114:
the earth as their sack,....the serpent race as the cords, the betel pouch as a secret pocket,... by land routes and water routes penetrating into the regions of the six continents, with superior elephants, well-bred horses, large sapphires, moonstones, pearls, rubies, diamonds,...cardamoms, cloves, sandal, camphor, musk, saffron and other perfumes and drugs, by selling which wholesale or hawking about on their shoulders, preventing the loss by customs duties, they fill up the emperor's treasury of gold, his treasury of jewels, and his armoury of weapons; and from the rest they daily bestow gifts on pundits and munis; white umbrellas as their canopy, the mighty ocean as their moat, Indra as the hand-guard of their swords, Varuna as the standard bearer, Kubera as the treasurer,...
57:, some of whom seem to have become involved in the trading activities of the Five Hundred. But most of the Ayyavolu Lords were merchants, especially those engaged in long-distance trade. Their inscriptions between the 9th and 14th centuries record their endowments made to temples and throw light on their trading activities or commodities.
177:, and the Mumuridandas; and they were the recipients of five hundred hero edicts. Of these, the Ubhayananadesis were a unit of merchants derived from all quarters and countries, consisting of Desis, Paradesis and Nanadesis, while the Gavares derived their name as a body of merchants worshipping God Gavaresvara.
224:
guild became a big overreaching guild of
Southern India, most of the existing indigenous and local trade guilds became associated with it. The Manigramam and nanadesi guilds joined the Ayyavole-500. Due to the various Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia and the support provided by the Cholas to
123:
The Five
Hundred were an itinerant group that became a community because of their operations. In comparison to other guilds, they were considered the most flamboyant. Together with another guild of merchants called Manigramam, the guild of Five Hundred were found in ports and commercial centres. They
113:
Famed throughout the world, adorned with many good qualities, truth, purity, good conduct, policy, condescension, and prudence; protectors of the vira-Bananju-dharma , having 32 veloma, 18 cities, 64 yoga-pithas, and asramas at the four points of the compass; born to be wanderers over many countries,
216:
and dated to 1090 CE under the reign of the Ganga king
Anantavarmadeva. Another Telugu inscription records a similar grant to the same Ainuttava-Perumballi by the Chief Mahamandaleshvara Kulotungga Prithvisvara. The inscriptions suggest that the Anjuvannam people were patronized by the Ayyavole-500
204:
A fragmentary Chera inscription datable to 1000 CE in the reign of
Bhaskara Ravi, found on three broken stones in a mosque in Pandalayini-Kollam (near Kozhikode), refers to Valanjiyar and other merchants found in the assembly of Ayyavole-500 trade guild. The Ayyavole-500 were simply called
135:
Evidences show that the erection of temples and mathas depended upon royal patronage and mercantile guilds like
Ayyavolu, Nakaramu and Komatis who supported temple building activity. Similarly temple building activity also depended upon guilds of architects or the Acharyas of the
172:
were the protectors of the Vira-Balanja dharma (aka Vira-Bananja dharma) and followed the Vira-Banaja-Samaya. According to an inscription dated 1240 CE found at
Chintapalli in Guntur district, the Vira-Balanja Samaya (a trade corporation) consisted of Ubhayananadesis, the
547:
The body of
Gavares seems to have derived its name from worshipping god Gavaresvara, one of the gods , referred to in the prasasti of the Vira Balañjyas , as having been worshipped by them Mummuridaṇḍas was another component sect of the Vira Balañjya
192:). The Mummuridandas were warriors first and merchants next. An inscription of 1177 AD from Kurugodu, Bellary explicitly states that the Mummuridandas were an offshoot of the 'Five Hundred' who were eminent in Aryapura, that is, Aihole or Ayyavole (
148:
The lords of
Ayyavolu were called Vira-Balanjas. The term Vira-Balanja in Kannada and Vira-Valanjiyar in Tamil, Vira-Balija in Telugu, all of them mean "valiant merchants". These merchants styled themselves as protectors of Vira Balanja Dharma
124:
endowed temples, fed
Brahmans, and contributed to the maintenance of irrigation works. Their inscriptions dot the entire southern peninsula, tracing an inter-regional and international network of merchants. Some of these merchants were called "
161:, which refers to the grant of certain toll-income (Magama) on articles of trade, such as cotton, yarn, cloth, etc., made by the Veera-Balanja merchant guild of Ayyavolu, for the lamp-offerings of God Sangamesvara of that village.
