Emotional labor - Knowledge

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their internal feelings to align with organizational expectations, producing more natural and genuine emotional displays. Although the underlying processes differ, the objective of both is typically to show positive emotions, which are presumed to impact the feelings of customers and bottom-line outcomes (e.g. sales, positive recommendations, and repeat business). However, research generally has shown surface acting is more harmful to employee health. Without a consideration of ethical values, the consequences of emotional work on employees can easily become negative. Business ethics can be used as a guide for employees on how to present feelings that are consistent with ethical values, and can show them how to regulate their feelings more easily and comfortably while working.

439:, Leidner (1993) examines how employers in fast food restaurants regulate workers' interactions with customers. According to Leidner (1993), employers attempt to regulate workers' interactions with customers only under certain conditions. Specifically, when employers attempt to regulate worker–customer interactions, employers believe that "the quality of the interaction is important to the success of the enterprise", that workers are "unable or unwilling to conduct the interactions appropriately on their own", and that the "tasks themselves are not too complex or context-dependent." According to Leidner (1993), regulating employee interactions with customers involves standardizing workers' personal interactions with customers. At the 686:

Public service relies heavily on such skills, yet civil service systems, which are designed on the assumptions of a bygone era, fail to acknowledge and compensate emotional labor." According to Guy and Newman (2004), women working in positions that require emotional labour in addition to regular work are not compensated for this additional labour because of the sexist notion that the additional labour is to be expected of them by the fact of being a woman. Guy and Azhar (2018) found that emotive expressions between sexes is affected by culture. This study found that there is variability to how women and men interpret emotive words, and specifically results showed that culture played a huge role in these gender differences.

499:. Larson and Yao (2005) argue that physicians consider empathy a form of emotional labor. Specifically, according to Larson and Yao (2005), physicians engage in emotional labor through deep acting by feeling sincere empathy before, during, and after interactions with patients. On the other hand, Larson and Yao (2005) argue that physicians engage in surface acting when they fake empathic behaviors toward the patient. Although Larson and Yao (2005) argue that deep acting is preferred, physicians may rely on surface acting when sincere empathy for patients is impossible. Overall, Larson and Yao (2005) argue that physicians are more effective and enjoy more professional 617: 788:

requiring the use of coping skills to adapt. Coping strategies are the behaviors, thoughts, and emotions that you use to adjust to the changes that occur in your life. The use of coping skills will help a person better themselves in the work place and perform to the best of their ability to achieve success. There are many ways to cope and adapt to changes. Some ways include: sharing emotions with peers, having a healthy social life outside of work, being humorous, and adjusting expectations of self and work. These coping skills will help turn negative emotion to positive and allow for more focus on the public in contrast to oneself.

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quickly and efficiently. When confronted by a citizen or a co-worker, public administrators use emotional sensing to size up the emotional state of the citizen in need. Workers then take stock of their own emotional state in order to make sure that the emotion they are expressing is appropriate to their roles. Simultaneously, they have to determine how to act in order to elicit the desired response from the citizen as well as from co-workers. Public Administrators perform emotional labor through five different strategies: Psychological First Aid, Compartments and Closets, Crazy Calm, Humor, and Common Sense.

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effect on the teachers emotional labor, along with their emotional labor having an effect on the children. A big focus in this study was the use of surface acting in early childhood teacher. Zhang et al. (2019) found that surface acting was used significantly less than deep and natural acting in kindergarten teachers, along with early childhood teacher are less likely to fake or suppress their feelings. They also found that more experienced teachers had higher levels of emotional labor, because they either have more skills to suppress their emotions, or they are less driven to use surface acting.

565:-oriented job. This takes a considerate amount of work for both employees and employers in the field of public administration. Mastracci and Adams (2017) looks at public servants and how they may be at risk of being alienated because of their unsupported emotional labor demands from their jobs. This can cause surface acting and distrust in management. There are two comparisons that represent emotional labor within public administration, "Rational Work versus Emotion Work", and "Emotional Labor versus Emotional Intelligence." 344:

emotional labor requires the development of emotional capital, and that can only be developed through experience and reflection. Through semi-structured interviews, Edwards (2016) found that there were two components of emotional labor in childcare in addition to Hochschild's original two: emotional consonance and suppression. Edwards (2016) defined suppression as hiding emotion and emotional consonance as naturally experiencing the same emotion that one is expected to feel for the job.

358: 699: 243: 681:. Job segregation, which is the systematic tendency for men and women to work in different occupations, is often cited as the reason why women lack equal pay when compared to men. According to Guy and Newman (2004), occupational segregation and ultimately the gender wage gap can at least be partially attributed to emotional labor. Specifically, work-related tasks that require emotional work thought to be natural for women, such as caring and 332: 4780: 4774: 640:, whereas men are expected to use it to construct performances of normative masculinity. In both cases, these expectations are often met because this labor is necessary to maximizing monetary gain and potentially to job retention. Indeed, emotional labor is often used as a means to maximize income. It fosters a better experience for the client and protects the worker thus enabling the worker to make the most profit. 776:

emotional labor demands; whereas occupations low in cognitive demands evidence a wage "penalty" with increasing emotional labor demands. Additionally, innovations that increase employee empowerment — such as conversion into worker cooperatives, co-managing schemes, or flattened workplace structures — have been found to increase workers' levels of emotional labor as they take on more workplace responsibilities.

