2019.0005
2332:. Detroit: Macmillan.
2214:Violence Against Women
2128:Lerner, Gerda (1986).
1790:
1652:biological determinist
1425:patriarchal capitalism
1380:
1193:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1133:Modern Western history
1051:
554:Circumscription theory
341:Europe and the People
310:Technology, Tradition,
7745:Cultural anthropology
7673:Women in peacekeeping
7213:Revisionist mythology
6650:Children's literature
5328:. London: Routledge.
5261:"Life without father"
4811:Thompson, ME (2014).
4050:. Oxford City Press.
3188:American Psychologist
2931:Lewis, Jone Johnson.
2631:Liddell, Henry George
2597:Liddell, Henry George
2563:Liddell, Henry George
2529:Liddell, Henry George
1969:Nature versus nurture
1954:Hegemonic masculinity
1785:
1739:evolution of language
1682:evolutionary pressure
1429:capitalist patriarchy
1375:
1311:Further information:
1226:worships the goddess
1150:divine right of kings
1040:
1006:argues that waves of
840:Social stratification
628:cultural anthropology
416:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
269:Papuan Big man system
7780:Feminist terminology
7775:Feminism and society
7115:Pathways perspective
6960:Gender mainstreaming
6879:Substantive equality
6859:Reproductive justice
6809:Matriarchal religion
6662:Diversity (politics)
5929:. 1920. p. 401.
5914:at Wikimedia Commons
5868:on 30 December 2016.
5624:Durham, Meenakshi G.
5606:Masculine domination
5566:Firestone, Shulamith
4366:10.1162/rest.90.1.81
4259:Lewontin, Richard C.
4112:The Yale Law Journal
3892:ASIANetwork Exchange
3496:W.R.M. Lamb (1967).
3344:; Harris, M. (1993)
2326:Malti-Douglas, Fedwa
2110:Cambridge Dictionary
1989:Patrilocal residence
1780:The Dialectic of Sex
1670:evolutionary biology
1664:Evolutionary biology
1639:groups, such as the
1486:socially constructed
1099:. In ancient Egypt,
824:political leadership
804:second-wave feminism
421:Wolfgang Fikentscher
396:Henri J. M. Claessen
151:Pantribal sodalities
7698:Feminism portal
7578:Ecofeminist authors
7428:Trinidad and Tobago
7368:Republic of Ireland
7228:Composition studies
6909:Women's empowerment
6864:Sex workers' rights
6789:Feminist capitalism
6769:Internalized sexism
6702:Feminism in culture
6580:Kurdish (Jineology)
5822:The Sexual Contract
5748:Messner, Michael A.
5576:. New York: Quill.
5326:Écrits: a selection
5183:by Steven Goldberg"
4918:Primates of Gashaka
4829:2014CBio...24R1125T
4823:(23): R1125–R1127.
4772:2014CBio...24.2855F
4408:Science in the News
3360:"Feminism: Marxist"
3077:The Harvard Gazette
2475:Oxford Dictionaries
2422:The Sexual Contract
1862:Biblical patriarchy
1775:Shulamith Firestone
1697:social conditioning
1674:Bateman's principle
1668:An early theory in
1619:(a tiny society in
1549:Biological theories
1543:gender inequalities
1385:Shulamith Firestone
1179:Christian scripture
1127:Alexander the Great
866:paternal investment
564:Left–right paradigm
7760:Gender and society
7073:Literary criticism
6950:Complementarianism
6672:Effects on society
6640:Complementarianism
6447:Women's liberation
5683:Fordham Law Review
4972:The New York Times
4881:10.1007/BF02734133
4337:. 30 January 2019.
2886:(1780): 20190005.
2853:Santa Fe Institute
2481:on 3 November 2018
2437:Ferguson, Kathy E.
