507:
831:(1878–1881) as a reaction to prevent further territories with Albanian populations from being awarded to Serbia and Montenegro. Amidst these events, during spring/summer 1879, multiple violent and predatory raids were conducted into Serbia by groups of Albanian refugees into former areas of residence, at times with the acquiescence of Ottoman authorities. In the aftermath of the war and expulsions, British diplomatic pressure for some time was applied to Serbia to allow the Albanian refugees to go and return to their homes, though it later subsided. The Ottoman Empire was lukewarm about returning refugees to Serbia as the refugees were seen as integral in demographically strengthening the Muslim element in its remaining territories such as Kosovo vilayet still under its sovereignty.
905:
men frozen to death". The journalist
Manojlo Đorđević argued for peaceful reconciliation with the Albanians and condemned the policies undertaken by the Serbian state. In later years there were retrospective views regarding these events. Prior to the Balkan wars, Kosovo Serb community leader Janjićije Popović stated that the wars of 1876–1878 "tripled" the hatred of Turks and Albanians, especially that of the refugee population toward the Serbs by committing acts of violence against them. Belgrade Professor of Law Živojin Perić stated in 1900 that conciliatory treatment toward the Albanians by Serbia in allowing them to remain could have prevented such hostility and possibly gained Albanian sympathies. Scholar
3798:
491:
3854:
3806:
539:
523:
3862:
3814:
72:
3846:
3870:
703:. The Albanian neighbourhood in Niš was burned. Serbian forces continued their southwest advance entering the valleys of Kosanica, Pusta Reka and Jablanica. Serbian forces in the Morava valley continued to head for Vranje, with the intention of then turning west and entering Kosovo proper. The Serbian advance in the southwest was slow, due to the hilly terrain and much resistance by local Albanians who were defending their villages and also sheltering in the nearby
3838:
3830:
719:(southwest of Grdelica). After Grdelica was taken, Serbian forces took Vranje. Local Muslims had left with their belongings prior to Serbian forces reaching the town, and other Muslims of the countryside experienced tensions with Serbian neighbours who fought against and eventually evicted them from the area. Albanian refugees defended the Veternica canyon, before retreating toward the Goljak mountains. Albanians who lived nearby in the
835:
3822:
617:
608:
751:
742:
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Niš, but they left after murders occurred and their property was sold off at low values. In 1879, some
Albanian refugees from the Leskovac region complained in a petition that their properties and Muslim buildings had been demolished and could no longer return. According to Gëzim Alpion, from 1879 to 1880, over 300,000 Albanians were expelled from the
904:
Josif H. Kostić, a local school headmaster from
Leskovac witnessing the flight of refugees during winter 1877 noted that many of them had fled their homes with meagre clothing and that from the "Grdelica gorge and as far as Vranje and Kumanovo, you could see the abandoned corpses of children, and old
887:
and Vranja Valley were ruthlessly driven forth from their homesteads by the
Servians". Gould also noted that the refugees were "wandering about in a starving condition" and was instrumental for a time in applying British diplomatic pressure on Serbia to allow the refugees to return home. On the other
777:
or new areas. Due to depopulation and economic considerations some small numbers of
Albanians were allowed to stay and return though not to their previous settlements and instead were designated concentrated village clusters in the Toplica, Masurica and Jablanica areas. Of those only in the Jablanica
415:
since the late Middle Ages. Albanians in the region were
Orthodox Christians, were in contact with Slavic populations and as such many also bore Orthodox Slavic names such as in the village Arbanas, the name of the inhabitants were: Stojan, Dajin, Dane Stojan, Mati Marko, Andrija Marko, Dimsha Marko,
683:
mountain range. Ottoman forces attempted to counterattack through the
Toplica valley and relieve the siege at Niš, which turned the area into a battlefield and stranded Albanian refugees in nearby mountains. With Niš eventually taken, the refugees of the Toplica valley were unable to return to their
285:
valley where their descendants live today. Serbs from Lab moved to Serbia during and after the first round of hostilities in 1876, while incoming
Albanian refugees thereafter 1878 repopulated their villages. Albanian refugees also settled alongside the north-eastern Ottoman-Serbian border, in urban
803:
Western diplomats reporting in 1878 placed the number of refugee families at 60,000 families in
Macedonia, with 60-70,000 refugees from Serbia spread out within the vilayet of Kosovo. The Ottoman governor of the Vilayet of Kosovo estimated in 1881 the refugees number to be around 65,000 with some
782:
have small numbers of
Albanians and their descendants remained. This was due to a local Ottoman Albanian commander Shahid Pasha from the Jablanica area negotiating on good terms with Prince Milan and thereby guaranteeing their presence. Some other Albanians such as merchants attempted to remain in
575:
statistics and gives a higher figure of 200,000 for the total Albanian population of the area. Other Albanian researchers like Emin Pllana, Skënder Rizaj and Turkish historian Bilal Şimşir place the number of Albanian refugees from the region as numbering between 60–70,000 in the vilayet of Kosovo
1007:
from the city of Niš and so on. Within Serbia today though the Serbian-Ottoman wars of 1876–1878 are mentioned within school books, the Albanian population's expulsion by the Serbian army is omitted. This has limited Serbian students' knowledge of the events that led to bad relations amongst both
799:
region, sizeable numbers of Albanian refugees were resettled in other parts of northern Kosovo alongside the new Ottoman-Serbian border. Most Albanian refugees were resettled in over 30 large rural settlements in central and southeastern Kosovo. Many refugees were also spread out and resettled in
3467:
Staatsbürger aus Widerruf: Juden und Muslime als Alteritätspartner im rumänischen und serbischen Nationscode: ethnonationale Staatsbürgerschaftskonzepte 1878–1941 [Citizens until revoked. Jews and Muslims as partners of alterity in the Rumanian and Serb nation code. Ethnonational concepts of
593:
also maintain. That number was accepted by Serbian historiography and remained unquestioned for almost a century. Drawing upon Serbian archive and travelers documents historian Miloš Jagodić believes that the number of Albanians and Muslims that left Serbia was "much larger", agreeing with Đorđe
684:
villages. Other Serbian forces then headed south into the Morava valley and toward Leskovac. The majority of urban Muslims fled, taking most of their belongings before the Serbian army arrived. The Serbian army also took Pirot and the Turks fled to Kosovo, Macedonia and some went toward Thrace.
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678:
mountain range, leaving cattle and other property behind. Some Albanians returned and submitted to Serbian authorities, while others fled to Kuršumlija. Advancing Serbian forces heading to Kuršumlija also came across resisting Albanian refugees spread out in the surrounding mountain ranges and
455:
valleys and adjoining semi-mountainous interior was inhabited by compact Muslim Albanian population while Serbs in those areas lived near the river mouths and mountain slopes and both peoples inhabited other regions of the South Morava river basin. The Muslim population of most of the area was
506:
3522:
787:. The only other Muslim population permitted to remain were the Muslim Romani who in 1910 numbered 14,335 in all of Serbia with 6,089 located in Vranje. Most remaining Albanians were forced to leave in subsequent years for the Ottoman Empire and Kosovo in particular. Serbs from the
820:. Tensions within the Kosovo vilayet between Albanian refugees and local Albanians arose over resources, as the Ottoman Empire found it difficult to accommodate to their needs and meager conditions. These refugees also became a strong opposition group to governance by the Sultan.