107: 742:). On the other hand due to routine experience of navigating unhelpful structures and prejudice, disabled people can have dual advantages of : better skills in finding ways round problems without expending emotional energy being surprised for example, and easier sympathetic or empathetic understanding of other individuals and groups experiences with these problems. Inclusive or unfriendly 141:, bodily, and expressive. Within cognitive emotion work, one attempts to change images, ideas, or thoughts in hopes of changing the feelings associated with them. For example, one may associate a family picture with feeling happy and think about said picture whenever attempting to feel happy. Within bodily emotion work, one attempts to change physical symptoms in order to create a desired 531:, policing also requires officers to maintain order and provide a variety of interpersonal services. For example, police must have a commanding presence that allows them to act decisively and maintain control in unpredictable situations while having the ability to actively listen and talk to citizens. According to Martin (1999), a police officer who displays too much 319:. Specifically, the collection agency hired agents who seemed to be easily aroused. The newly hired agents were then trained on when and how to show varying emotions to different types of debtors. As they worked at the collection agency, they were closely monitored by their supervisors to make sure that they frequently conveyed urgency to debtors. 633:, advertises herself using her most fetishized attributes. She makes her clients, who are mostly white heterosexual men, read Black feminist theory before their sessions. This allows the clients to see why their participation, as white heterosexual men, contributes to the fetishization of black women. 775:

There is empirical evidence that higher levels of emotional labor demands are not uniformly rewarded with higher wages. Rather, the reward is dependent on the level of general cognitive demands required by the job. That is, occupations with high cognitive demands evidence wage returns with increasing

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structural positions, especially women, when deference is made a job requirement, women are likely to be overrepresented in these jobs. Macdonald and Sirianni (1996) claim that "n no other area of wage labor are the personal characteristics of the workers so strongly associated with the nature of the

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Emotional labor is an essential part of many service jobs, including many types of sex work. Through emotional labor sex workers engage in different levels of acting known as surface acting and deep acting. These levels reflect a sex worker's engagement with the emotional labor. Surface acting occurs

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Many scholars argue that the amount of emotional work required between all levels of government is greatest on the local level. It is at the level of cities and counties that the responsibility lies for day to day emergency preparedness, firefighters, law enforcement, public education, public health,

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also has an impact, and workplaces may require workers with disability to downplay their impairments in order to 'fit in', an extra burden of emotional labor. Most individuals will experience complex affects of how their disability influences their emotional labor in a given job role at a specified

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According to Mary Guy, Public administration does not only focus on the business side of administration but on the personal side as well. It is not just about collecting the water bill or land ordinances to construct a new property, it is also about the quality of life and sense of community that is

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are requirements of many female-dominated occupations. However, according to Guy and Newman (2004), these feminized work tasks are not a part of formal job descriptions and performance evaluations: "Excluded from job descriptions and performance evaluations, the work is invisible and uncompensated.

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Many scholars argue that when public administrators perform emotional labor, they are dealing with significantly more sensitive situations than employees in the service industry. The reason for this is because they are on the front lines of the government, and are expected by citizens to serve them

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In addition, sex workers often engage in emotional labor as a self-protection strategy, distancing themselves from the sometimes emotionally volatile work. Finally, clients often value perceived authenticity in their transactions with sex workers; thus, sex workers may attempt to foster a sense of

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are often viewed as innate to women, making the components of childcare invisible. However, a number of scholars have not only studied the difficulty and skill required for childcare, but also suggested that the emotional labor of childcare is unique and needs to be studied differently. Performing

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Bill collectors' emotional labor consists of not letting angry and hostile debtors make them angry and to not feel guilty about pressuring friendly debtors for money. They coped with angry debtors by publicly showing their anger or making jokes when they got off the phone. They minimized the guilt

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Arlie Hochschild's foundational text divided emotional labor into two components: surface acting and deep acting. Surface acting occurs when employees display the emotions required for a job without changing how they actually feel. Deep acting is an effortful process through which employees change

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People with disability are increasingly part of the labor force, due to societal attitudes about inclusion and neoliberal pressures around reducing welfare. Roles that require emotional labor may be more difficult for people with certain kinds of disabilities to perform. People with disabilities

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Sex workers engage in emotional labor for many different reasons. First, sex workers often engage in emotional labor to construct performances of gender and sexuality. These performances frequently reflect the desires of a clientele which is mostly composed of heterosexual men. In the majority of

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Zhang et al. (2019) looked at teachers in China, using questionnaires the researchers asked about their teaching experience and their interaction with the children and their families. According to numerous studies, early childhood education is important to a child's development, which can have an

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Supervisory regulation of display rules; Supervisors are likely to be important definers of display rules at the job level, given their direct influence on workers' beliefs about high-performance expectations. Moreover, supervisors' impressions of the need to suppress negative emotions on the job

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and assumptions of servitude surrounding restaurant work, the waitresses studied were not negatively affected by their interactions with customers. To the contrary, they viewed their ability to manage their emotions as a valuable skill that could be used to gain control over customers. Thus, the

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is the process of managing feelings and expressions to fulfill the emotional requirements of a job. More specifically, workers are expected to regulate their personas during interactions with customers, co-workers, clients, and managers. This includes analysis and decision-making in terms of the

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Along with examining employers' attempts to regulate employee–customer interactions, Leidner (1993) examines how fast-food workers' respond to these regulations. According to Leidner (1993), meeting employers' expectations requires workers to engage in some form of emotional labor. For example,

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occurs in response to psychological stress—usually triggered by changes—in an effort to maintain mental health and emotional well-being. Life stressors are often described as negative events (loss of a job). However, positive changes in life (a new job) can also constitute life stressors, thus

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evidence indicates that in typically "busy" stores there is more legitimacy to express negative emotions than there is in typically "slow" stores, in which employees are expected to behave in accordance with the display rules. Hence, the emotional culture to which one belongs influences the

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and conveying friendliness, are positively associated with customer positive feelings, and important outcomes, such as intention to return, intention to recommend a store to others, and perception of overall service quality. There is evidence that emotional labor may lead to employees'

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when the sex worker is aware of the dissonance between their authentic experience of emotion and their managed emotional display. In contrast deep acting occurs when the sex worker can no longer differentiate between what is authentic and what is acting; acting becomes authentic.

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for their own benefit and pleasure. Even though the waitresses have their own forms of individual and collective resistance mechanisms, intense and consistent monitoring of their actions by casino management makes it difficult to change the power dynamics of the casino workplace.

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expression of emotion, whether actually felt or not, as well as its opposite: the suppression of emotions that are felt but not expressed. This is done so as to produce a certain feeling in the customer or client that will allow the company or organization to succeed.

