2664:
2073:(ANA), which was theorized to have been the regional tongue for many centuries. ANA, despite its name, was considered a very distinct language, and mutually unintelligible, from "Arabic". Scholars named its variant dialects after the towns where the inscriptions were discovered (Dadanitic, Taymanitic, Hismaic, Safaitic). However, most arguments for a single ANA language or language family were based on the shape of the definite article, a prefixed h-. It has been argued that the h- is an archaism and not a shared innovation, and thus unsuitable for language classification, rendering the hypothesis of an ANA language family untenable. Safaitic and Hismaic, previously considered ANA, should be considered Old Arabic due to the fact that they participate in the innovations common to all forms of Arabic.
4581:
12383:
12311:
12026:
12001:
11976:
9003:
8978:
3002:
1369:
154:
1396:
140:
3571:
4177:
3354:
109:
3696:
3101:
1283:
3164:
15008:
8779:
5866:
2438:
conquests: Northern and
Central (Al-Jallad 2009). The modern dialects emerged from a new contact situation produced following the conquests. Instead of the emergence of a single or multiple koines, the dialects contain several sedimentary layers of borrowed and areal features, which they absorbed at different points in their linguistic histories. According to Veersteegh and Bickerton, colloquial Arabic dialects arose from
45:
8765:
7542:
3056:, though it has experienced extensive changes as a result of sustained and intensive contact with Italo-Romance varieties, and more recently also with English. Due to "a mix of social, cultural, historical, political, and indeed linguistic factors", many Maltese people today consider their language Semitic but not a type of Arabic. Cypriot Arabic is recognized as a minority language in Cyprus.
2779:
7041:"meeting" (similar to a verbal noun) has turned into a noun referring to a particular type of social, often work-related event where people gather together to have a "discussion" (another lexicalized verbal noun). Another fairly common means of forming nouns is through one of a limited number of patterns that can be applied directly to roots, such as the "nouns of location" in
2812:'to go') that is not present in the spoken varieties, but deletes Classical words that sound obsolete in MSA. In addition, MSA has borrowed or coined many terms for concepts that did not exist in Quranic times, and MSA continues to evolve. Some words have been borrowed from other languages—notice that transliteration mainly indicates spelling and not real pronunciation (e.g.,
2770:, is written in a strongly determined word order and alternative orders that were used in CA for emphasis are rare. In addition, because of the lack of case marking in the spoken varieties, most speakers cannot consistently use the correct endings in extemporaneous speech. As a result, spoken MSA tends to drop or regularize the endings except when reading from a prepared text.
3141:
written language is a complicating factor: A single written form, differing sharply from any of the spoken varieties learned natively, unites several sometimes divergent spoken forms. For political reasons, Arabs mostly assert that they all speak a single language, despite mutual incomprehensibility among differing spoken versions.
6652:, of which there are about fifteen, each with one or more characteristic meanings and each with its own templates for the past and non-past stems, active and passive participles, and verbal noun. These are referred to by Western scholars as "Form I", "Form II", and so on through "Form XV", although Forms XI to XV are rare.
10205:
10048:
8500:. Most of these technologies originally had the ability to communicate using the Latin script only, and some of them still do not have the Arabic script as an optional feature. As a result, Arabic speaking users communicated in these technologies by transliterating the Arabic text using the Latin script.
8900:
The constitution of the
Islamic Republic of Iran recognizes the Arabic language as the language of Islam, giving it a formal status as the language of religion, and regulates its spreading within the Iranian national curriculum. The constitution declares in Chapter II: (The Official Language, Script,
8684:
agreed with the idea of applying a Latin alphabet to Arabic, as he believed that would allow Egypt to have a closer relationship with the West. He also believed that Latin script was key to the success of Egypt as it would allow for more advances in science and technology. This change in alphabet, he
6460:
Nouns, verbs, pronouns and adjectives agree with each other in all respects. Non-human plural nouns are grammatically considered to be feminine singular. A verb in a verb-initial sentence is marked as singular regardless of its semantic number when the subject of the verb is explicitly mentioned as a
4685:
that underlies all the modern dialects outside the
Arabian peninsula. Although many other features are common to most or all of these varieties, Ferguson believes that these features in particular are unlikely to have evolved independently more than once or twice and together suggest the existence of
3092:
In the case of Arabic, educated Arabs of any nationality can be assumed to speak both their school-taught
Standard Arabic as well as their native dialects, which depending on the region may be mutually unintelligible. Some of these dialects can be considered to constitute separate languages which may
12109:
Originally
Maltese was an Arabic dialect but it was immediately exposed to Latinisation because the Normans conquered the islands in 1090, while Christianisation, which was complete by 1250, cut off the dialect from contact with Classical Arabic. Consequently Maltese developed on its own, slowly but
3140:
While there is a minimum level of comprehension between all Arabic dialects, this level can increase or decrease based on geographic proximity: for example, Levantine and Gulf speakers understand each other much better than they do speakers from the
Maghreb. The issue of diglossia between spoken and
8607:
is placed on the right, so the order of positions is the same as in left-to-right scripts. Sequences of digits such as telephone numbers are read from left to right, but numbers are spoken in the traditional Arabic fashion, with units and tens reversed from the modern
English usage. For example, 24
2715:
Due to its grounding in
Classical Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic is removed over a millennium from everyday speech, which is construed as a multitude of dialects of this language. These dialects and Modern Standard Arabic are described by some scholars as not mutually comprehensible. The former are
2096:
king Imru' al-Qays bar 'Amro, dating to 328 CE, found at
Namaraa, Syria. From the 4th to the 6th centuries, the Nabataean script evolved into the Arabic script recognizable from the early Islamic era. There are inscriptions in an undotted, 17-letter Arabic script dating to the 6th century CE, found
8672:
After the period of colonialism in Egypt, Egyptians were looking for a way to reclaim and re-emphasize
Egyptian culture. As a result, some Egyptians pushed for an Egyptianization of the Arabic language in which the formal Arabic and the colloquial Arabic would be combined into one language and the
3259:
Software and books with tapes are an important part of Arabic learning, as many of Arabic learners may live in places where there are no academic or Arabic language school classes available. Radio series of Arabic language classes are also provided from some radio stations. A number of websites on
2437:
theory claims that the modern Arabic dialects collectively descend from a single military koine that sprang up during the Islamic conquests; this view has been challenged in recent times. Ahmad al-Jallad proposes that there were at least two considerably distinct types of Arabic on the eve of the
8696:
The idea that Romanization was necessary for modernization and growth in Egypt continued with Abd Al-Aziz Fahmi in 1944. He was the chairman for the Writing and Grammar Committee for the Arabic Language Academy of Cairo. This effort failed as the Egyptian people felt a strong cultural tie to the
7233:
The spoken dialects have lost the case distinctions and make only limited use of the dual (it occurs only on nouns and its use is no longer required in all circumstances). They have lost the mood distinctions other than imperative, but many have since gained new moods through the use of prefixes
3973:
has many Arabic loanwords, some directly, but most via other Mediterranean languages. Examples of such words include admiral, adobe, alchemy, alcohol, algebra, algorithm, alkaline, almanac, amber, arsenal, assassin, candy, carat, cipher, coffee, cotton, ghoul, hazard, jar, kismet, lemon, loofah,
2998:, and some linguists consider them distinct languages. However, research indicates a high degree of mutual intelligibility between closely related Arabic variants for native speakers listening to words, sentences, and texts; and between more distantly related dialects in interactional situations.
2765:
distinctions are very rare in Arabic vernaculars. As a result, MSA is generally composed without case distinctions in mind, and the proper cases are added after the fact, when necessary. Because most case endings are noted using final short vowels, which are normally left unwritten in the Arabic
9216:
Constitution of the Philippines, Article XIV, Sec 7: For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English. The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as
3211:
wrote in 2011 that "studying and knowing English or French in most of the Middle East and North Africa have become a badge of sophistication and modernity and ... feigning, or asserting, weakness or lack of facility in Arabic is sometimes paraded as a sign of status, class, and perversely, even
2703:
Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) largely follows the grammatical standards of Classical Arabic and uses much of the same vocabulary. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties and has adopted certain new
4631:
One factor in the differentiation of the dialects is influence from the languages previously spoken in the areas, which have typically provided many new words and have sometimes also influenced pronunciation or word order. However, a more weighty factor for most dialects is, as among
10197:
10040:
10022:""A glimpse of the development of the Nabataean script into Arabic based on old and new epigraphic material", in M.C.A. Macdonald (ed), The development of Arabic as a written language (Supplement to the Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, 40). Oxford: 47–88"
2782:
8910:
The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan states in Article 31 No. 2 that "The State shall endeavour, as respects the Muslims of Pakistan (a) to make the teaching of the Holy Quran and Islamiat compulsory, to encourage and facilitate the learning of Arabic language
2117:). The oldest surviving papyrus in Arabic dates to 643 CE, and it uses dots to produce the modern 28-letter Arabic alphabet. The language of that papyrus and of the Qur'an is referred to by linguists as "Quranic Arabic", as distinct from its codification soon thereafter into "
12178:
yet it is in its morphology that Maltese also shows the most elaborate and deeply embedded influence from the Romance languages, Sicilian and Italian, with which it has long been in intimate contact....As a result Maltese is unique and different from Arabic and other Semitic
4577:, whose features eventually spread to all newly conquered areas. These features are present to varying degrees inside the Arabian peninsula. Generally, the Arabian peninsula varieties have much more diversity than the non-peninsula varieties, but these have been understudied.
2781:
2787:
2785:
2780:
2143:, most strongly in Judeo-Christian texts, keeping alive ancient features eliminated from the "learned" tradition (Classical Arabic). This variety and both its classicizing and "lay" iterations have been termed Middle Arabic in the past, but they are thought to continue an
9392:
2791:
2786:
7678:
In modern times the intrinsically calligraphic nature of the written Arabic form is haunted by the thought that a typographic approach to the language, necessary for digitized unification, will not always accurately maintain meanings conveyed through calligraphy.
3039:
are only varieties of modern Arabic to have acquired official recognition. Hassaniya is official in Mali and recognized as a minority language in Morocco, while the Senegalese government adopted the Latin script to write it. Maltese is official in (predominantly
8644:, a French Orientalist, who brought his concern before the Arabic Language Academy in Damascus in 1928. Massignon's attempt at Romanization failed as the academy and population viewed the proposal as an attempt from the Western world to take over their country.
2790:
12208:
To summarise our findings, we might observe that when it comes to the most basic everyday language, as reflected in our data sets, speakers of Maltese are able to understand less than a third of what is being said to them in either Tunisian or Benghazi Libyan
4568:
varieties. All the varieties outside of the Arabian peninsula, which include the large majority of speakers, have many features in common with each other that are not found in Classical Arabic. This has led researchers to postulate the existence of a prestige
2792:
2789:
2788:
11699:
10288:
Bernards, Monique, "Ibn Jinnī", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Consulted online on 27 May 2021 First published online: 2021 First print edition: 9789004435964, 20210701,
2773:
The numeral system in CA is complex and heavily tied in with the case system. This system is never used in MSA, even in the most formal of circumstances; instead, a greatly simplified system is used, approximating the system of the conservative spoken
1466:
8413:
Some systems, e.g. for scholarly use, are intended to accurately and unambiguously represent the phonemes of Arabic, generally making the phonetics more explicit than the original word in the Arabic script. These systems are heavily reliant on
2784:
9937:
9294:
8901:
Calendar, and Flag of the Country) in Article 16 "Since the language of the Qur`an and Islamic texts and teachings is Arabic, ..., it must be taught after elementary level, in all classes of secondary school and in all areas of study."