638:
There were multiple reasons held by the Serbian government for the expulsions. Serbian authorities intended to expel the Muslim population, as they were deemed unreliable and undesirable that needed to be substituted with other inhabitants. Retaliation for attitudes held toward
933:'s political and economic spheres. They have also established local associations that document and aim to preserve their regional Albanian culture of origin. Many can also be identified by their surname which following Albanian custom is often the place of origin. For example:
289:
Ottoman authorities had difficulties accommodating to the needs of the refugees and they were hostile to the local Serbian population committing revenge attacks. The expulsion of the Albanian population from these regions was done in a manner that today could be classed as
921:, who advocated similar measures due to their success. The regions vacated by Albanians were soon repopulated by Serbs from central and eastern Serbia and some Montenegrins who settled along the border with Kosovo. Today, the descendants of these Albanian refugees (
673:
lines of communication for Ottoman forces. After besieging Niš, Serbian forces headed south-west into the Toplica valley to prevent a counterattack by Ottoman forces. Prokuplje was taken on the third day of the war and local Albanians fled their homes toward the
3052:
Pllana, Emin (1985). "Les raisons de la manière de l'exode des refugies albanais du territoire du sandjak de Nish a Kosove (1878–1878) The reasons for the manner of the exodus of Albanian refugees from the territory of the Sanjak of Nish to Kosovo (1878–1878)".
871:
districts that overall contributed to their miserable state. Jelinek also noted the refugees hostility to Kosovo Serbs, as they committed acts of violence against them. In the latter part of 1878 and complaining to Lord Salisbury regarding the expulsions, the
647:
wanted a homogeneous country, without Muslims and with a reliable population in the area. Ristić viewed Albanian populated territories as strategically important and representing a future base to expand into Ottoman Kosovo and Macedonia. General
3555:
E drejta mbi vatrat dhe pasuritë reale dhe autoktone nuk vjetërohet: të dhëna në formë rezimeje [The rights of homes and assets, real and autochthonous that does not disappear with time: Data given in the form of estate portions regarding
3367:
E drejta mbi vatrat dhe pasuritë reale dhe autoktone nuk vjetërohet: Të dhëna në formë rezimeje [The rights of homes and assets, real and autochthonous that does not disappear with time: Data given in the form of estate portions regarding
1516:
566:
gives the figure of 131,000 Muslims in 1876, with only 12,000 remaining in 1882. Whereas historian Noel Malcolm gives the figure for the Albanian population of the area as numbering around 110,000. Albanian historians such as the late
668:
Hostilities broke out on 15 December 1877, after a Russian request for Serbia to enter the conflict. The Serbian military crossed the border in two directions. The first objective was to capture Niš and the second to break the
272:
On the eve of conflict between Serbia and the Ottomans (1876–1878), a substantial, at times compact and mainly rural Albanian population alongside some urban Turks (some of Albanian heritage) lived with Serbs within the
354:. These populations resettled in Shkodër city and its environs. A smaller Albanian population formed of the wealthy elite voluntarily left and resettled in Shkodër after Ulcinj's incorporation into Montenegro in 1880.
3387:
584:
asserts that over 100,000 Albanians were expelled from regions in Serbia and Montenegro. According to some Albanian scholars, 200,000 people were expelled and Hakif Bajrami claims that 350,000 people were expelled.
656:", as an Albanian minority was viewed as a possible security concern. Supporting Protić's views for expulsion of the Muslim population, including Albanians, were most of the senior Serbian army officers and Prince
895:
in the Kosovo vilayet Ivan Yastrebov advised the local Ottoman governor Nazif Pasha to prevent the return of refugees to Serbia as their presence within the Kosovo area would strengthen the local Muslim element.
490:
679:
refusing to surrender. Many personal belongings such as wagons were strewn and left behind in the woods. Kuršumlija was taken soon after Prokuplje, while Albanian refugees had reached the southern slopes of the
727:
refused to carry out orders from Belgrade to deport these Albanians by offering his resignation. Ottoman sources state that Serbian forces during the war destroyed mosques in Vranje, Leskovac and Prokuplje.
3507:
Dëbimi i Shqiptarëve nga Sanxhaku i Nishit dhe vendosja e tyre në Kosovë:(1877/1878-1912)[The expulsion of the Albanians from Sanjak of Nish and their resettlement in Kosovo: (1877/1878-1912)]
277:. Throughout the course of the war, the Albanian population depending on the area reacted differently to incoming Serbian forces by either offering resistance or fleeing toward nearby mountains and
43:
3306:
Dëbimi i Shqiptarëve nga Sanxhaku i Nishit dhe vendosja e tyre në Kosovë:(1877/1878-1912)[The expulsion of the Albanians from Sanjak of Nish and their resettlement in Kosovo: (1877/1878-1912)
522:
2495:
346:
regions. As such, Montenegro's territorial gains were much smaller. Some Slavic Muslims and the Albanian population who lived near the then southern border were expelled from the towns of
707:
and Majdan mountain ranges. Serbian forces took these villages one by one and most remained vacant. Albanian refugees continued to retreat toward Kosovo and their march was halted at the
538:
2884:
3506:
2719:
Geniş, Şerife; Maynard, Kelly Lynne (2009). "Formation of a Diasporic Community: The history of migration and resettlement of Muslim Albanians in the Black Sea Region of Turkey".
334:. In the Montenegrin-Ottoman war, the Montenegrin army managed to capture certain areas and settlements along the border, while encountering strong resistance from Albanians in
2690:
Frantz, Eva Anne (2009). "Violence and its Impact on Loyalty and Identity Formation in Late Ottoman Kosovo: Muslims and Christians in a Period of Reform and Transformation".
3777:
3241:
3554:
3365:
3538:
3344:
3108:
Rizaj, Skënder (1981). "Nënte Dokumente angleze mbi Lidhjen Shqiptare të Prizrenit (1878–1880) [Nine English documents about the League of Prizren (1878–1880)".
773:
In the immediate aftermath of the war, the Congress of Berlin acknowledged those territorial gains and the area became part of the Kingdom of Serbia, known as
59:
17:
558:
Estimates vary on the size of the Muslim population within these areas. In his extensive studies of Ottoman population movements, American historian
4057:
3414:
Clewing, Konrad (2000), "Mythen und Fakten zur Ethnostruktur in Kosovo-Ein geschichtlicher Über- blick ". In Clewing, Konrad & Jens Reuter (eds).
3151:
Stefanović, Djordje (2005). "Seeing the Albanians through Serbian eyes: The Inventors of the Tradition of Intolerance and their Critics, 1804–1939".
917:
These events in later years would also serve as a possible Serbian solution to the Albanian question in Kosovo and Macedonia for individuals such as
239:
3216:"The establishment of Serbian local government in the counties of Niš, Vranje, Toplica and Pirot subsequent to the Serbo-Turkish wars of 1876–1878"
3495:
The establishment of Serbian local government in the counties of Niš, Vranje, Toplica and Pirot subsequent to the Serbo-Turkish wars of 1876–1878.