2014:Tree of patriarchy
1964:Male expendability
1867:Chinese patriarchy
1856:Patriarchal models
1777:wrote in her 1970
1631:, primarily among
1598:cultural universal
1588:biology determines
1381:
1301:female infanticide
1269:Precepts for Women
1259:Precepts for Women
1002:The archaeologist
946:Robert M. Strozier
559:Legal anthropology
461:Thomas Blom Hansen
391:Robert L. Carneiro
180:Segmentary lineage
117:Leveling mechanism
67:legal anthropology
7727:
7726:
7681:
7680:
7090:Political ecology
6996:Écriture féminine
6894:Triple oppression
6884:Toxic masculinity
6869:Sexual harassment
6729:Feminist stripper
6707:Feminist movement
6621:
6620:
6559:Ethnic and racial
6160:
6159:
5910:Media related to
5858:978-0-7619-7036-1
5831:978-1-5036-0827-6
5812:978-0-252-02997-4
5788:978-1-78360-169-1
5739:978-0-313-32737-7
5714:978-1-317-59534-2
5660:978-0-674-44544-4
5615:978-0-7456-2265-1
5583:978-0-688-12359-8
5551:978-0-19-825693-9
5524:978-0-7484-0161-1
5491:978-0-07-143959-6
5464:978-0-335-19649-4
5399:978-0-231-11895-8
5367:978-0-230-57646-9
5335:978-0-415-25392-5
5303:978-0-7453-0583-7
5278:978-0-7456-0979-9
5245:978-0-394-47472-4
5160:978-0-688-05175-4
5122:(9–10): 768–787.
5098:978-0-87536-328-8
5073:978-0-415-57829-5
5056:Buchbinder, David
5041:978-88-6134-791-5
4952:978-1-5063-3132-4
4927:978-1-4419-7402-0
4766:(23): 2855–2860.
4666:978-0-7434-8033-8
4581:978-0-415-24352-0
4541:978-1-135-09970-1
4481:Capital and Class
4443:978-0-8133-5070-7
4316:978-0-89793-161-8
4276:978-0-14-022605-8
4231:978-0-13-040737-5
4206:978-0-8476-9534-8
4057:978-1-84902-664-2
4021:978-0-520-91900-6
3988:978-0-8248-2842-4
3928:978-1-5064-2330-2
3800:978-0-8078-6336-7
3737:978-0-86554-876-3
3684:978-0-684-31200-2
3659:978-0-06-061063-0
3621:978-0-19-503996-2
3590:978-0-7914-1643-3
3563:978-0-231-13207-7
3536:978-0-8058-3772-8
3482:978-1-905047-20-8
3453:978-0-06-250337-4
3416:978-0-19-503996-2
3373:978-0-415-92088-9
3291:978-0-19-503996-2
3235:978-0-9519420-1-7
3168:978-1-56639-832-9
3139:978-0-262-03425-8
3124:. The MIT Press.
2974:978-0-465-01362-3
2830:978-1-317-68869-3
2797:978-1-13-661004-2
2772:978-0-41-518718-3
2738:978-1-13-678694-5
2710:978-1-4051-8353-6
2697:Meagher, Michelle
2677:978-0-41-510829-4
2500:Harper, Douglas.
2456:978-0-313-31072-0
2415:978-1-4051-9694-9
2394:"Sexual Contract"
2371:978-1-285-78312-3
2339:978-0-02-865960-2
2311:978-0-536-94185-5
2281:978-1-4129-6846-1
2143:978-0-19-503996-2
1501:heteropatriarchal
1421:Marxist feminists
1405:Iris Marion Young
1198:The Woman's Bible
1012:Ukrainian steppes
992:Ancient Near East
891:division of labor
700:gender inequality
662:
661:
386:Jeremy Boissevain
371:Georges Balandier
366:E. Adamson Hoebel
7797:
7770:Family economics
7717:
7716:
7707:
7706:
7696:
7695:
7694:
7562:
7561:
7545:History of women
7021:Political theory
6921:
6914:Women-only space
6799:Likeability trap
6764:Invisible labour
6682:Female education
6173:
6172:
6168:
6128:African-American
6058:Women's suffrage
6049:
6036:Feminist history
5978:
5977:
5958:
5951:
5944:
5935:
5934:
5930:
5922:
5909:
5897:
5883:
5869:
5867:
5861:. Archived from
5850:
5835:
5816:
5797:Smith, Bonnie G.
5792:
5767:
5743:
5727:
5718:
5691:
5664:
5643:
5619:
5602:Bourdieu, Pierre
5588:
5587:
5575:
5562:
5556:
5555:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5452:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5414:Dalton, Penelope
5410:
5404:
5403:
5391:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5346:
5340:
5339:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5270:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5228:Mitchell, Juliet
5224:
5215:
5214:
5204:
5179:"Reviewed Work:
5175:Leacock, Eleanor
5171:
5165:
5164:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5014:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4915:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4864:
4851:
4850:
4840:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4791:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4645:
4636:
4635:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4550:
4548:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4508:www.marxists.org
4500:
4489:
4488:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4463:
4455:
4429:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4308:
4298:
4289:
4288:
4255:
4236:
4235:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4198:
4188:
4182:
4168:
4159:
4158:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4118:(8): 2531–2565.
