3141:
3315:
31:
3166:
3133:
2700:
3091:
3293:
1581:. With the advent of personal computers, French-language keyboards still possess a dead-key ^, but whether it can be used to type Esperanto consonants may depend on the underlying software. Zamenhof's choice of accented letters was familiar to the speakers of some Slavic languages, for instance, Czech and Slovak, where the sounds of Esperanto
2241:
Akademio, bondeziro, centjariĝo, Ĉe-metodo, delegito, Esperanto, Fundamento, gramatiko, ĝisrevido, harmonio, ĥorkantado, internacia, jubileo, ĵurnalisto, kalendaro, Ludoviko, modernigo, necesejo, okupita, propagando, kuo, redaktoro, sekretario, ŝatokupo, telefono, universala, u-supersigno, Varsovio,
3123:
and others. The diacritic letters Ĉ, Ĝ, Ĥ, Ĵ, Ŝ, Ŭ have their own signs, and J and Z are distinct from other alphabets, as none of the
Signuno letters involve motion. Digits are formed by extending the fingers from the index to the pinkie for 1 to 4, from the pinkie to the thumb (keeping the middle
2201:
Asfalto, Barbaro, Centimetro, Ĉefo, Doktoro, Elemento, Fabriko, Gumo, Ĝirafo, Hotelo, Ĥaoso, Insekto, Jubileo, Ĵurnalo, Kilogramo, Legendo, Maŝino, Naturo, Oktobro, Papero, Kuo, Rekordo, Salato, Ŝilingo, Triumfo, Universo, Universo-hoketo, Vulkano, Ĝermana vo, Ikso, Ipsilono,
3181:, which was designed for English, was modified for use with Esperanto by John Wesley Starling. Though not widely used, at least one booklet has been published with sample Shavian texts. Not all letters are equivalent to their English values, and special forms of the letters
3082:
In Morse code, a dot is added to C and J to derive Ĉ and Ĵ, a dash–dot is added to G and S to derive Ĝ and Ŝ, a dash is added to U to derive Ǔ, and the four dots of H are changed to four dashes for Ĥ. However, users often substitute these novel letters with digraphs
1821:
it can be problematic when spelling out names. For example, several consonantal distinctions are difficult for many nationalities, who normally rely on the fact that
Esperanto seldom uses these sounds to distinguish words (that is, they do not form many
2564:(«...» or reversed »...«), double quote marks (“...” and German-style „...“) and more are all found. Since the age of word-processing, however, American-style quotation marks are the most widespread. Quotations may be introduced with either a
2555:
show the greatest variety of any punctuation. The use of
Esperanto quotation marks was never stated in Zamenhof's work; it was assumed that a printer would use whatever was available, usually the national standard of the printer's country.
2600:"US American"), though national norms may override such generalizations. Titles are more variable: both the Romance style of capitalizing only the first word of the title and the English style of capitalizing all lexical words are found.
2575:
Time and date format is not standardized among
Esperantists, but internationally unambiguous formats such as 1970-01-01 (ISO) or 1-jan-1970 are preferred when the date is not spelled out in full ("la 1-a de januaro 1970").
1400:. When there is no close equivalent, the difficult sounds may be given the Esperanto values of the letters in the orthography or roman transcription, accommodating the constraints of Esperanto phonology. So, for example,
2587:
is used for the first word of a sentence and for proper names when used as nouns. Names of months, days of the week, ethnicities, languages, and the adjectival forms of proper names are not typically capitalized
2222:
akvo, baldaŭ, cedro, ĉirkaŭ, dolĉa, eĥo, fajfi, golfo, ĝis, hejme, ĥoro, iĝi, jaĥto, ĵuri, korpo, lingvo, morgaŭ, nokto, ofte, pelvo, kuo, riĉa, sankta, ŝaŭmi, tempo, uzi, ŭa-ŭa, vespo, vavo, ikso, ipsilono,
2303:
There are two common conventions for inputting and typesetting
Esperanto in the ISO basic Latin alphabet when proper orthography is inconvenient. Zamenhof had suggested replacing the circumflex letters with
3124:
finger down) for 6 to 9, and from the thumb to index for 11 and 12; the last two are used for months and hours. Zero is represented by the fist, 5 by the whole hand extended, and 10 as the letter X.
2081:
in other Latin alphabets, so as not to disrupt the pattern of letters many people learned as children. All this makes the system more easily memorized than competing proposals. The modified
Kalocsay
2368:
does not occur in
Esperanto, it is fairly straightforward to automatically convert text written in the x-system into standard orthography; it also produces better results with alphabetic sorting.
490:
2229:
2208:
2376:
As with most languages, punctuation is not completely standardized, but in
Esperanto there is the additional complication of multiple competing national traditions.
2433:
2260:
alfa, bravo, carli, delta, eko, fokstrot, golf, hotel, india, juliet, kilo, lima, majk, november, oskar, papa, kebek, romeo, siera, tango, uniform, viktor, ŭiski
1348:
Non-Esperantized names are given an
Esperanto approximation of their original pronunciation, at least by speakers without command of the original language. Hard
2193:
2432:(!) are used at the end of a clause and may be internal to a sentence. Question words generally come at the beginning of a question, obviating the need for
1909:
The proposal closest to international norms (and thus the easiest to remember) that clarifies all the above distinctions is a modification of a proposal by
2738:
for an obsolete international unit of auxiliary
Esperanto currency used by a few British and Swiss banks before World War I. It is often transcribed as
2509:
is also occasionally used to clarify compounds, and to join grammatical suffixes to proper names that haven't been Esperantized or don't have a nominal
2248:
3994:
3855:
Although this source claims these words are "used by" the World Esperanto Association, it was in fact simply reprinted in the 1995 edition of the
1656:". Other spelling differences appear when Esperanto words are based on the pronunciation rather than the spelling of English place names, such as
1341:. In Zamenhof's writing, obstruents with different voicing do not meet in compound words, but rather are separated by an epenthetic vowel such as
2252:
2232:, in which most words are tetrasyllabic so that the syllable beginning with the letter in question receives secondary stress (though only in
611:
3107:
307:
2458:(et cetera), but not abbreviations that retain the grammatical suffixes. Instead, a hyphen optionally replaces the missing letters:
2298:
1561:
Zamenhof took advantage of the fact that typewriters for the French language (which, in his lifetime, served as an international
3358:
5080:
3987:
5170:
1193:
3045: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
3055: ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
3035: ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
342:
302:
332:
3816:
1242:
1103:
807:
763:
447:
211:
4263:
3980:
1438:
sound. There are no strict rules, however; speakers may try for greater fidelity, for example by pronouncing the
1124:
604:
389:
297:
278:
250:
4048:
3780:
347:
4038:
4018:
3656:
A few of these words may be difficult to distinguish from other Esperanto words in noisy conditions, such as
3189:
have been added for the accusative case ending and verbal inflections; the grammatical endings and the words
1179:
1138:
796:
774:
429:
365:
164:
3375:. The code points and HTML entities for the Esperanto characters with diacritics and the spesmilo sign are:
2364:, respectively, in the two systems. The h-system has a more conventional appearance, but because the letter
1913:. As with Zamenhof, vowels stand for themselves, but it follows the international standard of placing vowel
5064:
4033:
1270:
1235:
1096:
1082:
750:
485:
245:
3851:
3711:
3707:
3269:
3265:
3253:
3249:
3225:
3209:
1454:
1427:
1410:
1338:
1307:
1303:
1287:
651:, declared a principle of "one letter, one sound", though this is a general rather than strict guideline.