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and inner feeling on the job; such as employees' emotional expressiveness, which refers to the capability to use facial expressions, voice, gestures, and body movements to transmit emotions; or employees' level of career identity (the importance of the career role to

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to customers." Because of deference, these occupations tend to be stereotyped as female jobs, independent of the actual number of women working the job. According to Macdonald and Sirianni (1996), because deference is a characteristic demanded of all those in

595:. The ability to control one's emotions and to be able to do this at a high level guarantees one's own ability to serve those in need. Emotional intelligence is performed while performing emotional labor, and without one the other can not be there. 405:

Though Paules highlights the positive consequences of emotional labor for a specific population of waitresses, other scholars have also found negative consequences of emotional labor within the waitressing industry. Through eighteen months of

2827: 463:. However, Leidner (1993) did not see the negative consequences of emotional labor in the workers she studied. Instead, McDonald's workers attempted to individualize their responses to customers in small ways. Specifically, they used 625:

cases, clients value women who they perceive as normatively feminine. For women sex workers, achieving this perception necessitates a performance of gender and sexuality that involves deference to clients and affirmation of their

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of chores. The term can also refer to informal counseling, such as providing advice to a friend or helping someone through a breakup. When Hochschild was interviewed about this shifting usage, she described it having undergone

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views of many police officers. While being able to balance this self-management of emotions in front of other officers, police must also assertively restore order and use effective interpersonal skills to gain citizen

145:. For example, one may attempt deep breathing in order to reduce anger. Within expressive emotion work, one attempts to change expressive gestures to change inner feelings, such as smiling when trying to feel happy. 629:, as well as physical embodiment of traditional femininity. The emotional labor involved in sex work may be of a greater significance when race differences are involved. For instance Mistress Velvet, a black, femme 191:, expressing that it made the concept blurrier and was sometimes being applied to things that were simply just labor, although how carrying out this labor made a person feel could make it emotional labor as well. 3520: 1624:

Qi, Xingliang; Ji, Shuang; Zhang, Jing; Lu, Wanyong; Sluiter, Judith K.; Deng, Huihua (2016-11-01). "Correlation of emotional labor and cortisol concentration in hair among female kindergarten teachers".

220:), which allows them to express the organizationally-desired emotions more easily (because there is less discrepancy between expressed behavior and emotional experience when engaged in their work). 414:

waitresses are highly monitored and monetarily bribed to perform emotional labor in the workplace. Specifically, Bayard De Volo (2003) argues that through a sexualized environment and a generous

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allotted to individuals by their city officials. Rational work is the ability to think cognitively and analytically, while emotional work means to think more practically and with more reason.

772:. That is, higher degree of using emotion regulation on the job is related to higher levels of employees' emotional exhaustion, and lower levels of employees' job satisfaction. 5261: 443:

fast food restaurants in Leidner's (1993) study, these interactions are strictly scripted, and workers' compliance with the scripts and regulations are closely monitored.

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Grandey, A.A.; Fisk, G.M.; Steiner, D.D. (2005). "Must "service with a smile" be stressful? The moderate role of personal control for American and French employees".

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Grandey, A.A.; Fisk, G.M.; Steiner, D.D. (2005). "Must "service with a smile" be stressful? The moderate role of personal control for American and French employees".

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also may have to use more of their own time and energy to perform a task than a non-disabled person. For instance when they routinely encounter prejudice and stigma (

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Philadelphia waitresses took advantage of the lack of employer-regulated emotional labor in order to avoid the potentially negative consequences of emotional labor.

129:(also called "emotion management") refers to displaying certain emotions for personal purposes, such as within the private sphere of one's home or interactions with 2969: 3680: 1283: 539:, or other emotion while dealing with danger on the job will be viewed by other officers as someone unable to withstand the pressures of police work, due to the 3258:

Friedman, H. S.; Prince, L. M.; Riggio, R. E.; DiMatteo, R. (1980). "Understanding and assessing nonverbal expressiveness: The affective communication test".

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Macdonald, Cameron L.; Sirianni, Carmen (1996), "The service society and the changing experience of work", in Macdonald, Cameron L.; Sirianni, Carmen (eds.),

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Friedman, H. S.; Prince, L. M.; Riggio, R. E.; DiMatteo, R. (1980). "Understanding and assessing nonverbal expressiveness: The affective communication test".

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work." Thus, according to Macdonald and Sirianna (1996), although all workers employed within the service economy may have a difficult time maintaining their

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Grandey, A.A. (2003). "When "the show must go on": Surface acting and deep acting as determinants of emotional exhaustion and peer-rated service delivery".

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work involves substantial amounts of emotional labor by officers, who must control their own facial and bodily displays of emotion in the presence of other

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Both within sex work and in other types of work, emotional labor is gendered in that women are expected to use it to construct performances of normative

96:, more workers in a variety of occupational fields are expected to manage their emotions according to employer demands when compared to sixty years ago. 3710:

Sutton, R. I.; Rafaeli, I. (1988). "Untangling the relationship between displayed emotions and organizational sales: The case of convenience stores".

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Grove, S.J.; Fisk, R.P. (1989), "Impression management in services marketing: a dramaturgical perspective", in Giacalone, R.A.; Rosenfeld, P. (eds.),

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While emotion work happens within the private sphere, emotional labor is emotion management within the workplace according to employer expectations.

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The term has been applied in modern contexts to refer to household tasks, specifically unpaid labor that is often expected of women, e.g. having to

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at the time. Leidner (1993) suggests that rigid compliance with these expectations is at least potentially damaging to workers' sense of self and

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Edwards, Lisa Nyree (2015-11-26). "Looking after the teachers: exploring the emotional labour experienced by teachers of looked after children".

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and family and children's services. Citizens in a community expect the same level of satisfaction from their government, as they receive in a

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Gross, J (1998a). "Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology".

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provided the first definition of emotional labor, which is displaying certain emotions to meet the requirements of a job. The related term

311:. He found that unlike the other jobs described here where employees need to act cheerful and concerned, bill collectors are selected and 1231: 552:. Ultimately, the ability of police officers to effectively engage in emotional labor affects how other officers and citizens view them. 1401:

Wilk, S.L.; Moynihan, L.M. (2005). "Display rule "regulators": The relationship between supervisors and workers emotional exhaustion".