2734:
MSA is the variety used in most current, printed Arabic publications, spoken by some of the Arabic media across North Africa and the Middle East, and understood by most educated Arabic speakers. "Literary Arabic" and "Standard Arabic"
8697:
Arabic alphabet. In particular, the older Egyptian generations believed that the Arabic alphabet had strong connections to Arab values and history, due to the long history of the Arabic alphabet (Shrivtiel, 189) in Muslim societies.
3148:. This is an apt comparison in a number of ways. The period of divergence from a single spoken form is similar—perhaps 1500 years for Arabic, 2000 years for the Romance languages. Also, while it is comprehensible to people from the
2585:
2716:
usually acquired in families, while the latter is taught in formal education settings. However, there have been studies reporting some degree of comprehension of stories told in the standard variety among preschool-aged children.
9343:
3136:
and English, etc. In contrast to speakers of Hindi and Urdu who claim they cannot understand each other even when they can, speakers of the varieties of Arabic will claim they can all understand each other even when they cannot.
2170:. During the first Islamic century, the majority of Arabic poets and Arabic-writing persons spoke Arabic as their mother tongue. Their texts, although mainly preserved in far later manuscripts, contain traces of non-standardized
1540:
Arabic has influenced languages across the globe throughout its history, especially languages where Islam is the predominant religion and in countries that were conquered by Muslims. The most markedly influenced languages are
6445:. Enclitic pronouns are attached to the end of a verb, noun or preposition and indicate verbal and prepositional objects or possession of nouns. The first-person singular pronoun has a different enclitic form used for verbs (
1945:
On the other hand, several Arabic varieties are closer to other Semitic languages and maintain features not found in Classical Arabic, indicating that these varieties cannot have developed from Classical Arabic. Thus, Arabic
10552:
3493:
12254:
12225:
12195:
58:
There seems to be some confusion surrounding the chronology of Arabic's origination, including notably in the paragraph on Qaryat Al-Faw (also discussed on talk). There are major sourcing gaps from "Literary Arabic"
12396:
8503:
To handle those Arabic letters that cannot be accurately represented using the Latin script, numerals and other characters were appropriated. For example, the numeral "3" may be used to represent the Arabic letter
2264:
an overhaul of the grammar of Arabic, but it would not come to pass for two centuries. The standardization of Arabic reached completion around the end of the 8th century. The first comprehensive description of the
2993:
Arabic refers to the many national or regional varieties which constitute the everyday spoken language. Colloquial Arabic has many regional variants; geographically distant varieties usually differ enough to be
3204:– who, while a scholar of the Arabic language, was not ethnically Arab – Medieval scholars of the Arabic language made no efforts at studying comparative linguistics, considering all other languages inferior.
3488:
3758:
The influence of Arabic has been most important in Islamic countries, because it is the language of the Islamic sacred book, the Quran. Arabic is also an important source of vocabulary for languages such as
9695:
Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 2011.
8518:
or IM Arabic. Other systems of transliteration exist, such as using dots or capitalization to represent the "emphatic" counterparts of certain consonants. For instance, using capitalization, the letter
2580:
2594:(1993). They review language development, monitor new words and approve the inclusion of new words into their published standard dictionaries. They also publish old and historical Arabic manuscripts.
9657:
3160:, much as French is incomprehensible to Spanish or Italian speakers but relatively easily learned by them. This suggests that the spoken varieties may linguistically be considered separate languages.
2326:
By the 8th century, knowledge of Classical Arabic had become an essential prerequisite for rising into the higher classes throughout the Islamic world, both for Muslims and non-Muslims. For example,
1436:. This distinction exists primarily among Western linguists; Arabic speakers themselves generally do not distinguish between Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic, but rather refer to both as
5219:
dialect, with independent literary norms. Maltese has evolved independently of Modern Standard Arabic and its varieties into a standardized language over the past 800 years in a gradual process of
8370:, i.e. methods of accurately and efficiently representing Arabic with the Latin script. There are various conflicting motivations involved, which leads to multiple systems. Some are interested in
1370:
155:
10240:
7707:
512:
15037:
2783:
1657:. Conversely, Arabic has borrowed words from other languages, including Aramaic, Hebrew, Latin, Greek, Persian and to a lesser extent Turkish, English, French, and other Semitic languages.
6610:(primarily encoding person) and suffixes (primarily encoding gender and number) are used. The passive voice uses the same person/number/gender affixes but changes the vowels of the stem.
8685:
believed, would solve the problems inherent with Arabic, such as a lack of written vowels and difficulties writing foreign words that made it difficult for non-native speakers to learn.
5815:
shared by educated speakers throughout Arabic-speaking regions. MSA is used in writing in formal print media and orally in newscasts, speeches and formal declarations of numerous types.
6431:
in Literary Arabic are marked for case, number, gender and state, as for nouns. The plural of all non-human nouns is always combined with a singular feminine adjective, which takes the
2055:, in southern present-day Saudi Arabia. However, this inscription does not participate in several of the key innovations of the Arabic language group, such as the conversion of Semitic
1397:
141:
2373:
8624:
There have been many instances of national movements to convert Arabic script into Latin script or to Romanize the language. Currently, the only Arabic variety to use Latin script is
6417: /al-/. Indefinite singular nouns, other than those that end in long ā, add a final /-n/ to the case-marking vowels, giving /-un/, /-an/ or /-in/, which is also referred to as
10544:
4929:. It is one of the most understood varieties of Arabic, due in large part to the widespread distribution of Egyptian films and television shows throughout the Arabic-speaking world.
3726:
system established red dots with each arrangement or position indicating a different short vowel; later, a second black-dot system was used to differentiate between letters like
13349:
7652:
finally fixed the Arabic script around 786, many styles were developed, both for the writing down of the Quran and other books, and for inscriptions on monuments as decoration.
4107:, Arabic loanwords are often transferred indirectly via other languages rather than being transferred directly from Arabic. For example, most Arabic loanwords in Hindustani and
3514:
12250:
12221:
12191:
7037:
The associated participles and verbal nouns of a verb are the primary means of forming new lexical nouns in Arabic. This is similar to the process by which, for example, the
12077:
In fact, Maltese displays some areal traits typical of Maghrebine Arabic, although over the past 800 years of independent evolution it has drifted apart from Tunisian Arabic
2663:
2598:
8750:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
3324:
2530:
in 1836 and led a translation campaign that highlighted the need for a lexical injection in Arabic, to suit concepts of the industrial and post-industrial age (such as
12788:
3264:
provide online classes for all levels as a means of distance education; most teach Modern Standard Arabic, but some teach regional varieties from numerous countries.
2367:
10898:"Journal officiel de la republique du mali secretariat general du gouvernement – decret n°2023-0401/pt-rm du 22 juillet 2023 portant promulgation de la constitution"
7732:
3093:
have "sub-dialects" of their own. When educated Arabs of different dialects engage in conversation (for example, a Moroccan speaking with a Lebanese), many speakers
1758:
after the first root consonant, probably a jussive formed by a stress shift) in favor of new moods formed by endings attached to the prefix-conjugation forms (e.g.,
4150:
in Europe, many of the Arabic concepts in the fields of science, philosophy, commerce, etc. were coined from Arabic roots by non-native Arabic speakers, notably by
7671:. The composition is often abstract, but sometimes the writing is shaped into an actual form such as that of an animal. One of the current masters of the genre is
9992:"Al-Jallad (Draft) Remarks on the classification of the languages of North Arabia in the 2nd edition of The Semitic Languages (eds. J. Huehnergard and N. Pat-El)"
2613:
in Arabic to describe new concepts, toward the standardization of these new terms throughout the Arabic-speaking world, and toward the development of Arabic as a
2363:
12810:
8860:
8745:
Yūlad jamīʻ al-nās aḥrār-an mutasāwīn fil-karāma-ti wal-huqūq-i, wa-qad wuhibū ʻaql-an wa-ḍamīr-an wa-ʻalayhim an yuʻāmil-u baʻduhum baʻd-an bi-rūh al-ikhāʼ-i.
7579:
However, the old Maghrebi variant has been abandoned except for calligraphic purposes in the Maghreb itself, and remains in use mainly in the Quranic schools (
2487:
was a cultural and especially literary renaissance of the 19th century in which writers sought "to fuse Arabic and European forms of expression." According to
8472:
During the last few decades and especially since the 1990s, Western-invented text communication technologies have become prevalent in the Arab world, such as
2151:
was not developed for the standardized form of Classical Arabic; rather, it shows the attempt on the part of writers to record an archaic form of Old Higazi.
6602:), and use completely different sets of affixes for indicating person, number and gender: In the past, the person, number and gender are fused into a single
9667:
5271:
found between Maghrebi Arabic dialects. Maltese has its own dialects, with urban varieties of Maltese being closer to Standard Maltese than rural varieties.
2280:, is based first of all upon a corpus of poetic texts, in addition to Qur'an usage and Bedouin informants whom he considered to be reliable speakers of the
1481:. Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities around the world and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, governments and the media. During the
12096:
16906:
11840:
9265:
1724:
and the emergence of Central Semitic languages, particularly in grammar. Innovations of the Central Semitic languages—all maintained in Arabic—include:
8445:). These are usually simpler to read, but sacrifice the definiteness of the scientific systems, and may lead to ambiguities, e.g. whether to interpret
3446:
This lexicographic tradition was traditionalist and corrective in nature—holding that linguistic correctness and eloquence derive from Qurʾānic usage,
12596:
10232:
9537:... of the Qufdn; many Arabic loanwords in the indigenous languages, as in Urdu and Indonesian, were introduced mainly through the medium of Persian.
8803:
7659:
as a major art form; calligraphers are held in great esteem. Being cursive by nature, unlike the Latin script, Arabic script is used to write down a
5472:. Sudanese Arabic is quite distinct from the dialect of its neighbor to the north; rather, the Sudanese have a dialect similar to the Hejazi dialect.
3144:
From a linguistic standpoint, it is often said that the various spoken varieties of Arabic differ among each other collectively about as much as the
2572:
1494:
794:
1664:
in the world, and the fourth most used language on the internet in terms of users. It also serves as the liturgical language of more than 2 billion
8840:
7568:. Traditionally, there were several differences between the Western (North African) and Middle Eastern versions of the alphabet—in particular, the
3648:, Seuil, L'Univers Historique, 2002. Some Arabic borrowings from Semitic or Persian languages are, as presented in De Prémare's above-cited book:
1485:, Arabic was a major vehicle of culture and learning, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have
10471:
7088:; variously derives terms for women from related terms for men, or more generally terms along the same lines as the corresponding masculine, e.g.
2039:
Linguists generally believe that "Old Arabic", a collection of related dialects that constitute the precursor of Arabic, first emerged during the
15044:
3447:
2591:
879:
3309:
that were unfamiliar or had a particular contextual meaning, and to identify words of non-Arabic origin that appear in the Quran. They gathered
2032:
with later forms of Arabic, leading scholars to theorize that Safaitic and Hismaic are early forms of Arabic and that they should be considered
17101:
17096:
17071:
10448:
6461:
noun. Numerals between three and ten show "chiasmic" agreement, in that grammatically masculine numerals have feminine marking and vice versa.
1421:
5259:. In terms of basic everyday language, speakers of Maltese are reported to be able to understand less than a third of what is said to them in
1661:
11871:
9141:
9104:
5263:, which is related to Siculo-Arabic, whereas speakers of Tunisian are able to understand about 40% of what is said to them in Maltese. This
4158:
and Persian, to translate foreign concepts continued through to the 18th and 19th centuries, when swaths of Arab-inhabited lands were under
2380:
17026:
15141:
12173:
12139:
11079:
9067:
7234:(most often /bi-/ for indicative vs. unmarked subjunctive). They have also mostly lost the indefinite "nunation" and the internal passive.