4103:
4097:
4096:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3804:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3645:
3639:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3609:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3408:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3385:
3377:
3355:
3349:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3283:
3273:
3260:
3251:
3240:
3239:
3217:
3208:
3207:
3202:. Archived from
3179:
3173:
3172:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3051:
3033:
3017:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2988:
2979:
2978:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2943:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2911:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2855:. 26 August 2019
2841:
2835:
2834:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2760:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2724:
2715:
2714:
2693:
2682:
2681:
2665:
2657:
2648:
2627:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2593:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2559:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2525:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2477:. Archived from
2467:
2461:
2460:
2444:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2357:
2344:
2343:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2297:
2286:
2285:
2267:
2258:
2257:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2163:
2152:
2151:
2135:
2125:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2069:
1949:Family economics
1851:
1846:
1845:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1602:David Buchbinder
1563:Studies of male
1049:
1036:Classical Greece
985:private property
975:Friedrich Engels
899:Friedrich Engels
887:Richard Wrangham
782:
781:
777:, "father") and
773:
772:
763:
762:
749:
748:
675:is used both in
654:
647:
640:
548:Related articles
531:Douglas R. White
521:Jonathan Spencer
501:Marshall Sahlins
491:Sally Falk Moore
47:
46:
7805:
7804:
7800:
7799:
7798:
7796:
7795:
7794:
7785:Feminist theory
7730:
7729:
7728:
7723:
7714:
7692:
7690:
7677:
7621:
7553:
7552:
7551:
7460:Northern Cyprus
7232:
7223:Science fiction
7016:Oedipus complex
6976:Women's studies
6937:
6936:
6935:
6919:
6829:Oedipus complex
6819:Men in feminism
6784:Language reform
6759:Ideal womanhood
6739:Gender equality
6734:Formal equality
6697:Feminationalism
6635:Cognitive labor
6617:
6585:Native American
6554:
6553:
6552:
6451:
6361:Post-structural
6166:
6156:
6052:
6045:
6041:Women's history
6019:
5967:
5962:
5917:
5876:
5865:
5859:
5848:
5832:
5813:
5789:
5740:
5715:
5690:(5): 1599–1627.
5661:
5616:
5597:
5595:Further reading
5592:
5591:
5584:
5563:
5559:
5552:
5536:
5532:
5525:
5503:
5499:
5492:
5476:
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4908:
4904:
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4854:
4817:Current Biology
4809:
4805:
4760:Current Biology
4752:
4748:
4717:
4713:
4682:
4678:
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4004:
3997:j.ctt1wn0qtj.11
3989:
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3929:
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3884:
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3461:
3454:
3436:
3432:
3417:
3399:
3395:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3356:
3352:
3342:Ehrenberg, 1989
3340:
3336:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3274:
3263:
3252:
3243:
3236:
3218:
3211:
3206:on 27 May 2012.
3180:
3176:
3169:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3118:
3114:
3109:(1). Article 1.
3095:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3069:
3065:
3018:
3011:
3001:
2999:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2967:. Basic Books.
2961:
2954:
2941:
2939:
2929:
2925:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2856:
2849:www.santafe.edu
2843:
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2805:
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2678:
2658:
2651:
2645:Perseus Project
2621:
2617:
2611:Perseus Project
2587:
2583:
2577:Perseus Project
2553:
2549:
2543:Perseus Project
2519:
2515:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2482:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2434:
2430:
2416:
2390:Pateman, Carole
2387:
2383:
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2358:
2347:
2340:
2323:
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2312:
2298:
2289:
2282:
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2206:
2164:
2155:
2144:
2126:
2117:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2089:
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2071:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2049:
2027:
1932:La Cité antique
1910:
1858:
1849:Religion portal
1847:
1840:
1835:Feminism portal
1833:
1828:
1826:
1821:Politics portal
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1795:
1750:While the term
1748:
1705:Eleanor Leacock
1689:Steven Goldberg
1687:Sociobiologist
1678:limiting factor
1666:
1637:hunter-gatherer
1621:Yunnan Province
1565:sexual coercion
1561:
1553:Main articles:
1551:
1518:male chauvinism
1504:of the family.
