154:
585:
98:
183:
In Europe, tar is extracted from the torch-tree by the agency of fire; it is employed for coating ships and for many other useful purposes. The wood of the tree is chopped into small billets, and then put into a furnace ... The first steam that exudes flows in the form of into a reservoir made for
136:
Historically the process of destructive distillation and other forms of pyrolysis led to the discovery of many chemical compounds or elucidation of their structures before contemporary organic chemists had developed the processes to synthesise or specifically investigate the parent molecules. It was
109:
Destructive distillation of any particular inorganic feedstock produces only a small range of products as a rule, but destructive distillation of many organic materials commonly produces very many compounds, often hundreds, although not all products of any particular process are of commercial
137:
especially in the early days that investigation of the products of destructive distillation, like those of other destructive processes, played parts in enabling chemists to deduce the chemical nature of many natural materials. Well known examples include the deduction of the structures of
179:(23/24 –79 CE) describes how, in the destructive distillation of pine wood, two liquid fractions are produced: a lighter (aromatic oils) and a heavier (pitch). The lighter fraction is released in the form of gases, which are condensed and collected.
220:
burning crafts. As such they are of industrial significance in many regions, such as
Scandinavia. The modern processes are sophisticated and require careful engineering to produce the most valuable possible products from the available feedstocks.
441:
Klar, Max; Rule, Alexander; The technology of wood distillation, with special reference to the methods of obtaining the intermediate and finished products from the primary distillate; Pub: London
Chapman & Hall 1925. May be downloaded from:
209:) to form the volatile products for collection. The mass of the product will represent only a part of the mass of the feedstock, because much of the material remains as char, ash, and non-volatile tars. In contrast,
126:. Cracking feedstocks into liquid and volatile compounds, and polymerising, or the forming of chars and solids, may both occur in the same process, and any class of the products might be of commercial interest.
393:
I.L. Finar
Organic Chemistry vol 1 ( 4th.ed.) Longmans 1963 plus I.L. Finar Organic Chemistry vol 2 ( 3rd.ed.) Longmans Green & Co. 1964 May be downloaded from:
153:
213:
consumes most of the organic matter, and the net weight of the products amount to roughly the same mass as the fuel and oxidant consumed.
516:
471:
361:
188:]; and it possesses such remarkable strength, that in Egypt the bodies of the dead, after being steeped in it, are
584:
411:
430:
Bates, John S.; Distillation of hardwoods in Canada; Pub: Ottawa, F. A. Acland, 1922. May be downloaded from:
216:
Destructive distillation and related processes are in effect the modern industrial descendants of traditional
574:
645:
509:
272:
Destructive distillation is an increasingly promising method for recycling monomers derived from waste
701:
559:
691:
686:
666:
604:
163:
671:
489:
732:
696:
502:
311:
115:
90:
are examples of commercial products historically produced by the destructive distillation of
34:
is achieved by heating it to a high temperature; the term generally applies to processing of
27:
609:
316:
63:
8:
711:
443:
431:
378:
38:
material in the absence of air or in the presence of limited amounts of oxygen or other
336:
110:
importance. The distillate are generally lower molecular weight. Some fractions however
737:
706:
599:
258:
83:
640:
564:
467:
357:
35:
681:
569:
459:
398:
394:
301:
123:
23:
554:
544:
539:
420:. Vol. III. Translated by Bostock, John; Riley, Henry Thomas. Henry G. Bohn.
176:
415:
280:
168:
417:
The
Natural History of Pliny: Translated, with Copious Notes and Illustrations
726:
614:
463:
192:. The liquid that follows is of a thicker consistency, and constitutes pitch.
129:
Currently the major industrial application of destructive distillation is to
525:
31:
254:
239:
97:
67:
210:
111:
75:
635:
306:
202:
185:
59:
43:
288:
284:
266:
262:
243:
235:
217:
142:
138:
87:
79:
71:
47:
39:
184:
its reception: in Syria this substance is known as “cedrium” [
630:
273:
55:
549:
494:
206:
102:
650:
189:
118:
small molecules into larger molecules, including heat-stable
51:
250:
231:
130:
91:
119:
287:
which led to the creation of synthetic rubbers such as
376:
724:
399:https://archive.org/details/OrganicChemistryVol2
395:https://archive.org/details/OrganicChemistryVol1
454:Tokay, Barbara A. (2000). "Biomass Chemicals".
409:
456:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
205:can be conducted in a distillation apparatus (
510:
380:The rise and development of organic chemistry
377:Schorlemmer, Carl; Smithells, Arthur (1894).
517:
503:
152:
96:
490:What is destructive distillation ?
351:
249:Destructive distillation of a tonne of
725:
498:
453:
334:
13:
242:,together with a solid residue of
175:) the Roman naturalist and author
14:
749:
483:
583:
524:
224:
447:
435:
424:
403:
387:
370:
345:
328:
1:
322:
283:resulted in the discovery of
190:preserved from all corruption
105:for destructive distillation.
