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co-existence of overtly incompatible norms that may breed conflict, either due to circumstances in a particular situation or inherently due to their incongruous content. This lack of rule classification and failure to eradicate internal inconsistencies between potentially conflicting norms allows for much flexibility in dispute settlement and is also viewed as a 'strategic resource' for disputants who seek to advance their own success in a case. The latter incongruities (especially inconsistencies of norm content) are typically solved by elevating one of the norms (tacitly) from 'the literal to the symbolic. This allows for the accommodation of both as they now theoretically exist in different realms of reality. This is highly contextual, which further illustrates that norms cannot be viewed in isolation and are open to negotiation. Thus, although there are a small number of so-called non-negotiable norms, the vast majority are viewed and given substance contextually, which is seen as fundamental to the Tswana.
769:
is created. In their explanation, the complainant (who always speaks first) thus establishes a paradigm the defendant can either accept and therefore argue within that specific paradigm or reject and therefore introduce his or her own paradigm (usually, the facts are not contested here). If the defendant means to change the paradigm, they will refer to norms as such, where actually norms are not ordinarily explicitly referenced in Tswana dispute resolution as the audience would typically already know them and just the way one presents one's case and constructs the facts will establish one's paradigm. The headman or chief adjudicating may also do same: accept the normative basis implied by the parties (or one of them), and thus not refer to norms using explicit language but rather isolate a factual issue in the dispute and then make a decision on it without expressly referring to any norms, or impose a new or different paradigm onto the parties.
802:, i.e. they are not created through legal/moral reasoning only but are instead driven by the personal/political motives of those who create them. The scope for such influence is created by the loose and undefined nature of customary law, which, Hund argues, grants customary-lawmakers (often through traditional 'judicial processes') a wide discretion in its application. Yet, Hund contends that the fact that rules might sometimes be arrived at in the more ad hoc way, does not mean that this defines the system. If one requires a perfect system, where laws are created only deductively, then one is left with a system with no rules. For Hund, this cannot be so and an explanation for these kinds of law-making processes is found in Hart's conception of "secondary rules" (rules in terms of which the main body of norms are recognised). Hund therefore says that for some cultures, for instance in some sections of
765:
to de facto observations of transformation . Furthermore, the legitimacy of a chief is a direct determinant of the legitimacy of his decisions. In the formulation of legislative pronouncements, as opposed to decisions made in dispute resolution, the chief first speaks of the proposed norm with his advisors, then council of headmen, then the public assembly debate the proposed law and may accept or reject it. A chief can proclaim the law even if the public assembly rejects it, but this is not often done; and, if the chief proclaims the legislation against the will of the public assembly, the legislation will become melao, however, it is unlikely that it will be executed because its effectiveness depends on the chief's legitimacy and the norm's consistency with the practices (and changes in social relations) and will of the people under that chief.
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over two hundred years by the fishing fleet of local inhabitants of a coastal community will not simply transfer so as to benefit present day recreational boat owners who may hail from much further afield. Whereas a group of houseboats on a mooring that has been in continuous use for the last 25 years with a mixture of owner occupiers and rented houseboats, may clearly continue to be used by houseboats, where the owners live in the same town or city. Both the purpose of the moorings and the class of persons benefited by the custom must have been clear and consistent.
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behaviour that is rule bound and behaviour that is notâi.e., which behaviour is motivated by adherence to law (or at least done in recognition of the law) and is merely a response to other factors. Hund sees this as problematic because it makes quantifying the law almost impossible, since behaviour is obviously inconsistent. Hund argues that this is a misconception based on a failure to acknowledge the importance of the
1272:
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to the habit, and it is welcomed. And, third, when members of a group behave in a common way not only out of habit or because everyone else is doing it, but because it is seen to be a common standard that should be followed, at least by some members. Hund, however, acknowledges the difficulty of an outsider knowing the dimensions of these criteria that depend on an internal point of view.
783:
Internal aspects are the reflective attitude on the part of adherents toward certain behaviours perceived to be obligatory, according to a common standard. External aspects manifest in regular, observable behaviour, but is not obligatory. In Hart's analysis, then, social rules amount to custom that has legal force.