12934:
11380:
1498:
15749:
12144:
Maltese is the chief exception: Classical or Standard Arabic is irrelevant in the Maltese linguistic community and there is no diglossia.
11109:
10355:
8850:
5947:), which are fitted into a discontinuous pattern to form words. For example, the word for 'I wrote' is constructed by combining the root
2139:, which continued living its parallel life after literary Arabic had been institutionally standardized in the 2nd and 3rd century of the
11326:
11287:
11200:
11170:
11053:
10596:
6667:. Stems sharing the same root consonants represent separate verbs, albeit often semantically related, and each is the basis for its own
3683:, the name of a blue stone, lapis lazuli. This word was borrowed in several European languages to mean (light) blue – azure in English,
15368:
11256:
11227:
11143:
8616:, and 1975 is said "a thousand and nine-hundred and five and seventy" or, more eloquently, "a thousand and nine-hundred five seventy".
8426:) are intended to help readers who are neither Arabic speakers nor linguists with intuitive pronunciation of Arabic names and phrases.
1509:) owing to the proximity of Europe and the long-lasting Arabic cultural and linguistic presence, mainly in Southern Iberia, during the
1502:
9016:
Shachmon, Ori; Mack, Merav (2016). "Speaking Arabic, Writing Hebrew. Linguistic Transitions in Christian Arab Communities in Israel".
2704:
constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the
13413:
10822:
9320:
10804:
Trentman, E. and Shiri, S., 2020. The Mutual Intelligibility of Arabic Dialects. Critical Multilingualism Studies, 8(1), pp.104–134.
9291:"Al-Jallad. The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification (Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics, forthcoming)"
6625:'to write'. In Modern Standard, the energetic mood, in either long or short form, which has the same meaning, is almost never used.
4134:
Arabic words made their way into several West African languages as Islam spread across the Sahara. Variants of Arabic words such as
3722:
manuscripts: (1) Early 9th century, script with no dots or diacritic marks;(2) and (3) 9th–10th century under the Abbasid dynasty,
16317:
12267:
In comparison, speakers of Libyan Arabic and speakers of Tunisian Arabic understand about two-thirds of what is being said to them.
11093:
10851:
7576:
a single dot above in the Maghreb, and the order of the letters was slightly different (at least when they were used as numerals).
1470:
812:
10300:
16274:
16249:
13539:
11351:
9602:
3533:
2766:
script, it is unnecessary to determine the proper case of most words. The practical result of this is that MSA, like English and
2564:
2559:
were established with the aim of developing standardized additions to the Arabic lexicon to suit these transformations, first in
803:
9555:
Orissa Under the Mughals: From Akbar to Alivardi : a Fascinating Study of the Socio-economic and Cultural History of Orissa
5704:. As Jewish migration to Israel took hold, the language did not thrive and is now considered endangered. So-called Qəltu Arabic.
1969:
Arabia had a wide variety of Semitic languages in antiquity. The term "Arab" was initially used to describe those living in the
16307:
16292:
13464:
13086:
Kirchhoff, Katrin; Vergyri, Dimitra (2005). "Cross-dialectal data sharing for acoustic modeling in Arabic speech recognition".
9499:
9192:"Niger : Loi n° 2001-037 du 31 décembre 2001 fixant les modalités de promotion et de développement des langues nationales"
6515:
and longer energetic); the fifth and sixth moods, the energetics, exist only in Classical Arabic but not in MSA. There are two
4532:
Solid area fill: variety natively spoken by at least 25% of the population of that area or variety indigenous to that area only
2871:'wing', is also used for the wing of an airplane, building, air force, etc.), or to coin new words using forms within existing
16302:
13546:
13377:
13359:
13339:
13312:
13268:
13252:
13219:
13195:
13168:
13150:
13118:
13049:
13021:
13003:
12985:
12967:
12944:
12921:
12899:
12864:
12834:
12167:
12133:
12070:
11778:
11299:
11272:
11239:
11212:
11182:
11155:
11125:
11065:
10639:
10590:
10424:
10386:
10349:
10310:
10273:
10171:
10107:
9772:
9737:
8875:
8829:
8808:
8707:
7624:
7583:) of West Africa. Arabic, like all other Semitic languages (except for the Latin-written Maltese, and the languages with the
3520:
2450:
peoples could explain relative morphological and phonological simplicity of vernacular Arabic compared to Classical and MSA.
2220:
1720:. Linguists still differ as to the best classification of Semitic language sub-groups. The Semitic languages changed between
9778:
7115:. This suffix is extremely productive, and forms adjectives meaning "related to X". It corresponds to English adjectives in
3746:
system (system used today) dots were changed into shapes resembling the letters to transcribe the corresponding long vowels.
13225:
9627:
7742:
3593:, which used to be the principal, international language of communication throughout the ancient Near and Middle East, and
4154:
and Persian translators, and then found their way into other languages. This process of using Arabic roots, especially in
3434:
2902:
1746:
The elimination of other prefix-conjugated mood/aspect forms (e.g., a present tense formed by doubling the middle root, a
16337:
16332:
15680:
9134:
8880:
1328:
682:
11784:
9230:
17036:
16911:
15550:
15354:
15318:
14007:
11117:
10973:
Hadjioannou, Xenia; Tsiplakou, Stavroula; Kappler, Matthias (2011). "Language policy and language planning in Cyprus".
3547:
1711:
11516:
11435:
7622:) were added (which allowed readers to distinguish between letters such as b, t, th, n and y). Finally signs known as
3097:
back and forth between the dialectal and standard varieties of the language, sometimes even within the same sentence.
17046:
16941:
15461:
15344:
15205:
13248:
12804:
12416:
12287:
12046:
11026:
9931:
9897:
9530:
62:
13108:
8737:يولد جميع الناس أحراراً متساوين في الكرامة والحقوق، وقد وهبوا عقلاً وضميراً وعليهم أن يعامل بعضهم بعضاً بروح الإخاء.
3112:
The issue of whether Arabic is one language or many languages is politically charged, in the same way it is for the
1989:(non-Central Semitic languages) were spoken in southern Arabia at this time. To the north, in the oases of northern
17006:
16264:
15664:
15632:
15451:
15426:
15292:
15272:
15134:
8117:
4580:
3456:
3452:
649:
12744:
3669:(جزيرة), as in the well-known form الجزيرة "Al-Jazeera", means "island" and has its origin in the Syriac ܓܵܙܲܪܬܵܐ
3228:
schools, especially Muslim schools. Universities around the world have classes that teach Arabic as part of their
3073:, which is the normal use of two separate varieties of the same language, usually in different social situations.
2495:
writers attempted to simplify the Arabic language and script so that it might be accessible to a wider audience."
1660:
Arabic is spoken by as many as 380 million speakers, both native and non-native, in the Arab world, making it the
17091:
16981:
16956:
16269:
16259:
15742:
15685:
15604:
15498:
15456:
15410:
15364:
15339:
15313:
15297:
14654:
13551:
7702:
7655:
Arabic calligraphy has not fallen out of use as calligraphy has in the Western world, and is still considered by
7630:
4561:
3743:
3374:
3069:
The sociolinguistic situation of Arabic in modern times provides a prime example of the linguistic phenomenon of
2233:
1318:
19:
This article is about the general language (macrolanguage). For specific varieties of Arabic and other uses, see
12251:"Mutual Intelligibility of Spoken Maltese, Libyan Arabic and Tunisian Arabic Functionally Tested: A Pilot Study"
12222:"Mutual Intelligibility of Spoken Maltese, Libyan Arabic and Tunisian Arabic Functionally Tested: A Pilot Study"
12192:"Mutual Intelligibility of Spoken Maltese, Libyan Arabic and Tunisian Arabic Functionally Tested: A Pilot Study"
11544:
8559:(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) are used. However, in Egypt and Arabic-speaking countries to the east of it, the
3750:
A comprehensive overview of the influence of other languages on Arabic is found in Lucas & Manfredi (2020).
16946:
16931:
16532:
15534:
15493:
15477:
15405:
15374:
15030:
14181:
13447:
12606:
12090:
9577:
9217:
auxiliary media of instruction therein. Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.
8000:
6441:
in Literary Arabic are marked for person, number and gender. There are two varieties, independent pronouns and
5126:
5002:
3960:
1986:
1950:
do not descend from Classical Arabic: Classical Arabic is a sister language rather than their direct ancestor.
11832:
11625:
2043:. Previously, the earliest attestation of Old Arabic was thought to be a single 1st century CE inscription in
17076:
17056:
17041:
17011:
16991:
16951:
16926:
16921:
16254:
16164:
15583:
15578:
15349:
15241:
15236:
15210:
15185:
14629:
13406:
9256:
8865:
7961:
7949:
4774:
4187:
2755:
Certain grammatical constructions of CA that have no counterpart in any modern vernacular dialect (e.g., the
905:
13261:
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association a guide to the use of the international phonetic alphabet
12538:
Rydin, Karin C. (2005). A reference grammar of Modern Standard Arabic. New York: Cambridge University Press.
8926:
Al Malwi, Ibrahim; Herrero De Haro, Alfredo; Baker, Amanda (2023). "Abha Arabic". Illustrations of the IPA.
6401: /-at/, which is pronounced as /-ah/ before a pause. Plural is indicated either through endings (the
3589:
The most important sources of borrowings into (pre-Islamic) Arabic are from the related (Semitic) languages
2957:'multitude'). An earlier tendency was to redefine an older word although this has fallen into disuse (e.g.,
17051:
16986:
16976:
16961:
16327:
16312:
13946:
13497:
12238:
Speakers of Tunisian and Libyan Arabic are able to understand about 40% of what is said to them in Maltese.
11086:
10265:
Maimonides' "Guide of the Perplexed" in Translation: A History from the Thirteenth Century to the Twentieth
7649:
5340:
5336:
5306:
5302:
4080:, borrow some numbers from Arabic. Most Islamic religious terms are direct borrowings from Arabic, such as
1845:
1273:
923:
12612:
12110:
steadily absorbing new words from Sicilian and Italian according to the needs of the developing community.
7875:
7828:
5215:, is the only fully separate standardized language to have originated from an Arabic dialect, the extinct
4909:
4905:
1930:
1921:
1909:
1898:
1889:
1882:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1755:
17081:
17066:
17061:
17031:
17016:
16996:
16916:
16835:
16322:
16031:
15614:
15127:
9440:
8497:
8291:
6638:
5940:
5382:
5354:
4694:
except on nouns, with consistent plural agreement (cf. feminine singular agreement in plural inanimates).
4590:
3278:
2644:
775:
10463:
4538:
Dotted area fill: speakers of this variety are mixed with speakers of other Arabic varieties in the area
2063:
in the singular. It is best reassessed as a separate language on the Central Semitic dialect continuum.
17021:
17001:
16971:
16966:
16936:
16185:
16178:
15735:
15359:
14590:
14069:
12758:
12463:
8855:
8818:
8640:
pushed for the change from Arabic script to Latin letters in 1922. The major head of this movement was
8423:
7910:
7870:
6475:
Verbs in Literary Arabic are marked for person (first, second, or third), gender, and number. They are
3500:
2751:
Some of the differences between Classical Arabic (CA) and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) are as follows:
15890:
10929:
10872:
4628:(although the converse is not true, in part due to the popularity of Egyptian films and other media).
16751:
16138:
16114:
16101:
15837:
15817:
15782:
14343:
14333:
14310:
9191:
9089:
8033:
7717:
5974:
Other verbs meaning 'I Xed' will typically have the same pattern but with different consonants, e.g.
5422:
5392:
5312:
4691:
4143:("book") have spread to the languages of African groups who had no direct contact with Arab traders.