909:
noted in 1909 that the overall motivation for the expulsion was to "create a pure Serbian nation" through "cleansing" the area of non-Christians.
827:
that contributed to the beginnings of the ongoing Serbian-Albanian conflict in coming decades. The expulsions also triggered the emergence of the
3523:
Jeta dhe veprimtaria e shqiptarëve të Sanxhakut të Nishit deri më 1912 [Life and activity of Albanians in the Sanjak of Nish up to 1912]
3972:
3636:
3044:
2663:
2996:
Müller, Dietmar (2009). "Orientalism and Nation: Jews and Muslims as Alterity in Southeastern Europe in the Age of Nation-States, 1878–1941".
1528:
404:
3671:
3443:
2828:
3087:
Popovic, Alexandre (1991). "The Cherkess on Yugoslav Territory (A Supplement to the article "Cherkess" in the Encyclopaedia of Islam)".
2457:
Blumi, Isa (2003). "Contesting the edges of the Ottoman Empire: Rethinking ethnic and sectarian boundaries in the Malësore, 1878–1912".
2333:
3326:
Jeta dhe veprimtaria e shqiptarëve të Sanxhakut të Nishit deri më 1912 [Life and activity of Albanians in the Sanjak of Nish up to 1912
3782:
3416:
1503:
1067:
1017:
227:
3455:
Formation of a diasporic community: The history of migration and resettlement of Muslim Albanians in the Black Sea Region of Turkey.
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Luković, Miloš (2011). "Development of the Modern Serbian state and abolishment of Ottoman Agrarian relations in the 19th century".
3692:
3067:
63:
2579:
589:
estimated that the number of Albanian refugees from Serbia was about 30,000 a figure which current day Serbian historians such as
411:
etc. shows an Albanian presence in the Toplica and Southern Morava regions (located north-east of contemporary Kosovo) and in the
4107:
4062:
3261:
Tošić, Jelena (2015). "City of the 'calm': Vernacular mobility and genealogies of urbanity in a southeast European borderland".
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Mountains when an armistice was declared. The Serbian army operating in the Morava valley continued south toward two canyons:
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3204:
2618:
2558:
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2428:
1022:
424:
4117:
3687:
3666:
2629:
559:
4097:
4082:
4017:
4007:
330:
On the eve of conflict between Montenegro and the Ottomans (1876–1878), a substantial Albanian population resided in the
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toward Montenegrin forces was followed by the expulsion of their Albanian and Slavic Muslim populations who resettled in
253:
On the eve of conflict between Montenegro and the Ottomans (1876–1878), a substantial Albanian population resided in the
4022:
3629:
3539:
Gjurmë mbi shqiptarët e Sanxhakut të Nishit deri më 1912 [Traces on Albanians of the Sanjak of Nish up to 1912]
3346:
Gjurmë mbi shqiptarët e Sanxhakut të Nishit deri më 1912 [Traces on Albanians of the Sanjak of Nish up to 1912]
3077:
2863:
1759:
1732:
640:
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3564:
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Seeing the Albanians through Serbian eyes: The Inventors of the Tradition of Intolerance and their Critics, 1804–1939
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3132:
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2680:
2591:
2568:
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2505:
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REGISTRATION OF SETTLEMENTS AND ALBANIAN POPULATION OF KOSOVO According to the Ottoman defters records of XV century
4067:
3069:
The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina: Their historic development from the Middle Ages to the dissolution of Yugoslavia
38:
2926:
1062:
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and with Turks located in urban centres. Part of the Turks were of Albanian origin. The Muslims in the cities of
281:. Although most of these Albanians were expelled by Serbian forces, a small number were allowed to remain in the
231:
4102:
1052:
3952:
3622:
294:
as the victims included civilians. These Albanian refugees and their descendants became known in Albanian as
3389:
Méditerranée, Moyen-Orient deux siècles de relations internationales: Recherches en hommage à Jacques Thobie
4077:
3987:
3772:
3191:
322:). The events of this period led to tense relations and conflict between the Serbian and Albanian peoples.
3494:
3215:
4112:
3902:
1032:
906:
3584:). (documentary). Google. About expulsions of Albanians during 1877–1878, its aftermath and legacy. (in
4012:
3728:
812:. Some of these Albanian refugees were also resettled in other parts of the Ottoman Empire such as the
448:
223:
496:
Ethnic composition of Toplica/Morava regions with pre-1878 borders by the English-German cartographer
234:
ended in defeat and substantial territorial losses for the Ottoman Empire which was formalised at the
3962:
3897:
3744:
484:
refugees settled by the Ottomans during the 1860s, near the then border around the environs of Niš.
416:
Luka Gjurko, Nikolla Luka, Pjetri Dimja, Stojan Pjetri, Gjura Marko, Lazar Stepa, Gjura Pejash etc.
4092:
3957:
3417:
Der Kosovo-Konflikt. Ursachen-Akteure-Verlauf [The Kosovo conflict. Causes-Players-History]
954:
423:
after the area became part of the Ottoman Empire. On the eve of the outbreak of a second round of
305:
594:
Stefanović that the number was 49,000 Albanian refugees out of at least 71,000 Muslims that left.
380:
4087:
3921:
1047:
856:
590:
185:
3304:
2947:
2610:
884:
400:
3723:
3718:
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Nation Failure, Ethnic Elites, and Balance of Power: The International Administration of Kosova
958:
497:
428:
331:
254:
219:
172:
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3907:
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were Turkish- and Albanian-speaking; Prokuplje and Kuršumlija were Albanian-speaking. Muslim
190:
724:
675:
376:
3997:
3892:
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918:
809:
805:
296:
168:
823:
Tensions in the form of revenge attacks also arose by incoming Albanian refugees on local
8:
3937:
1057:
580:
estimates the number of Albanian refugees in Kosovo at some 50,000. Albanian sociologist
545:
2795:
791:
region moved to Serbia during and after the war of 1876 and incoming Albanian refugees (
3917:
3178:
3038:
2984:
2913:
2815:
2765:
2736:
2707:
2657:
2603:
2482:
2474:
2407:
2399:
235:
998:
883:
Gerald Francis Gould reported that the "peaceful and industrious inhabitants" of the "
368:
3982:
3912:
3887:
3697:
3560:
3543:
3527:
3511:
3472:
3421:
3393:
3372:
3350:
3329:
3310:
3289:
3247:
3200:
3182:
3128:
3073:
3024:
2988:
2953:
2932:
2890:
2869:
2829:"Upadi Albanaca u Srbiju 1879. godine [Albanian incursions into Serbia 1879]"
2819:
2769:
2740:
2711:
2676:
2614:
2587:
2564:
2543:
2522:
2501:
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1027:
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716:
657:
452:
282:
90:
71:
994:
412:
372:
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Upadi Albanaca u Srbiju 1879. godine [Albanian incursions into Serbia 1879]
3270:
3226:
3168:
3160:
3096:
3005:
2976:
2807:
2757:
2728:
2699:
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990:
784:
563:
274:
82:
3283:
3122:
3018:
2967:
McCarthy, Justin (2000). "Muslims in Ottoman Europe: Population from 1800–1912".