912:
or aggression. Essentially, legal obligations are believed to arise between states to carry out their affairs consistently with past accepted conduct. These customs can also change based on the acceptance or rejection by states of particular acts. Some principles of customary law have achieved the
709:
A central issue regarding the recognition of custom is determining the appropriate methodology to know what practices and norms actually constitute customary law. It is not immediately clear that classic
Western theories of jurisprudence can be reconciled in any useful way with conceptual analyses of
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Hart identifies three further differences between habits and binding social rules. First, a social rule exists where society frowns on deviation from the habit and attempts to prevent departures by criticising such behaviour. Second, when this criticism is seen socially as a good reason for adhering
768:
Regarding the invocation of norms in disputes, Comaroff and
Roberts used the term, "paradigm of argument", to refer to the linguistic and conceptual frame used by a disputant, whereby 'a coherent picture of relevant events and actions in terms of one or more implicit or explicit normative referents'
764:
Comaroff and
Roberts describe how outcomes of specific cases have the ability to change the normative repertoire, as the repertoire of norms is seen to be both in a state of formation and transformation at all times. These changes are justified on the grounds that they are merely giving recognition
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as norms that become customary law through traditional usage. Importantly, however, they noted that the Tswana seldom attempt to classify the vast array of existing norms into categories and they thus termed this the 'undifferentiated nature of the normative repertoire'. Moreover, they observe the
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The mooring must have been in continuous use for "time immemorial" which is defined by legal precedent as 12 years (or 20 years for Crown land) for the same purpose by people using them for that purpose. To give two examples: a custom of mooring which might have been established in past times for
806:
society, the secondary rules have developed only to the point where laws are determined with reference to politics and personal preference. This does not mean that they are not "rules". Hund argues that if we acknowledge a developmental pattern in societies' constructions of these secondary rules
1005:
It is known in case law as "customary rights". Something which has been practised since time immemorial by reference to a particular locality may acquire the legal status of a custom, which is a form of local law. The legal criteria defining a custom are precise. The most common claim in recent
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For Hund, the first form of rule scepticism concerns the widely held opinion that, because the content of customary law derives from practice, there are actually no objective rules, since it is only behaviour that informs their construction. On this view, it is impossible to distinguish between
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there are more than 60 systems of customary law currently in force, "some of them operating quite independently of the formal state legal system". They offer two reasons for the relative autonomy of these customary law systems: one is that the
Ethiopian government lacks sufficient resources to
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on their part. He notes that the concept of custom generally denotes convergent behaviour, but not all customs have the force of law. Hund therefore draws from Hart's analysis distinguishing social rules, which have internal and external aspects, from habits, which have only external aspects.
710:
customary law, and thus some scholars (like John
Comaroff and Simon Roberts) have characterized customary law norms in their own terms. Yet, there clearly remains some disagreement, which is seen in John Hund's critique of Comaroff and Roberts' theory, and preference for the contributions of
1001:
It is a broad principle of property law that, if something has gone on for a long time without objection, whether it be using a right of way or occupying land to which one has no title, the law will eventually recognise the fact and give the person doing it the legal right to continue.
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notes that, though the attention it is given in scholarly works is great, its importance is "slight and decreasing". On the other hand, in many countries around the world, one or more types of customary law continue to exist side by side with official law, a condition referred to as
697:). In many, though not all instances, customary laws will have supportive court rulings and case law that have evolved over time to give additional weight to their rule as law and also to demonstrate the trajectory of evolution (if any) in the interpretation of such law by relevant
1072:. Akaev linked the development of these courts to the rekindling of Kyrgyz national identity. In a 2005 speech, he connected the courts back to the country's nomadic past and extolled how the courts expressed the Kyrgyz ability of self-governance. Similar
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Hund finds
Comaroff and Roberts' flexibility thesis of a 'repertoire of norms' from which litigants and adjudicator choose in the process of negotiating solutions between them uncompelling. He is therefore concerned with disproving what he calls
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solves the conceptual problem with which scholars who have attempted to articulate how customary law principles may be identified, defined, and how they operate in regulating social behavior and resolving disputes.
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said "These customary laws are not written down. They are handed down by tradition from one generation to another. Yet beyond doubt they are well established and have the force of law within the community."
917:, which cannot be violated or altered except by a norm of comparable strength. These norms are said to gain their strength from universal acceptance, such as the prohibitions against
1040:
enforce its legal system to every corner of
Ethiopia; the other is that the Ethiopian government has made a commitment to preserve these customary systems within its boundaries.
578:
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law in a way that was less legalistic (or rule-oriented) than had Isaac
Schapera. They defined "mekgwa le melao ya Setswana" in terms of Casalis and Ellenberger's definition:
1333:. Following or disregarding a custom is not determinative of negligence, but instead is an indication of possible best practices or alternatives to a particular action.
1726:
640:
is the established pattern of behavior within a particular social setting. A claim can be carried out in defense of "what has always been done and accepted by law".
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then we can understand how this society constructs its laws and how it differs from societies that have come to rely on an objective, stand-alone body of rules.
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law, which consists of explicit agreements between nations to assume obligations. However, many treaties are attempts to codify pre-existing customary law.
264:
988:, however, differs from civil law jurisprudence in requiring the express or implied consent of the legislator for a custom to obtain the force of law.
1954:
836:, collections of local customary law that developed in a specific manorial or borough jurisdiction, and which were slowly pieced together mainly from
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623:
795:. In his view, by using the criteria described above, there is not this problem in deciphering what constitutes "law" in a particular community.
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According to Hund, the second form of rule scepticism says that, though a community may have rules, those rules are not arrived at
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1109:. The Dutch attorney Michael van Notten also draws upon his experience as a legal expert in his comprehensive study on Xeer,
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Customary law is the set of customs, practices and beliefs that are accepted as obligatory rules of conduct by a community.
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courts were eventually included under
Article 92 of the Kyrgyz constitution. As of 2006, there were approximately 1,000
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laws of the country's various indigenous ethnicities are recognized, and customary dispute resolution is recognized in
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In Canada, customary aboriginal law has a constitutional foundation and for this reason has increasing influence.