1437:labour division
1370:
1368:Feminist theory
1319:
1309:
1307:Social theories
1216:
1158:Judeo-Christian
1135:
1123:Greek influence
1050:
1047:
1028:
1020:Western society
1004:Marija Gimbutas
944:. According to
914:Anthropological
911:
909:Sex hierarchies
862:
857:
852:
830:and control of
828:moral authority
816:
736:
720:Sociobiologists
685:feminist theory
658:
618:
617:
594:
586:
585:
569:State formation
549:
541:
540:
526:Bjorn Thomassen
481:Elizabeth Mertz
466:Ted C. Lewellen
411:Pierre Clastres
361:
360:Major theorists
353:
352:
343:Without History
342:
311:
247:
239:
238:
161:Paramount chief
93:Achieved status
88:Ascribed status
80:Status and rank
76:
65:
45:
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7803:
7793:
7792:
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7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
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7721:
7711:
7701:
7686:
7683:
7682:
7679:
7678:
7676:
7675:
7670:
7666:SCUM Manifesto
7662:
7657:
7652:
7651:
7650:
7645:
7635:
7629:
7627:
7623:
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7620:
7615:
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7595:
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7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7568:
7559:
7555:
7554:
7550:
7549:
7548:
7547:
7537:
7535:United Kingdom
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7431:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7289:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7242:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7208:Existentialism
7205:
7200:
7195:
7194:
7193:
7183:
7178:
7177:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7164:Existentialism
7161:
7160:
7159:
7157:Justice ethics
7149:
7144:
7139:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7118:
7117:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7081:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7039:
7038:
7033:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6955:Gender studies
6952:
6947:
6945:
6939:
6938:
6934:
6933:
6928:
6926:Women's rights
6923:
6920:Women's health
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6804:Male privilege
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6773:International
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6725:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
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6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
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6652:
6642:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6627:
6623:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6605:
6604:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6560:
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6555:
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6544:
6543:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6522:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6501:
6500:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6474:
6469:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6449:
6444:
6443:
6442:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6406:
6405:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6253:
6252:
6242:
6237:
6236:
6235:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6179:
6177:
6170:
6162:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6130:
6125:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6106:United Kingdom
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6062:
6060:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6027:
6025:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6006:
6005:
5995:
5990:
5984:
5982:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5961:
5960:
5953:
5946:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5915:
5903:
5891:
5875:
5874:External links
5872:
5871:
5870:
5857:
5836:
5830:
5817:
5811:
5793:
5787:
5771:
5744:
5738:
5719:
5713:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5666:
5665:
5659:
5644:
5634:(2): 210–229.
5620:
5614:
5596:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5582:
5557:
5550:
5530:
5523:
5511:Gill, Rosalind
5497:
5490:
5470:
5463:
5435:
5420:(PhD thesis).
5405:
5398:
5382:Butler, Judith
5373:
5366:
5341:
5334:
5309:
5302:
5284:
5277:
5251:
5244:
5216:
5195:(2): 363–365.
5166:
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4992:
4958:
4951:
4933:
4926:
4902:
4852:
4803:
4746:
4711:
4676:
4665:
4637:
4618:(3): 334–350.
4602:
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4275:
4237:
4230:
4212:
4205:
4183:
4160:
4137:
4124:10.2307/797055
4098:
4087:(3): 129–146.
4071:
4056:
4035:
4020:
4002:
3987:
3969:
3958:(3): 114–125.
3942:
3937:j.ctt1ggjhm3.7
3927:
3901:
3878:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3826:(4): 799–847.
3799:
3777:
3762:
3743:
3736:
3716:
3690:
3683:
3665:
3658:
3640:
3627:
3620:
3596:
3589:
3583:. SUNY Press.
3569:
3562:
3542:
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3515:
3488:
3481:
3459:
3452:
3430:
3415:
3393:
3372:
3350:
3334:
3315:(4): 377–392.
3308:Family Process
3297:
3290:
3261:
3241:
3234:
3209:
3194:(6): 408–423.
3174:
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3138:
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2414:
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2338:
2317:
2310:
2287:
2280:
2259:
2220:(5): 553–573.
2204:
2174:(2): 213–234.
2153:
2142:
2115:
2100:
2097:. 2 June 2023.
2082:
2079:. 3 June 2023.