101:. They were protectors of the Veera-Banaju-Dharma, that is, law of the heroic or noble merchants. The Bull was their symbol which they displayed on their flag; and they had a reputation for being daring and enterprising.
508:
In one of the early inscriptions of the merchants from
Chintapalli in Guntur District of the year A.D. 1240, it is mentioned that Ubhaya Nanadesis, Gavares and Mummaridandas as protectors of Vira Balanja
561:
The body of Gavares seems to have derived its name from worshipping God Gavaresvara ... The Mummuridandas , probably , represented the advance guard of the trading caravan " . Another body of traders
523:
One record from Chintapalli 26 in the Guntur district , dated S. 1162 , states the Virabalamja - samaya was composed of the Ubhaya - nanadesi , the Gavares and the Mummiridandas.
109:
The following passage on the guild of Ayyavolu merchants is taken from an inscription dated 1055 CE and summarises their activities and commodities:
233:
city-state based on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia). This is well documented in an inscription of the Ayyavole guild of the year 1088 AD found in
494:
A Chintapalli record of S. 1162 mentions that the Ubhaya - Nānādēsi , Mummuridandas and Gavares were the protectors of the Vira - Balanja - Dharma.
212:
In Visakhapatnam, three inscriptions were found, two in Telugu and one in Tamil. They were on the Ainuttava-perumballi (500 perumballi) in
711:
157:. There are several epigraphs available on the Veera-Balanjas. One example is an epigraph of 1531 CE from the Anilama village of
595:
Brahma Sri: Researches in Archaeology, History, and Culture in the New Millennium : Dr. P.V. Parabrahma Sastry Felicitation
706:
701:
603:
416:
132:" (or "of own country"). These traders were one of the conduits for transporting Indian culture to Southeast Asia.
225:
the Ayyavole guild, the Ayyavole guild emerged as a maritime power and continued to flourish in the kingdom of
397:
Ancient India and South Indian History & Culture: Papers on Indian History and Culture; India to A.D. 1300
324:
679:
196:). Trade corporations like Vira-Balanja-Samaya flourished under various empires despite wars and invasions.
45:. They have been mentioned in inscriptions from the 9th century CE. Aihole was formerly a major city of the
250:
696:
716:
500:
K. Sundaram, ed. (1968). "The Balanja Merchant Community of Medieval Andhra, (A. D. 1300 - 1600)".
184:(a guild) which was a body of Vaisya devotees of Nakaresvara and the Gavares which was a body of
8:
137:
140:
who also seem to have organised themselves into guilds based on geographical divisions.
676:
Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia
664:
Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia
652:
Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia
640:
Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia
301:
Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia
241:, Indonesia. South Indian merchants were also active in Burma and the Thai peninsula.
599:
412:
554:
501:
487:
46:
620:
593:
576:
540:
516:
468:
452:
435:
406:
395:
376:
313:
Peranakan Indians of Singapore and Melaka: Indian Babas and Nonyas--Chitty Melaka
72:
154:
94:
86:
42:
622:
A Study of the History and Culture of the Andhras: From stone age to feudalism
591:
690:
635:
503:
Studies in Economic and Social Conditions of Medieval Andhra, A. D. 1000-1600
437:
Studies in Economic and Social Conditions of Medieval Andhra, A. D. 1000-1600
230:
213:
98:
288:
238:
90:
194:
srimad aryya nama pura mukhyabhutar enip ainurvarind adavid anvay ayatar
260:
255:
181:
34:
578:
Cultural heritage of the Kakatiyas: a medieval kingdom of south India
226:
38:
303:
by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.xviii and p.181
542:
History of the Reddi Kingdoms (circa. 1325 A.D. to Circa 1448 A.D.)
378:
History of the Reddi Kingdoms (circa. 1325 A.D. to Circa 1448 A.D.)
158:
79:
180:
Some trade guilds were based on religious identities, such as the
165:
65:
54:
454:
Hindu and Muslim Religious Institutions, Andhra Desa, 1300-1600
393:
185:
174:
50:
30:
538:
234:
26:
592:
P. V. Parabrahma Sastry, Pedarapu Chenna Reddy, ed. (2004).
374:
678:
by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.10-12
618:
552:
33:
that provided trade links between trading communities in
666:
by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.165
654:
by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.164
470:
The quarterly journal of the Mythic society (Bangalore)
598:. Vol. 1. Sharada Publishing House. p. 169.