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Druzin, Bryan H. (2014, April). "Planting Seeds of Order: How the State Can Create, Shape, and Use
Customary Law"
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Comaroff and Roberts' famous work, "Rules and Processes", attempted to detail the body of norms that constitute
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J Comaroff and S Roberts Rules and Processes: The Cultural Logic of Dispute in an African Context (1981).
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Judith Beyer, Kyrgyz Aksakal Courts: Pluralistic Accounts of History, 53 J. OF L. PLURALISM 144 (2006)
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courts of village elders. The courts would have jurisdiction over property, torts and family law. The
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2011:
The Law of the Somalis: A Stable Foundation for Economic and Social Development in the Horn of Africa
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1097:. It survives to a significant degree everywhere in Somalia and in the Somali communities in the
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administration to the security in life, liberty and property provided by Xeer in large parts of
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that have been long-established in a given locale. However, the term can also apply to areas of
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1101:. Economist Peter Leeson attributes the increase in economic activity since the fall of the
844:. Custumals acquired the force of law when they became the undisputed rule by which certain
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The Law of the Somalis: A Stable Foundation for Economic Development in the Horn of Africa
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1808:. Vol. 18 No. 7 (July, 2008). Vancouver: UBC Press. pp. 574â578. Archived from
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Let Right Be Done: Aboriginal title, the Calder Case, and the Future of Indigenous Rights
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The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Europe and Latin America
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in their acceptance as correct bases of action – for example, laws against
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Hund, John. 'Customary law is what people say it is', ARSP Vol 84 1998, 420â433.
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or the legal norms that have developed through the customary exchanges between
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2025:"Customary Laws, Ancestral Land Titling and the NCIP's Quasi-Judicial Powers"
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courts exist, with varying levels of legal formality, in other countries of
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949:. In addressing custom as a source of law within the civil law tradition,
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Customary law is a recognized source of law within jurisdictions of the
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1886:"Homicide in Ethiopia: Human Rights, Federalism, and Legal Pluralism,"
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the relevant actors consider it to be an opinion of law or necessity (
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recognizes customary laws of indigenous peoples within their domain.
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were regulated between members of a community. Some examples include
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countries customary law continues to exist and has great influence.
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1135:. Indonesian adat law are mainly divided into 19 circles, namely
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1955:"Grassroots Conflict Assessment Of the Somali Region, Ethiopia"
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Foster, Hamar; Heather Raven and Jeremy Webber (eds.) (2007).
1027:, usually used alongside common or civil law. For example, in
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R. v Secretary of State For Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
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In India many customs are accepted by law. For example,
925:. Customary international law can be distinguished from
1924:
727:
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4464:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
932:
772:
736:A court presided over by a customary chief in the
1006:times, is for customary rights to moor a vessel.
704:
4689:
1960:. CHF International. August 2006. Archived from
756:therefore being rules pronounced by a chief and
1031:, despite the adoption of legal codes based on
941:tradition, where it may be subordinate to both
1035:in the 1950s according to Dolores Donovan and
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2100:
1091:follow a customary law system referred to as
617:
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1293:. There might be a discussion about this on
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3323:
2107:
2093:
1336:
1120:marriage ceremonies are recognized by the
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610:
552:Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems
1912:Former President Akaev, quoted in Beyer,
1313:Learn how and when to remove this message
679:where certain standards have been nearly
3252:History of the American legal profession
1899:
1897:
1682:
731:
658:a certain legal practice is observed and
572:Political and Legal Anthropology Review
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2027:. University of the Philippines Baguio
1784:Generic and Specific Aboriginal Rights
1652:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1592:
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1572:
1256:Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act of 1997
228:Societies without hierarchical leaders
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3318:
2088:
2022:
1894:
1050:announced a decree to revitalize the
858:De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae
1777:
1562:
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1265:
998:, "long usage" must be established.
881:
728:As an indefinite repertoire of norms
1930:"The Rule of Law without the State"
1888:American Journal of Comparative Law
1647:
1635:
1587:
1569:
1384:Australian Aboriginal customary law
1023:Customary law is also used in some
872:for northern Germany, and the many
13:
1753:"Constitution Act, 1982, s. 35(1)"
1261:
14:
4744:
2236:Restitution and unjust enrichment
2058:
1557:
933:Within contemporary legal systems
546:Political economy in anthropology
4534:The Closing of the American Mind
4454:Civilization and Its Discontents
4434:A Vindication of Natural Society
3283:
3282:
3268:
1270:
840:and later written down by local
829:developed from the tradition of
773:Law as necessarily rule-governed
3247:History of the legal profession
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1343:List of national legal systems
1068:, including in the capital of
967:List of national legal systems
705:Nature, definition and sources
671:Most customary laws deal with
408:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges
1:
4424:Oration on the Dignity of Man
1683:Merryman, John Henry (2007).
1545:
741:
579:Journal of Legal Anthropology
247:The Art of Not Being Governed
4494:The Society of the Spectacle
2023:Calde, Nimreh (March 2021).
