264:: they were originally mercenary troops who protected the prabhumukhyalu (chiefs) of different pekkandru guilds. They were hired by traders to ensure protection of itinerant groups and caravans, and also to ensure safety of trading settlements. They were warriors first and merchants next and had branched off from the Ayyavole-500 guild.
103:
Trade guilds were often independent bodies over which kings tried to exercise control; and sometimes failed. One such example relates to the bankers and money-changers of the
Bahmani Kingdom who ignored all warnings and melted all new coins that fell into their hands and supplied the metal to the
99:
Some trade guilds were very powerful and decided the fortunes of the kingdom. One example is the trade guild of
Nanadeshis who not only financed local development projects and temple-constructions but also lent money to the kings. The rulers did their best to accommodate the guilds because of the
249:
guild: also known as Nagara and
Nakaramu. They were a body of Vaishya devotees of Nakaresvara. Penugonda of Andhra-desa was their headquarters. They were known as Nagara swamis or Nakarasvamulu. The word is found in Kannada inscriptions as Nakara and Nakhara, cf, as also
30:
were formed by merchants in order to organise and expand their trading activities. Trade guilds became channels through which Indian culture was exported to other lands. From the 11th century to the 13th century, South Indian trade in
Southeast-Asia was dominated by the
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guild: were a group of various merchants. They find mention in the 14th century Tamil inscription recording the assurance of fair treatment by a local chief named
Annapota Reddi. The Nanadesi guild and the Manigramam guild later joined the
187:
and
Valanjiyar of south Ilangai (Sri Lanka) indicating that it had an influential position in that settlement. The merchants of Anjuvannam guild of Manigramam (of Kerala) were called Vanigar and were found along with the
55:
as foreign visitors from the eastern coast of India. In 1021 CE an inscription added
Dravidas to the list of maritime powers, and they were then replaced by the Colikas (Cholas), in the year 1053 AD. The
200:) of the 18-bhumi. They find mention in 1279 AD making some contribution to a local temple on the merchandise imported and exported at a local port (Nellore Inscriptions, I, Gudur 45).
88:
Several trade guilds operated in medieval
Southern India such as the Gatrigas, Nagarathar, Mummuridandas, Ayyavolu-500, Ubhayananadesigal, Settis, Settiguttas, Birudas, Biravaniges,
126:, Vira Balanju, vira banajigaru, vira balanjya, vira Valanjiyar, vira balija, Nanadesi, etc. They were a group of 500 Swamis who constituted themselves into a board of merchants in
68:) brought red coloured stone decorative objects for trade. Kalinga was also an important source of cotton textiles to Southeast Asia at an early date. In the Tamil Sangam classic,
100:
benefit they derived from them. Trade guilds employed troops, enjoyed immunities, and had international connections and thus constituted a state within a state.
356:
Nagapattinam to
Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.100 and p. 180
531:
Brahma sri: Researches in archaeology, history, and culture in the new millennium : Dr. P.V. Parabrahma Sastry felicitation volume, Volume 1, p.169
428:
Nagapattinam to
Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.xviii
455:
Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.181
437:
Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.163
183:. In a 1296 AD epigraphy of Tittandatanapuram, the Anjuvannam guild finds mention in a big assembly of several merchants and weavers including
446:
Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.50
347:
Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.10
338:
Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.10
279:
92:, etc. Temples were the pivot around which socio-economic activities of the land revolved. Some trade guilds, such as the Nagarathar and
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163:. This guild was defined by Y.Subbarayalu as a "body of west Asian traders". A Syrian Christian grant of 1220 AD bears signatures in
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76:. Fine garments of high quality cotton imported from Kalinga country into the Tamil country were called
552:
513:
Cultural heritage of the Kakatiyas: a medieval kingdom of south India, by S. Nagabhushan Rao, p.59
495:
Cultural heritage of the Kakatiyas: a medieval kingdom of south India, by S. Nagabhushan Rao, p.59
392:
Cultural heritage of the Kakatiyas: a medieval kingdom of south India, by S. Nagabhushan Rao, p.59
464:
The trading world of the Tamil merchant: evolution of merchant capitalism in the Coromandel, by
410:
A study of the history and culture of the Andhras, Volume 2, by Kambhampati Satyanarayana, p.192
486:
A study of the history and culture of the Andhras, Volume 2, by Kambhampati Satyanarayana, p.53
254:, Nagarasvamin and Nagaravaru in other languages. The Nagarathars were a local guild of the
8:
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172:
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The Second Pandyan empire, A.D. 1190-1312, by Alice Justina Thinakaran, p.7
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The ChÄlukyas of KalyÄį¹Ģa: seminar papers, by M. S. Nagaraja Rao, p.87-88
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guild: were specialised merchant guilds that functioned in urban centres.
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80:, which shows that Kalinga was an exporter of cotton at an early date.
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Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh: Volume 100, p.1199
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A history of India, by Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund, p.126
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Maritime heritage of India, by Karuna Sagar Behera, p.114
47:Before the rise of the Cholas, inscriptions from
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280:Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands
179:text refers to Muslim Anjuvannam traders in
243:periods and was active in South-east Asia.
275:Company of Merchant Adventurers of London
235:guild: flourished in Tamil Nadu in the
14:
540:
72:(line 96), there is a mention of blue
39:influence of the previous centuries.
374:Women studies, by N. Jayapalan, p.21
112:Some trade guilds are listed below.
522:South Asian studies, Issue 18, p.78
383:South Asian studies, Issue 18, p.78
196:, and various itinerant merchants (
104:mints of Warangal and Vijayanagar.
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60:traders (of modern Southern
28:Southern Indian trade guilds
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18:Trade Guilds of South India
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122:: also known as Ayyavole,
548:Economic history of India
117:Five Hundred Lords of
35:; and it replaced the
139:guild: consisting of
466:Kanakalatha Mukund
70:Chirupanattuppadai
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198:Samasta-Paradesi
157:Coromandal Coast
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43:Early guilds
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305:Marketplace
124:Ainnurruvar
108:Guild names
84:Description
542:Categories
326:References
256:Ainurruvar
252:Nagarathar
232:Manigramam
224:Nagarattar
218:guild and
185:Manigramam
136:Anjuvannam
205:Nanadesi
145:Christian
310:Merchant
269:See also
119:Ayyavolu
78:Kalingam
74:Kalingam
53:Kalingas
247:Nakara
237:Pallava
220:Saliya
173:Pahlavi
153:Malabar
94:Kavarai
90:Kavarai
58:Kalinga
37:Pallava
468:, p.30
315:Retail
212:guild.
194:Nagara
169:Hebrew
165:Arabic
149:Muslim
141:Jewish
128:Aihole
62:Odisha
33:Cholas
290:Guild
241:Chola
177:Tamil
239:and
203:The
190:Nadu
171:and
161:Java
159:and
147:and
133:The
64:and
49:Java
544::
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155:,
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258:.
130:.
20:)
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