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Grandey, A.; Dickter, D.; Sin, H.P. (2004). "The customer is not always right: Customer verbal aggression toward service employees".

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Ito, J.; Brotheridge, C. (2003). "Resources, coping strategies, and emotional exhaustion: A conservation of resources perspective".

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Erickson, R. J.; Wharton, A. S. (1997). "Inauthenticity and depression: Assessing the consequences of interactive service work".

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allow the employer, through training and supervision, to exercise a degree of control over the emotional activities of employees.

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Zapf, D (2002). "Emotion work and psychological well-being. A review of the literature and some conceptual considerations".

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and self-identity due to the demands of emotional labor, such an issue may be especially problematic for women workers.

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Brotheridge, C. M.; Grandey, A. A. (2002). "Emotional labor and burnout: Comparing two perspectives of 'people work'".

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Brotheridge, C. M.; Grandey, A. A. (2002). "Emotional labor and burnout: Comparing two perspectives of people work".

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at a restaurant is expected to do emotional labor, such as smiling and expressing positive emotion towards customers

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Adelman, P.K. (1995), "Emotional labor as a potential source of job stress", in Sauter, S.L.; Murphy, L.R. (eds.),

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Vincent, Carol; Braun, Annette (2012-06-21). "Being 'fun' at work: emotional labour, class, gender and childcare".

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Diefendorff, J. M.; Richard, E. M. (2003). "Antecedents and consequences of emotional display rule perceptions".

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working in a hospital is expected to express positive emotions towards patients, such as warmth and compassion.

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Pugh, S. D..Emotional labor: Organization-level influences, strategies, and outcomes. New York. N.Y: Routledge

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Williams, Claire (1 November 2003). "Sky Service: The Demands of Emotional Labour in the Airline Industry".

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Grandey, A.A. (2000). "Emotion regulation in the workplace: A new way to conceptualize emotional labor".

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should characterize physicians' interactions with their patients because, despite advancement in medical

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to demonstrate their rebellion against the strict regulation of their employee–customer interactions.

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In the past, emotional labor demands and display rules were viewed as a characteristic of particular

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Wilton, Robert D. (June 2008). "Workers with disabilities and the challenges of emotional labour".

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in which "workers exercise emotional labor wherein they are required to display friendliness and

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Emotional labor in the 21st century: Diverse Perspectives on Emotion Regulation at Work

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Roles that have been identified as requiring emotional labor include those involved in

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Martin, S.E. (1999). "Police force or police service? Gender and emotional labor".

2135: 2065: 1986: 1946: 1903: 1865: 1819: 1784: 1732: 1701: 1685: 1662: 1634: 1590: 1514: 1452: 1412: 1375: 1322: 1163: 1076: 1033: 918: 878: 769: 605: 562: 201: 81: 3279: 2705: 2584: 2230: 2052:"Service and surveillance: infrapolitics at work among casino cocktail waitresses" 1990: 1736: 1387: 5266: 5234: 4939: 4931: 4869: 4756: 4375: 3999: 3945: 3938: 3928: 3916: 3801: 3448: 3399: 2379: 2215:""That's What the Money's for": Alienation and Emotional Labor in Public Service" 2056: 2021: 1907: 1869: 1354: 838: 833: 678: 183: 167: 53: 3242: 2023:

Dishing it out: power and resistance among waitresses in a New Jersey restaurant

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work, Paules argues, workers' subordination to customers is reinforced through "

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Zhang, Qilong; Yin, Jianqin; Chen, Hua; Zhang, Quan; Wu, Weiying (2020-04-02).

1518: 1456: 1416: 1379: 1326: 823: 738:, including disability-unfriendly structures (Accessibility, administrative or 652:

Macdonald and Sirianni (1996) use the term "emotional proletariat" to describe

415: 390: 3650: 3549: 3392: 2750: 1950: 1638: 5346: 5299: 4984: 4668: 4534: 4386: 4355: 4283: 4188: 3955: 3744: 3339: 3141: 3083: 2713: 2493: 2238: 1998: 1958: 1915: 1877: 1831: 1744: 1697: 1676:Öngöre, Özgür (17 April 2020). "Evaluating emotional labor: A new approach". 1646: 1088: 1037: 883: 873: 868: 863: 818: 662: 440: 374: 283: 259: 217: 188: 89: 2140: 2121: 1705: 1080: 5271: 5184: 5028: 4480: 4408: 4295: 4158: 3428: 3347: 3315: 3221: 3185: 3149: 3112: 2909: 2857: 2149: 2122:"Clinical empathy as emotional labor in the patient-physician relationship" 1654: 1602: 1464: 1424: 1334: 1045: 828: 468: 370: 357: 126: 31: 3842: 3503: 3044: 278:, and nurses. However, display rules have been conceptualized not only as 4838: 4811: 4650: 4588: 4460: 4428: 4350: 4330: 4223: 2690:"Emotional Labor Meanings, Gender, and Culture: A Comparative Assessment" 2094:

Fast food, fast talk: service work and the routinization of everyday life

739: 626: 500: 456: 398: 65: 61: 3056:, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 371–381, 2931: 2069: 1563: 698: 503:

when they engage in empathy through deep acting due to emotional labor.

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Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society

1594: 733: 657: 524: 436: 394: 378: 373:, Paules examines how these workers assert control and protect their 275: 205: 138: 119: 85: 57: 45: 3379: 3012: 1788: 4821: 4816: 4806: 4741: 4578: 4500: 4490: 4455: 4442: 4325: 4268: 4218: 4198: 4028: 1167: 808: 536: 520: 516: 492: 419: 386: 331: 267: 159:

require the worker to produce an emotional state in another person.

111: 77: 4046: 2171:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

591:

Knowing how to suppress and manage one's own feelings is known as

5251: 4831: 4779: 4773: 4699: 4659: 4645: 4640: 4630: 4541: 4401: 4300: 4263: 4233: 4228: 4193: 4173: 4163: 4148: 4090: 4077: 4016: 3521:"The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review" 803: 756: 682: 667: 480: 263: 142: 5281: 4615: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4447: 4394: 4253: 4168: 3692:

Constructing social research: the unity and diversity of method

1627:

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

913: 798: 540: 512: 411: 393:." Because the waitresses were not strictly regulated by their 316: 156:

require face-to-face or voice-to-voice contact with the public.