2013:, Trenton NJ: Red Sea Press.
1550:
1458:of Pakistan and Afghanistan)
908:over time, whether based on
7:
2009:Van Notten, Michael. 2005.
1433:Laws of the Brets and Scots
1402:Custom (Catholic canon law)
888:Customary international law
866:for the city of Paris, the
10:
4749:
2914:International legal theory
2393:International slavery laws
2388:International human rights
2383:International criminal law
2043:
1934:Ludwig von Mises Institute
1723:"Customary Mooring Rights"
1656:Comaroff & Roberts, 85
1644:Comaroff & Roberts, 82
1632:Comaroff & Roberts, 81
1623:Comaroff & Roberts, 79
1614:Comaroff & Roberts, 75
1605:Comaroff & Roberts, 73
1596:Comaroff & Roberts, 70
1439:Medieval Scandinavian laws
1340:
1231:monarchies, including the
885:
814:
714:. Hund argues that Hart's
673:standards of the community
585:Journal of Law and Society
305:Colonialism and resistance
4672:
4576:
4564:Intellectuals and Society
4514:The Culture of Narcissism
4405:
4073:
3865:
3814:
3743:
3657:
3650:
3590:
3352:
3262:
3239:
3129:
2967:Administration of justice
2952:
2861:
2752:
2631:
2533:
2254:
2122:
2075:BYU Journal of Public Law
1691:Stanford University Press
259:Non-western state systems
235:African Political Systems
4554:The Malaise of Modernity
4504:The History of Sexuality
3603:Catholic social teaching
2744:Basic structure doctrine
2594:Natural and legal rights
2475:Public international law
1727:Associated Yacht Brokers
1219:including the island of
1127:In Indonesia, customary
4698:Customary legal systems
4634:Philosophy of education
2924:Principle of typicality
2398:International trade law
2114:
1926:Spencer Heath MacCallum
1880:Dolores A. Donovan and
1566:Comaroff & Roberts.
1423:Kanun of Leke Dukagjini
1418:Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit
1389:Basque and Pyrenean law
1337:Customary legal systems
1045:President of Kyrgyzstan
986:Canonical jurisprudence
284:and the State in Africa
4733:Management cybernetics
4728:Political anthropology
3573:
3527:
3513:
2065:Customary IHL Database
1987:"Better off stateless"
1329:law to help determine
745:
526:Circumscription theory
313:Europe and the People
282:Technology, Tradition,
4639:Philosophy of history
4629:Philosophy of culture
4524:A Conflict of Visions
2919:Principle of legality
2678:Delegated legislation
2378:Intellectual property
1928:(12 September 2007).
1914:Kyrgyz Aksakal Courts
735:
694:hostis humani generis
600:cultural anthropology
388:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
241:Papuan Big man system
4644:Political philosophy
4444:Democracy in America
3137:Barristers' chambers
3079:Legal representation
3017:Justice of the peace
2363:Financial regulation
1862:on 24 September 2008
1856:University of Ottawa
1540:Territories, Canada)
1526:(various regions of
1283:confusing or unclear
1233:Yogyakarta Sultanate
1025:developing countries
984:is a source of law.
848:, entitlements, and
393:Wolfgang Fikentscher
368:Henri J. M. Claessen
123:Pantribal sodalities
4484:One-Dimensional Man
3172:Election commission
2884:Expressive function
2413:Landlordâtenant law
2312:Consumer protection
1891:, 51 (2003), p. 505
1669:, 2 All E.R. 118,
1291:clarify the section
1215:, Central and East
951:John Henry Merryman
536:Leftâright paradigm
4604:Cultural pessimism
4599:Cultural criticism
3498:National character
3130:Legal institutions
2997:Lawsuit/Litigation
2987:Dispute resolution
2792:Catholic canon law
2500:State of emergency
2463:Will and testament
2187:Law of obligations
2140:Constitutional law
2130:Administrative law
1836:has generic name (
1407:Early Germanic law
1325:Custom is used in
1237:Surakarta Sunanate
1122:Hindu Marriage Act
1064:courts throughout
817:Codification (law)
746:
717:The Concept of Law
654:) exists where:
531:Legal anthropology
433:Thomas Blom Hansen
363:Robert L. Carneiro
152:Segmentary lineage
89:Leveling mechanism
39:legal anthropology
4703:International law
4685:
4684:
4401:
4400:
3546:Spontaneous order
3536:Social alienation
3385:Cultural heritage
3346:Social philosophy
3312:
3311:
2972:Constitutionalism
2894:Law and economics
2732:Act of parliament
2470:Product liability
2423:Legal archaeology
2348:Environmental law
2342:Entertainment law
2182:International law
1812:on 30 August 2008
1700:978-0-8047-5569-6
1523:Usos y costumbres
1323:
1322:
1315:
1247:princely states.