3723:
3542:
2568:
2182:
1978:
1789:
inscriptions share which are unattested in any other Central Semitic language variety, including the
1717:
1675:
1409:
821:
492:
232:
12626:
12382:
12310:
12025:
12000:
11975:
9264:(2013 English version ed.). Constitutional Court of South Africa. 2013. ch. 1, s. 6.
9002:
8977:
4624:, and the others. Moroccan Arabic in particular is hardly comprehensible to Arabic speakers east of
3089:
can express the needs of modern civilization in a manner that would appear to be originally Arabic.
3025:, as well as occasionally in certain forms of written media such as poetry and printed advertising.
2621:
became a postcolonial nationalist policy in countries such as Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and Sudan.
16901:
16543:
16241:
15266:
15011:
14919:
14401:
13399:
13205:
11136:
9961:"Al-Jallad. 2014. On the genetic background of the Rbbl bn Hfʿm grave inscription at Qaryat al-Fāw"
9085:
9071:
6642:
6409:). Definite nouns include all proper nouns, all nouns in "construct state" and all nouns which are
5932:
5723:
5240:
5201:
between the end of the 9th century and the end of the 12th century and eventually evolved into the
3081:
lexicographically means the one whose sound is heard but whose person remains unseen. Now the term
2576:
2560:
1267:
869:
830:
11343:
433:
17086:
16585:
16522:
16132:
15787:
15334:
15074:
14166:
14109:
13512:
11863:
9466:
9112:
8845:
8560:
8556:
8078:
6672:
6476:
5344:
5024:
5006:
3340:) who were perceived to speak the "purest," most eloquent form of Arabic—initiating a process of
3207:
In modern times, the educated upper classes in the Arab world have taken a nearly opposite view.
2709:
2554:
2102:
484:
20:
14468:
11808:"Rasmī or aslī?: Arabic's impact on modern Israeli Hebrew by D Gershon Lewental, PhD (DGLnotes)"
11076:
2748:) are less strictly defined terms that may refer to Modern Standard Arabic or Classical Arabic.
2719:
The relation between Modern Standard Arabic and these dialects is sometimes compared to that of
1214:
15963:
15800:
15777:
15772:
15711:
15706:
15609:
15384:
15150:
14274:
14234:
14159:
14154:
13918:
13454:
11521:
11264:
9073:
Iran (Islamic Republic of)'s Constitution of 1979. – Article: 16 Official or national languages
8714:
8379:
8367:
8333:
7688:
5926:
5808:
5693:
5268:
5264:
5220:
4585:
4574:
3964:
3241:
3233:
3201:
2995:
2634:
2297:
2135:
In late pre-Islamic times, a transdialectal and transcommunal variety of Arabic emerged in the
1781:
There are several features which Classical Arabic, the modern Arabic varieties, as well as the
1721:
1670:
1429:
429:
303:
227:
199:
16223:
15119:
12701:
The Question of Romanisation of the Script and The Emergence of Nationalism in the Middle East
12157:
12123:
11106:
10339:
10097:
9550:
2154:
In the late 6th century AD, a relatively uniform intertribal "poetic koine" distinct from the
471:
441:
16879:
16482:
16207:
15876:
15862:
15571:
15400:
15287:
15084:
15000:
14833:
14785:
14595:
14577:
14570:
14560:
14555:
14547:
14367:
14102:
14074:
14064:
13868:
13492:
12548:
Tabbaa, Yasser (1991). "The Transformation of Arabic Writing: Part I, Qur'ānic Calligraphy".
12060:
11905:
11323:
11284:
11197:
11167:
11050:
10671:"Arabization and Islamization in the Making of the Sudanese "Postcolonial" State (1946-1964)"
10580:
8690:
8485:
8434:
7158:'cooperation, participation' can be formed. This in turn can be made into a nisbah adjective
5884:
5378:
3982:
derive ultimately from Arabic, rather than merely borrowing vocabulary or grammatical rules.
3792:
3537:
3017:
The varieties are typically unwritten. They are often used in informal spoken media, such as
2705:
2515:
2499:
2442:
Arabic formed from contact between Arabs and conquered peoples. Pidginization and subsequent
2361:, wrote prolifically in the 10th century on Arabic morphology and phonology in works such as
2335:
2253:
2070:
1413:
217:
11251:
11224:
11140:
10071:
9043:
3329:
16806:
16548:
15941:
15701:
15566:
15379:
15220:
15200:
15175:
14736:
14496:
14416:
13896:
12651:
Osborn, J.R. (2009). "Narratives of Arabic Script: Calligraphic Design and Modern Spaces".
11089:
10123:
8686:
8515:
7955:
7752:
5741:
5509:
3784:
3764:
3244:
exist to assist students to learn Arabic outside the academic world. There are many Arabic
3113:
2656:
and Modern Standard Arabic. It could also refer to any of a variety of regional vernacular
2523:
2012:
In eastern Arabia, inscriptions in a script derived from ASA attest to a language known as
1786:
1691:
1614:
629:
348:
279:
13537:
10814:
10007:"One wāw to rule them all: the origins and fate of wawation in Arabic and its orthography"
9316:
6316:
6302:
6288:
6274:
6260:
6246:
6232:
6218:
6204:
6190:
6176:
6162:
6148:
6134:
6120:
6106:
6092:
6078:
6064:
6050:
6016:
6008:
6000:
5992:
5984:
5976:
3736:
3728:
3715:
2938:
2925:
2912:
2865:
2852:
2832:
2819:
2806:
1437:
1383:
8:
16820:
16489:
16432:
16360:
16346:
16217:
16012:
15973:
15089:
14795:
14605:
14478:
14301:
13852:
13766:
13703:
8870:
8645:
8604:
8489:
7228:
5804:
5559:
5404:
5372:
5278:
4966:
4801:
4678:
4637:
4171:
4038:
3888:
3852:
3484:
2657:
2638:
2430:
2408:
2261:
1586:
1550:
1490:
1425:
338:
189:
13694:
12326:"Aramaic ?k?, lyk? and Iraqi Arabic ?aku, maku: The Mesopotamian Particles of Existence"
10845:
8693:, two Egyptian intellectuals, agreed with Musa and supported the push for Romanization.
7034:(verbs built from nouns); Form V is the equivalent used for intransitive denominatives.
6022:'I spoke', where the subpattern used to signal the past tense may change but the suffix
3546:, tracing the changes of meanings and uses of Arabic words over time. A first volume of
15519:
15277:
15257:
15215:
15190:
15154:
14963:
14649:
14565:
14362:
14287:
14026:
14012:
13075:
12910:
12878:
12668:
12565:
12353:
11947:
11680:
11607:
11599:
11498:
11490:
11032:
11000:
10897:
10696:
10645:
10442:
9384:
9025:
7643:
7618:
without diacritical marks Later diacritical points (which in Arabic are referred to as
7545:
6543:
6387:
6379:
5936:
5830:
5525:
5418:
5350:
5294:
5012:
4994:
4948:
4616:
Within the non-peninsula varieties, the largest difference is between the non-Egyptian
3848:
3804:
3800:
3077:
is the process of giving a new shade of meaning to an old classical word. For example,
3010:
3006:
2679:
2617:. This gave rise to what Western scholars call Modern Standard Arabic. From the 1950s,
2106:
2085:
2077:
1594:
1590:
1530:
594:
16663:
16553:
14032:
13829:
13811:
13604:
10151:
9720:
Huehnergard, John (2017). "Arabic in Its Semitic Context". In Al-Jallad, Ahmad (ed.).
8514:. There is no universal name for this type of transliteration, but some have named it
6390:). The cases of singular nouns, other than those that end in long ā, are indicated by
3974:
magazine, mattress, sherbet, sofa, sumac, tariff, and zenith. Other languages such as
2695:
1985:
family (e.g. Southern Thamudic) were spoken. It is believed that the ancestors of the
1533:, have also acquired many words of Arabic origin, mainly through direct contact with
1259:
16792:
16617:
16496:
16369:
16194:
16152:
16017:
15810:
15758:
15648:
15588:
15503:
15262:
15195:
15180:
14710:
14383:
14323:
14086:
13978:
13889:
13532:
13373:
13355:
13335:
13318:
13308:
13264:
13244:
13215:
13191:
13164:
13146:
13114:
13045:
13017:
12999:
12981:
12963:
12940:
12917:
12895:
12882:
12870:
12860:
12830:
12672:
12602:
12557:
12485:
12412:
12345:
12283:
12163:
12129:
12066:
12042:
11774:
11672:
11611:
11591:
11502:
11482:
11295:
11268:
11235:
11208:
11178:
11151:
11121:
11061:
11022:
11004:
10750:
10700:
10688:
10649:
10635:
10586:
10525:
10500:
10430:
10420:
10392:
10382:
10345:
10306:
10269:
10167:
10163:
10103:
9927:
9893:
9835:
9768:
9743:
9733:
9558:
9526:
9388:
9376:
8835:
8813:
8493:
8473:
8255:
8249:
8216:
8183:
8150:
7553:
7123:
7108:
7031:
6634:
6539:
6508:
6488:
5906:
5773:
5581:
5438:
5414:
5252:
5244:
5236:
5176:
4988:
4827:
4633:
4557:
4553:
4155:
3948:
3924:
3892:
3872:
3868:
3816:
3796:
3606:
3598:
3594:
3574:
The Qur'an has served and continues to serve as a fundamental reference for Arabic. (
3440:
3253:
3237:
3229:
3221:
3145:
3129:
2728:
2683:
2527:
2519:
2470:
2309:
2207:
2098:
2066:
It was also thought that Old Arabic coexisted alongside—and then gradually displaced—
2009:
and parts of western Arabia, a language known to scholars as Thamudic C is attested.