130: 5262:

Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems

3731:

Tracy, S (2000). "Becoming a character for commerce emotion".

2295:

Emotional Labor and Crisis Response, Working on a Razor's Edge

1810:

Uttal, Lynet; Tuominen, Mary (1999). "Tenuous Relationships".

106: 4763: 4689: 4583: 4556: 4435: 4370: 4365: 4335: 4273: 4143: 4138: 4004: 3458:, Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 427–438, 3289:"Emotional Labor Demands and Compensating Wage Differentials" 2881:"Emotional labor demands and compensating wage differentials" 2600:

Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry

577: 532: 528: 464: 448: 247: 137:. Hochschild identified three emotion regulation strategies: 3617:

Parasuraman, A.; Zeithaml, V.A.; Berry, L.L. (Spring 1988).

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Parasuraman, A.; Zeithaml, V.A.; Berry, L.L. (Spring 1988).

1365: 755:

Positive affective display in service interactions, such as

389:

symbols that originate from deeply rooted assumptions about

323:

they felt by staying emotionally detached from the debtors.

286:

job demands, which are shared by many kinds of occupations.

282:

requirements of particular occupational groups, but also as

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G-Strings and Sympathy: Strip Club Regulars and Male Desire

279: 1206:"Why was everyone talking about emotional labour in 2018?" 447:

McDonald's workers are expected to greet customers with a

224:

influence the employees' impressions of that display rule.

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Glomb, T.M.; Kammeyer-Mueller, J.; Rotundo, M. (2004).

2879:

Glomb, T.M.; Kammeyer-Mueller, J.; Rotundo, M. (2004).

2341:

Guy, Mary; Newman, Meredith; Mastracci, Sharon (2008).

2308:

Guy, Mary; Newman, Meredith; Mastracci, Sharon (2008).

2260:

Guy, Mary; Newman, Meredith; Mastracci, Sharon (2008).

1115:, Berkeley: University of California Press, p. x, 523:. Although policing is often viewed as stereotypically 418:, both casino owners and customers control waitresses' 2372: 2370: 2345:

Emotional Labor- Putting the Service in Public Service

2312:

Emotional Labor- Putting the Service in Public Service

2264:

Emotional Labor- Putting the Service in Public Service

3578:

The managed heart: commercialization of human feeling

2381:

The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling

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The managed heart: commercialization of human feeling

1000:

The managed heart: commercialization of human feeling

152:

involving emotional labor are defined as those that:

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A waitress taking an order in an American restaurant

3156: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2367: 1147:"Emotion work, feeling rules, and social structure" 673:Emotional labor also affects women by perpetuating 587:

Definition: intelligence vs. emotional intelligence

3668:"The expression of emotion in organizational life" 3404: 3199: 3098: 3033:Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs 2843: 2378: 2340: 2307: 2259: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2045: 2043: 1440: 1310: 1284:"The expression of emotion in organizational life" 732:as would be the case for many groups experiencing 3365: 2627: 2561: 2473: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 1718: 1128: 989: 987: 985: 983: 981: 979: 977: 975: 5344: 4657: 3816: 3157:Cropanzano, R.; Rupp, D.E.; Byrne, Z.S. (2003). 3069: 2591: 2573:International Journal of Sociology of the Family 2518:Sex, Work and Sex Work: Eroticizing Organization 2431: 2297:. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 20–36. 1481:Grandy, A.; Diefendorff, J.M.; Rupp, D. (2013). 3979:Women migrant workers from developing countries 3780: 3695:. Thousand Oaks, California: Pine Forge Press. 3228: 2508: 2156: 2127:The Journal of the American Medical Association 2040: 1576: 1306: 1304: 451:and friendly attitude independent of their own 4532: 3595: 3127: 2652: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2514: 2399: 2212: 2076: 2049: 1936: 1436: 1434: 972: 4062: 3887: 3709: 3665: 2115: 2113: 1809: 1678:Global Business and Organizational Excellence 1675: 1669: 1281: 4836: 4675: 4666: 4433: 3581:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3474:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3260:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2213:Mastracci, Sharon; Adams, Ian (2018-10-02). 1855: 1400: 1368:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1301: 1003:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 5335:indicate emotion names in foreign languages 4399: 2616: 1623: 1431: 410:research, Bayard De Volo (2003) found that 200:Societal, occupational, and organizational 4069: 4055: 3894: 3880: 3790:Public Performance & Management Review 3571: 3054:Organizational risk factors for job stress 2515:Brewis, Joanna; Linstead, Stephen (2003). 2376: 2110: 1725:Journal of Research in Childhood Education 1141: 1105:(2012), "Preface to the 2012 edition", in 1101: 993: 768:over time, and may also reduce employees' 578:Definition: rational work vs. emotion work 228: 174:from their own feelings in the workplace. 166:Hochschild (1983) argues that within this 3759: 3539: 3485: 3456:Impression Management in the Organization 3453: 3328:Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 3130:Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 2787: 2688:Guy, Mary E.; Azhar, Aisha (2018-10-02). 2658: 2456: 2292: 2139: 2119: 1896:British Journal of Sociology of Education 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1583:Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 1553: 1203: 1026:Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 487:, the interpersonal relationship between 3781:Wilding, M.; Chae, K.; Jang, J. (2014). 3636: 2929: 2687: 2570: 2541: 2479: 1258:"The Concept Creep of 'Emotional Labor'" 1066: 615: 555: 356: 347: 335:Childcare worker at a daycare in Nigeria 330: 241: 105: 3325: 3051: 3030: 2597: 2442: 2091: 2026:. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University. 1976: 1539: 1229: 1023: 14: 5345: 3901: 3518: 3471: 2734: 2167: 2019: 1893: 1772: 1759: 1577:Hülsheger, U.R.; Schewe, A.F. (2011). 1204:Wilkinson, Sophie (21 December 2018). 430: 88:. As particular economies move from a 27:Work managing feelings and expressions 4050: 3875: 3817:Wright, T.A.; Cropanzano, R. (1998). 3730: 3685: 2412: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1889: 1887: 1851: 1849: 1476: 1474: 435:By using participant observation and 209:employee's commitment to those rules. 3849: 2771: 2634:, Temple University Press, pp. 1858:British Educational Research Journal 1504: 1255: 693: 479:According to Larson and Yao (2005), 326: 4076: 3774:10.17730/humo.53.1.a1205g53j7334631 3672:Research in Organizational Behavior 3666:Rafaeli, A.; Sutton, R. I. (1989). 1291:Research in Organizational Behavior 1282:Rafaeli, A.; Sutton, R. I. (1989). 24: 3733:Management Communication Quarterly 3368:Journal of Organizational Behavior 3023: 3001:Journal of Organizational Behavior 2694:Administrative Theory & Praxis 2598:Weitzer, Ronald John, ed. (2000). 2385:. University of California Press. 2377:Hochschild, Arlie Russell (1983). 2349:. New York: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 2316:. New York: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 2286: 2268:. New York: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 2219:Administrative Theory & Praxis 2096:. University of California Press. 1979:Educational Psychology in Practice 1965: 1930: 1884: 1846: 1803: 1471: 298: 177: 25: 5399: 2631:In working in the service society 4778: 4772: 3852:Human Resource Management Review 2675:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00373.x 2467:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2005.00276.x 1939:Career Development International 1776:Administrative Science Quarterly 1256:Beck, Julie (26 November 2018). 959:Customer relationship management 779: 697: 604:This section is an excerpt from 307:study into bill collectors at a 303:In 1991, Sutton did an in-depth 2992: 2962: 2930:Hoffmann, Elizabeth A. (2016). 2923: 2872: 2837: 2804: 2765: 2728: 2681: 2542:Duberman, Amanda (2018-02-13). 2535: 2334: 2301: 2253: 2206: 2013: 1712: 1617: 1570: 1533: 1498: 1489: 1394: 1359: 1069:Gender, Work & Organization 750: 194: 3598:Journal of Vocational Behavior 3101:Journal of Vocational Behavior 2846:Journal of Vocational Behavior 2293:Mastracci, Sharron H. (2012). 2120:Larson, E.B.; Yao, X. (2005). 1275: 1249: 1223: 1197: 1095: 1060: 1017: 620:A sex worker in Berlin in 2001 568: 527:work that focuses on fighting 506: 13: 1: 3864:10.1016/s1053-4822(02)00048-7 3823:Journal of Applied Psychology 3712:Academy of Management Journal 3610:10.1016/s0001-8791(02)00033-7 3408:Journal of Applied Psychology 3296:Journal of Applied Psychology 3202:Journal of Applied Psychology 3166:Journal of Applied Psychology 2889:Journal of Applied Psychology 2775:Academy of Management Journal 2706:10.1080/10841806.2018.1485452 2585:10.1080/01639625.1988.9967792 2445:Gender, Work and Organization 2231:10.1080/10841806.2018.1485449 2092:Leidner, Robin (1993-08-04). 1991:10.1080/02667363.2015.1112256 1737:10.1080/02568543.2019.1675824 1542:Academy of Management Journal 1444:Journal of Applied Psychology 1404:Journal of Applied Psychology 1314:Journal of Applied Psychology 1230:Fessler, Leah (24 May 2018). 1155:American Journal of Sociology 965: 689: 495:remains essential to quality 474: 352: 170:process, service workers are 99: 5287:Social emotional development 3802:10.1080/15309576.2015.983838 3528:Review of General Psychology 3072:Academy of Management Review 2662:Public Administration Review 1908:10.1080/01425692.2013.835711 1870:10.1080/01411926.2012.680433 511:According to Martin (1999), 7: 4533: 3243:10.1177/0730888497024002004 1485:. Routledge. pp. 3–17. 954:Keeping up with the joneses 944:Marx's theory of alienation 791: 598: 315:to show irritation to most 289: 10: 5404: 3835:10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.486 3496:10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.224 3421:10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.893 3308:10.1037/0021-9010.89.4.700 3272:10.1037/0022-3514.39.2.333 3214:10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.284 3178:10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.160 2936:The Sociological Quarterly 2902:10.1037/0021-9010.89.4.700 2826:(1): 12–40. Archived from 2184:10.1177/000271629956100108 2050:Bayard De Volo, L (2003). 