4873:
4212:
3673:
A few of these words may also be difficult to distinguish from other Esperanto words or, in the cases of
3025: ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄
1891:
a, ba, co, ĉo, da, e, fo, ga, ĝa, ha, ĥo, i, jo, ĵa, ko, lo, mo, na, o, po, ra, so, ŝo, to, u, ŭo, va, za
1159:
1145:
1898:
However, this still requires overt mention of the diacritics, and even so does not reliably distinguish
4053:
4028:
3921:
3808:
3715:
3277:
3149:
2022:
1249:
1221:
1166:
836:
597:
317:
191:
3289:, and ignores diacritics, to transcribe Esperanto as the alien language. It is written right to left.
5003:
4895:
4538:
4406:
4341:
2990:
1569:
for the circumflex diacritic: thus, anyone who could avail himself of a French typewriter could type
1311:
1277:
1152:
1117:
853:
834:
818:
805:
794:
785:
783:
772:
761:
748:
467:
322:
235:
1846:) are problematic. In addition, over a noisy telephone connection, it quickly becomes apparent that
4448:
3116:
1758:
not found in the Esperanto alphabet have distinct names, much as letters of the Greek alphabet do.
1755:
1256:
337:
287:
3972:
3632:
There are no letters that are only differentiated by their diacritical marks, as opposed to, e.g.
5121:
4964:
4411:
4250:
4070:
4058:
4043:
3337:
2541:'to be here'), but if these phrases are then changed to adjectives or adverbs, a hyphen is used:
1186:
1110:
1089:
144:
138:
3268:
in English, but which are graphically better suited to be distinct letters than English Shavian
3229:
1676:. The most common diacritic to be simplified is the circumflex, which often appears more like a
5126:
5069:
5028:
4703:
4526:
4313:
4275:
4170:
3120:
1711:
onto each consonant to create the name of the letter, with the vowels representing themselves:
1214:
4835:
4626:
4438:
4180:
4165:
4142:
4122:
4117:
3837:. Nomo de neesperanta grafemo, kun la formo W, w, (prononcata v aŭ ŭ, depende de la lingvoj)
3140:
2305:
1573:
and their uppercase counterparts with no problem. French typewriters also include the letter
1228:
1207:
1200:
628:
424:
409:
379:
352:
292:
149:
3115:
Esperanto orthography. The majority of letters of the manual alphabet resemble those of the
3075: ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄
5136:
5036:
4693:
4608:
4498:
4416:
4398:
4285:
3755:
3065: ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄
2332:). With the advent of computer word-processing, the so-called "x-system", with digraphs in
1910:
1131:
563:
554:
495:
452:
419:
394:
374:
201:
97:
79:
30:
8:
5098:
5093:
5013:
4923:
4908:
4802:
4653:
4613:
4391:
4363:
4336:
4331:
4308:
4290:
4255:
4240:
4207:
4147:
4135:
4107:
4102:
2653:
2569:
2379:
2189:), which substitutes ordinary words for letters. The following words are sometimes seen:
1552:
1402:
1291:
735:
644:
501:
414:
260:
159:
84:
62:
4670:
3964:
1555:
5165:
5088:
4781:
4768:
4621:
4443:
4423:
4376:
4353:
4245:
4235:
4112:
4092:
4087:
4079:
4007:
2668:(dream). Occasionally mixed capitalization will be used for orthographic puns, such as
2328:, with an apostrophe or hyphen to disambiguate actual sequences of these letters (e.g.
1803:
1677:
1313:
1286:
There is a nearly one-to-one correspondence of letter to sound. For those who consider
404:
399:
384:
312:
186:
154:
1461:
sound in the Chinese pronunciation). The original stress may be kept, if it is known.
5046:
5041:
4956:
4643:
4633:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4473:
4460:
4358:
4280:
4227:
4217:
4202:
4185:
4097:
3812:
3798:
3633:
2986:
2182:
1861:
255:
240:
177:
72:
57:
3896:
3173:
alphabet, digits and punctuation; the punctuation is displayed at reduced font size.
2077:
The letters with diacritics are placed at the end of the rhyme, taking the place of
654:
Twenty-two of the letters are identical in form to letters of the English alphabet (
4969:
4946:
4885:
4880:
4851:
4825:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4698:
4685:
4675:
4600:
4560:
4506:
4483:
4468:
4433:
4428:
4386:
4323:
4300:
4157:
4130:
3178:
2429:
1637:
1519:, help preserve the printed appearance of Latinate and Germanic vocabulary such as
229:
3212:, with more regard to graphic symmetry than phonetic faithfulness in the cases of
5113:
5056:
5018:
4992:
4988:
4868:
4856:
4843:
4815:
4810:
4791:
4786:
4728:
4708:
4658:
4648:
4516:
4478:
4371:
4195:
4175:
3925:
3308:
3102:
2649:
1470:
867:
640:
206:
131:
111:
4863:
4346:
4941:
4903:
4820:
4776:
4753:
4733:
4663:
4638:
4488:
4268:
4190:
2640:, with or without a hyphen, may occur when a prefix is added to a proper noun:
2584:
2552:
1704:
1616:
Geographic names may diverge from English spelling, especially for the letters
1329:
Phonemic change is perhaps limited to voicing assimilation, as in the sequence
648:
327:
106:
1577:, which Francophone Esperantists have long used as a substitute for Esperanto
5159:
4936:
4913:
4758:
4531:
4511:
2499:
2425:
2402:
2066:
631:
of twenty-eight letters, with upper and lower case. This is supplemented by
5103:
4931:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3333:
2038:
1823:
1681:
1672:
Since all letters with diacritics are unique, they are often simplified in
723:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
265:
222:
3658:
gumo – kubo, naturo – maturo – daturo, maŝino – baseno, vulkano – bulgaro,
5008:
4555:
4003:
3584:
2623:
1673:
1645:
632:
462:
196:
3802:
3314:
3165:
3938:
3852:
http://bertilow.com/pmeg/gramatiko/oa-vortecaj_vortetoj/liternomoj.html
3364:
3136:
The Shavian alphabet adapted to write Esperanto: alphabet and ligatures
3111:
project. Signuno, as a signed variant of Esperanto, is itself a manual
3000:
2637:
2608:
2561:
2443:
1810:
1476:
971:
702:
117:
3952:
3919:
Signuno, la signolingvo por Esperanto kaj Gestuno. Jen la manalfabeto.