1982:
1970:
1747:
1610:
1606:
1566:
1562:
1506:
343:
259:
222:
14463:
13993:
13820:
11530:
11447:
9491:
8648:, a member of the academy, mentioned that the movement to Romanize the script was a
6578:
onto the non-past. The past and non-past differ in the form of the stem (e.g., past
5943:"root-and-pattern" morphology: A root consists of a set of bare consonants (usually
4682:
4570:
3504:
by translating material from earlier Arabic lexica into English. The German Arabist
3001:
2434:
2392:
1324:
1164:
16872:
16827:
16813:
16646:
16605:
16568:
16473:
16459:
16425:
16395:
16376:
16171:
16145:
16120:
16096:
16070:
16063:
16003:
15986:
15958:
15934:
15826:
15529:
15431:
15282:
15094:
14731:
14529:
14510:
14473:
14352:
14282:
14225:
14137:
13983:
13968:
13913:
13875:
13579:
13522:
13482:
13095:
13067:
13058:
Kaye, Alan S. (1991), "The Hamzat al-Waṣl in Contemporary Modern Standard Arabic",
12852:
12844:
12664:
12660:
12475:
12404:
12337:
12159:
Morphologies of Asia and Africa, Alan S. Kaye (Ed.), Chapter 13: Maltese Morphology
12125:
Morphologies of Asia and Africa, Alan S. Kaye (Ed.), Chapter 13: Maltese Morphology
11939:
11764:
11664:
11583:
11526:
11474:
11443:
10990:
10982:
10740:
10730:
10683:
10678:
10670:
10627:
10159:
9972:
9825:
9725:
9658:"Mandarin Chinese Most Useful Business Language After English - Bloomberg Business"
9368:
9358:
9166:
8931:
8625:
8613:
6711:
6668:
6492:
6383:
5910:
5898:
5812:
5794:
5521:
5434:
5316:
5248:
5232:
5208:
5202:
5146:
5054:
4998:
4984:
4980:
4970:
4932:
4644:
4146:
Since, throughout the Islamic world, Arabic occupied a position similar to that of
4112:
4108:
4077:
4062:
4027:
4023:
3986:
3975:
3970:
3932:
3928:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3900:
3896:
3884:
3880:
3864:
3860:
3832:
3808:
3788:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3760:
3590:
3361:
3225:
3168:
3125:
3049:
3032:
3028:
2842:
2767:
2762:
2653:
2630:
2305:
2237:
2171:
2140:
2130:
2118:
1654:
1618:
1602:
1578:
1570:
1546:
1542:
1514:
1433:
1084:
1064:
451:
437:
392:
328:
14873:
14210:
5223:. Maltese is therefore considered an exceptional descendant of Arabic that has no
1154:
387:
16840:
16746:
16720:
16651:
16563:
16503:
16411:
16404:
16388:
16382:
16229:
16125:
15991:
15981:
15079:
14914:
14843:
14780:
14774:
14643:
14518:
14458:
14318:
14262:
14247:
14242:
14215:
14205:
14149:
14122:
14097:
13998:
13955:
13937:
13527:
13507:
13442:
13209:
13099:
11330:
11291:
11260:
11231:
11204:
11174:
11147:
11113:
11083:
11057:
10986:
10620:"Arabization and linguistic domination: Berber and Arabic in the North of Africa"
10263:
10072:"ترجمة و معنى نحو بالإنجليزي في قاموس المعاني. قاموس عربي انجليزي مصطلحات صفحة 1"
9814:"Connecting the Lines between Old (Epigraphic) Arabic and the Modern Vernaculars"
9762:
8793:
8784:
8657:
8641:
8371:
7672:
7584:
7561:
7557:
7532:
7242:
6500:
6371:
6367:
5838:
5759:
5597:
5573:
5461:
5353:, also known as Iraqi Judeo Arabic and Yahudic, is a variety of Arabic spoken by
5260:
5228:
5190:
5136:
5112:
5098:
5082:
5078:
5062:
5034:
4962:
4922:
4722:
4651:
4621:
4617:
4610:
4556:. The main dialectal division is between the varieties within and outside of the
4124:
4120:
4073:
4051:
4012:
3940:
3908:
3904:
3876:
3856:
3840:
3836:
3828:
3812:
3575:
3245:
3172:
3153:
3041:
2720:
2488:
2339:
2320:
2016:. On the northwestern frontier of Arabia, various languages known to scholars as
1679:
1646:
1630:
1622:
1574:
1534:
1474:
1404:
1390:
1363:
1234:
1204:
1194:
1104:
1054:
1024:
964:
954:
457:
447:
410:
374:
358:
333:
323:
318:
209:
148:
134:
16077:
12438:
9635:
7548:
written by a Malay Muslim in Malaysia. The calligrapher is making a rough draft.
5841:
in the various modern dialects, while new phonemes have been introduced through
5558:. With its oil wealth and mobility it has spread to various areas of the former
3350:'compiling the language') which took place over the 8th and early 9th centuries.
3256:
are in Arabic, millions of Muslims (both Arab and non-Arab) study the language.
16800:
16756:
16726:
16709:
16703:
16610:
16558:
16439:
16279:
16107:
15110:
15069:
14994:
14924:
14858:
14763:
14537:
14426:
14421:
14406:
14391:
14357:
14142:
13517:
13459:
13300:
12930:
10302:
The Arabic Lexicographical Tradition: From the 2nd/8th to the 12th/18th Century
9662:
8477:
8462:
7604:
7565:
7536:
7134:
onto nisba adjectives to form abstract nouns. For example, from the basic root
7038:
6664:
6512:
5880:
5874:
5846:
5834:
5707:
5671:
5667:
5649:
5589:
5547:
5444:
5364:
5154:
4159:
4128:
4116:
3952:
3944:
3844:
3820:
3602:
3582:
3570:
3357:
Arabic from the Quran in the old Hijazi dialect (Hijazi script, 7th century AD)
3208:
3133:
3117:
3094:
3036:
2841:
The current preference is to avoid direct borrowings, preferring to either use
2756:
2614:
2301:
2193:
1974:
1913:
1809:. The following features of Proto-Arabic can be reconstructed with confidence:
1802:
1634:
1582:
1526:
1518:
1144:
1134:
1014:
1004:
994:
974:
687:
467:
403:
382:
353:
121:
12950:
12874:
11807:
11587:
11478:
10917:
Article 31 : Les langues nationales sont les langues officielles du Mali.
10529:
10434:
9976:
9729:
9111:. Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research. Archived from
8935:
8673:
Latin alphabet would be used. There was also the idea of finding a way to use
7587:), is written from right to left. There are several styles of scripts such as
3644:
For the origin of the last three borrowed words, see Alfred-Louis de Prémare,
3353:
16895:
16736:
16731:
16655:
16417:
15997:
15524:
15099:
14956:
14951:
14937:
14883:
14818:
14800:
14686:
14671:
14665:
14634:
14453:
14448:
14433:
14396:
14257:
14252:
14176:
14132:
13988:
13962:
13487:
13474:
13322:
12561:
12489:
12408:
12370:
12349:
12298:
12013:
11988:
11963:
11676:
11595:
11486:
11285:
Tamil Oratory and the Dravidian Aesthetic: Democratic Practice in South India
11198:
Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture
11193:
10754:
10692:
10619:
10504:
10396:
9839:
9830:
9813:
9747:
9562:
9380:
9234:
8718:
8674:
8603:) are in use. When representing a number in Arabic, the lowest-valued
6406:
6375:
5914:
5635:
5603:
5567:
5216:
5186:
5088:
5074:
5058:
3956:
3700:
3424:
3320:
3121:
3053:
2313:
2050:
1695:
1687:
1626:
1244:
1224:
1184:
1174:
1094:
1074:
984:
672:
366:
264:
15911:
13351:
Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart: Arabisch-Deutsch
12480:
11755:
11576:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
10735:
10718:
10631:
9920:"Al-Jallad. The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification"
9363:
8798:
8677:
instead of the Latin alphabet, but this was seen as too complicated to use.
6442:
6394:
short vowels (/-u/ for nominative, /-a/ for accusative, /-i/ for genitive).
4176:
3955:, as well as other languages in countries where these languages are spoken.
1517:
is a Semitic language developed from a dialect of Arabic and written in the
108:
16679:
14929:
14888:
14828:
14808:
14768:
14681:
14676:
14443:
14438:
14328:
14051:
14037:
13741:
13651:
13624:
11769:
11036:
10414:
10146:
10144:
8770:
7771:
7237:
The following is an example of a regular verb paradigm in Egyptian Arabic.
6649:
6551:
6535:
6470:
6402:
5854:
5643:
5629:
5621:
5611:
5539:
5533:
5505:
5256:
5122:
4850:
4548:
is a collective term for the spoken dialects of Arabic used throughout the
3618:
3553:
3509:
3382:
3289:
3249:
2872:
2797:
2724:
2443:
2388:
2112:
1806:
1674:
ranked Arabic the fourth most useful language for business, after English,
1124:
1114:
1034:
847:
764:
604:
421:
269:
14754:
13839:
13830:
13821:
13812:
13803:
13794:
13793:
13785:
13776:
13767:
13758:
13749:
13739:
13731:
13721:
13713:
13704:
13695:
13686:
13677:
13667:
13659:
13649:
13641:
13632:
13622:
13614:
13605:
13596:
13595:
12856:
10494:
8990:
8965:
3695:
3100:
1239:
1229:
1219:
1209:
1199:
1189:
1179:
1169:
1159:
1149:
1139:
1129:
1119:
1109:
1099:
1089:
1079:
1069:
1059:
1049:
1039:
1029:
1019:
1009:
999:
989:
979:
969:
959:
949:
940:
16236:
16056:
14823:
14753:
14715:
14659:
14411:
13572:
13124:
8681:
6520:
6504:
5753:
5719:
5683:
5615:
5593:
5543:
5489:
5479:
5475:
5448:
5426:
5070:
4518:
4507:
4496:
4485:
4474:
4463:
4452:
4441:
4430:
4419:
4408:
4397:
4386:
4375:
4364:
4353:
4342:
4331:
4320:
4309:
4298:
4287:
4276:
4265:
4254:
4243:
4232:
4221:
4210:
4199:
3386:
3105:
2618:
2606:
2602:
2511:
2507:
2447:
1699:
1482:
1044:
754:
677:
195:
15022:
13712:
13658:
13631:
12745:"OHCHR | Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Arabic (Alarabia)"
12041:
Borg, Albert J.; Azzopardi-Alexander, Marie (1997). Maltese. Routledge.
11494:
11462:
10141:
9029:
6386:(masculine and feminine); and three "states" (indefinite, definite, and
3597:. Many cultural, religious and political terms have entered Arabic from
3558:
3556:. The project is not yet complete; its 15th volume, covering the letter
3052:. Linguists agree that it is a variety of spoken Arabic, descended from
1282:
15918:
15869:
13973:
13882:
13748:
12569:
12461:
12375:
12357:
12325:
12303:
12018:
11993:
11968:
10995:
10745:
9722:
Arabic in Context: Celebrating 400 Years of Arabic at Leiden University
9372:
8995:
8970:
8430:
6676:
6547:
6531:
6524:
6516:
6496:
5944:
5902:
5850:
5763:
5749:
5745:
5701:
5585:
5577:
5150:
4549:
4182:
4104:
3430:
3378:
3293:
3018:
2652:
usually refers to Standard Arabic, which Western linguists divide into
2464:
2454:
2419:
2403:
2331:
2327:
2155:
2144:
2067:
2033:
2017:
1998:
1964:
1947:
1794:
1510:
1417:
655:
579:
274:
167:
13838:
13784:
13775:
13730:
13723:
13676:
13669:
13640:
13079:
11951:
11684:
11652:
11603:
11571:
10519:
4636:, retention (or change of meaning) of different classical forms. Thus
2395:(1116–1196) realized the overhaul of Arabic grammar first proposed by
15883:
14878:
11737:
See for instance Wilhelm Eilers, "Iranisches Lehngut im Arabischen",
11430:
11428:
11426:
11424:
11422:
11420:
10341:
Diathesis in the Semitic Languages: A Comparative Morphological Study
10262:
Stern, Josef; Robinson, James T.; Shemesh, Yonatan (15 August 2019).
9557:. Orissan studies project, 10. Calcutta: Punthi Pustak. p. 213.
8461:
romanization solves this problem by separating the two sounds with a
8415:
7737:
7722:
7608:
6706:'red' for Form IX, which is limited to colors and physical defects):
6671:
paradigm. As a result, these derived stems are part of the system of
6660:
6656:
6428:
6363:
5819:
5800:
5784:. It has about 60,000 speakers according to a rough estimate in 2010.
5777:
5224:
3714:
3505:
3195:
3163:
3070:
3022:
2889:
2687:
2610:
2518:(1819), dramatically changed the diffusion and consumption of Arabic
2358:
2350:
1994:
1902:
1790:
1736:
1650:
1252:
933:
915:
897:
15727:
13802:
13613:
12782:
12341:
11739:
Actas IV. Congresso des Estudos Árabes et Islâmicos, Coimbra, Lisboa
10955:
10006:
9991:
9919:
9866:
9290:
9109:
Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
6538:, indicating the fact that they actually represent a combination of
6422:
3959:
has been also influenced by Arabic especially during the process of
2694:) and the vocabulary defined in classical dictionaries (such as the
16466:
15925:
15897:
14863:
14853:
13556:
13071:
11943:
11668:
10021:
9960:
9885:
9551:"Appendix B Persian, Turkish, Arabic words generally used in Oriya"
9433:"What are the official languages of the United Nations? - Ask DAG!"