2063:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2041:Male privilege
2038:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1999:Son preference
1996:
1994:Phallocentrism
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
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1941:
1936:
1928:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1908:Related topics
1906:
1905:
1904:
1891:
1888:Pater familias
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1838:
1824:
1810:
1807:Society portal
1794:
1791:
1768:performatively
1747:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1665:
1662:
1606:Roland Barthes
1604:suggests that
1571:(for example,
1550:
1547:
1509:culture change
1451:Lindsey German
1445:class struggle
1423:use the terms
1409:Heidi Hartmann
1369:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1308:
1305:
1215:
1212:
1203:Elaine Storkey
1134:
1131:
1117:Athenian women
1045:
1027:
1024:
918:archaeological
910:
907:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
844:patrilineality
834:. Sociologist
815:
812:
800:social systems
735:
732:
660:
659:
657:
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631:
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566:
561:
556:
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547:
546:
543:
542:
539:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
516:Aidan Southall
513:
508:
506:James C. Scott
503:
498:
496:Rodney Needham
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
441:Ernest Gellner
438:
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234:Ritual warfare
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216:Law and custom
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105:
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95:
90:
84:
83:
81:
77:
75:Basic concepts
74:
73:
70:
69:
58:
57:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7802:
7791:
7788:
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7758:
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7702:
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7609:
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7556:
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7540:United States
7538:
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7409:
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7388:Latin America
7386:
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7218:Technoscience
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7098:
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7079:
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7068:Art criticism
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7007:
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6999:
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6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
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6981:Men's studies
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6889:Transmisogyny
6887:
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6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6849:Purplewashing
6847:
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6844:Protofeminism
6842:
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6776:
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6770:
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6757:
6755:
6754:Honor killing
6752:
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6428:
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6425:Transnational
6423:
6421:
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6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6399:
6396:
6394:
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6379:
6376:
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6371:
6367:
6364:
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6319:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6294:Individualist
6292:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
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6238:
6234:
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6230:
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6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6193:Anti-abortion
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6163:
6149:
6146:
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6141:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
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6120:
6119:
6118:United States
6116:
6112:
6109:
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5989:
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5928:
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5921:
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5908:
5904:
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5896:
5892:
5890:at Wiktionary
5889:
5888:
5882:
5878:
5877:
5864:
5860:
5854:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5840:Pilcher, Jane
5837:
5833:
5827:
5823:
5818:
5814:
5808:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5784:
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5776:
5772:
5770:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5735:
5731:
5726:
5720:
5716:
5710:
5707:. Routledge.
5706:
5702:
5697:
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5689:
5685:
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5668:
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5508:
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5409:
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5395:
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5383:
5377:
5369:
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5359:
5355:
5351:
5350:Mulvey, Laura
5345:
5337:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5318:Lacan, Jaques
5313:
5305:
5299:
5295:
5288:
5280:
5274:
5269:
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5262:
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5247:
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5223:
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5212:
5208:
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5198:
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5190:
5189:
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5177:(June 1974).
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4726:
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4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
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4680:
4673:
4672:and violence.
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4180:0-205-18109-0
4177:
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2636:
2635:Scott, Robert
2632:
2628:
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2608:
2607:
2602:
2601:Scott, Robert
2598:
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2585:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2567:Scott, Robert
2564:
2560:
2551:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2533:Scott, Robert
2530:
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2509:
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2256:
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2215:
2208:
2201:
2197:
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2189:
2185:
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2177:
2173:
2169:
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2160:
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2145:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2111:
2104:
2096:
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2064:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