2382:
are frequently used to introduce subordinate clauses (that is, before
1751:
This is the only system that is widely accepted and in practical use.
4980:
2495:
2439:
2082:
1932:
1929:
1865:
1850:
distinctions can be difficult to make out: noise confounds the pairs
1847:
1653:
1419:
1263:
1172:
855:
830:
820:
663:
636:
624:
216:
124:
48:
37:
3132:
1715:
etc. The diacritics are frequently mentioned overtly. For instance,
4521:
4002:
3664:, and so may not be easily recognizable if the system is not known.
3613:
3112:
2735:
2724:
2719:
2712:
1947:
1922:
1661:
1566:
741:
3303:(Maybe every quasi-fitting bungle-choir makes a human type happy.)
518:
4550:
3897:'Morsa kodo kaj Esperanto – rekolekto de artikoloj iam aperintaj'
3609:
3368:
3319:
3297:
2996:
2699:
2626:, to avoid the confusion of varying national naming conventions:
2604:
2557:
691:
581:
4998:
4543:
2691:
is now used as the second-person pronoun regardless of number.
2506:
2213:
2169:"breathy aitch"). Quite commonly, however, people will use the
2045:
which, as the word for "or", could cause confusion. The letter
1872:, so that at least voicing is not problematic. Also changed to
536:
3325:
Laŭ Ludoviko Zamenhof bongustas freŝa ĉeĥa manĝaĵo kun spicoj.
3090:
2975:
2961:
2954:
2812:
545:
527:
3292:
2968:
2947:
2940:
2919:
2912:
2898:
2891:
2877:
2847:
2826:
2805:
2565:
1480:
1475:
The script resembles Western Slavic Latin alphabets but uses
710:
572:
3918:
3147:(four months ago) in the invented script from the TV series
2933:
2926:
2905:
2884:
2870:
2861:
2840:
2819:
2798:
2784:
2777:
2687:
as the second-person singular pronouns. However, lower-case
2533:'here', may be poetically used with nouns and verbs as well
1884:. The result is perhaps the most common alternative in use:
3372:
2854:
2833:
2791:
2770:
2763:
2613:
1860:
There have been several proposals to resolve this problem.
1310:, the latter of which for example is frequently pronounced
2756:
2745:
814:
757:
3349:
that is actually Esperanto in a modified Latin alphabet.
507:
457:
2622:(etc.). Small capitals are also a common convention for
2405:, while thousands are separated by non-breaking spaces:
1699:
740:
The letters have approximately the sound values of the
3204:
The vowels necessarily differ from English. Esperanto
2285:
to make them more distinct, and uses the nominal form
1406:(the English city) is pronounced (and may be spelled)
1290:
to be a phoneme, Esperanto contains one consonantal
3871:, numero 1996/01, paĝo 22: 'Bonvolu l-i-t-e-r-umi!'
2236:do both stressed syllables begin with the letter):
1417:does not occur at the beginning of ordinary words.
3281:uses an invented script that does not distinguish
2664:("Internet Dictionary"), which is homonymous with
2249:International League of Esperantist Radio Amateurs
1597:, respectively; and Belarusian, because Esperanto
1337:, ('(an) example') which is frequently pronounced
3797:
5157:
3301:Eble ĉiu kvazaŭ-deca fuŝĥoraĵo ĝojigos homtipon.
2336:for all diacritics, has become equally popular:
1852:po–bo, to–do, ĉo–ĝo, ko–go, fo–vo, so–zo, ŝo–ĵo,
3323:
579:
570:
561:
552:
543:
534:
525:
516:
505:
2253:International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet
2165:or to the manner of articulation of the sound
2065:There are other patterns to the vowels in the
2061:alliterates well in the alphabetical sequence
1302:, allophony is found in place assimilation of
3988:
2251:(ILERA) uses the following adaptation of the
605:
3642:
3636:
2603:All capitals or small capitals are used for
2470:(Dr). With ordinal numerals, the adjectival
1503:. Also, the non-Slavic bases of the letters
1073:
969:
865:
643:0–9, currency signs such as $ € ¥ £ ₷, and
3256:. The most divergent letters are those for
3995:
3981:
3311:has also been adapted to write Esperanto.
2145:Where letters are still confused, such as
2037:the only real possibility given Esperanto
612:
598:
3891:
3889:
3313:
3291:
3164:
3139:
3131:
3089:
2698:
2292:
722:Standard Esperanto orthography uses the
3737:
3735:
3513:Latin capital letter s with circumflex
3485:Latin capital letter j with circumflex
3457:Latin capital letter h with circumflex
3429:Latin capital letter g with circumflex
3401:Latin capital letter c with circumflex
2746:Braille, fingerspelling, and Morse code
2299:Substitutions of the Esperanto alphabet
2021:, does not, to avoid the problem of it
662:being omitted). The remaining six have
5158:
3869:Monato, internacia magazino sendependa
3558:ŭ, ŭ, ŭ
3544:Ŭ, Ŭ, Ŭ
3363:The Esperanto alphabet is part of the
2717:Unique to the Esperanto script is the
2192:From a German–Esperanto dictionary by
1864:proposed changing the vowel of voiced
3976:
3965:Esperanto Cyrillic (Есперанто-цирила)
3886:
3530:ŝ, ŝ, ŝ
3527:Latin small letter s with circumflex
3516:Ŝ, Ŝ, Ŝ
3502:ĵ, ĵ, ĵ
3499:Latin small letter j with circumflex
3488:Ĵ, Ĵ, Ĵ
3474:ĥ, ĥ, ĥ
3471:Latin small letter h with circumflex
3460:Ĥ, Ĥ, Ĥ
3446:ĝ, ĝ, ĝ
3443:Latin small letter g with circumflex
3432:Ĝ, Ĝ, Ĝ
3418:ĉ, ĉ, ĉ
3415:Latin small letter c with circumflex
3404:Ĉ, Ĉ, Ĉ
3359:Inputting Esperanto text on computers
2434:Spanish-style inverted question marks
2255:(ICAO and NATO "phonetic" alphabet):
2176:
2161:mention can be made of the diacritic
16:Orthography of the Esperanto language
3804:Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto
3732:
3296:The Cyrillic Esperanto Alphabet and
2656:syllabic acronyms, such as the name
1700:Names of the letters of the alphabet
717:
3908:Kalocsay and Waringhien, § 54.
3371:character sets, and is included in
3003:include the six diacritic letters.
13:
3939:Signuno: Signolingvo por Esperanto
3541:Latin capital letter u with breve
2694:
2513:suffix, such as the accusative on
2312:, the so-called "h-system", thus:
2139:means "and". The last line reads:
2017:, but the other voiced fricative,
1826:). Thus the pairs of letter names
303:World Esperanto Youth Organization
29:
14:
5182:
3352:
2676:(Radical Esperanto Association).
2579:
2269:ILERA also modifies the numerals
1794:(proposed by Sergio Pokrovskij),
1276:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1081:
755:and the letters with diacritics:
3706:was a phonetic joke, as English
3555:Latin small letter u with breve
3252:, the inverse of the letter for
3201:'and' are written as ligatures.