2761:
2537:
1722:
813:
712:
512:
Ethnic composition of Toplica/Morava regions from 1876 with post-1878 borders by
440:
3483:
2638:
687:
Ottoman forces surrendered Niš on 10 January 1878 and most Muslims departed for
649:
644:
629:
625:
586:
581:
257:. In the Montenegrin-Ottoman war that ensued, strong resistance in the towns of
3992:
3977:
3942:
2779:"From Foe to Friend and back. Albanians in Serbian History Textbooks 1918–2000"
1037:
889:
873:
457:
432:
278:
247:
195:
94:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3100:
2980:
2732:
2703:
2470:
2377:"The Ottoman Empire in Recent International Politics - II: The Case of Kosovo"
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1539:
1537:
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areas and in over 30 settlements located in central and south-eastern Kosovo.
4051:
4035:
4002:
3164:
3009:
2811:
860:
653:
477:
34:
652:, who led the Serbian army during the war, did not want Serbia to have "its
4028:
3420:. Bayerische Landeszentrale für politische Bildungsarbeit. pp. 17–64.
2748:
Gruber, Siegfried (2008). "Household structures in urban Albania in 1918".
1534:
1003:
842:
824:
700:
577:
528:
Ethnic composition of Toplica/Morava regions with post-1878 borders by the
2310:
938:
859:
reported Muslim refugees arriving into Ottoman Kosovo with occurrences of
3231:
892:
796:
788:
481:
128:
2917:
2403:
3614:
3173:
2478:
544:
Ethnic composition of Toplica/Morava regions with post-1878 borders by
946:
779:
480:
were also present within the wider area. There was also a minority of
435:
in 1877, a notable Muslim population existed in the districts of Niš,
408:
266:
3432:
2778:
817:
568:
384:
347:
258:
215:
112:
616:
607:
2516:
2497:
Reinstating the Ottomans, Alternative Balkan Modernities: 1800–1912
1554:
1552:
974:
966:
880:
720:
688:
680:
473:
444:
388:
3020:
Kolonizimi Serb i Kosovës [Serbian colonization of Kosovo]
2796:"The Emigration of Muslims from the New Serbian Regions 1877/1878"
576:
and 60,000 Muslim or Albanian refugees in Macedonia. Albanologist
338:, and a combined Albanian-Ottoman force in the Podgorica-Spuž and
868:
864:
834:
692:
439:, Vranje, Leskovac, Prokuplje and Kuršumlija. The rural parts of
392:
339:
310:
243:
3433:
The Emigration of Muslims from the New Serbian Regions 1877/1878
3144:
Rumeli'den Türk göçleri. Emigrations turques des Balkans. Vol I.
1549:
396:
351:
262:
2539:
Ottoman refugees, 1878–1939: Migration in a Post-Imperial World
1814:
930:
708:
696:
469:
395:, Arbanashka Brenica, Arbanas, Gjinofc Kulla, Marash, Gjinofc,
335:
315:
86:
2886:
Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe
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2018:
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2014:
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1982:
1980:
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1914:
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1870:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1838:
1780:
1778:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
800:
urban centers that increased their populations substantially.
461:
2518:
Foundations of Modernity: Human Agency and the Imperial State
1217:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
982:
863:
outbreaks and some refugees being abysmally resettled within
750:
741:
670:
465:
436:
420:
1190:
3778:
Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878
2609:. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. p.
2279:
2119:
2066:
2009:
1992:
1977:
1953:
1941:
1926:
1911:
1882:
1867:
1850:
1775:
1564:
1280:
929:
population and they are an active and powerful subgroup in
571:
postulate that 110,000 is a conservative estimate based on
1085:
2605:
Serbia's Secret War: Propaganda and the Deceit of History
2440:
The Genocide Debate: Politicians, Academics, and Victims
843:
International and local observations/reactions to events
2949:
The dark side of Democracy: Explaining ethnic cleansing
246:
during the geopolitical and territorial decline of the
3243:
Albania's mountain queen: Edith Durham and the Balkans
2580:"Claims to Kosovo: Nationalism and Self-determination"
2563:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
1486:
1484:
1482:
60:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
27:
Forced migrations from areas of Serbia and Montenegro
3124:
Realm of the Black Mountain: a history of Montenegro
3110:
Gjurmine Albanologjike (Seria e Shkencave Historike)
1427:
1178:
304:, a generic word for Muslim refugees (borrowed from
3193:
Ulje na vodi: Ogledi iz istorije sadašnjosti Srbije
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
2602:
2107:
1479:
723:region did not resist Serbian forces, and General
2582:. In Bieber, Florian; Daskalovski, Židas (eds.).
838:Ethnic map of Medveđa municipality (2002 census).
4049:
3471:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 128 – 138.
3453:Geniş, Şerife, and Kelly Lynne Maynard (2009). "
2221:
2219:
1404:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
3371:. Prishtina: Shoqata e Muhaxhirëvë të Kosovës.
2267:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1113:
1111:
1109:
3973:Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria
2338:Portal Montenegrina: Kulturna Kapija Crna Gora
2255:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2054:
1457:
1455:
1255:
1253:
1251:
3630:
3504:Uka, Sabit (Prishtina 1995; reprinted 2004).
2216:
2206:
2204:
1790:
1687:
1581:
1579:
1339:
1130:
1128:
1126:
795:) repopulated their villages. Apart from the
218:from areas that became incorporated into the
3520:Uka, Sabit (Prishtina 1995; reprinted 2004)
2718:
2600:
2459:International Journal of Middle East Studies
2249:
2243:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2030:
1651:
1529:Popullsia Shqiptare e Kosoves Gjate Shekujve
1504:Popullsia Shqiptare e Kosoves Gjate Shekujve
1490:
1442:
1440:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1299:
1207:
1205:
1106:
3385:
2577:
2184:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2060:
1802:
1693:
1615:
1591:
1452:
1248:
3637:
3623:
3189:
3150:
3043:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2776:
2662:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2627:
2261:
2201:
2131:
2095:
1699:
1603:
1576:
1431:
1398:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1123:
1117:
643:was also used as a motive. Prime Minister
3958:First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)
3230:
3213:
3172:
2952:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2882:
2601:Cohen, Philip J.; Riesman, David (1996).
2418:
2273:
2078:
2036:
1899:
1826:
1796:
1675:
1467:
1437:
1368:
1270:
1268:
1202:
419:Albanians in the Niš region converted to
3644:
3263:Southeast European and Black Sea Studies
2966:
2437:
2374:
2291:
2143:
2042:
1808:
1663:
1621:
1609:
833:
93:(partially in contemporary Montenegro),
3281:
3120:
3086:
2924:
2903:
2826:
2793:
2297:
2285:
2231:
2210:
2195:
2178:
2172:
2160:
2125:
2072:
2024:
2003:
1986:
1965:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1920:
1893:
1876:
1861:
1844:
1832:
1820:
1784:
1724:Mother Teresa: The Saint and Her Nation
1639:
1627:
1597:
1585:
1570:
1558:
1543:
1362:
1322:
1293:
1259:
1229:
1223:
1211:
1196:
1184:
1157:
1140:
1134:
1100:
562:regarding the Muslim population of the
14:
4050:
3386:Walid, Arbid; Thobie, Jacques (2003).