894:international law
882:International law
860:for England, the
780:"rule scepticism"
677:international law
634:
633:
358:Jeremy Boissevain
343:Georges Balandier
338:E. Adamson Hoebel
4740:
4718:Social agreement
4649:Social criticism
4569:
4559:
4549:
4539:
4529:
4519:
4509:
4499:
4489:
4479:
4469:
4459:
4449:
4439:
4429:
4419:
3655:
3654:
3637:Frankfurt School
3615:Communitarianism
3578:
3532:
3518:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3316:
3315:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3273:
3272:
3096:Question of fact
2977:Criminal justice
2307:Construction law
2302:Conflict of laws
2267:Agricultural law
2109:
2102:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2020:
2014:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1959:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1892:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1858:. Archived from
1848:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1789:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1759:on 20 March 2007
1755:. Archived from
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1733:on 13 April 2015
1729:. Archived from
1719:
1713:
1712:
1689:(3rd ed.).
1680:
1674:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1645:
1642:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1585:
1582:
1567:
1564:
1318:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1298:
1274:
1273:
1266:
959:
915:peremptory norms
863:Coutume de Paris
793:internal element
743:
626:
619:
612:
520:Related articles
503:Douglas R. White
493:Jonathan Spencer
473:Marshall Sahlins
463:Sally Falk Moore
19:
18:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4668:
4594:Critical theory
4572:
4567:
4557:
4547:
4537:
4527:
4517:
4507:
4497:
4487:
4477:
4467:
4457:
4447:
4437:
4427:
4417:
4397:
4075:
4069:
3867:
3861:
3810:
3739:
3646:
3598:Budapest School
3586:
3375:Cosmopolitanism
3348:
3343:
3313:
3308:
3281:
3267:
3258:
3235:
3226:Political party
3199:Legal education
3187:Law enforcement
3167:Court of equity
3125:
3101:Question of law
3054:Practice of law
3034:Judicial review
2948:
2899:Legal formalism
2879:Comparative law
2874:Contract theory
2857:
2777:Legal pluralism
2748:
2737:Act of Congress
2661:Executive order
2627:
2529:
2448:Nationality law
2373:Immigration law
2297:Competition law
2250:
2118:
2113:
2061:
2056:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2021:
2017:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1967:on 26 July 2011
1964:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1895:
1882:Getachew Assefa
1879:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1833:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1813:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1779:Slattery, Brian
1776:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1701:
1681:
1677:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1648:
1643:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1570:
1565:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1412:Early Irish law
1366:Anglo-Saxon law
1345:
1339:
1319:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1288:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1262:Custom in torts
1037:Getachew Assefa
978:Catholic Church
963:legal pluralism
953:
935:
890:
884:
819:
813:
775:
730:
707:
630:
590:
589:
566:
558:
557:
541:State formation
521:
513:
512:
498:Bjorn Thomassen
453:Elizabeth Mertz
438:Ted C. Lewellen
383:Pierre Clastres
333:
332:Major theorists
325:
324:
315:Without History
314:
283:
219:
211:
210:
133:Paramount chief
65:Achieved status
60:Ascribed status
52:Status and rank
48:
37:
17:
16:Legal principle
12:
11:
5:
4746:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4708:Sources of law
4705:
4700:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4654:Social science
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4560:
4550:
4544:Gender Trouble
4540:
4530:
4520:
4510:
4500:
4490:
4480:
4474:The Second Sex
4470:
4460:
4450:
4440:
4430:
4420:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3524:
3519:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3466:Invisible hand
3463:
3458:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3342:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3319:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3278:
3275:Law portal
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
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3213:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3111:Trial advocacy
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
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2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
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2901:
2896:
2891:
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2871:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
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2834:
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2823:
2822:
2821:
2816:
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2806:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
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2750:
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2697:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2648:
2643:
2641:Ballot measure
2637:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2618:Legal treatise
2615:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2586:
2584:Letters patent
2581:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2535:Sources of law
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2520:Unenforced law
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
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2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
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2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2292:Commercial law
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
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2232:
2231:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2067:
2060:
2059:External links
2057:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2015:
2002:
1978:
1946:
1917:
1905:
1893:
1873:
1843:
1834:|author2=
1770:
1744:
1714:
1699:
1693:. p. 24.