3127:
2618:but not common expressions like
2525:used with correlatives, such as
1961:, after the international names
1809:However, while this is fine for
1392:if a vowel. The English digraph
3957:
3945:
3930:
3911:
3902:
3899:, ILERA Bulteno n-o 70, p-o 04.
3874:
3692:
3667:
3010:has been published since 1920.
3006:An Esperanto braille magazine,
2401:The comma is also used for the
1589:are represented by the letters
1565:for educated people) possess a
1539:of other languages. The letter
729:
298:Universal Esperanto Association
3862:
3845:
3791:
3773:
3761:
3748:
3650:
3626:
3153:. Script reads right to left;
2683:with formal, and capitalized,
2397:(I don't know how to do that.)
2371:
2242:vuo, ikso, ipsilono, Zamenhofo
1:
3839:, depending on the language)]
3725:
3208:take the letters for English
2679:Zamenhof contrasted informal
2490:is used without a period for
2418:or sometimes by apostrophes:
2181:Another strategy is to use a
2103:i, je, ka, el, om, en, o, pa,
2098:a, be, ce, de, e, ef, ge, ha,
1917:after a consonant by default
1747:(a moon) plus the diminutive
1667:
165:Modern evolution of Esperanto
3895:Lenio Marobin, PY3DF (2008)
2754:
2395:Mi ne scias, kiel fari tion.
1786:(using Waringhien's name of
647:. The creator of Esperanto,
486:Constructed languages portal
308:International Youth Congress
7:
4864:Ethiopian Semitic languages
3741:Kalocsay & Waringhien,
3578:
3332:The 2017 Japanese-language
2751:Esperanto braille alphabet
1880:, distinguishing them from
1601:bears the same relation to
318:World Anational Association
10:
5187:
5171:Latin-script orthographies
4264:Phonology & ortography
3809:Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda
3716:complementary distribution
3572:₷, ₷
3356:
2984:
2710:
2348:"on Thursday" are written
2296:
2264:viski, eksrej, janki, zulu
2173:strategy used in English.
2108:ar, es, ta, u, vi, ĉa, ĝe,
1523:"general" (adjective) and
1468:
733:
343:Europe–Democracy–Esperanto
280:Organizations and services
5135:
5112:
5078:
5055:
5027:
4978:
4955:
4922:
4894:
4834:
4800:
4767:
4684:
4599:
4569:
4497:
4459:
4322:
4299:
4226:
4156:
4078:
4069:
4014:
3345:feature a language named
3275:The US television series
2991:Esperanto manual alphabet
2674:esperanta radikala asocio
2486:(13th). The abbreviation
2209:Simon Edward Adrian Payne
2118:plus ku', ikso, ipsilono,
2113:ĥi kaj ĵi, eŝ, eŭ kaj ze,
1713:a, bo, co, ĉo, do, e, fo,
1464:
1298:. Beside the dual use of
468:Linguistic discrimination
3882:Nia Fundamento sub lupeo
3619:
3328:in the Juliamo alphabet.
3117:American manual alphabet
2442:may be used to indicate
2420:Li enspezis $ 3'300'000.
2025:and being confused with
1756:ISO basic Latin alphabet
1457:(despite there being no
1345:, to avoid this effect.
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
744:, with the exception of
338:European Esperanto Union
288:World Esperanto Congress
3924:5 February 2021 at the
3768:Plena analiza gramatiko
3743:Plena analiza gramatiko
3698:Shaw's use of inverted
3689:, even from each other.
3338:The Expression Amrilato
2652:). It is also used for
2549:'a bird of this land'.
2521:The proximate particle
2230:Gerrit François Makkink
2141:here is the ABC column)
2069:: The lines start with
2053:to distinguish it from
2029:The diphthong offglide
2013:distinguishing it from
1993:, and the English name
1605:as Belarusian Cyrillic
145:Declaration of Boulogne
139:Fundamento de Esperanto
3643:
3637:
3329:
3324:
3304:
3174:
3162:
3161:are not distinguished.
3137:
3121:French manual alphabet
3098:
2995:Esperanto versions of
2708:
2611:of proper names, like
2498:(&) is not found.
2478:may be superscripted:
2338:cx, gx, hx, jx, sx, ux
1854:as well as the nasals
1527:"journal". The letter
1430:, as Esperanto has no
1388:if a consonant, or as
580:
571:
562:
553:
544:
535:
526:
517:
506:
246:Pop culture references
35:
4347:Classical orthography
4181:Standard Written Form
3317:
3295:
3224:takes the letter for
3168:
3143:
3135:
3093:
2702:
2672:which stands for the
2293:ASCII transliteration
1511:, rather than Slavic
635:marks and by various
629:Latin-script alphabet
353:Skolta Esperanto Ligo
293:Akademio de Esperanto
150:Montevideo Resolution
33:
4417:Montenegrin alphabet
3951:Starling (ca. 2013)
3756:voicing assimilation
3341:and its 2021 sequel
3101:There is a proposed
2123:jen la abece-kolono.
1900:ba–va, co–so, ĉo–ŝo,
1836:co–so, co–to), lo–ro
1075:Principal IPA values
833:sounds, consonantal
645:mathematical symbols
453:Constructed language
348:Panamerican Congress
313:Esperanto Youth Week
3017:
2752:
2194:Erich-Dieter Krause
1772:kuo, ikso, ipsilono
1754:The letters of the
736:Esperanto phonology
502:Esperanto Knowledge
160:Manifesto of Prague
24:Part of a series on
3936:Dr Signuno (2016)
3330:
3305:
3175:
3163:
3145:antaŭ kvar monatoj
3138:
3119:, but also of the
3099:
3013:
2750:
2742:, usually italic.
2709:
2502:are also avoided.
2314:ch, gh, hh, jh, sh
2177:Spelling alphabets
2063:el, om, en, o, pa.