1824:10.1177/089124399013006005 1519:10.1177/014920630102700406 1457:10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.284 1417:10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.917 1380:10.1037/0022-3514.39.2.333 1327:10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.893 606:Sex work § Emotional labor 603: 270:workers, bill collectors, 237: 29: 5363:Human resource management 5330: 4849: 4787: 4770: 4089: 3992: 3974:Feminization of migration 3966: 3909: 3550:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271 2751:10.1080/09687590802038878 2417:. Duke University Press. 2413:Frank, Katherine (2002). 1951:10.1108/13620431111158805 1639:10.1007/s00420-016-1179-6 1143:Hochschild, Arlie Russell 1107:Hochschild, Arlie Russell 1103:Hochschild, Arlie Russell 995:Hochschild, Arlie Russell 949:Organizational psychology 909:Afterburn (psychotherapy) 854:Emotional self-regulation 647: 377:during interactions with 5220:in virtual communication 3745:10.1177/0893318900141004 3340:10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.95 3142:10.1037/1076-8998.7.1.57 3084:10.5465/amr.1993.3997508 2738:Disability & Society 2494:10.1177/0891243205277253 1038:10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.95 939:Vicarious traumatization 675:occupational segregation 30:Not to be confused with 3651:10.1023/A:1021329112679 2141:10.1001/jama.293.9.1100 1081:10.1111/1468-0432.00210 408:participant observation 339:The skills involved in 229:Surface and deep acting 4837: 4676: 4667: 4658: 4434: 4400: 3639:Motivation and Emotion 3113:10.1006/jvbe.2001.1815 2976:. UCLA. Archived from 2858:10.1006/jvbe.2001.1815 904:Postponement of affect 744:organizational culture 621: 593:emotional intelligence 362: 336: 251: 115: 2020:Paules, G.F. (1991). 1507:Journal of Management 619: 556:Public administration 365:In her 1991 study of 360: 348:Food-industry workers 334: 245: 109: 94:service-based economy 50:public administration 5257:Group affective tone 3623:Journal of Retailing 3231:Work and Occupations 2820:Journal of Retailing 1812:Gender & Society 894:Emotions and culture 889:Dispositional affect 849:Emotional detachment 762:emotional exhaustion 213:Dispositional traits 184:remind their partner 5378:Occupational stress 5310:constructed emotion 4980:functional accounts 934:Smile mask syndrome 929:Verbal self defense 899:Thought suppression 643:authentic intimacy. 431:Fast-food employees 5210:in decision-making 4451:(sense of purpose) 3951:Reproductive labor 3903:Reproductive labor 3762:Human Organization 3519:Gross, J (1998b). 3447:2015-07-27 at the 3398:2023-04-15 at the 2980:on August 28, 2018 2482:Gender and Society 1353:2015-07-27 at the 844:Compassion fatigue 709:. You can help by 622: 363: 337: 260:restaurant workers 252: 116: 5340: 5339: 4927:Appeal to emotion 4705:Social connection 4044: 4043: 3984:Global care chain 3702:978-0-8039-9021-0 3687:Ragin, Charles C. 3588:978-0-520-05454-7 3465:978-0-8058-0696-0 3063:978-1-55798-297-1 2970:"How Do You Cope" 2948:10.1111/tsq.12113 2645:978-1-56639-480-2 2360:978-0-7656-2117-7 2327:978-0-7656-2117-7 2279:978-0-7656-2117-7 2070:10.1093/sp/jxg019 1690:10.1002/JOE.22000 1145:(November 1979). 1122:978-0-520-27294-1 1010:978-0-520-05454-7 924:Superficial charm 727: 726: 327:Childcare workers 309:collection agency 16:(Redirected from 5395: 5388:Emotional issues 5315:discrete emotion 5215:in the workplace 5111:Empathy quotient 4842: 4782: 4776: 4681: 4672: 4663: 4538: 4439: 4405: 4071: 4064: 4057: 4048: 4047: 3993:Industry sectors 3896: 3889: 3882: 3873: 3872: 3867: 3846: 3813: 3787: 3777: 3756: 3727: 3706: 3679: 3662: 3630: 3613: 3592: 3573:Hochschild, A.R. 3568: 3567:on May 22, 2005. 3566: 3560:. 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For example, 197: 180: 178:Alternate usage 168:commodification 102: 38:Emotional labor 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5401: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5338: 5337: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5320:somatic marker 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5294: 5292:Stoic passions 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5240:social sharing 5237: 5232: 5230:self-conscious 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5173:thought method 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5138:lateralization 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5108: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4965:classification 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4793: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4685:Sentimentality 4682: 4673: 4664: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4581: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4530: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4521:at first sight 4518: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4445: 4440: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4397: 4392: 4391: 4390: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4292: 4291: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4259:Disappointment 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4095: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4074: 4073: 4066: 4059: 4051: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4038: 4037: 4036: 4026: 4025: 4024: 4014: 4009: 4008: 4007: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3960: 3959: 3958: 3948: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3931: 3926: 3925: 3924: 3913: 3911: 3910:Types of labor 3907: 3906: 3899: 3898: 3891: 3884: 3876: 3869: 3868: 3858:(2): 237–268. 3847: 3829:(3): 486–493. 3814: 3796:(2): 316–336. 3778: 3757: 3728: 3718:(3): 461–487. 3707: 3701: 3683: 3663: 3645:(2): 125–154. 3634: 3614: 3604:(3): 490–509. 3593: 3587: 3569: 3534:(3): 271–299. 3516: 3487:10.1.1.688.783 3480:(1): 224–237. 3469: 3464: 3451: 3415:(5): 893–904. 3402: 3374:(3): 397–418. 3363: 3323: 3302:(4): 700–714. 3284: 3266:(2): 333–351. 3255: 3237:(2): 188–213. 3226: 3208:(2): 284–294. 3197: 3195:on 2010-02-15. 3172:(1): 160–169. 3154: 3125: 3096: 3067: 3062: 3049: 3039:(2): 229–246. 3027: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3007:(8): 945–959. 2991: 2961: 2922: 2919:on 2009-02-20. 2896:(4): 700–714. 2871: 2836: 2833:on 2016-03-04. 2803: 2764: 2745:(4): 361–373. 2727: 2700:(4): 289–303. 2680: 2669:(3): 289–298. 2651: 2644: 2615: 2608: 2590: 2560: 2534: 2527: 2507: 2488:(6): 771–788. 2472: 2451:(4): 319–342. 2430: 2423: 2398: 2391: 2366: 2359: 2333: 2326: 2300: 2285: 2278: 2252: 2225:(4): 304–319. 2205: 2178:(1): 111–126. 2155: 2109: 2102: 2075: 2064:(3): 346–376. 2039: 2032: 2012: 1964: 1945:(4): 401–420. 1929: 1902:(5): 651–668. 1883: 1864:(4): 751–768. 1845: 1818:(6): 758–780. 1802: 1783:(2): 245–268. 1758: 1731:(2): 288–305. 1711: 1668: 1633:(1): 117–122. 1616: 1589:(3): 361–389. 1569: 1555:10.1.1.551.854 1532: 1513:(4): 497–512. 1497: 1488: 1470: 1451:(2): 284–294. 1430: 1411:(5): 917–927. 1393: 1374:(2): 333–351. 1358: 1321:(5): 893–904. 1300: 1274: 1248: 1222: 1196: 1193:on 2015-11-21. 1168:10.1086/227049 1162:(3): 551–575. 1127: 1121: 1094: 1075:(5): 513–550. 1059: 1016: 1009: 970: 969: 967: 964: 962: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 824:Affect display 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 795: 793: 790: 781: 778: 752: 749: 747:organisation. 