1675:
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1586:
1568:
1555:
1554:
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1531:
1519:
1507:
1499:Cyfraith Hywel
1495:
1479:
1478:(South Africa)
1473:
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1430:
1420:
1415:
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1335:
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1320:
1278:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1189:South Sulawesi
1089:Horn of Africa
934:
931:
902:Law of Nations
900:refers to the
886:Main article:
883:
880:
869:Sachsenspiegel
815:Main article:
812:
809:
774:
771:
729:
726:
706:
703:
669:
668:
659:
652:unofficial law
648:consuetudinary
632:
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628:
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519:
518:
515:
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511:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
488:Aidan Southall
485:
480:
478:James C. Scott
475:
470:
468:Rodney Needham
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
413:Ernest Gellner
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47:Basic concepts
46:
45:
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30:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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4731:
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4699:
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4695:
4693:
4678:
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4671:
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4662:
4660:
4659:Social theory
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4313:Radhakrishnan
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4074:20th and 21st
4072:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3866:18th and 19th
3864:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3335:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:Civil society
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:Trier of fact
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:Legal opinion
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:Court-martial
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2954:Jurisprudence
2951:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:Statutory law
2841:
2839:
2838:Socialist law
2836:
2832:
2831:Byzantine law
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2782:Religious law
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2754:Legal systems
2751:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2722:Statutory law
2720:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2552:Statutory law
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2510:Transport law
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2428:Legal fiction
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2358:Financial law
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:Corporate law
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2241:Statutory law
2239:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:Core subjects
2121:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2006:
1988:
1982:
1963:
1956:
1950:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1900:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1839:
1827:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1679:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1653:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1528:Latin America
1525:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1476:Customary law
1474:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1317:
1314:
1306:
1303:November 2008
1296:
1295:the talk page
1292:
1286:
1284:
1279:This section
1277:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1245:Mangkunegaran
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:South Sumatra
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1085:Somali people
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
997:
994:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
970:
968:
964:
957:
952:
948:
944:
940:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
907:
903:
899:
898:customary law
895:
889:
879:
877:
876:
871:
870:
865:
864:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
832:
828:
824:
818:
808:
805:
801:
800:'deductively'
796:
794:
788:
784:
781:
770:
766:
762:
759:
755:
751:
739:
738:Belgian Congo
734:
725:
722:
719:
718:
713:
712:H. L. A. Hart
702:
700:
696:
695:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
666:
665:
660:
657:
656:
655:
653:
649:
645:
644:Customary law
641:
639:
627:
622:
620:
615:
613:
608:
607:
605:
604:
601:
597:
594:
593:
586:
583:
581:
580:
576:
574:
573:
569:
568:
562:
561:
554:
553:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
523:
517:
516:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
483:Elman Service
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
418:David Graeber
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
378:John Comaroff
376:
374:
373:Jean Comaroff
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
353:Fredrik Barth
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
329:
328:
321:
318:
316:
311:
310:
307:
304:
303:
300:
297:
296:
293:
291:Legal systems
290:
289:
286:
285:
279:
278:
275:
274:
271:
268:
266:
263:
262:
258:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:
244:
242:
239:
237:
236:
232:
231:
227:
225:
222:
221:
215:
214:
207:
204:
202:
201:Legal culture
199:
197:
196:Customary law
194:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:Theatre state