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1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1914:Androcentrism
1912:
1911:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1882:Neopatriarchy
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1850:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1825:
1822:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1797:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1756:
1753:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:Barbara Smuts
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:human culture
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1611:ex-nomination
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1493:social system
1489:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1398:Alison Jaggar
1395:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1374:
1365:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1286:Neo-Confucian
1283:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:Asian history
1211:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1140:Robert Filmer
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1053:The works of
1044:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
993:
988:
986:
982:
981:
976:
972:
968:
966:
962:
957:
956:
951:
947:
943:
942:domestication
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
885:
884:primatologist
881:
880:
875:
871:
867:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
788:
786:
776:
767:
757:
753:
744:
740:
731:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
712:socialization
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:social system
666:
655:
650:
648:
643:
641:
636:
635:
633:
632:
629:
625:
622:
621:
614:
611:
609:
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589:
582:
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572:
570:
567:
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562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
545:
544:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
511:Elman Service
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
446:David Graeber
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
406:John Comaroff
404:
402:
401:Jean Comaroff
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
381:Fredrik Barth
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
357:
356:
349:
346:
344:
339:
338:
335:
332:
331:
328:
325:
324:
321:
319:Legal systems
318:
317:
314:
313:
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
286:
284:
281:
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260:
259:
255:
253:
250:
249:
243:
242:
235:
232:
230:
229:Legal culture
227:
225:
224:Customary law
222:
221:
218:
215:
214:
211:
210:Theatre state
208:
206:
203:
201:
200:House society
198:
196:
195:Petty kingdom
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
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178:
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132:
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125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
113:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
98:Social status
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
78:
72:
71:
68:
63:
60:
59:
56:
54:
49:
48:
43:
36:
29:
22:
7765:Sociobiology
7689:
7664:
7608:Rhetoricians
7598:Philosophers
7490:Saudi Arabia
7286:South Africa
7147:Epistemology
7100:Anthropology
7095:Architecture
7058:Legal theory
6990:
6965:Gynocentrism
6904:War on women
6839:Pro-feminism
6794:Gender-blind
6744:Gender quota
6717:Art movement
6509:Dianic Wicca
6388:Sex-positive
6351:Postcolonial
6218:Conservative
6198:Anti-fascist
5924:
5902:at Wikiquote
5886:
5863:the original
5844:
5821:
5801:
5778:
5755:
5751:
5729:
5725:"Patriarchy"
5704:
5687:
5681:
5669:
5649:
5631:
5627:
5605:
5571:
5560:
5540:
5533:
5514:
5500:
5480:
5473:
5454:
5438:
5417:
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5387:
5376:
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5344:
5325:
5312:
5293:
5287:
5266:
5254:
5235:
5192:
5186:
5180:
5169:
5150:
5144:
5119:
5113:
5107:
5088:
5082:
5063:
5050:
5030:
5023:
5011:. Retrieved
5004:
5001:"Matriarchy"
4995:
4983:. Retrieved
4971:
4961:
4942:
4936:
4917:
4905:
4872:
4869:Human Nature
4868:
4820:
4816:
4806:
4763:
4759:
4749:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4670:
4656:
4615:
4611:
4605:
4590:
4571:
4568:"Patriarchy"
4561:
4554:traumatized.
4552:
4545:. Retrieved
4530:
4523:
4511:. Retrieved
4507:
4484:
4480:
4474:
4433:
4412:. Retrieved
4407:
4398:
4360:(1): 81–88.
4357:
4353:
4343:
4334:
4325:
4304:
4266:
4221:
4215:
4194:
4186:
4171:
4154:
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4140:
4115:
4111:
4101:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4047:
4038:
4011:
4005:
3978:
3972:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3910:
3904:
3895:
3891:
3881:
3859:(2): 23–37.
3856:
3852:
3842:
3823:
3817:
3807:
3790:
3780:
3771:
3765:
3754:
3746:
3726:
3719:
3707:. Retrieved
3703:
3693:
3674:
3668:
3649:
3643:
3635:
3630:
3611:
3599:
3579:
3572:
3552:
3545:
3525:
3518:
3506:. Retrieved
3501:
3491:
3472:
3462:
3443:
3433:
3423:
3420:
3404:
3396:
3363:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3279:
3254:
3225:
3204:the original
3191:
3187:
3177:
3158:
3148:
3121:
3115:
3106:
3102:
3092:
3080:. Retrieved
3076:
3066:
3021:
3000:. Retrieved
2996:
2964:
2947:
2940:. Retrieved
2936:
2926:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2857:. Retrieved
2848:
2839:
2812:
2806:
2787:
2781:
2762:
2758:"Patriarchy"
2728:
2700:
2667:
2663:"Patriarchy"
2638:
2618:
2604:
2584:
2570:
2550:
2536:
2516:
2505:
2502:"patriarchy"
2495:
2483:. Retrieved
2479:the original
2474:
2471:"patriarchy"
2465:
2446:
2442:"Patriarchy"
2431:
2421:
2419:
2397:
2384:
2375:
2361:
2329:
2320:
2301:
2271:
2253:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2199:
2171:
2167:
2147:
2131:
2109:
2103:
2094:
2091:"patriarchy"
2085:
2076:
2067:
1979:Patriarchate
1930:
1923:
1899:
1893:
1886:
1786:
1778:
1772:
1764:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1713:
1686:
1667:
1649:
1609:
1591:
1585:
1562:
1539:
1533:Sociologist
1532:
1522:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1481:
1479:
1471:Sara Ruddick
1461:
1449:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1402:
1394:Gerda Lerner
1382:
1362:
1338:Sylvia Walby
1336:Sociologist
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:gender roles
1320:
1293:Qing dynasty
1290:
1279:
1276:Ming dynasty
1273:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1247:
1240:Confucianism
1237:
1217:
1206:
1196:
1191:
1186:Sarah Grimké
1176:
1170:Encyclopédie
1168:
1162:
1143:
1136:
1121:
1107:, engage in
1101:middle-class
1083:
1075:
1071:Pythagoreans
1060:
1052:
1041:
1029:
1001:
989:
978:
969:
953:
950:Gerda Lerner
912:
877:
863:
836:Sylvia Walby
817:
808:Kate Millett
791:
789:
784:
774:
765:
751:
738:
737:
728:
716:gender roles
708:Sociologists
702:to inherent
694:Patriarchal
693:
677:anthropology
672:
664:
663:
612:
605:
598:
578:
486:Sidney Mintz
476:Ralph Linton
471:Edmund Leach
431:Morton Fried
426:Meyer Fortes
376:F. G. Bailey
308:
273:
261:
246:Case studies
205:Ethnic group
175:Band society
135:
50:
42:Patriarchate
7648:Comic books
7573:Art critics
7495:South Korea
7475:Philippines
7455:New Zealand
7450:Netherlands
7181:Pornography
7169:Metaphysics
7110:Criminology
7105:Archaeology
7078:Film theory
6779:Women's Day
6519:Ecofeminist
6378:Reactionary
6326:Materialist
6101:Switzerland
6096:New Zealand
6015:Fourth-wave
5998:Second-wave
5775:Mies, Maria
5444:Dalton, Pen
5430:10026.1/758
4875:(1): 1–32.