8778:
8653:
7592:
6484:
6418:
5894:
5842:
5767:
5735:
5563:
3472:
3261:
2691:
2667:
2503:
2396:
2270:
2257:
2167:
2091:
2060:
2056:
2040:
2029:
2021:
2013:
1938:
1782:
1642:
1486:
1336:
708:
643:
639:
539:
461:
16600:
14746:
13391:
12936:
L'arabe parlé à Mardin. Monographie d'un parler arabe périphérique
12397:"Central Asian Arabic: The Irano-Arabic Dynamics of a New Perfect"
11700:"معجم الدوحة التاريخي للغة العربية.. الواقع الحقيقي للغة والحضارة"
11572:"Review of A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (Arabic-English)"
11417:
3659:(مدينة, city or city square), a word of Aramaic origin ܡܕ݂ܝܼܢ݇ܬܵܐ
2690:
and grammatical norms laid down by classical grammarians (such as
2597:
In 1997, a bureau of Arabization standardization was added to the
1489:
words from it. Arabic influence, mainly in vocabulary, is seen in
16642:
16040:
15904:
15716:
14898:
13562:
12598:
What the Koran Really Says : Language, Text & Commentary
11545:"Hedwig Klein and "Mein Kampf": The unknown Arabist - Qantara.de"
11374:
10191:
10189:
9867:"The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification"
8823:
8649:
7747:
7727:
7668:
7588:
7191:
6637:, and unlike most other languages, Arabic makes much more use of
6438:
5822:
5731:
5675:
5653:
5551:
5497:
5451:
5386:
5368:
5170:
5166:
5140:
5130:
5116:
5106:
5102:
5066:
5046:
5042:
5038:
4974:
4936:
4565:
4151:
3705:
3157:
3149:
2858:'branch', also used for the branch of a company or organization;
2317:
2159:
2025:
1665:
1638:
1522:
1332:
875:
853:
841:
790:
759:
624:
609:
584:
569:
549:
534:
524:
519:
425:
31:
27:
13113:(2003 reprint ed.), New Delhi: Asian Educational Services,
10026:
Supplement to the Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies
9091:
Constitution of Pakistan, 1973 – Article: 31 Islamic way of life
5931:
As in other Semitic languages, Arabic has a complex and unusual
5837:) consonants and non-emphatic ones. Some of these phonemes have
2080:
are three lines of poetry by a man named Garm(')allāhe found in
16846:
15149:
14813:
14741:
13241:
Arabic, Self and Identity: A Study in Conflict and Displacement
11060:, Introduction, p. xix. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
9628:"Top Ten Internet Languages in The World - Internet Statistics"
8723:
8458:
7712:
7664:
7600:
7580:
7541:
6607:
6603:
6410:
6391:
6041:, numerous words can be formed by applying different patterns:
5865:
5493:
5455:
5332:
5298:
5194:
5158:
5028:
5016:
4956:
4952:
4944:
4767:
4681:, the following are some of the characteristic features of the
4657:
all mean 'there is', and all come from Classical Arabic forms (
3979:
3656:
2624:
2439:
2044:
1598:
826:
808:
739:
734:
564:
559:
12601:. Translated by Ibn Warraq. New York: Prometheus. p. 64.
11653:"Review of Al-Muʿjam al-kabīr, Murad Kāmil, Ibrāhīm al-Ibyārī"
11342:
M. Ed., Loyola University-Maryland; B. S., Child Development.
10795:"Arabic Language." Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009.
10233:"Examining the origins of Arabic ahead of Arabic Language Day"
10186:
10158:, Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis, pp. 140–152, 1997,
9432:
8386:
of Arabic. (They differ in that, for example, the same letter
4573:
dialect in the one or two centuries immediately following the
4528: Sparsely populated area or no indigenous Arabic speakers
3524:(1961), based on established usage, especially in literature.
14893:
14848:
14838:
13757:
13685:
13567:
12843:
Birnstiel, Daniel (2019). "Chapter 15: Classical Arabic". In
8481:
7656:
7596:
5826:
5803:, contemporary spoken Arabic is more properly described as a
5727:
5715:
5679:
5657:
5639:
5607:
5529:
5513:
5483:
5469:
5465:
5408:
5400:
5358:
5328:
5286:
5212:
5198:
5180:
5092:
5085:
can be considered in between the two in terms of difficulty.
5050:
5037:, also called "Darija", spoken by about 70 million people in
4940:
4926:
4625:
4147:
3994:
3967:
was used as a source for modern Hebrew vocabulary and roots.
3824:
3710:
3578:
3306:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3167:
Flag used in some cases for the Arabic language (Flag of the
3045:
2675:
2483:
2459:
2354:
2293:
2148:
2136:
2081:
1990:
1798:
1751:
1683:
1554:
1478:
865:
859:
835:
799:
749:
634:
619:
614:
599:
574:
544:
178:
12960:
Writing Arabic: A Linguistic Approach, from Sounds to Script
12890:
Durand, Olivier; Langone, Angela D.; Mion, Giuliano (2010),
12058:
8925:
8608:
is said "four and twenty" just like in the German language (
7694:
Examples of different transliteration/transcription schemes
7096:'library' (also a writing-related place, but different from
3483:
In the second half of the 19th century, the British Arabist
2551:
In response, a number of Arabic academies modeled after the
15061:
14868:
11379:(Atlanta ed.). Madisonville: Peter Jones. p. 49.
11234:, p. 3. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2004.
10972:
9886:"Arabians, Arabias, and the Greeks_Contact and Perceptions"
9135:"Basic Law: Israel – The Nation State of the Jewish People"
7660:
7634:
and other uses such as final postnasalized or long vowels.
6480:
5887:. Some of the typical differences between Standard Arabic (
5799:
While many languages have numerous dialects that differ in
5781:
5756:
by around 8,000 people. Tajiki Arabic is highly endangered.
5711:
5697:
5687:
5661:
5625:
5555:
5517:
5501:
5396:
5324:
5320:
5290:
5282:
5162:
3936:
2605:. These academies and organizations have worked toward the
2249:
2163:
2004:
1728:
The conversion of the suffix-conjugated stative formation (
1558:
1428:, including its standard form of Literary Arabic, known as
817:
744:
703:
589:
554:
529:
9703:
9701:
9079:
8389:
7861:
7762:
4793:, where certain words have a special plural with prefixed
3515:
Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart
3252:
countries. Because the Quran is written in Arabic and all
3212:
education through a mélange of code-switching practises."
2252:"), and is credited with establishing the rules of Arabic
1335:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
12462:
Evi Nurus Suroiyah; Dewi Anisatuz Zakiyah (7 June 2021).
10521:رفاعة الطهطاوي : زعيم النهضة الفكرية في عصر محمد علي
7791:
7150:'to cooperate, participate', and in turn its verbal noun
6613:
The following shows a paradigm of a regular Arabic verb,
5492:, spoken by around four million people, predominantly in
4180:
Geographical distribution of the varieties of Arabic per
4072:, "galore, in quantity"). Most Berber varieties (such as
3753:
3188:
2316:
terms entered Arabic through translations carried out at
2076:
The earliest attestation of continuous Arabic text in an
13286:] (in Italian), Rome: I.P.O. – via Harassowitz
12037:
12035:
11754:
Lucas C, Manfredi S (2020). Lucas C, Manfredi S (eds.).
11304:
11294:, pp. 14–15. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013.
10319:
9846:
9793:
7174:'socialism' can be derived. Other recent formations are
5065:
is very hard to understand for Arabic speakers from the
1309: Not an official language, Arabic-speaking minority
10464:"Early Arabic Printing: Movable Type & Lithography"
9698:
9691:
9689:
9687:
9685:
9009:
7836:
7796:
7782:
5624:, spoken by around 10 million people, mainly spoken in
5371:, and the surrounding cities and it is a subvariety of
1801:. These features are evidence of common descent from a
13186:
Ryding, Karin Christina; Wilmsen, David, eds. (2021).
11402:
10626:, Berlin, München, Boston: DE GRUYTER, pp. 1–16,
9764:
An Outline of the Grammar of the Safaitic Inscriptions
9351:
Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics
8861:
List of countries where Arabic is an official language
8302:
5576:, spoken by around 8 million people, predominantly in
3985:
Terms borrowed range from religious terminology (like
3617:, meaning in that language the melting of metals; see
2084:, and dated to around 125 CE. This is followed by the
1291: Sole official language, Arabic-speaking majority
12032:
11207:, p. 32. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2012.
9924:
Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics, forthcoming
8418:
marks such as "š" for the sound equivalently written
7787:
7556:, to which it bears a loose resemblance like that of
7552:
The Arabic alphabet derives from the Aramaic through
6682:
Examples of the different verbs formed from the root
6655:
These stems encode grammatical functions such as the
6530:
The past and non-past paradigms are sometimes termed
5998:'I went', although other patterns are possible, e.g.
5869:
Examples of how the Arabic root and form system works
5009:
and in most Palestinian populations around the world.
4983:
is a continuum of mutually intelligible varieties of
3323:
and the speech of the Arabs—particularly the Bedouin
2686:. Classical Arabic is prescriptive, according to the
10723:
Journal of Nationalism, Memory and Language Politics
10499:(in French). Publications de l'Université de Tunis.
10261:
10227:
10225:
10223:
9682:
9225:
9223:
9061:
8760:
8297:
7212:
7204:
7196:
7184:
7176:
7168:
7160:
7152:
7144:
7136:
7098:
7090:
7071:
7063:
7055:
7047:
7016:
7004:
6987:
6975:
6958:
6946:
6929:
6917:
6900:
6888:
6869:
6855:
6838:
6826:
6809:
6797:
6780:
6768:
6751:
6739:
6700:
6688:
6648:
For verbs, a given root can occur in many different
6619:
6596:
6584:
6572:
6560:
6344:
6330:
6035:
6024:
5965:
5957:
5949:
5395:(Basrawi dialect) is the dialect spoken in southern
4895:
4887:
4879:
4871:
4863:
4855:
4840:
4832:
4817:
4809:
4787:
4779:
4749:
4741:
4005:
3623:
Histoire de la Médecine de l'Antiquité au XXe siècle
2977:
2964:
2951:
2882:
2742:
1450:
1356:
1303: Co-official language, Arabic-speaking minority
1297: Co-official language, Arabic-speaking majority
377:
369:
361:
114:
97:
16:
Semitic language and lingua franca of the Arab world
13014:
Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties
11864:"Maltese language – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"
11225:
Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties
11107:
Yemenis in New York City: The Folklore of Ethnicity
8743:
5632:. Most Qatari citizens speak Najdi Arabic (Bedawi).
4535:
Hatched area fill: minority scattered over the area
3085:is used for a telephone. Therefore, the process of
12939:, Bucharest: Editura Universitatii din Bucuresti,
12909:
12703:. Mediterranean Language Review. pp. 179–196.
12088:
11253:Introduction to Arabic Natural Language Processing
9548:
9520:
8619:
8366:There are a number of different standards for the
7777:
6606:morpheme, while in the non-past, a combination of
3609:, and (Classical) Persian, and Hellenistic Greek (
3196:Status in the Arab world vis-à-vis other languages
3156:is essentially incomprehensible to Arabs from the
2759:) are almost never used in Modern Standard Arabic.
2660:, which are not necessarily mutually intelligible.
2599:Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organization
2147:register. It is clear that the orthography of the
2001:held some prestige as inscriptional languages. In
12889:
12155:
12121:
10220:
10152:"Ibn Maḍâ' and the refutation of the grammarians"
9220:
9018:Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes
8928:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
8804:Arabic language influence on the Spanish language
6645:words than adding prefixes or suffixes to words.