1977:; the French name
1946:and the voiceless
1543:of the diphthongs
1531:stands for either
1423:generally becomes
1394:⟨th⟩
1358:⟨qu⟩
1296:⟨dz⟩
448:Auxiliary language
187:Esperanto movement
155:Manifesto of Rauma
36:
5153:
5152:
4595:
4594:
4444:Cyrillic alphabet
4407:Cyrillic alphabet
4337:Cyrillic alphabet
4186:Kernowek Standard
4008:world's languages
3799:Gaston Waringhien
3704:⟨ŋ⟩
3700:⟨h⟩
3576:
3575:
3187:⟨s⟩
3183:⟨n⟩
3080:
3079:
2987:Esperanto Braille
2983:
2982:
2729:⟨₷⟩
2644:(the Zamenhofs),
2592:"an Englishman",
2187:literuma alfabeto
2183:spelling alphabet
2171:aitch as in house
2055:⟨n⟩
2047:⟨m⟩
2031:⟨ŭ⟩
2019:⟨z⟩
2015:⟨b⟩
2003:⟨v⟩
1999:⟨r⟩
1991:⟨ĥ⟩
1985:, the Greek name
1983:⟨ĵ⟩
1975:⟨k⟩
1967:⟨h⟩
1959:⟨k⟩
1955:⟨t⟩
1951:⟨p⟩
1944:⟨h⟩
1919:(be, ce, de, ge),
1862:Gaston Waringhien
1776:⟨w⟩
1768:⟨y⟩
1764:⟨x⟩
1760:⟨q⟩
1707:simply tacked an
1575:⟨ù⟩
1382:⟨y⟩
1374:⟨x⟩
1366:⟨w⟩
1350:⟨c⟩
1300:⟨j⟩
1284:
1283:
718:Standard alphabet
622:
621:
333:Plouézec Meetings
5178:
4076:
4075:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3974:
3973:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3953:La Ŝava Alfabeto
3949:
3943:
3934:
3928:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3900:
3893:
3884:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3827:
3825:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3752:
3746:
3739:
3719:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3690:
3671:
3665:
3654:
3648:
3646:
3640:
3630:
3378:
3377:
3343:Distant Memoraĵo
3327:
3271:
3267:
3255:
3251:
3227:
3211:
3188:
3184:
3179:Shavian alphabet
3076:
3066:
3056:
3046:
3036:
3026:
3018:
3012:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2730:
2633:
2629:
2430:exclamation mark
2415:
2414:
2411:
2344:"to change" and
2073:and finish with
2056:
2048:
2032:
2020:
2016:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1798:(German V), and
1778:has been called
1777:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1638:Washington, D.C.
1576:
1556:Łacinka alphabet
1483:for the letters
1456:
1429:
1412:
1395:
1383:
1375:
1367:
1359:
1351:
1340:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1085:
863:
862:
859:
840:
829:transcribes two
824:
811:
800:
789:
778:
767:
754:
627:is written in a
614:
607:
600:
585:
576:
567:
558:
549:
540:
531:
522:
513:
511:
368:
281:
230:Literatura Mondo
180:
100:
76:
51:
40:
21:
20:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5131:
5108:
5081:Native American
5074:
5051:
5023:
4974:
4951:
4918:
4890:
4830:
4796:
4763:
4680:
4591:
4565:
4493:
4455:
4403:Serbo-Croatian
4318:
4295:
4222:
4213:Scottish Gaelic
4196:Unified Cornish
4176:Kernewek Kemmyn
4152:
4065:
4010:
4001:
3971:
3970:
3962:
3958:
3950:
3946:
3935:
3931:
3926:Wayback Machine
3917:Signuno (2011)
3916:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3894:
3887:
3879:
3875:
3867:
3863:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3796:
3792:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3766:
3762:
3753:
3749:
3740:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3703:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3672:
3668:
3655:
3651:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3581:
3361:
3355:
3309:Cyrillic script
3186:
3182:
3130:
3105:as part of the
3103:manual alphabet
3074:
3064:
3054:
3044:
3034:
3024:
3015:
2993:
2985:Main articles:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2748:
2728:
2715:
2697:
2695:Spesmilo symbol
2650:Proto-Esperanto
2642:la geZamenhofoj
2631:
2630:Kálmán, Leslie
2627:
2582:
2553:Quotation marks
2529:'this one' and
2474:and accusative
2412:
2409:
2407:
2390:correlatives):
2374:
2301:
2295:
2179:
2054:
2046:
2030:
2018:
2014:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1911:Kálmán Kalocsay
1775:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1702:
1670:
1574:
1473:
1471:Proto-Esperanto
1467:
1413:, as Esperanto
1393:
1381:
1373:
1365:
1357:
1349:
1299:
1295:
972:Minuscule forms
877:capital letters
868:Majuscule forms
738:
732:
720:
618:
589:
588:
500:
481:
473:
472:
443:
435:
434:
390:Czech Republic
370:
366:
358:
357:
283:
279:
271:
270:
236:Native speakers
182:
178:
170:
169:
132:La Esperantisto
112:Proto-Esperanto
102:
98:
90:
89:
67:
53:
49:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5184:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5141:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5122:Haitian Creole
5118:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5085:
5083:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5061:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5033:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4985:
4983:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4961:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4928:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4900:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4866:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4807:
4805:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4773:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4690:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4616:
4611:
4605:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4503:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4465:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4449:Latin alphabet
4446:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4412:Latin alphabet
4409:
4401:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4342:Latin alphabet
4339:
4328:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4305:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4258:
4253:
4251:Istro-Romanian
4248:
4243:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4191:Modern Cornish
4188:
4183:
4178:
4168:
4162:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4026:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4000:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3977:
3969:
3968:
3956:
3944:
3929:
3910:
3901:
3885:
3873:
3861:
3844:
3817:
3801:, ed. (2005).
3790:
3772:
3760:
3747:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3691:
3666:
3649:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3587:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3569:Spesmilo sign
3567:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3390:HTML entities
3388:
3385:
3382:
3354:
3353:Computer input
3351:
3278:Resident Alien
3171:Resident Alien
3150:Resident Alien
3129:
3126:
3085:ch, gh, jh, sh
3078:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3022:
2981:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2867:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2747:
2744:
2711:Main article:
2696:
2693:
2585:Capitalization
2581:
2580:Capitalization
2578:
2547:ĉi-landa birdo
2500:Roman numerals
2399:
2398:
2386:"that" or the
2373:
2370:
2297:Main article:
2294:
2291:
2267:
2266:
2245:
2244:
2228:A proposal by
2226:
2225:
2207:A proposal by
2205:
2204:
2178:
2175:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1735:may be called
1719:may be called
1701:
1698:
1669:
1666:
1466:
1463:
1455:/t͜ʃaŋɡd͜ʒou̯/
1282:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
985:
984:
967:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
881:
880:
852:) and vocalic
734:Main article:
731:
728:
719:
716:
649:L. L. Zamenhof
639:, such as the
620:
619:
617:
616:
609:
602:
594:
591:
590:
587:
586:
577:
568:
559:
550:
541:
532:
523:
514:
498:
493:
488:
482:
479:
478:
475:
474:
471:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
444:
442:Related topics
441:
440:
437:
436:
433:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
371:
364:
363:
360:
359:
356:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
328:Pasporta Servo
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
284:
277:
276:
273:
272:
269:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
226:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
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183:
176:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
135:
128:
121:
114:
109:
103:
96:
95:
92:
91:
88:
87:
82:
77:
65:
60:
54:
47:
46:
43:
42:
34:Esperanto flag
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5183:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5111:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5077:
5071:
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5066:
5063:
5062:
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5054:
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5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4977:
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4968:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4948:
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4940:
4938:
4935:
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4930:
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4927:
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4915:
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4907:
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4887:
4884:
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4879:
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4862:
4858:
4855:
4853:
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4833:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4799:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4769:Tungus—Manchu
4766:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4656:
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4625:
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4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4588:
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4580:
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4575:
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4568:
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4537:
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4422:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
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4382:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
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4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4254:
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4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4071:Indo-European
4068:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4024:Orthographies
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4004:Orthographies
3998:
3993:
3991:
3986:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3966:
3963:Ager, Simon.