279:Destructive distillation of
230:Destructive distillation of
101:Many early experiments used
7:
295:
253:can produce 700 kg of
62:. The process breaks up or
10:
754:
646:Spinning band distillation
354:The Refinery of the Future
352:Speight, James G. (2010).
196:
148:
58:. It is an application of
659:
623:
592:
581:
532:
410:Pliny the Elder (1855) .
161:In his encyclopedic work
575:Vapor–liquid equilibrium
464:10.1002/14356007.a04_099
20:Destructive distillation
605:Continuous distillation
335:Lunge, George (1887).
194:
172:
158:
106:
341:. Gurney and Jackson.
181:
156:
100:
610:Fractionating column
593:Industrial processes
560:McCabe–Thiele method
338:Coal-tar and ammonia
317:Cracking (chemistry)
32:unprocessed material
624:Laboratory methods
600:Batch distillation
356:. William Andrew.
173:Naturalis Historia
159:
107:
720:
719:
641:Rotary evaporator
565:Theoretical plate
473:978-3-527-30385-4
363:978-0-8155-2041-2
66:large molecules.
745:
587:
570:Partial pressure
519:
512:
505:
496:
495:
478:
477:
451:
445:
439:
433:
428:
422:
421:
407:
401:
391:
385:
384:
374:
368:
367:
349:
343:
342:
332:
302:Dry distillation
257:, 100 liters of
24:chemical process
16:Chemical process
753:
752:
748:
747:
746:
744:
743:
742:
723:
722:
721:
716:
655:
619:
588:
579:
555:Fenske equation
528:
523:
486:
481:
474:
452:
448:
440:
436:
429:
425:
408:
404:
392:
388:
375:
371:
364:
350:
346:
333:
329:
325:
298:
261:, 50 liters of
227:
201:The process of
199:
177:Pliny the Elder
164:Natural History
157:Pliny the Elder
151:
122:substances and
17:
12:
11:
5:
751:
741:
740:
735:
718:
717:
715:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
663:
661:
657:
656:
654:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
627:
625:
621:
620:
618:
617:
612:
607:
602:
596:
594:
590:
589:
582:
580:
578:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
536:
534:
530:
529:
522:
521:
514:
507:
499:
493:
492:
485:
484:External links
482:
480:
479:
472:
446:
434:
423:
402:
386:
369:
362:
344:
326:
324:
321:
320:
319:
314:
309:
304:
297:
294:
293:
292:
281:natural rubber
277:
270:
259:liquor ammonia
247:
226:
223:
198:
195:
150:
147:
84:ammonia liquor
76:gaseous carbon
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
750:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
728:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
662:
658:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
628:
626:
622:
616:
615:Spinning cone
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
595:
591:
586:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
537:
535:
531:
527:
520:
515:
513:
508:
506:
501:
500:
497:
491:
488:
487:
475:
469:
465:
461:
457:
450:
444:
438:
432:
427:
419:
418:
413:
406:
400:
396:
390:
382:
381:
373:
365:
359:
355:
348:
340:
339:
331:
327:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
290:
286:
282:
278:
275:
271:
268:
265:and 400 m of
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:
222:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
193:
191:
187:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:
155:
146:
144:
140:
134:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
104:
99:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
28:decomposition
25:
21:
733:Distillation
712:Vacuum-based
676:
545:Dalton's law
540:Raoult's law
526:Distillation
455:
449:
437:
426:
416:
412:"XVI.21(11)"
405:
389:
383:. Macmillan.
379:
372:
353:
347:
337:
330:
225:Applications
215:
200:
182:
162:
160:
135:
128:
108:
19:
18:
707:Steam-based
702:Salt-effect
677:Destructive
312:Thermolysis
240:acetic acid
727:Categories
692:Fractional
687:Extractive
667:Azeotropic
660:Techniques
533:Principles
323:References
211:combustion
112:polymerise
50:, such as
738:Pyrolysis
672:Catalytic
636:Kugelrohr
307:Pyrolysis
234:produces
203:pyrolysis
186:cedar oil
143:furanoses
139:pyranoses
60:pyrolysis
44:catalysts
26:in which
697:Reactive
296:See also
289:neoprene
285:isoprene
274:polymers
267:coal gas
263:coal tar
244:charcoal
236:methanol
218:charcoal
116:condense
88:coal oil
80:coal tar
72:coal gas
64:'cracks'
48:solvents
40:reagents
631:Alembic
197:Process
149:History
103:retorts
56:phenols
36:organic
550:Reflux
470:
360:
207:retort
86:, and
651:Still
397:plus
169:Latin
124:chars
120:tarry
52:steam
46:, or
22:is a
468:ISBN
358:ISBN
255:coke
251:coal
238:and
232:wood
141:and
131:coal
92:coal
68:Coke
682:Dry
460:doi
114:or
54:or
30:of
729::
466:.
458:.
414:.
171::
145:.
133:.
94:.
82:,
78:,
74:,
70:,
42:,
518:e
511:t
504:v
476:.
462::
366:.
291:.
276:.
269:.
246:.
167:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_(cropped).jpg)