3239:
3141:
3065:
3051:
3016:
2995:
2747:
2689:
2556:
2225:
2166:
2154:
2137:
2113:
2101:
1905:
1720:
1681:
1657:
1446:
1316:
1265:
1172:
228:their initial expulsion from 1830–1876
208:expulsion of the Albanians (1877–1878)
53:Expulsion of the Albanians (1877–1878)
3783:Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878
3618:
3260:
3107:
2861:
2670:
2535:
2521:. Vol. 18. New York: Routledge.
2514:
2493:
2456:
2351:
2331:
2048:
1971:
1716:
1714:
1705:
1669:
1461:
1333:
1242:
1151:
1068:Expulsion of the Albanians, 1830–1876
553:
3559:. Shoqata e Muhaxhirëvë të Kosovës.
3363:
3342:
3323:
3302:
3127:. London: Cornell University Press.
2945:
2889:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
2560:Coercive Diplomacy of NATO in Kosovo
2357:
2237:
2089:
1741:
1645:
1633:
1473:
1379:
1274:
325:
18:Expulsion of the Albanians 1877-1878
4018:Convention of Constantinople (1881)
3672:Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)
2868:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2865:Kosovo: What everyone needs to know
778:valley centered around the town of
641:Christians within the Ottoman state
230:. These wars, alongside the larger
24:
3408:
2692:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs
1711:
715:(between Vranje and Leskovac) and
25:
4129:
3570:
3288:. Belgrade: Zavičajno udruženje.
1018:Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78)
628:, Serbian prime minister (left);
160:200,000–350,000 Albanian refugees
4058:Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)
3868:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3828:
3820:
3812:
3804:
3796:
3693:Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)
3688:Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)
3667:Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)
2500:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
2442:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
2384:The International History Review
749:
740:
615:
606:
537:
521:
505:
489:
357:
240:the wider persecution of Muslims
153:49,000–130,000 Albanian refugees
70:
64:Serbian–Ottoman Wars (1876–1878)
4008:Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881
3285:Gornja Jablanica, Kroz istoriju
2673:Historical Dictionary of Kosovo
2584:Understanding the war in Kosovo
2325:
2303:
2116:, pp. 44–47, 50–51, 54–60.
1521:
1509:
1496:
1063:Yugoslav colonisation of Kosovo
847:
4108:Anti-Muslim violence in Europe
4063:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
2631:The Expulsion of the Albanians
1053:The Expulsion of the Albanians
13:
1:
3768:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
3493:Svirčević, Miroslav (2006). "
3482:Stefanović, Djordje (2005). "
3275:10.1080/14683857.2015.1091182
3190:Stojanović, Dubravka (2010).
2396:10.1080/07075332.2006.9641103
2334:"Crnogorci, Gornje Jablanice"
1073:
1023:Serbian–Ottoman War (1876–78)
530:Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas
362:
238:. This expulsion was part of
3988:Battles for Plav and Gusinje
3773:Romanian War of Independence
3214:Svirčević, Miroslav (2006).
2883:Lieberman, Benjamin (2013).
2762:10.1016/j.hisfam.2008.05.002
2586:. London: Psychology Press.
2438:Beachler, Donald W. (2011).
2375:Anscombe, Frederick (2006).
1078:
852:In April 1878, Jelinek, the
804:resettled in the Sanjaks of
731:
663:
7:
4118:Forced migrations in Europe
4023:British Occupation of Egypt
3903:Budapest Convention of 1877
3121:Roberts, Elizabeth (2005).
3072:. Cambridge: Harvard CMES.
2675:. Lanham: Scarecrow Press.
2578:Daskalovski, Židas (2003).
1546:, para. 4, 9, 32–42, 45–61.
1033:Albanian National Awakening
1011:
232:Russo-Ottoman War (1877–78)
10:
4134:
4098:Military history of Serbia
4083:Ethnic cleansing in Europe
4013:French conquest of Tunisia
3488:European History Quarterly
3282:Turović, Dobrosav (2002).
3153:European History Quarterly
2777:Janjetović, Zoran (2000).
2637:. Belgrade. Archived from
2367:
2198:, pp. 95–96, 97, 101.
1727:. Bloomsbury. p. 18.
899:
597:
224:Principality of Montenegro
4073:Serbian–Albanian conflict
3930:
3898:Constantinople Conference
3878:
3793:
3763:
3745:1878 Macedonian rebellion
3737:
3706:
3680:
3659:
3652:
3142:Şimşir, Bilal N. (1968).
3101:10.1080/02634939108400735
2981:10.1080/00905990050002443
2750:The History of the Family
2733:10.1080/00263200903009619
2704:10.1080/13602000903411366
2628:Čubrilović, Vaso (1937).
2542:. London: A&C Black.
2471:10.1017/s0020743803000102
2419:Bataković, Dušan (1992).
1747:
912:
775:Novi Krajevi/Novi Oblasti
632:, Serbian general (right)
178:
164:
138:
118:
108:
100:
78:
69:
57:
52:
3953:1876 Ottoman coup d'état
3464:Müller, Dietmar (2005).
3442:Jagodić, Miloš (2004). "
3431:Jagodić, Miloš (1998). "
3165:10.1177/0265691405054219
3010:10.1163/187633009x411485
2842:: 87–107. Archived from
2812:10.4000/balkanologie.265
2250:Cohen & Riesman 1996
1754:. Springer. p. 84.
1491:Geniş & Maynard 2009
1464:, pp. 394–395, 406.
763:and Serbia (1878–1912),
146:30,000 Albanian refugees
4068:Anti-Albanian sentiment
3922:Treaty of Berlin (1878)
3240:Tanner, Marcus (2014).
2928:Kosovo: A short history
2827:Jagodić, Miloš (2004).
2794:Jagodić, Miloš (1998).
2311:"Naselja u Pustoj Reci"
2061:Walid & Thobie 2003
1048:Albanians in Montenegro
468:were Turkish-speaking;
456:composed out of ethnic
186:Anti-Albanian sentiment
39:Infobox civilian attack
31:
3729:Kresna–Razlog uprising
3724:Razlovtsi insurrection
3719:April Uprising of 1876
3459:Middle Eastern Studies
3246:. London: I.B.Tauris.
3017:Osmani, Jusuf (2000).
2946:Mann, Michael (2005).
2925:Malcolm, Noel (1998).
2721:Middle Eastern Studies
2671:Elsie, Robert (2010).
2557:Bytyçi, Enver (2015).
2313:. Klub Pustorečana-Niš
1748:Rama, Shinasi (2019).
1721:Alpion, Gëzim (2021).
907:Jovan Hadži-Vasiljević
839:
220:Principality of Serbia
44:considered for merging
4103:Historical migrations
3908:Treaty of San Stefano
3750:Epirus Revolt of 1878
3714:Stara Zagora Uprising
3349:. Prishtina: Verana.