3960:
3954:
3948:
3941:
3940:
3933:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3914:
3905:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3883:
3880:G F Makkink:
3877:
3870:
3865:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3820:
3818:2-9502432-8-2
3814:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3769:
3764:
3758:of consonants
3757:
3754:Disregarding
3751:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3731:
3717:
3695:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3663:
3662:zinko – ŝinko
3659:
3653:
3645:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3625:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3326:
3321:
3318:An Esperanto
3316:
3312:
3310:
3302:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3273:
3263:
3259:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3207:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3180:
3172:
3167:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3134:
3128:Other scripts
3125:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3011:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2988:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2868:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2714:
2706:
2701:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2654:Russian-style
2651:
2647:
2646:pra-Esperanto
2643:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2545:'this year',
2544:
2540:
2537:'this year',
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2426:question mark
2422:
2421:
2417:
2404:
2403:decimal point
2396:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2318:ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2012:
2008:
2001:. The letter
1996:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1832:ĥo–ko), co–ĉo
1829:
1825:
1824:minimal pairs
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1731:(a hat), and
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:lingua franca
1559:
1557:
1554:
1551:resemble the
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:/vint͜ʃester/
1409:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1346:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1293:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1108:
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1101:
1098:
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1080:
1079:
1076:
1072:
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1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
986:
982:
981:small letters
978:
975:(also called
974:
973:
968:
882:
878:
874:
871:(also called
870:
869:
864:
861:
857:
851:
849:
845:sound, as in
844:
841:(the English
838:
832:
828:
822:
817:
816:
809:
804:
798:
793:
787:
782:
776:
771:
765:
760:
759:
752:
747:
743:
737:
727:
725:
715:
714:
712:
706:
704:
698:
694:
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686:
682:
678:
674:
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665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
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638:
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615:
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608:
603:
601:
596:
595:
593:
592:
584:
583:
578:
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574:
569:
566:
565:
560:
557:
556:
551:
548:
547:
542:
539:
538:
533:
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529:
524:
521:
520:
515:
510:
509:
503:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
483:
477:
476:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
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454:
451:
449:
446:
445:
439:
438:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
369:
362:
361:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
285:
282:
275:
274:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
231:
227:
225:
224:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
184:
181:
174:
173:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
140:
136:
134:
133:
129:
127:
126:
122:
120:
119:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
104:
101:
94:
93:
86:
83:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
55:
52:
45:
44:
41:
32:
28:
27:
23:
22:
19:
5144:
5065:Massachusett
5029:Austronesian
4143:West Frisian
4049:Prepositions
4023:
3959:
3947:
3937:
3932:
3913:
3904:
3881:
3876:
3868:
3864:
3856:
3847:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3822:. Retrieved
3803:
3793:
3785:bertilow.com
3784:
3775:
3767:
3763:
3750:
3742:
3694:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3628:
3362:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3334:visual novel
3331:
3306:
3300:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3264:, which are
3261:
3257:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3176:
3170:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3144:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3084:
3081:
3007:
3005:
2994:
2739:
2732:
2718:
2716:
2704:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2662:Reta Vortaro
2661:
2657:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2624:family names
2619:
2612:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2574:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2456:kaj tiel plu
2455:
2451:
2447:
2438:
2428:(?) and the
2423:
2419:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2375:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2340:. The words
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2246:
2240:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2170:
2166:
2163:(eŝ ĉapela),
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2057:; the vowel
2050:
2042:
2039:phonotactics
2034:
2026:
2023:palatalizing
2010:
2006:
1994:
1986:
1981:is used for
1978:
1970:
1962:
1942:is used for
1939:
1935:
1925:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1890:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1828:ĵo–ĝo, ĥo–ho
1827:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:(double V),
1779:
1771:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1682:acute accent
1671:
1657:
1649:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1562:
1560:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:circumflexes
1474:
1458:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1347:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1285:
1074:
980:
976:
970:
876:
872:
866:
847:
846:
842:
826:
813:
802:
791:
780:
769:
756:
745:
739:
730:Sound values
724:Latin script
721:
708:
700:
696:
690:
667:
659:
655:
653:
623:
555:Vikikomunejo
430:Soviet Union
323:Encyclopedia
266:Zamenhof Day
251:Publications
228:
223:Libera Folio
221:
137:
130:
123:
116:
68:
18:
5137:Constructed
4896:Niger–Congo
4836:Afroasiatic
4694:Azerbaijani
4627:orthography
4392:orthography
4377:orthography
4136:orthography
4039:Determiners
4019:Phonologies
3770:, § 22
3745:, § 17
3585:Orthography
3113:logographic
3016:Morse code
2634:Kwok Wing.
2609:initialisms
2596:"English",
2494:(and); the
2444:initialisms
2372:Punctuation
1921:but before
1811:initialisms
1692:instead of
1674:handwriting
1646:Mexico City
1479:instead of
1428:/t͜ʃand͜ʒo/
1396:is read as
1352:is read as
697:c, g, h, j,
695:– that is,
664:diacritical
633:punctuation
573:Vikinovaĵoj
537:Vikifontaro
519:Vikivortaro
463:Homaranismo
197:Esperantujo
192:Esperantist
69:Orthography
5160:Categories
5127:Papiamento
5014:Vietnamese
4981:East Asian
4618:Hungarian
4527:Hindustani
4499:Indo-Aryan
4364:Macedonian
4332:Belarusian
4314:Lithuanian
4276:Portuguese
4034:Adjectives
3835:ĝermana vo
3824:23 January
3726:References
3357:See also:
3001:Morse code
2670:espERAnto,
2638:Camel case
2562:guillemets
2519:Kálmán-on.
2515:Kalocsay-n
2289:for zero.
2167:(ha brueta
2049:is called
1938:The vowel
1933:fricatives
1866:obstruents
1800:ĝermana vo
1796:germana vo
1725:co ĉapela,
1668:Variations
1553:Belarusian
1469:See also:
1403:Winchester
831:allophonic
703:circumflex
582:Vikivojaĵo
564:Vikispecoj
546:Vikilibroj
528:Vikicitaro
491:Task force
367:By country
202:Literature
118:Unua Libro
80:Vocabulary
5166:Esperanto
5145:Esperanto
5094:Inuktitut
5004:Mongolian
4947:Malayalam
4924:Dravidian
4654:Mordvinic
4539:Maldivian
4439:Ukrainian
4354:Bulgarian
4236:Aromanian
4123:Norwegian
4118:Icelandic
4088:Afrikaans
3831:duobla vo
3384:Codepoint
3248:that for
3232:value of
3230:Castilian
3206:a e i o u
3197:'or' and
3169:The full
3014:Esperanto
2558:Em dashes
2496:ampersand
2083:abecedary
2067:ABC rhyme
2033:is named
2009:vowel of
1936:(ef, es).