725: 724: 704: 702: 691: 688: 649: 646: 610: 602: 600: 597: 588: 585: 579: 576: 570: 567: 557: 554: 508: 505: 476: 473: 432: 429: 416:tipping system 354: 351: 349: 346: 328: 325: 300: 297: 291: 288: 239: 236: 230: 227: 226: 225: 221: 210: 196: 193: 179: 176: 164: 163: 160: 157: 101: 98: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5400: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5353:Communication 5351: 5350: 5348: 5334: 5329: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5074:dysregulation 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5027: 5023: 5022:interpersonal 5020: 5019: 5018: 5015: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4875:in psychology 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4860:consciousness 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4841: 4840: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4781: 4775: 4765: 4762: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4669:Schadenfreude 4665: 4662: 4661: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4535:Mono no aware 4531: 4529: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4388: 4387:Joie de vivre 4384: 4383: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4356:Gratification 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4285: 4284:Embarrassment 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4189:Belongingness 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4067: 4065: 4060: 4058: 4053: 4052: 4049: 4035: 4032: 4031: 4030: 4027: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4006: 4003: 4002: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3957: 3956:Double burden 3954: 3953: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3892: 3890: 3885: 3883: 3878: 3877: 3874: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3739:(1): 90–128. 3738: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3584: 3580: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3467: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3409: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3362: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3334:(1): 59–100. 3333: 3329: 3324: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3078:(1): 88–115. 3077: 3073: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3028: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2995: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2890: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2776: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2655: 2647: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2632: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2611: 2609:9780415922944 2605: 2602:. Routledge. 2601: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2565: 2549: 2545: 2538: 2530: 2528:9781134621774 2524: 2521:. Routledge. 2520: 2519: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2476: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2426: 2424:9780822329725 2420: 2416: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2394: 2392:9780520054547 2388: 2383: 2382: 2373: 2371: 2362: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2346: 2337: 2329: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2313: 2304: 2296: 2289: 2281: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2265: 2256: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2209: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2172: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2116: 2114: 2105: 2103:9780520085008 2099: 2095: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2053: 2046: 2044: 2035: 2033:9780877228875 2029: 2025: 2024: 2016: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1933: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1890: 1888: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1852: 1850: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1806: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1715: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1672: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1620: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1573: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1536: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1501: 1492: 1484: 1477: 1475: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1437: 1435: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1397: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1362: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1307: 1305: 1296: 1292: 1285: 1278: 1263: 1259: 1252: 1237: 1233: 1226: 1211: 1207: 1200: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1148: 1144: 1138: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1124: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1098: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1063: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1032:(1): 59–100. 1031: 1027: 1020: 1012: 1006: 1002: 1001: 996: 990: 988: 986: 984: 982: 980: 978: 976: 971: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 884:Group emotion 882: 880: 877: 875: 874:Peer pressure 872: 870: 869:Display rules 867: 865: 864:Mental health 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 819:Social stress 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 796: 789: 786: 780:Coping skills 777: 773: 771: 767: 763: 758: 748: 745: 741: 737: 735: 721: 712: 708: 705:This section 703: 700: 696: 695: 687: 684: 680: 676: 671: 669: 664: 663:disadvantaged 659: 655: 641: 639: 634: 632: 628: 618: 614: 607: 596: 594: 584: 575: 566: 564: 553: 551: 547: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 444: 442: 438: 428: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 403: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 375:self identity 372: 368: 359: 345: 342: 333: 324: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 296: 287: 285: 284:interpersonal 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 249: 244: 235: 222: 219: 218:self-identity 214: 211: 207: 203: 199: 198: 192: 190: 189:concept creep 185: 175: 173: 169: 161: 158: 155: 154: 153: 151: 146: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 121: 113: 108: 104: 97: 95: 91: 90:manufacturing 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 42: 39: 33: 19: 5332: 5272:Meta-emotion 5185:Emotionality 5158:responsivity 5132: 5106:and bullying 5101:intelligence 4911:Affectivity 4895:neuroscience 4865:in education 4448: 4409:Homesickness 4385: 4311:Enthrallment 4296:Emotion work 4159:Anticipation 3933: 3917:Women's work 3855: 3851: 3826: 3822: 3793: 3789: 3768:(1): 33–41. 3765: 3761: 3736: 3732: 3715: 3711: 3691: 3675: 3671: 3642: 3638: 3626: 3622: 3601: 3597: 3577: 3562:the original 3531: 3527: 3477: 3473: 3455: 3412: 3406: 3371: 3367: 3331: 3327: 3299: 3295: 3263: 3259: 3234: 3230: 3205: 3201: 3190:the original 3169: 3165: 3136:(1): 57–67. 3133: 3129: 3104: 3100: 3075: 3071: 3053: 3036: 3032: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2984:November 20, 2982:. Retrieved 2978:the original 2973: 2964: 2939: 2935: 2925: 2914:the original 2893: 2887: 2874: 2849: 2845: 2839: 2828:the original 2823: 2819: 2806: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2697: 2693: 2683: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2630: 2599: 2593: 2579:(2): 29–41. 2576: 2572: 2551:. Retrieved 2547: 2537: 2517: 2510: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2448: 2444: 2414: 2380: 2344: 2336: 2311: 2303: 2294: 2288: 2263: 2255: 2222: 2218: 2208: 2175: 2169: 2131: 2125: 2093: 2061: 2055: 2022: 2015: 1985:(1): 54–72. 1982: 1978: 1942: 1938: 1932: 1899: 1895: 1861: 1857: 1815: 1811: 1805: 1780: 1774: 1728: 1724: 1714: 1684:(4): 35–44. 1681: 1677: 1671: 1630: 1626: 1619: 1586: 1582: 1572: 1548:(1): 86–96. 1545: 1541: 1535: 1510: 1506: 1500: 1491: 1482: 1448: 1442: 1408: 1402: 1396: 1371: 1367: 1361: 1318: 1312: 1294: 1290: 1277: 1265:. Retrieved 1262:The Atlantic 1261: 1251: 1239:. Retrieved 1235: 1225: 1213:. 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