3328:. Prishtina: Verana.
3309:. Prishtina: Verana.
3146:. Belgeler-Documents.
3066:Pinson, Mark (1996).
2931:. London: Macmillan.
2421:The Kosovo Chronicles
2332:Medojević, Slobodan.
837:
191:Anti-Muslim sentiment
3998:Dual Alliance (1879)
3893:Reichstadt Agreement
3755:Cretan revolt (1878)
3646:Great Eastern Crisis
3392:. Paris: Harmattan.
3364:Uka, Sabit (2004d).
3343:Uka, Sabit (2004c).
3324:Uka, Sabit (2004b).
3303:Uka, Sabit (2004a).
3232:10.2298/BALC0637111S
3089:Central Asian Survey
2969:Nationalities Papers
1382:, pp. 52 53–54.
937:from the village of
759:Serbia (1838–1878),
391:, Arnautski Potok,
216:Albanian populations
210:refers to events of
196:Serbian expansionism
4078:Serbian irredentism
3938:Bulgarian Exarchate
3552:Uka, Sabit (2004).
3536:Uka, Sabit (2004).
2998:East Central Europe
2862:Judah, Tim (2008).
2849:on 17 November 2015
2536:Blumi, Isa (2013).
2515:Blumi, Isa (2012).
2494:Blumi, Isa (2011).
2423:. Belgrade: Plato.
2276:, pp. 155–156.
2228:, pp. 460–461.
2092:, pp. 194–286.
1660:, pp. 189–190.
1493:, pp. 556–557.
1434:, pp. 469–470.
1365:, pp. 228–229.
1319:, pp. 460–461.
1058:Circassian genocide
546:William R. Shepherd
377:Arbanaška Mountain
4113:Serbian war crimes
3918:Congress of Berlin
3653:Wars and conflicts
2644:on 1 December 2016
1600:, pp. 68, 73.
1476:, pp. 244–245
925:) make up part of
840:
725:Jovan Belimarković
554:Population figures
389:Arbanashka Petrila
236:Congress of Berlin
4045:
4044:
3983:League of Prizren
3913:Cyprus Convention
3888:Berlin Memorandum
3791:
3790:
3698:Kumanovo uprising
3583:
3576:"Molla e Kuqe ".
3477:978-3-447-05248-1
3448:Historical Review
3206:978-86-86391-19-3
2836:Historical Review
2620:978-0-89096-760-7
2449:978-0-230-33763-3
2430:978-86-447-0006-7
2240:, pp. 74–75.
2140:, pp. 43–64.
2104:, pp. 48–50.
1708:, pp. XXXII.
1648:, pp. 26–29.
1262:, pp. 87–89.
1028:League of Prizren
927:Kosovo's Albanian
829:League of Prizren
407:, Mandi, Muzace,
367:Toponyms such as
332:Sanjak of İşkodra
326:Sanjak of İşkodra
314:and derived from
255:Sanjak of İşkodra
204:
203:
150:Modern estimates:
91:Sanjak of İşkodra
16:(Redirected from
4125:
3968:Eastern Question
3873:
3872:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3657:
3656:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3616:
3615:
3581:
3556:inheritance]
3468:citizenship]
3403:
3382:
3368:inheritance]
3360:
3339:
3320:
3299:
3278:
3257:
3236:
3234:
3220:
3210:
3198:
3186:
3176:
3147:
3138:
3117:
3104:
3083:
3062:
3048:
3042:
3034:
3013:
2992:
2963:
2942:
2921:
2900:
2879:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2848:
2833:
2823:
2790:
2773:
2744:
2715:
2686:
2667:
2661:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2636:
2624:
2608:
2597:
2574:
2553:
2532:
2511:
2490:
2453:
2434:
2415:
2381:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2214:
2208:
2199:
2193:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2007:
2001:
1990:
1984:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1924:
1918:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1880:
1874:
1865:
1859:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1718:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1694:Daskalovski 2003
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1561:, para. 4, 5, 6.
1556:
1547:
1541:
1532:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1450:
1444:
1435:
1429:
1402:
1396:
1383:
1377:
1366:
1360:
1337:
1331:
1320:
1314:
1297:
1291:
1278:
1272:
1263:
1257:
1246:
1240:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1155:
1149:
1138:
1132:
1121:
1115:
1104:
1098:
1043:Kosovo Albanians
854:Austro-Hungarian
753:
744:
619:
610:
573:Austro-Hungarian
541:
525:
516:(published 1882)
514:Heinrich Kiepert
509:
493:
292:ethnic cleansing
212:forced migration
173:Montenegrin army
133:forced migration
125:Ethnic cleansing
74:
50:
49:
47:
21:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4093:1870s in Serbia
4048:
4047:
4046:
4041:
3926:
3880:
3874:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3795:
3787:
3759:
3733:
3702:
3676:
3648:
3643:
3573:
3411:
3409:Further reading
3406:
3400:
3379:
3357:
3336:
3317:
3296:
3254:
3225:(37): 111–124.
3218:
3207:
3196:
3135:
3080:
3055:Studia Albanica
3036:
3035:
3031:
2960:
2939:
2897:
2876:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2831:
2683:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2621:
2594:
2571:
2550:
2529:
2508:
2450:
2431:
2379:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2360:, pp. 3–5.
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2262:Čubrilović 1937
2260:
2256:
2252:, pp. 4–5.
2248:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2202:
2194:
2185:
2181:, pp. 2–3.
2177:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2153:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2010:
2002:
1993:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1883:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1823:, para. 32, 33.
1819:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1588:, pp. 208.
1584:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1550:
1542:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1453:
1449:, pp. 142.
1445:
1438:
1432:Stefanović 2005
1430:
1405:
1399:Janjetović 2000
1397:
1386:
1378:
1369:
1361:
1340:
1332:
1323:
1315:
1300:
1292:
1281:
1273:
1266:
1258:
1249:
1241:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1158:
1150:
1141:
1133:
1124:
1118:Stojanović 2010
1116:
1107:
1099:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1014:
999:Srednji Bučumet
919:Vaso Čubrilović
915:
902:
850:
845:
771:
770:
769:
768:
756:
755:
754:
746:
745:
734:
666:
636:
635:
634:
633:
622:
621:
620:
612:
611:
600:
591:Dušan Bataković
560:Justin McCarthy
556:
549:
542:
533:
526:
517:
510:
501:
498:E.G. Ravenstein
494:
373:Arbanaško Hill
369:Arbanaška River
365:
360:
328:
306:Ottoman Turkish
200:
159:
157:Albanian claim:
154:
152:
147:
145:
121:
48:
32:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4131:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4088:Kosovo vilayet
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3993:Pact of Halepa
3990:
3985:
3980:
3978:British Cyprus
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3943:Deligrad Event
3940:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3642:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3572:
3571:External links
3569:
3568:
3567:
3550:
3534:
3518:
3502:
3491:
3480:
3462:
3451:
3440:
3429:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3398:
3383:
3377:
3361:
3355:
3340:
3334:
3321:
3315:
3300:
3294:
3279:
3269:(3): 391–408.