4649:hooks, bell
4547:11 February
4414:17 February
4044:Lin, Yutang
3498:"71E: Meno"
3424:reproducers
3082:11 December
3002:11 December
1709:colonialism
1645:egalitarian
1625:matrilinear
1581:matriarchal
1573:chimpanzees
1541:explaining
1463:Audre Lorde
1291:In China's
1274:In China's
1244:Han dynasty
1232:Constantine
1218:In ancient
1160:tradition.
1109:real estate
961:agriculture
938:agriculture
934:Pleistocene
930:egalitarian
926:prehistoric
872:, and of a
855:Pre-history
752:patriarkhēs
734:Terminology
456:Ulf Hannerz
451:Lesley Gill
7755:Fatherhood
7740:Patriarchy
7734:Categories
7638:Literature
7583:Economists
7303:Bangladesh
7237:By country
7186:Psychology
7142:Empiricism
7137:Aesthetics
7132:Philosophy
6991:Patriarchy
6971:Matriarchy
6775:Girl's Day
6749:Girl power
6722:In hip hop
6645:Literature
6575:Indigenous
6514:Reclaiming
6410:Standpoint
6383:Separatism
6356:Postmodern
6250:Vegetarian
6240:Difference
6183:Analytical
6010:Third-wave
5993:First-wave
5912:Patriarchy
5900:Patriarchy
5887:patriarchy
4727:(4): 235.
4692:(2): 235.
4335:Penn Today
3508:9 February
2523:πατριάρχης
2095:Britannica
2059:References
2031:Androcracy
1752:patriarchy
1629:matrilocal
1535:Joan Acker
1527:bell hooks
1513:patriarchy
1475:socializes
1433:patriarchy
1413:capitalism
1389:oppression
1145:Patriarcha
1016:Old Europe
882:, British
870:fatherhood
796:autocratic
792:patriarchy
747:πατριάρχης
739:Patriarchy
673:patriarchy
665:Patriarchy
348:Cargo cult
251:Acephelous
141:Matriarchy
136:Patriarchy
123:Leadership
7393:Argentina
7353:Indonesia
7343:Hong Kong
7298:Australia
7198:Seriality
7122:Geography
7048:Sociology
7001:Economics
6986:Kyriarchy
6477:Christian
6457:Religious
6398:Socialist
6188:Anarchist
6133:States of
6071:Australia
5758:: 74–88.
5670::Cited in
5320:(2001) .
5115:Sex Roles
4980:0362-4331
4741:145758809
4721:Sociology
4706:143683720
4686:Sociology
4632:144448501
4599:. UNESCO.
4460:cite book
4452:979993556
4374:0034-6535
4172:Sociology
4066:744466115
4046:(2011) .
3865:8755-4178
3607:"Symbols"
3382:cite book
3040:0027-8424
2937:ThoughtCo
2900:0962-8436
2485:4 January
2250:206667077
2234:1077-8012
2196:220676988
2168:Sociology
2036:Kyriarchy
2019:Womb envy
1959:Homemaker
1872:Domostroy
1417:socialist
1228:Amaterasu
1224:Shintoism
1089:Herodotus
1055:Aristotle
820:authority
691:society.