5935:, i.e. method of constructing words from a basic
5682:, the dialect exhibits many big differences from
5255:. It is the only Semitic language written in the
4997:is a name of several dialects of the subgroup of
3478:
3283:
2970:'telephone' < 'invisible caller (in Sufism)';
795:Supreme Council of the Arabic language in Algeria
16893:
13354:(1985 reprint (English) ed.), Harassowitz,
13085:
12730:
12728:
12726:
12716:
12714:
12712:
12710:
12694:
12692:
12690:
12688:
12686:
12684:
12682:
12514:
12502:
11344:"The Importance of the Arabic Language in Islam"
10379:The Muqaddimah : an introduction to history
9258:The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa
9249:
8841:International Association of Arabic Dialectology
7080:The only three genuine suffixes are as follows:
6362:Nouns in Literary Arabic have three grammatical
5696:dialects – these are the dialects spoken by the
3461:, and Bedouin speech—positioning itself against
3013:, considered a direct precursor of Arabic script
2236:(718–786) compiled the first Arabic dictionary,
1690:, although non-standard varieties are sometimes
13040:Kaplan, Robert B.; Baldauf, Richard B. (2007),
11463:"Edward Lane's Surviving Arabic Correspondence"
10549:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
10202:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
10045:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
7607:, which is used in print and by computers, and
7130:. This is formed by adding the feminine suffix
7030:Form II is sometimes used to create transitive
6908:'he corresponds (with someone, esp. mutually)'
6896:'he corresponded (with someone, esp. mutually)'
6641:, applying many templates applied to roots, to
4705:in many affixes (e.g., non-past-tense prefixes
12998:(Illustrated ed.), Taylor & Francis,
12466:[Development of Arabic in Indonesia].
12323:
11930:Ferguson, Charles (1959), "The Arabic Koine",
11626:"المعجم التاريخي للعربية.. ضوء في عتمة الهوان"
10574:
10572:
10570:
10408:
10406:
9514:
9309:
9127:
8429:These less "scientific" systems tend to avoid
8394:is used to represent both a consonant, as in "
7202:'people's republic' (lit. "masses-ness", <
6449: /-nī/) and for nouns or prepositions (
4255:Libyan Arabic – Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic
4103:In languages not directly in contact with the
3552:was published in 1956 under the leadership of
3152:, a linguistically innovative variety such as
2674:Classical Arabic is the language found in the
838:: Academy of the Arabic Language in Jamahiriya
15743:
15135:
15038:
13407:
13293:Grammatica teorico-pratica della lingua araba
13185:
13039:
12975:
12892:Corso di Arabo Contemporaneo. Lingua Standard
12851:(2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 367–402.
12723:
12707:
12679:
11753:
11749:
11747:
11650:
9603:"Internet: most common languages online 2020"
9521:Versteegh, Kees; Versteegh, C. H. M. (1997).
7611:, which is commonly used for correspondence.
5528:provinces. Although Gulf Arabic is spoken in
5235:. Maltese is different from Arabic and other
4669:respectively), but now sound very different.
4066:
4045:
4031:
4018:, "logic"), and economic items (like English
3527:
856:: Academy of the Arabic Language in Mogadishu
54:needs attention from an expert in linguistics
13188:The Cambridge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics
12784:A Manual of the Historical Grammar of Arabic
11724:See the seminal study by Siegmund Fraenkel,
11549:Qantara.de – Dialogue with the Islamic World
10719:"The Arabic Language: A Latin of Modernity?"
10712:
10710:
9913:
9911:
9909:
9871:The Routledge Handbook of Arabic Linguistics
9344:"The Arabic Language: A Latin of Modernity?"
9068:Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran
9050:, Central Intelligence Agency, 26 April 2023
9015:
8735:
8536:
8522:
8507:
8387:
8324:
8282:
8240:
8207:
8174:
8141:
8108:
8069:
8024:
7991:
7940:
7901:
7859:
7820:
7760:
5888:
5849:. A "phonemic quality of length" applies to
4601:
4595:
4135:
4091:
4081:
4055:
3999:
3466:
3418:
3408:
3394:
3345:
3335:
3314:
3297:
3108:, used in some cases for the Arabic language
2971:
2958:
2945:
2932:
2919:
2906:
2893:
2876:
2859:
2846:
2826:
2813:
2736:
2625:Classical, Modern Standard and spoken Arabic
2552:
2543:
2534:
2413:
2243:
2224:
2211:
2201:
2110:
2089:
2048:
2002:
1457:
1443:
1376:
1349:
862:: Academy of the Arabic Language in Khartoum
90:
12280:Studies in Islamic History and Civilization
11168:Culture and Customs of the Arab Gulf States
10847:Population Analysis of the Arabic Languages
10668:
10624:Language Empires in Comparative Perspective
10567:
10403:
10376:
9890:Literacy and Identity in Pre-Islamic Arabia
9719:
9578:"The 10 Most Spoken Languages In The World"
9317:"Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: ara"
8851:List of Arabic-language television channels
6817:'he corresponds with, writes to (someone)'
3292:extended for about a millennium before the
3200:With the sole example of Medieval linguist
2166:, probably in connection with the court of
2028:are attested. The last two share important
16907:Languages attested from the 9th century BC
15750:
15736:
15142:
15128:
15045:
15031:
13414:
13400:
12957:
12780:
12582:
12401:Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion
11839:. Arabic Language Blog. 21 February 2012.
11744:
11569:
11166:Rebecca L. Torstrick and Elizabeth Faier,
10447:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9707:
7142:'share' can be derived the Form VIII verb
6805:'he corresponded with, wrote to (someone)'
5700:that had lived or continue to live in the
5686:. It is also spoken to a lesser extent in
2804:MSA uses much Classical vocabulary (e.g.,
1281:
850:: Academy of the Arabic Language in Riyadh
107:
15052:
13299:
13263:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
13204:
13176:
12907:
12842:
12698:
12479:
12431:
11892:
11833:"Top 50 English Words – of Arabic Origin"
11768:
11726:Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen
11310:
10994:
10744:
10734:
10716:
10707:
10682:
10617:
10419:(Fifth ed.). New York. p. 112.
10325:
10195:
9958:
9906:
9852:
9829:
9811:
9799:
9760:
9542:
9362:
9341:
9105:"Implementation of the Charter in Cyprus"
8555:In most of present-day North Africa, the
7166:'socialist', from which an abstract noun
6397:The feminine singular is often marked by
5893:) and vernacular varieties are a loss of
5829:phonemes. All phonemes contrast between "
5281:, spoken by about 41.2 million people in
4564:varieties and the much more conservative
3518:(1952), later translated into English as
3385:; it sought to exhaust all possible root
3220:Arabic has been taught worldwide in many
2510:, pioneering Arabic presses, such as the
2453:In around the 11th and 12th centuries in
1678:, and French. Arabic is written with the
844:: Academy of the Arabic Language in Rabat
13258:
13179:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
13131:
13060:Journal of the American Oriental Society
12468:Muhadasah: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Arab
12330:Journal of the American Oriental Society
11929:
11630:Hespress – هسبريس جريدة إلكترونية مغربية
11460:
11177:, p. 41. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2009.
11094:United States Government Printing Office
10873:"Morocco 2011 Constitution – Constitute"
10492:
10298:
10124:"Al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad | Arab philologist"
9460:
9458:
9427:
9425:
8453:, or a combination of two sounds, as in
7540:
5864:
5285:(where it is called "Aamiyah"), eastern
5015:, spoken by only several hundred in the
4579:
4175:
4061:, meaning "cup"), and expressions (like
3694:
3569:
3352:
3215:
3162:
3099:
3000:
2777:
2662:
2418:, "Tongue of Arabs"), a major reference
1766:for subjunctive, no ending for jussive,
1735:The conversion of the prefix-conjugated
1471:official languages of the United Nations
813:Academy of the Arabic Language in Israel
12993:
12929:
12824:
12759:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"
12464:"Perkembangan Bahasa Arab di Indonesia"
11982:
11741:, Leiden 1971, with earlier references.
11341:
10844:Jenkins, Orville Boyd (18 March 2000),
10843:
10837:
10766:
10764:
10582:بناء مجتمعات المعرفة في المنطقة العربية
10461:
10416:The modern Middle East : a history
9231:"Decret n° 2005-980 du 21 octobre 2005"
8660:and used it in a newspaper he founded,
7222:
6357:
4935:, spoken by about 44 million people in
3534:Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo
3171:1916–1925). The flag contains the four
2731:) in medieval and early modern Europe.
2219:"pointing for non-Arabs") and indicate
2206:"the way"), and pioneering a system of
1777:The development of an internal passive.
1617:, Sicilian, Spanish, Greek, Bulgarian,
1467:third most widespread official language
1329:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
804:Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo
16894:
13367:
13332:The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic
13329:
13277:
13158:
13042:Language Planning and Policy in Africa
12958:Hanna, Sami A.; Greis, Naguib (1972),
12650:
12547:
12272:
11383:from the original on 27 September 2007
11051:The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic
10930:"Morocco 2011 Constitution, Article 5"
10578:
10542:
10412:
10095:
10038:
9864:
9502:from the original on 24 September 2019
9416:
8939:, with supplementary sound recordings.
7614:Originally Arabic was made up of only
7190:'multitude, general public'), and the
5780:, especially along the north coast of
3754:Influence of Arabic on other languages
3679:(لازورد) is taken from Persian لاژورد
2334:Jewish philosopher, authored works in
65:may be able to help recruit an expert.
17072:Languages of the United Arab Emirates
15757:
15731:
15123:
15026:
13395:
13334:, New York: Oxford University Press,
13030:
13011:
12791:from the original on 21 December 2019
12595:Ibn Warraq (2002). Ibn Warraq (ed.).
12526:
12403:, Routledge, 2004, pp. 121–134,
12176:from the original on 4 October 2018.
12142:from the original on 4 October 2018.
12059:Borg and Azzopardi-Alexander (1997).
11843:from the original on 15 December 2018
11021:. Georgetown University Press. 2012.
10953:
10947:
10669:Seri-Hersch, Iris (2 December 2020).
10555:from the original on 27 February 2021
10474:from the original on 18 February 2020
10337:
10019:
10004:
9989:
9917:
9883:
9455:
9422:
9398:from the original on 12 December 2019
8961:
8959:
8876:List of French words of Arabic origin
8830:A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic
8809:Arabic Language International Council
8708:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
8664:, as well as in some books he wrote.
7182:'republic' (lit. "public-ness", <
4739:Reformation of geminate verbs, e.g.,
4037:, "so-and-so"), everyday terms (like
3521:A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic
3403:calling those that are actually used
2983:'newspaper' < 'palm-leaf stalk').
2192:–689) is credited with standardizing
1469:after English and French, one of six
1403:
1389:
1362:
147:
133:
13347:
13290:
13140:
13106:
13057:
12257:from the original on 11 October 2017
12228:from the original on 11 October 2017
12198:from the original on 11 October 2017
12099:from the original on 8 December 2015
12089:Brincat, Joseph M. (February 2005).
11957:
11861:
11787:from the original on 16 January 2021
11467:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
11354:from the original on 1 February 2009
10783:
10761:
10198:"Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects"
9940:from the original on 23 October 2017
9575:
9443:from the original on 5 February 2016
9297:from the original on 23 October 2017
8422:in English. Other systems (e.g. the
8313:
7628:were used for short vowels known as
7241:Example of a regular Form I verb in
6710:Most of these forms are exclusively
6550:occur only in the non-past, and the
5776:, spoken in Arab ethnic enclaves in
5437:, spoken in the Iranian province of
5417:, spoken in the Iranian province of
4766:'to you', etc. into indirect-object
3487:, working with the Egyptian scholar
3319:'instances of attested usage') from
2078:ancestor of the modern Arabic script
38:
17027:Languages of the State of Palestine
13421:
13284:Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic
12594:
11372:
11011:
10975:Current Issues in Language Planning
10496:L'Academie de Langue Arabe du Caire
10358:from the original on 4 October 2018
10208:from the original on 15 August 2016
10156:Landmarks in linguistic thought III
10051:from the original on 15 August 2016
9271:from the original on 23 August 2018
8881:Replacement of loanwords in Turkish
8736:
8656:created a Latin-based alphabet for
8537:
8523:
8508:
8388:
8325:
8283:
8241:
8208:
8175:
8142:
8109:
8070:
8025:
7992:
7941:
7902:
7860:
7821:
7761:
5889:
5031:by around 9,800 people (2013 UNSD).