3258:
3252:
3237:
3211:
3205:
3187:
3159:(3): 465–492.
3148:
3139:
3133:
3118:
3105:
3095:(1/2): 65–79.
3084:
3079:978-0932885098
3078:
3063:
3049:
3029:
3014:
2993:
2964:
2958:
2943:
2937:
2922:
2912:(3): 281–305.
2901:
2895:
2880:
2874:
2859:
2824:
2791:
2774:
2756:(2): 138–151.
2745:
2727:(4): 553–569.
2716:
2698:(4): 455–468.
2687:
2681:
2668:
2625:
2619:
2598:
2592:
2575:
2569:
2554:
2548:
2533:
2527:
2512:
2506:
2491:
2465:(2): 237–256.
2454:
2448:
2435:
2429:
2416:
2390:(4): 758–793.
2371:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2350:
2324:
2302:
2290:
2278:
2274:Lieberman 2013
2266:
2254:
2242:
2230:
2215:
2213:, p. 104.
2200:
2183:
2171:
2159:
2142:
2130:
2118:
2106:
2094:
2077:
2065:
2063:, p. 138.
2053:
2051:, p. 129.
2041:
2039:, p. 111.
2037:Svirčević 2006
2029:
2008:
1991:
1976:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1925:
1910:
1908:, p. 132.
1898:
1881:
1866:
1849:
1847:, para. 3, 17.
1837:
1835:, pp. 96.
1825:
1813:
1811:, p. 761.
1801:
1797:Bataković 1992
1789:
1774:
1761:978-3030051921
1760:
1740:
1734:978-9389812466
1733:
1710:
1698:
1686:
1684:, p. 737.
1674:
1672:, p. 198.
1662:
1650:
1638:
1636:, p. 112.
1626:
1624:, p. 123.
1614:
1612:, pp. 35.
1602:
1590:
1575:
1563:
1548:
1533:
1527:Selami Pulaha
1520:
1508:
1502:Selami Pulaha
1495:
1478:
1466:
1451:
1436:
1403:
1384:
1367:
1338:
1321:
1298:
1279:
1277:, p. 155.
1264:
1247:
1228:
1226:, para. 16–27.
1216:
1214:, p. 298.
1201:
1189:
1177:
1156:
1154:, p. 246.
1139:
1122:
1120:, p. 264.
1105:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1038:Ottoman Kosovo
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1013:
1010:
914:
911:
901:
898:
849:
846:
844:
841:
758:
757:
748:
747:
739:
738:
737:
736:
735:
733:
730:
665:
662:
624:
623:
614:
613:
605:
604:
603:
602:
601:
599:
596:
555:
552:
551:
550:
543:
536:
534:
527:
520:
518:
511:
504:
502:
495:
488:
458:Gheg Albanians
433:Ottoman Empire
413:Preševo Valley
364:
361:
359:
356:
327:
324:
279:Ottoman Kosovo
248:Ottoman Empire
226:in 1878 after
202:
201:
199:
198:
193:
188:
182:
180:
176:
175:
166:
162:
161:
143:Serbian claim:
140:
136:
135:
122:
119:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
95:Ottoman Empire
85:(now southern
80:
76:
75:
67:
66:
55:
54:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4130:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4038:
4037:
4036:Anna Karenina
4033:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4003:Brsjak revolt
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3948:Niš Committee
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3879:International
3877:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3640:
3635:
3633:
3628:
3626:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3566:
3565:9789951408097
3562:
3558:
3557:
3551:
3549:
3548:9789951864527
3545:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3533:
3532:9789951864527
3529:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3517:
3516:9789951864503
3513:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3426:9783851293296
3423:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3401:
3399:9782747546287
3395:
3391:
3390:
3384:
3380:
3378:9789951408097
3374:
3370:
3369:
3362:
3358:
3356:9789951864527
3352:
3348:
3347:
3341:
3337:
3335:9789951864527
3331:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3316:9789951864503
3312:
3308:
3307:
3301:
3297:
3295:9788675270188
3291:
3287:
3286:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3253:9781780768199
3249:
3245:
3244:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3195:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3134:9780801446016
3130:
3126:
3125:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3032:
3030:9789951040525
3026:
3022:
3021:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2959:9780521538541
2955:
2951:
2950:
2944:
2940:
2938:9780333666128
2934:
2930:
2929:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2896:9781442230385
2892:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2875:9780199704040
2871:
2867:
2866:
2860:
2845:
2841:
2837:
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2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
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2780:
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2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
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2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2682:9780333666128
2678:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2640:
2633:
2632:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2595:
2593:9780714653914
2589:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2570:9781443876681
2566:
2562:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2549:9781472515384
2545:
2541:
2540:
2534:
2530:
2528:9780415884648
2524:
2520:
2519:
2513:
2509:
2507:9780230119086
2503:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2359:
2354:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2312:
2306:
2299:
2294:
2287:
2282:
2275:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2251:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2180:
2175:
2168:
2163:
2157:, p. 84.
2156:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2139:
2134:
2127:
2122:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2098:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2074:
2069:
2062:
2057:
2050:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1974:, p. 35.
1973:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1907:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1846:
1841:
1834:
1829:
1822:
1817:
1810:
1809:Anscombe 2006
1805:
1798:
1793:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1744:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1715:
1707:
1702:
1696:, p. 19.
1695:
1690:
1683:
1678:
1671:
1666:
1659:
1654:
1647:
1642:
1635:
1630:
1623:
1622:Beachler 2011
1618:
1611:
1610:McCarthy 2000
1606:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1572:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1505:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1475:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1336:, p. 79.
1335:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1245:, p. 50.
1244:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1225:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1199:, para. 4, 9.
1198:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1175:, p. 70.
1174:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1137:, p. 22.
1136:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
910:
908:
897:
894:
891:
886:
882:
878:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
855:
836:
832:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
814:Samsun region
811:
807:
801:
798:
794:
790:
786:
785:Sanjak of Niš
781:
776:
766:
762:
752:
743:
729:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
685:
682:
677:
672:
661:
659:
655:
651:
646:
642:
631:
627:
618:
609:
595:
592:
588:
583:
579:
574:
570:
565:
564:Sanjak of Niş
561:
547:
540:
535:
531:
524:
519:
515:
508:
503:
499:
492:
487:
486:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
358:Sanjak of Niş
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
323:
321:
317:
313:
312:
307:
303:
299:
298:
293:
287:
284:
280:
276:
275:Sanjak of Niş
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
183:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167:
163:
158:
155:
151:
144:
141:
137:
134:
130:
126:
123:
117:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
83:Sanjak of Niş
81:
77:
73:
68:
65:
61:
56:
51:
45:
41:
40:
36:
30:
19:
4034:
4029:Marche slave
4027:
3585:
3577:
3553:
3537:
3521:
3505:
3498:
3487:
3465:
3458:
3447:
3437:Balkanologie
3436:
3415:
3388:
3366:
3345:
3325:
3305:
3284:
3266:
3262:
3242:
3222:
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2851:. Retrieved
2844:the original
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2800:Balkanologie
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2783:Balkanologie
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2639:the original
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2341:. Retrieved
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2305:
2300:, p. 2.