536:Eric Wolf
108:Age grade
62:Political
7709:Category
7643:American
7515:Thailand
7470:Pakistan
7440:Malaysia
7423:Paraguay
7413:Honduras
7261:Ethiopia
7127:Pedagogy
7053:Rhetoric
7043:Sexology
7036:Womanist
7031:Thealogy
7026:Theology
6824:Misogyny
6692:Femicide
6677:Equality
6626:Concepts
6541:Orthodox
6504:Neopagan
6492:Womanist
6472:Buddhist
6440:Africana
6435:Womanism
6331:Maternal
6321:Lipstick
6287:Activism
6257:Equality
6223:Cultural
6208:Carceral
6143:Virginia
6123:Timeline
6066:Timeline
6003:timeline
5988:Timeline
5965:Feminism
5799:(2004).
5777:(2014).
5764:41035593
5604:(2001).
5568:(1970).
5446:(2001).
5384:(2000).
5352:(2009).
5230:(1974).
5058:(2013).
4897:17741169
4889:24202828
4847:25465331
4798:25454788
4651:(2004).
4513:18 March
4382:40043126
4285:10348941
4093:41298764
4030:42922667
3964:41675091
3873:25002039
3808:See also
3058:32358187
2918:31303167
2439:(1999).
2392:(2016).
2377:society.
2328:(2007).
2242:19182049
2188:42853921
2047:Contrast
1793:See also
1693:genetics
1569:primates
1254:Ban Zhao
1113:property
1105:tribunal
1067:Republic
1046:—
832:property
814:Overview
806:such as
756:compound
696:ideology
689:dominate
593:Journals
190:Chiefdom
167:Polities
53:a series
51:Part of
28:Machismo
7655:Parties
7530:Ukraine
7525:Vietnam
7435:Lebanon
7333:Germany
7323:Finland
7318:Denmark
7293:Albania
7281:Senegal
7276:Nigeria
7191:Therapy
7174:Science
7085:Biology
6602:Mizrahi
6570:Chicana
6531:Islamic
6467:Atheist
6403:Marxist
6373:Radical
6309:Liberal
6304:Lesbian
6282:Hip hop
6262:Eugenic
6203:Atheist
6176:General
6148:Wyoming
5981:General
5973:History
5136:7878675
5013:23 June
4825:Bibcode
4789:4905588
4768:Bibcode
4390:9870721
3709:1 April
3329:1790784
3049:7245097
2997:Inverse
2909:6664128
2643:at the
2609:at the
2575:at the
2541:at the
1760:Oedipus
1635:. Some
1577:bonobos
1456:capital
1165:Diderot
997:Hebrews
971:Marxist
850:History
298:Mandala
131:Big man
112:Age set
7750:Family
7669:(1967)
7593:Muslim
7588:Jewish
7566:People
7520:Turkey
7510:Taiwan
7500:Sweden
7485:Russia
7480:Poland
7465:Norway
7418:Mexico
7398:Brazil
7373:Israel
7338:Greece
7328:France
7308:Canada
7246:Africa
7152:Ethics
7011:Method
6943:Theory
6854:Racism
6609:Romani
6597:Jewish
6536:Jewish
6482:Mormon
6430:Victim
6393:Social
6366:French
6314:Equity
6277:Global
6213:Choice
6086:Kuwait
6076:Canada
6024:Social
5855:
5828:
5809:
5785:
5762:
5736:
5711:
5657:
5612:
5580:
5548:
5521:
5488:
5461:
5396:
5364:
5332:
5300:
5275:
5242:
5211:674209
5209:
5157:
5134:
5095:
5070:
5038:
5009:. 2018
4978:
4949:
4924:
4895:
4887:
4845:
4796:
4786:
4739:
4704:
4663:
4630:
4578:
4538:
4450:
4440:
4388:
4380:
4372:
4313:
4283:
4273:
4228:
4203:
4178:
4132:797055
4130:
4091:
4064:
4054:
4028:
4018:
3995:
3985:
3962:
3935:
3925:
3871:
3863:
3797:
3734:
3681:
3656:
3618:
3587:
3560:
3533:
3479:
3450:
3413:
3370:
3327:
3288:
3232:
3165:
3136:
3056:
3046:
3038:
2971:
2942:4 June
2916:
2906:
2898:
2859:4 June
2827:
2794:
2769:
2735:
2707:
2674:
2557:πατριά
2453:
2412:
2368:
2336:
2308:
2278:
2255:power!
2248:
2240:
2232:
2194:
2186:
2140:
1523:sexism
1467:racism
1441:gender
1183:Quaker
1093:Athens
1008:kurgan
901:in an
766:patria
761:πατριά
624:Social
293:Negara
7719:Index
7626:Other
7603:Poets
7558:Lists
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