180:
178:
175:
173:
172:House society
170:
168:
167:Petty kingdom
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
85:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
70:Social status
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
57:
54:
51:
50:
44:
43:
40:
35:
32:
31:
28:
26:
21:
20:
4562:
4552:
4542:
4532:
4522:
4512:
4502:
4492:
4482:
4472:
4462:
4452:
4442:
4432:
4422:
4412:
3832:Guicciardini
3815:Early modern
3651:Philosophers
3625:Conservatism
3620:Confucianism
3608:Distributism
3541:Social norms
3529:Sittlichkeit
3515:Ressentiment
3461:Institutions
3439:Human nature
3379:
3301:
3294:
3280:
3266:
3039:Jurisdiction
3007:Legal remedy
2962:Adjudication
2862:Legal theory
2700:Ratification
2695:Promulgation
2666:Proclamation
2646:Codification
2579:Human rights
2567:Divine right
2561:
2557:Constitution
2525:Women in law
2443:Military law
2438:Marriage law
2433:Maritime law
2332:Election law
2272:Aviation law
2262:Abortion law
2214:Property law
2150:Criminal law
2078:
2073:
2031:24 September
2029:. Retrieved
2018:
2010:
2005:
1995:11 September
1993:. Retrieved
1981:
1971:11 September
1969:. Retrieved
1962:the original
1949:
1939:11 September
1937:. Retrieved
1920:
1913:
1908:
1887:
1876:
1866:11 September
1864:. Retrieved
1860:the original
1846:
1816:11 September
1814:. Retrieved
1810:the original
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1783:
1773:
1761:. Retrieved
1757:the original
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1731:the original
1717:
1685:
1678:
1671:Lord Denning
1666:
1661:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1601:
1521:
1509:
1497:
1481:
1467:
1461:
1449:
1443:
1393:
1378:Central Asia
1371:
1349:
1324:
1309:
1300:
1289:Please help
1280:
1249:
1126:
1115:
1110:
1092:
1082:
1078:Central Asia
1073:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1042:
1022:
1018:Scandinavian
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
990:
971:
936:
901:
897:
891:
873:
867:
861:
857:
823:codification
820:
811:Codification
797:
792:
789:
785:
776:
767:
763:
757:
753:
747:
723:
716:
708:
692:
672:
670:
664:opinio juris
662:
651:
647:
643:
642:
638:legal custom
637:
635:
584:
577:
570:
550:
458:Sidney Mintz
448:Ralph Linton
443:Edmund Leach
403:Morton Fried
398:Meyer Fortes
348:F. G. Bailey
280:
245:
233:
218:Case studies
195:
177:Ethnic group
147:Band society
22:
4619:Historicism
4448:(1835â1840)
4414:De Officiis
4138:de Beauvoir
4108:Baudrillard
4060:Vivekananda
4050:Tocqueville
3965:Kierkegaard
3781:Ibn Khaldun
3751:Alpharabius
3642:Personalism
3551:Stewardship
3508:Reification
3503:Natural law
3424:Familialism
3390:Culturalism
3211:Legislature
3142:Bureaucracy
2939:Rule of man
2934:Rule of law
2909:Libertarian
2772:Chinese law
2673:Legislation
2623:Regulations
2611:Law reports
2589:Natural law
2485:Reparations
2480:Refugee law
2403:Jurimetrics
2344:(Media law)
2282:Banking law
2277:Amnesty law
2255:Disciplines
2192:Private law
1852:"JuryGlobe"
1790:. p. 6
1534:Wahkohtowin
1492:Islamic law
1445:Pashtunwali
1252:Philippines
1153:Minangkabau
1048:Askar Akaev
954: [
947:regulations
850:obligations
821:The modern
428:Ulf Hannerz
423:Lesley Gill
4692:Categories
4624:Humanities
4584:Agnotology
4243:KoĆakowski
3806:Ibn Tufayl
3786:Maimonides
3730:Thucydides
3725:Tertullian
3680:Lactantius
3575:Volksgeist
3556:Traditions
3370:Convention
3204:Law school
3084:Prosecutor
3022:Magistrate
2809:Jewish law
2767:Common law
2688:Rulemaking
2683:Regulation
2633:Law making
2572:Divine law
2548:Legal code
2495:Sports law
2418:Law of war
2368:Health law
2353:Family law
2337:Energy law
2287:Bankruptcy
2224:Punishment
2219:Public law
2081:: 373â412.
1709:2007003956
1546:References
1488:Arab world
1435:(Scotland)
1341:See also:
1331:negligence
1285:to readers
1241:Pakualaman
1239:, and the
1227:, and the
1173:Kalimantan
1103:Siad Barre
1066:Kyrgyzstan
996:common law
965:(see also
878:of Spain.
320:Cargo cult
223:Acephelous
113:Matriarchy
108:Patriarchy
95:Leadership
4664:Sociology
4614:Historism
4323:Santayana
4293:Oakeshott
4263:MacIntyre
4248:Kropotkin
4223:Heidegger
4076:centuries
3990:Nietzsche
3955:Jefferson
3940:Helvétius
3905:Condorcet
3868:centuries
3852:Montaigne
3675:Confucius
3665:Augustine
3582:Worldview
3476:Modernity
3449:Formation
3182:Judiciary
3177:Executive
3152:The bench
3089:Solicitor
3064:Barrister
2944:Sociology
2929:Pseudolaw
2869:Anarchist
2826:Roman law
2814:Parsi law
2799:Hindu law
2787:Canon law
2762:Civil law
2715:Concordat
2606:Precedent
2515:Trust law
2490:Space law
2327:Drugs law
2197:Procedure
2135:Civil law
1826:cite book
1794:21 August
1551:Citations
1414:(Ireland)
1368:(England)
1360:Nusantara
1197:Molluccas
1181:Gorontalo
1163:regions,
1043:In 1995,
1033:civil law
974:canon law
939:civil law
913:force of
910:diplomacy
834:custumals
827:civil law
681:universal
508:Eric Wolf
80:Age grade
34:Political
4713:Tort law
4677:Category
4589:Axiology
4577:See also
4368:Voegelin
4358:Spengler
4333:Shariati
4288:Nussbaum
4273:Maritain
4233:Irigaray
4213:Habermas
4178:Foucault
4163:Durkheim
4065:Voltaire
4030:de Staël
4005:Rousseau
3930:Franklin
3791:Muhammad
3776:Gelasius
3761:Avempace
3744:Medieval
3720:Polybius
3715:Plutarch
3481:Morality
3456:Ideology
3444:Identity
3353:Concepts
3289:Category
3231:Tribunal
3216:Military
3059:Attorney
3029:Judgment
2889:Feminist
2804:Jain law
2601:Case law
2322:Cyberlaw
2229:Corporal
2207:Criminal
2177:Evidence
2167:Doctrine
2145:Contract
1737:19 April
1456:Pashtuns
1398:(France)
1229:Javanese
1177:Minahasa
1169:Belitung
1113:(2005).