1930:voiceless
1923:sonorants
1780:duobla vo
1741:u luneta,
1737:ŭo luneta
1721:ĉo ĉapela
1654:Guatemala
1650:Gvatemalo
1634:Vaŝintono
1609:bears to
1571:ĉ ĝ ĥ ĵ ŝ
1448:Changzhou
1420:Changzhou
1408:Vinĉester
977:lowercase
873:uppercase
637:logograms
625:Esperanto
508:Vikipedio
480:Wikimedia
261:Profanity
241:Libraries
217:La Espero
125:Dua Libro
85:Etymology
63:Phonology
39:Esperanto
5089:Cherokee
5042:Hawaiian
5037:Filipino
4970:Okinawan
4965:Japanese
4874:Biblical
4848:Aramaic
4826:Georgian
4803:European
4644:Livonian
4634:Karelian
4622:alphabet
4609:Estonian
4582:Armenian
4577:Albanian
4522:Gurmukhi
4517:Gujarati
4399:Silesian
4387:alphabet
4383:Russian
4372:alphabet
4286:Sicilian
4281:Romanian
4269:alphabet
4131:alphabet
4127:Swedish
4080:Germanic
4054:Pronouns
4029:Grammars
3922:Archived
3859:(p. 93).
3857:Jarlibro
3579:See also
3322:showing
3097:alphabet
2736:monogram
2727:) sign,
2720:spesmilo
2713:Spesmilo
2628:Kalocsay
2605:acronyms
2560:(—...),
2535:(ĉi jaro
2330:ses-hora
2306:digraphs
2273:'6' and
2234:Varsovio
2075:a a e e.
2041:besides
2005:has the
1987:ĥi (chi)
1948:plosives
1926:(el, en)
1813:such as
1804:Germanic
1790:below),
1705:Zamenhof
1662:Brighton
1658:Brajtono
1632:, as in
1567:dead key
1521:ĝenerala
1335:ekzemplo
656:q, w, x,
425:Slovakia
410:Malaysia
380:Bulgaria
107:Zamenhof
50:Language
5099:Nahuatl
4989:Chinese
4957:Japonic
4942:Kannada
4881:Maltese
4852:Aramaic
4744:Turkmen
4739:Turkish
4704:Crimean
4699:Bashkir
4614:Finnish
4551:Marathi
4507:Bengali
4484:Persian
4474:Kurdish
4469:Avestan
4461:Iranian
4434:Sorbian
4429:Slovene
4368:Polish
4309:Latvian
4291:Spanish
4256:Italian
4241:Catalan
4228:Romance
4171:Cornish
4148:Yiddish
4108:Faroese
4103:English
4006:of the
3942:, p. 2.
3714:are in
3681:, also
3566:U+20B7
3552:U+016D
3538:U+016C
3524:U+015D
3510:U+015C
3496:U+0135
3482:U+0134
3468:U+0125
3454:U+0124
3440:U+011D
3426:U+011C
3412:U+0109
3398:U+0108
3369:Unicode
3365:Latin-3
3347:Juliamo
3320:pangram
3298:pangram
3236:before
3210:/æɛɪəɒ/
3193:'the',
3108:Signuno
3095:Signuno
3008:Aŭroro,
2997:braille
2543:ĉi-jare
2539:esti ĉi
2468:Doktoro
2440:Periods
2362:jxauxde
2358:sxangxi
2350:shanghi
2277:'7' to
2079:w, x, y
2071:a i a i
1882:ĥ, m, l
1878:h, n, r
1848:voicing
1648:", and
1642:Meksiko
1525:ĵurnalo
1452:Ĉangĝoŭ
1318:before
1292:digraph
666:marks:
496:Outline
420:Romania
395:Hungary
375:Austria
256:Symbols
179:Culture
99:History
73:Braille
58:Grammar
5114:Creole
5079:other
5070:Ojibwe
4999:Korean
4993:Dungan
4979:other
4937:Telugu
4886:Somali
4869:Hebrew
4857:Syriac
4844:Arabic
4821:Dargwa
4816:Basque
4811:Abkhaz
4801:other
4787:Manchu
4782:Evenki
4749:Uyghur
4724:Kyrgyz
4719:Khakas
4714:Kazakh
4709:Gagauz
4686:Turkic
4676:Udmurt
4664:Erzyan
4659:Moksha
4601:Uralic
4561:Romani
4544:Thaana
4512:Chakma
4479:Pashto
4424:Slovak
4324:Slavic
4301:Baltic
4260:Latin
4246:French
4166:Breton
4158:Celtic
4113:German
4093:Danish
3815:
3781:"PMEG"
3634:French
3244:, and
3228:, the
2725:specie
2723:(1000
2632:Cheung
2590:(anglo
2531:ĉi tie
2527:ĉi tiu
2507:hyphen
2448:k.t.p.
2380:Commas
2354:jhaude
2214:Monato
1856:mo–no.
1838:, and
1729:ĉapelo
1684:(e.g.
1678:macron
1499:, and
1481:carons
1465:Origin
1380:, and
641:digits
415:Poland
385:China
5104:Osage
5057:Algic
5047:Malay
5019:Nivkh
4932:Tamil
4909:Sotho
4792:Udege
4759:Yakut
4754:Uzbek
4734:Tatar
4729:Nogai
4649:Mansi
4587:Greek
4570:other
4489:Tajik
4359:Czech
4218:Welsh
4203:Irish
4098:Dutch
4059:Verbs
4044:Nouns
3683:ŭa-ŭa
3679:korpo
3675:golfo
3620:Notes
3381:Glyph
3266:/ʊuː/
3087:etc.
2731:, an
2598:usona
2594:angla
2570:colon
2568:or a
2566:comma
2413:678,9
2346:ĵaŭde
2342:ŝanĝi
2283:sepen
2223:zorgi
2202:Zinko
1904:ĝa–ĵa
1844:vo–bo
1840:ŭo–vo
1819:etc.,
1749:-et-.
1743:from
1727:from
1425:Ĉanĝo
1316:]
1312:[
1288:/d͜z/
858:]
854:[
839:]
835:[
823:]
819:[
810:]
806:[
799:]
795:[
788:]
784:[
777:]
773:[
766:]
762:[
753:]
749:[
711:breve
405:Korea
400:Japan
207:Music
5009:Thai
4904:Fula
4777:Even
4671:Sámi
4639:Komi
4556:Odia
4532:Urdu
4208:Manx
3826:2014
3813:ISBN
3710:and
3702:for
3687:vavo
3685:and
3677:and
3660:and
3641:and
3387:Name
3373:WGL4
3367:and
3307:The
3285:and
3270:/mn/
3260:and
3240:and
3216:and
3185:and
3177:The
3157:and
2999:and
2989:and
2707:sign
2703:The
2666:revo
2660:for
2658:ReVo
2614:TEJO
2607:and
2505:The
2466:for
2460:D-ro
2454:for
2424:The
2356:and
2324:for
2320:and
2316:for
2287:nulo
2281:and
2247:The
2137:(kaj
2085:is:
1997:for
1989:for
1973:for
1969:and
1965:for
1928:and
1876:are
1842:(or
1834:(or
1830:(or
1817:for
1806:V).