559:. Vol. 2. People's Publishing House. p. 52.
581:. District Council for Cultural Affairs. p. 59.
153:) and often figured in the inscriptions of medieval
485:
128:" (or "of many countries), while some were called "
574:
556:A Study of the History and Culture of the Andhras
450:
411:. Vol. 106. Anmol Publications. p. 86.
408:Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
217:guild and even treated as members of that guild.
190:Sri Gavaresvara divya deva sripada padmaradhakulu
688:
514:
168:mention that the organisation of Ayyavola, or
394:Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar, ed. (1941).
365:, Andhra Pradesh, by B. Rajendra Prasad, p.85
539:Mallampalli Somasekhara Sarma, ed. (1948).
521:. Institute of Asian Studies. p. 120.
499:
433:
404:
375:Mallampalli Sōmaśēkharaśarma, ed. (1948).
625:. People's Publishing House. p. 125.
353:, by Burton Stein and David Arnold, p.121
328:, by Burton Stein and David Arnold, p.121
118:
619:Kambhampati Satyanarayana, ed. (1975).
553:Kambhampati Satyanarayana, ed. (1975).
280:
278:
276:
97:. They became more powerful under the
689:
473:. Mythic Society. 1991. p. 88-91.
440:. Triveni Publishers. p. 69-76.
400:. Oriental Book Agency. p. 801.
273:
492:. Vol. 6. Itihas. p. 74.
13:
545:. Andhra University. p. 396.
506:. Triveni Publishers. p. 72.
53:and a place with many temples and
14:
728:
486:T. Venkateswara Rao, ed. (1978).
381:. Andhra University. p. 397.
151:Vira Balanja Dharma Pratipalanulu
143:
60:The Five Hundred guild, known as
638:, K. Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja.
199:
669:
657:
645:
629:
612:
585:
575:S.Nagabhushan Rao, ed. (1993).
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477:
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451:Ravula Soma Reddy, ed. (1984).
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427:
712:Economic history of Tamil Nadu
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368:
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23:Five Hundred Lords of Ayyavole
16:Medieval Indian merchant guild
1:
707:Economic history of Karnataka
315:, by Samuel Dhoraisingam, p.3
266:
164:Copper-plate inscriptions of
515:Vasant K. Bawa, ed. (1975).
489:Prasasti of The Vira Balanja
220:It would seem that when the
7:
251:Trade Guilds of South India
244:
170:Ayyavola-enumbaru-swamigalu
10:
733:
702:Economic history of India
518:Aspects of Deccan History
434:K. Sundaram, ed. (1968).
405:S.S. Shashi, ed. (2000).
341:, by Burton Stein, p. 126
188:devotees of Gavaresvara (
457:. New Era. p. 110.
291:and David Arnold, p.120
116:
119:Origin and activities
111:
363:Art of South India
351:A History of India
339:A History of India
326:A History of India
285:A History of India
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697:Indian merchants
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144:Veera-Balanjas
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95:Southeast Asia
91:Southern India
89:, operated in
43:Andhra Pradesh
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239:West Sumatra
229:(a dominant
222:Ayyavole-500
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105:Description
691:Categories
267:References
261:Manigramam
256:Anjuvannam
209:in Tamil.
76:, Aryarupa
69:, Ayyavolu
35:Tamil Nadu
642:. p. 163.
227:Srivijaya
207:Ainuruvar
47:Chalukyas
39:Karnataka
245:See also
159:Cuddapah
126:nanadesi
80:Sanskrit
62:Ayyavole
55:brahmans
509:Dharma.
182:Nakaras
166:Nellore
130:swadesi
66:Kannada
602:
548:samaya
415:
186:Balija
175:Gavara
155:Andhra
99:Cholas
73:Telugu
51:Badami
31:Aihole
287:, by
235:Barus
87:Tamil
29:from
27:guild
600:ISBN
413:ISBN
93:and
41:and
21:The
237:of
85:in
78:in
71:in
64:in
49:of
693::
275:^
37:,
608:.
551:*
421:.
149:(
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