2298:Jagodić 2004
2293:
2286:Jagodić 1998
2281:
2269:
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2233:
2211:Jagodić 2004
2196:Jagodić 2004
2179:Jagodić 2004
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2169:, p. 8.
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2073:Jagodić 1998
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2004:Jagodić 1998
1987:Jagodić 1998
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1960:Jagodić 1998
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1936:Jagodić 1998
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1894:Jagodić 1998
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1833:Jagodić 2004
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1821:Jagodić 1998
1816:
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1785:Jagodić 1998
1765:. Retrieved
1750:
1743:
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1689:
1677:
1665:
1653:
1641:
1629:
1617:
1605:
1598:Popovic 1991
1593:
1586:Malcolm 1998
1571:Jagodić 1998
1566:
1559:Jagodić 1998
1544:Jagodić 1998
1523:
1515:ILJAZ REXHA
1511:
1498:
1469:
1363:Malcolm 1998
1294:Jagodić 1998
1260:Turović 2002
1224:Jagodić 1998
1219:
1212:Luković 2011
1197:Jagodić 1998
1192:
1185:Jagodić 1998
1180:
1135:Roberts 2005
1101:Jagodić 1998
1002:
986:
978:
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848:Great Powers
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822:
802:
792:
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772:
764:
760:
701:Thessalonika
686:
667:
650:Kosta Protić
645:Jovan Ristić
637:
630:Kosta Protić
626:Jovan Ristić
587:Jovan Cvijić
582:Gëzim Alpion
578:Robert Elsie
557:
529:
418:
366:
329:
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309:
301:
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252:
207:
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169:Serbian Army
165:Perpetrators
156:
149:
148:
142:
58:Part of the
37:
29:
3963:Opalchentsi
3660:Montenegrin
3174:2440/124622
2288:, para. 62.
2226:Frantz 2009
2167:Bytyçi 2015
2155:Tanner 2014
2138:Osmani 2000
2128:, para. 30.
2114:Osmani 2000
2102:Osmani 2000
2075:, para. 31.
2027:, para. 26.
2006:, para. 25.
1989:, para. 24.
1962:, para. 23.
1950:, para. 22.
1938:, para. 21.
1923:, para. 20.
1906:Pinson 1996
1896:, para. 19.
1879:, para. 18.
1864:, para. 17.
1787:, para. 33.
1682:Şimşir 1968
1658:Pllana 1985
1573:, para. 11.
1447:Gruber 2008
1317:Frantz 2009
1296:, para. 29.
1173:Müller 2009
1103:, para. 15.
893:vice-consul
797:Llapi river
789:Llapi river
425:hostilities
120:Attack type
33:‹ The
4052:Categories
3881:agreements
3542:. Verana.
3526:. Verana.
3510:. Verana.
3490:. 35. (3).
3461:. 45. (4).
2049:Blumi 2011
1972:Judah 2008
1706:Elsie 2010
1670:Rizaj 1981
1462:Tošić 2015
1334:Blumi 2012
1243:Blumi 2013
1152:Blumi 2003
1074:References
959:Mala Plana
810:Yeni Pazar
482:Circassian
449:Pusta Reka
363:Background
300:; plural:
3707:Bulgarian
3499:Balcanica
3223:Balcanica
3183:144497487
3039:cite book
2989:161413963
2906:Český Lid
2820:140637086
2770:144626672
2741:143742189
2712:143499467
2658:cite book
2487:162217114
2412:154724667
2358:Uka 2004d
2238:Uka 2004d
2090:Uka 2004a
1646:Uka 2004a
1634:Mann 2005
1474:Uka 2004b
1380:Uka 2004d
1275:Uka 2004c
1079:Citations
1008:peoples.
971:Huruglica
963:Retkoceri
939:Šiljomana
935:Shulemaja
923:Muhaxhirë
818:Black Sea
793:muhaxhirë
732:Aftermath
717:Veternica
664:Expulsion
569:Sabit Uka
453:Jablanica
385:Arbanasce
381:Arbanaška
348:Podgorica
302:Muhaxhirë
283:Jablanica
259:Podgorica
129:expulsion
113:Albanians
104:1877–1878
42:is being
3931:See also
3586:Albanian
3578:You tube
3439:. 2 (2).
2918:42640413
2648:25 April
2404:40109813
1767:27 March
1012:See also
975:Oruglica
967:Retkocer
943:Gjikolli
890:Russia's
885:Toplitza
881:Belgrade
877:Resident
721:Masurica
713:Grdelica
689:Pristina
681:Kopaonik
654:Caucasus
474:Leskovac
445:Kosanica
431:and the
427:between
405:Berišane
297:Muhaxhir
79:Location
46:. ›
35:template
3023:. Era.
2479:3879619
2368:Sources
2343:12 July
2317:12 July
1004:Nishliu
987:Byçmeti
979:Hergaja
947:Džigolj
900:Serbian
874:British
869:Gjakova
865:Prizren
861:typhoid
816:of the
780:Medveđa
693:Prizren
676:Pasjača
598:Prelude
441:Toplica
409:Mazarać
401:Kastrat
340:Gusinje
320:Muhajir
311:Muhacir
267:Shkodër
244:Balkans
242:in the
139:Victims
3610:Part 6
3606:Part 5
3602:Part 4
3598:Part 3
3594:Part 2
3590:Part 1
3563:
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1731:
995:Gornji
955:Velika
951:Pllana
931:Kosovo
913:Legacy
888:hand,
857:consul
709:Goljak
697:Skopje
548:(1923)
532:(1881)
500:(1880)
478:Romani
470:Vranje
429:Serbia
336:Ulcinj
316:Arabic
179:Motive
109:Target
87:Serbia
3738:Greek
3582:video
3501:. 37.
3450:. 51.
3219:(PDF)
3197:(PDF)
3179:S2CID
2985:S2CID
2914:JSTOR
2853:2 May
2847:(PDF)
2832:(PDF)
2816:S2CID
2806:(2).
2766:S2CID
2737:S2CID
2708:S2CID
2642:(PDF)
2635:(PDF)
2483:S2CID
2475:JSTOR
2408:S2CID
2400:JSTOR
2380:(PDF)
1531:p. 13
1506:p. 13
1187:, 11.
991:Donji
989:from
983:Rgaje
981:from
973:from
965:from
953:from
945:from
806:Üsküp
765:right
705:Radan
671:Sofia
658:Milan
466:Pirot
437:Pirot
421:Islam
393:Alban
3920:and
3681:Serb
3561:ISBN
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3373:ISBN
3351:ISBN
3330:ISBN
3311:ISBN
3290:ISBN
3248:ISBN
3201:ISBN
3129:ISBN
3074:ISBN
3045:link
3025:ISBN
2954:ISBN
2933:ISBN
2891:ISBN
2870:ISBN
2855:2016
2677:ISBN
2664:link
2650:2016
2615:ISBN
2588:ISBN
2565:ISBN
2544:ISBN
2523:ISBN
2502:ISBN
2444:ISBN
2425:ISBN
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1769:2020
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1729:ISBN
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957:and
867:and
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350:and
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