1784:vavo
1770:are
1745:luno
1660:for
1628:and
1593:and
1585:and
1547:and
1515:and
1507:and
1442:and
1339:/ɡz/
1322:and
1306:and
707:and
699:and
689:and
658:and
212:Film
4914:Vai
3833:aŭ
3712:/ŋ/
3708:/h/
3254:/h/
3250:/ŋ/
3226:/θ/
3199:kaj
2620:ktp
2517:or
2492:kaj
2482:or
2480:13a
2464:Dro
2462:or
2452:ktp
2450:or
2410:345
2388:ki-
2308:in
2279:sis
2275:sep
2271:ses
2211:in
2159:ha,
2157:vs
2153:or
2149:vs
2043:aŭ,
2035:eŭ,
2027:ĵi.
2011:ĵi,
1902:or
1868:to
1815:ktp
1792:vuo
1739:or
1723:or
1696:).
1688:or
1680:or
1640:",
1535:or
1446:in
1434:or
1384:as
1376:as
1368:as
1360:as
1333:of
1308:/n/
1304:/m/
1139:d͜ʒ
1104:t͜ʃ
1097:t͜s
979:or
875:or
775:d͡ʒ
764:t͡ʃ
751:t͡s
742:IPA
458:Ido
5162::
3888:^
3828:.
3811:.
3807:.
3783:.
3734:^
3612:,
3608:,
3604:,
3600:,
3596:,
3592:,
3563:₷
3549:ŭ
3535:Ŭ
3521:ŝ
3507:Ŝ
3493:ĵ
3479:Ĵ
3465:ĥ
3451:Ĥ
3437:ĝ
3423:Ĝ
3409:ĉ
3395:Ĉ
3272:.
3220:.
3195:aŭ
3191:la
3071:Ŭ
3061:Ŝ
3051:Ĵ
3041:Ĥ
3031:Ĝ
3021:Ĉ
2979:y
2972:x
2965:w
2958:q
2951:z
2944:v
2937:ŭ
2930:u
2923:t
2916:ŝ
2909:s
2902:r
2895:p
2888:o
2881:n
2874:m
2865:l
2858:k
2851:ĵ
2844:j
2837:i
2830:ĥ
2823:h
2816:ĝ
2809:g
2802:f
2795:e
2788:d
2781:ĉ
2774:c
2767:b
2760:a
2740:Sm
2733:Sm
2705:Sm
2689:vi
2685:Vi
2681:ci
2572:.
2523:ĉi
2511:-o
2484:13
2446::
2436:.
2408:12
2384:ke
2360:,
2352:,
2262:~
2217::
2196::
2151:eŝ
2147:es
2051:om
1995:ar
1979:ĵi
1971:ka
1963:ha
1957:,
1953:,
1906:.
1788:va
1774:;
1766:,
1762:,
1709:-o
1664:.
1630:gu
1626:qu
1624:,
1620:,
1613:.
1558:.
1549:eŭ
1545:aŭ
1513:dž
1495:,
1491:,
1487:,
1450::
1436:ou
1432:ng
1378:ks
1372:,
1364:,
1362:kv
1356:,
1331:kz
1326:.
1294:,
1264:u̯
1173:i̯
1170:,
1069:z
1057:t
1033:l
1009:g
983:)
965:Z
953:T
929:L
905:G
879:)
860:.
856:i̯
850:ou
825:.
821:u̯
812:,
801:,
790:,
779:,
768:,
726:.
709:u
701:s
683:,
679:,
675:,
671:,
4995:)
4991:(
3996:e
3989:t
3982:v
3787:.
3718:.
3647:.
3644:é
3638:è
3614:₷
3610:Ŭ
3606:Ŝ
3602:Ĵ
3598:Ĥ
3594:Ĝ
3590:Ĉ
3287:v
3283:u
3262:n
3258:m
3246:ĥ
3242:i
3238:e
3234:c
3222:C
3218:u
3214:o
3159:v
3155:u
2976:⠽
2969:⠭
2962:⠾
2955:⠟
2948:⠵
2941:⠧
2934:⠬
2927:⠥
2920:⠞
2913:⠮
2906:⠎
2899:⠗
2892:⠏
2885:⠕
2878:⠝
2871:⠍
2862:⠇
2855:⠅
2848:⠺
2841:⠚
2834:⠊
2827:⠳
2820:⠓
2813:⠻
2806:⠛
2799:⠋
2792:⠑
2785:⠙
2778:⠩
2771:⠉
2764:⠃
2757:⠁
2648:(
2616:,
2488:k
2476:n
2472:a
2416:,
2366:x
2334:x
2326:ŭ
2322:u
2310:h
2185:(
2155:a
2059:o
2007:i
1940:a
1915:e
1874:a
1870:a
1802:(
1733:ŭ
1717:ĉ
1694:ĝ
1690:ǵ
1686:ḡ
1652:"
1644:"
1636:"
1622:w
1618:x
1611:у
1607:ў
1603:u
1599:ŭ
1595:š
1591:č
1587:ŝ
1583:ĉ
1579:ŭ
1541:ŭ
1537:w
1533:v
1529:v
1517:ž
1509:ĵ
1505:ĝ
1501:ŝ
1497:ĵ
1493:ĥ
1489:ĝ
1485:ĉ
1459:g
1444:u
1440:g
1415:ŭ
1398:t
1390:i
1386:j
1370:v
1354:k
1343:o
1324:k
1320:g
1314:ŋ
1278:z
1271:v
1257:u
1250:t
1243:ʃ
1236:s
1229:r
1222:p
1215:o
1208:n
1201:m
1194:l
1187:k
1180:ʒ
1167:j
1160:i
1153:x
1146:h
1132:ɡ
1125:f
1118:e
1111:d
1090:b
1083:a
1066:v
1063:ŭ
1060:u
1054:ŝ
1051:s
1048:r
1045:p
1042:o
1039:n
1036:m
1030:k
1027:ĵ
1024:j
1021:i
1018:ĥ
1015:h
1012:ĝ
1006:f
1003:e
1000:d
997:ĉ
994:c
991:b
988:a
962:V
959:Ŭ
956:U
950:Ŝ
947:S
944:R
941:P
938:O
935:N
932:M
926:K
923:Ĵ
920:J
917:I
914:Ĥ
911:H
908:Ĝ
902:F
899:E
896:D
893:Ĉ
890:C
887:B
884:A
848:y
843:y
837:j
827:J
815:ŭ
808:ʃ
803:ŝ
797:ʒ
792:ĵ
786:x
781:ĥ
770:ĝ
758:ĉ
746:c
713:.
705:,
692:ŭ
687:,
685:ŝ
681:ĵ
677:ĥ
673:ĝ
669:ĉ
660:y
613:e
606:t
599:v
512:)
504:(
75:)
71:(
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