1029:Ethiopia
943:statutes
919:genocide
838:case law
831:medieval
565:Journals
162:Chiefdom
139:Polities
25:a series
23:Part of
4418:(44 BC)
4348:Sombart
4343:Skinner
4328:Scruton
4308:Polanyi
4283:Niebuhr
4268:Marcuse
4203:Gramsci
4198:Gentile
4158:Du Bois
4148:Deleuze
4118:Benoist
4088:Agamben
4045:Thoreau
4035:Stirner
4025:Spencer
3975:Le Play
3925:Fourier
3910:Emerson
3895:Carlyle
3880:Bentham
3857:MĂŒntzer
3827:Erasmus
3801:Plethon
3796:Photios
3756:Aquinas
3690:Mencius
3658:Ancient
3591:Schools
3471:Loyalty
3429:History
3417:Counter
3412:Culture
3380:Customs
3303:Outline
3240:History
3147:The bar
3121:Verdict
3069:Counsel
3049:Justice
2904:History
2727:Statute
2543:Charter
2505:Tax law
2453:Probate
2044:Sources
1763:29 July
1516:Somalia
1472:(India)
1427:Albania
1395:Coutume
1373:Aqsaqal
1281:may be
1250:In the
1193:Ternate
1107:Somalia
1087:in the
1074:aqsaqal
1070:Bishkek
1062:aqsaqal
1058:aqsaqal
1053:aqsaqal
1016:In the
993:English
991:In the
976:of the
972:In the
923:slavery
854:Bracton
842:jurists
689:slavery
646:(also,
270:Mandala
103:Big man
84:Age set
4723:Custom
4609:Ethics
4568:(2010)
4558:(1991)
4548:(1990)
4538:(1987)
4528:(1987)
4518:(1979)
4508:(1976)
4498:(1967)
4488:(1964)
4478:(1949)
4468:(1935)
4458:(1930)
4438:(1756)
4428:(1486)
4373:Walzer
4363:Taylor
4353:Sowell
4338:Simmel
4303:Pareto
4298:Ortega
4208:Guénon
4193:Gehlen
4188:Gandhi
4143:Debord
4128:Butler
4123:Berlin
4113:Bauman
4103:Badiou
4093:Arendt
4083:Adorno
4015:Ruskin
3970:Le Bon
3945:Herder
3920:Fichte
3915:Engels
3885:Bonald
3875:Arnold
3847:Milton
3842:Luther
3822:Calvin
3700:Origen
3670:Cicero
3630:Social
3566:Family
3561:Values
3522:Rights
3486:Public
3434:Honour
3365:Anomie
3360:Agency
3221:Police
3192:Agency
3074:Lawyer
2819:Sharia
2710:Treaty
2705:Repeal
2651:Decree
2562:Custom
2458:Estate
2408:Labour
2172:Equity
1707:
1697:
1463:Smriti
1356:Malays
1254:, the
1221:Madura
1213:Lombok
1195:, the
1185:Toraja
1165:Bangka
1159:, the
1147:, and
1099:Ogaden
982:custom
927:treaty
906:states
875:fueros
846:rights
804:Tswana
758:mekgwa
750:Tswana
699:courts
685:piracy
596:Social
265:Negara
4406:Works
4393:ĆœiĆŸek
4378:Weber
4318:Röpke
4278:Negri
4258:Lasch
4228:Hoppe
4183:Fromm
4173:Evola
4153:Dewey
4133:Camus
4040:Taine
4020:Smith
4010:Royce
4000:Renan
3935:Hegel
3900:Comte
3890:Burke
3837:Locke
3771:Dante
3766:Bruni
3735:Xunzi
3710:Plato
3705:Philo
3685:Laozi
3493:Mores
3405:Multi
3395:Inter
3296:Index
3162:Court
3106:Trial
3012:Judge
2853:Yassa
2656:Edict
2202:Civil
2155:Crime
1990:(PDF)
1965:(PDF)
1958:(PDF)
1788:(PDF)
1584:Hund.
1504:Wales
1469:ÄcÄra
1451:Jirga
1225:Sunda
1205:Timor
1201:Papua
1161:Malay
1149:Batak
1133:Papua
1118:Hindu
958:]
754:melao
691:(see
254:State
157:Tribe
128:Chief
118:Elder
75:Caste
4388:Zinn
4383:Weil
4253:Land
4238:Kirk
4098:Aron
4055:Vico
3995:Owen
3985:Mill
3980:Marx
3960:Kant
3950:Hume
3695:Mozi
3400:Mono
3044:Jury
2992:Fiqh
2848:Xeer
2246:Tort
2162:Deed
2033:2024
1997:2010
1973:2010
1941:2010
1868:2010
1838:help
1818:2010
1800:and
1796:2008
1765:2008
1739:2015
1705:LCCN
1695:ISBN
1538:Cree
1511:Xeer
1466:and
1448:and
1351:Adat
1327:tort
1243:and
1217:Java
1211:and
1209:Bali
1167:and
1145:Alas
1141:Gayo
1137:Aceh
1129:adat
1094:xeer
1083:The
945:and
921:and
744:1942
598:and
299:Kapu
4218:Han
4168:Eco
2116:Law
1665:In
1483:Urf
1358:of
969:).
892:In
856:'s
825:of
687:or
650:or
36:and
4694::
2550:/
2079:28
2072:,
1932:.
1896:^
1884:,
1854:.
1830::
1828:}}
1824:{{
1781:.
1725:.
1703:.
1649:^
1637:^
1589:^
1571:^
1559:^
1235:,
1223:,
1207:,
1203:,
1199:,
1191:,
1187:,
1183:,
1179:,
1175:,
1171:,
1155:,
1151:,
1143:,
1139:,
1124:.
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980:,
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3324:v
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2094:v
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1943:.
1870:.
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1798:.
1767:.
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1530:)
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1514:(
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1502:(
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1490:/
1486:(
1454:(
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