4728:Loss of third-weak verbs ending in
4602:
4596:
4165:
4136:
4092:
4082:
4000:
3467:
3419:
3409:
3395:
3346:
3336:
3315:
3298:
3059:
2972:
2959:
2946:
2933:
2920:
2907:
2894:
2877:
2860:
2847:
2827:
2814:
2737:
2544:
2535:
2414:
2244:
2225:
2212:
2202:
2174:elements in morphology and syntax.
2124:
1973:, as perceived by geographers from
1458:
1444:
1377:
1350:
683:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
188:380 million native speakers of all
91:
13:
16878:Languages between parentheses are
14999:Languages between parentheses are
13259:Thelwall, Robin (2003). "Arabic".
13177:Procházka, S. (2006), ""Arabic"",
12813:from the original on 25 April 2016
11763:. Berlin: Language Science Press.
11118:Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies
10954:Čéplö, Slavomír (1 January 2020).
10854:from the original on 18 March 2009
10825:from the original on 20 April 2021
10717:Kamusella, Tomasz Dominik (2017).
10517:
10243:from the original on 20 April 2021
9147:from the original on 10 April 2021
8984:
8956:
8918:
7809:
7801:
5920:
5885:grammar of other Semitic languages
4732:(which merge with verbs ending in
4552:, which differ radically from the
3625:, Tallandier, 2008, p. 251),
2177:
1981:both belonging to and outside the
1716:Arabic is usually classified as a
1712:Classification of Arabic languages
14:
17113:
13387:
13243:. Oxford University Press, 2011.
13228:from the original on 3 April 2013
12299:Arabic, North Mesopotamian Spoken
11906:"Cairo Genizah : Philosophy"
11757:Arabic and contact-induced change
11697:
11150:, p. 1. London: Routledge, 2007.
10960:Arabic and Contact-induced Change
10599:from the original on 5 April 2021
9959:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (January 2014).
9781:from the original on 23 July 2016
9464:
9323:from the original on 3 March 2016
9024:. University of Vienna: 223–224.
8378:of Arabic, while others focus on
8332:
8290:
8254:
8248:
8215:
8182:
8149:
8116:
8077:
8032:
7999:
7960:
7954:
7948:
7909:
7869:
7770:
7526:
6382:(singular, dual and plural); two
6126:'we corresponded with each other'
5614:by 15 million people. Similar to
5464:, spoken by 17 million people in
4925:, spoken by 67 million people in
4916:
3663:(in which it means "state/city").
3305:) sought to explain words in the
2292:Arabic spread with the spread of
1705:
1448:"the eloquent Arabic") or simply
15007:
15006:
12825:Bateson, Mary Catherine (2003),
12751:
12737:
12644:
12619:
12588:
12576:
12541:
12532:
12520:
12508:
12496:
12455:
12389:
12381:
12364:
12324:Müller-Kessler, Christa (2003).
12317:
12309:
12292:
12243:
12214:
12184:
12149:
12115:
12082:
12052:
12024:
12007:
11999:
11974:
11923:
11898:
11886:
11874:from the original on 5 June 2008
11855:
11825:
11799:
11731:
10585:(in Arabic). UNESCO Publishing.
10543:Sawaie, Mohammed (30 May 2011).
10196:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (30 May 2011).
10164:10.4324/9780203444153_chapter_11
10069:
9001:
8976:
8777:
8763:
6405:) or internal modification (the
5638:(6 million speakers), spoken in
5508:coastal areas and some parts of
5367:is the Arabic dialect spoken in
5149:(3 million speakers), spoken in
5073:, the most comprehensible being
4987:spoken by the population of the
3489:Ibrāhīm Abd al-Ghaffār ad-Dasūqī
2300:, Arabic gained vocabulary from
650:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
43:
13370:The New York Times Almanac 2002
13016:. Georgetown University Press.
12829:, Georgetown University Press,
11805:
11718:
11691:
11657:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
11644:
11618:
11563:
11537:
11531:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_35793
11509:
11454:
11448:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_35848
11395:
11366:
11335:
11316:
11277:
11267:: Morgan & Claypool, 2010.
11244:
11217:
11187:
11160:
11141:Arabic-English Thematic Lexicon
11130:
11099:
11070:
11043:
11019:Arabic Language and Linguistics
10966:
10922:
10890:
10865:
10807:
10798:
10789:
10777:
10662:
10611:
10536:
10511:
10486:
10455:
10370:
10331:
10299:Baalbaki, Ramzi (28 May 2014).
10292:
10282:
10268:. University of Chicago Press.
10255:
10116:
10089:
10063:
10032:
10013:
9998:
9983:
9952:
9877:
9858:
9805:
9754:
9713:
9666:. 29 March 2015. Archived from
9650:
9620:
9595:
9569:
9484:
9410:
9335:
9283:
9210:
9184:
9159:
8620:Arabic alphabet and nationalism
7682:
6453: /-ī/ after consonants,
6084:'I corresponded (with someone)'
5267:is considerably lower than the
3375:Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi
3272:
2234:Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi
472:Cypriot Maronite Greek alphabet
442:Cypriot Maronite Latin alphabet
16882:of the language on their left.
15003:of the language on their left.
13307:. Edinburgh University Press.
13214:, Asian Educational Services,
12665:10.1080/17547075.2009.11643292
11077:Proceedings and Debates of the
10772:Modern Arabic Sociolinguistics
10684:10.4000/etudesafricaines.32202
10381:. Princeton University Press.
10039:Lentin, Jérôme (30 May 2011).
9097:
9094:, 1973, retrieved 13 June 2018
9076:, 1979, retrieved 25 July 2018
9036:
8904:
8894:
8700:
7637:
6491:(active and passive); and six
5818:Modern Standard Arabic has 28
5670:(800,000 speakers), spoken by
5243:has been deeply influenced by
5001:spoken by the Palestinians in
4807:Adjective plurals of the form
4277:Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic
3479:Western lexicography of Arabic
3413:) and those that are not used
3284:Pre-modern Arabic lexicography
2712:, especially in modern times.
2526:proposed the establishment of
2469:poetry forms developed in the
2345:
2111:
2090:
2049:
2003:
1987:Modern South Arabian languages
1928:independent object pronoun in
1633:and African languages such as
697:Special status in Constitution
1:
17102:Verb–subject–object languages
17097:Subject–verb–object languages
13145:(in Italian), Rome: Carocci,
13107:Lane, Edward William (1893),
12894:(in Italian), Milan: Hoepli,
12515:Kirchhoff & Vergyri (2005
12503:Kirchhoff & Vergyri (2005
11651:von Grunebaum, G. E. (1959).
11632:(in Arabic). 15 November 2020
11440:Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
11403:"Reviews of Language Courses"
11092:, p. 10,462. Washington, DC:
10377:Ibn Khaldūn (27 April 2015).
10020:Nehmé, Laila (January 2010).
9525:. Columbia University Press.
8944:
8866:Arabic-based creole languages
7024:'he asks (someone) to write'
7012:'he asked (someone) to write'
6628:
6457: /-ya/ after vowels).
6168:'I correspond (with someone)'
5770:until the 1930s, now extinct.
5532:, most Qatari citizens speak
5381:is the dialect spoken by the
5297:) and in the southeastern of
5053:. It also forms the basis of
4758:Conversion of separate words
3703:(9th–11th century), with the
3540:of Arabic in the vein of the
3367:
3267:
2471:dialectical Arabic of Cordoba
2425:
2210:to differentiate consonants (
2186:
1958:
1424:assigns language codes to 32
652:(partially recognized state)
13498:Ancient South Arabian script
13465:Influence on other languages
13100:10.1016/j.specom.2005.01.004
12908:Gregersen, Edgar A. (1977),
12699:Shrivtiel, Shraybom (1998).
12092:Maltese – an unusual formula
11087:107th United States Congress
10987:10.1080/14664208.2011.629113
8949:
8744:
8533:. Its emphatic counterpart,
7650:Khalil ibn Ahmad al Farahidi
6519:, active and passive, and a
6154:'I have (something) written'
5913:, and loss of the inflected
5788:
5423:Southern Mesopotamian Arabic
5341:Southeastern Anatolia Region
5307:Southeastern Anatolia Region
4115:. Older Arabic loanwords in
3565:
3248:in the Arab world and other
3064:
2097:at four locations in Syria (
1977:. In the southwest, various
1925:- to introduce modal clauses
1686:script that is written from
7:
14755:
13840:
13831:
13822:
13813:
13804:
13795:
13786:
13777:
13768:
13759:
13750:
13740:
13732:
13722:
13714:
13705:
13696:
13687:
13678:
13668:
13660:
13650:
13642:
13633:
13623:
13615:
13606:
13597:
13538:
12065:. Routledge. p. xiii.
10675:Cahiers d'études africaines
10579:UNESCO (31 December 2019).
10099:The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia
9576:Lane, James (2 June 2021).
9549:Bhabani Charan Ray (1981).
8756:
8550:
8498:mobile phone text messaging
7213:
7205:
7197:
7185:
7177:
7169:
7161:
7153:
7145:
7137:
7099:
7091:
7072:
7064:
7056:
7048:
7017:
7005:
6988:
6976:
6959:
6947:
6930:
6918:
6901:
6889:
6870:
6856:
6839:
6827:
6810:
6798:
6788:"he makes (someone) write"
6781:
6769:
6752:
6740:
6701:
6689:
6639:nonconcatenative morphology
6620:
6597:
6585:
6573:
6561:
6546:. The moods other than the
6345:
6331:
6317:
6303:
6289:
6275:
6261:
6247:
6233:
6219:
6205:
6191:
6177:
6163:
6149:
6135:
6121:
6107:
6093:
6079:
6070:'I had (something) written'
6065:
6051:
6036:
6025:
6017:
6009:
6001:
5993:
5985:
5977:
5966:
5958:
5950:
5468:and some parts of southern
4896:
4888:
4880:
4872:
4864:
4856:
4841:
4833:
4818:
4810:
4788:
4780:
4750:
4742:
4591:The Guide for the Perplexed
4560:, followed by that between
4123:. Most Arabic loanwords in
4006:
3737:
3729:
3716:
3279:List of Arabic dictionaries
2978:
2965:
2952:
2939:
2926:
2913:
2883:
2866:
2853:
2833:
2820:
2807:
2743:
2645:List of Arabic dictionaries
2402:The Maghrebi lexicographer
1451:
1438:
1414:Afroasiatic language family
1384:
1357:
666:International Organizations
115:
98:
56:. The specific problem is:
10:
17118:
12980:, London: Lund Humphries,
12781:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2020a).
12773:
12156:Robert D Hoberman (2007).
12122:Robert D Hoberman (2007).
11806:PhD, D. Gershon Lewental.
11728:, Leiden 1886 (repr. 1962)
11570:Abu-Haidar, J. A. (1983).
10770:Abdulkafi Albirini. 2016.
10618:Tilmatine, Mohand (2015),
9632:www.internetworldstats.com
9342:Kamusella, Tomasz (2017).
8856:List of Arabic given names
8652:plan to dominate Lebanon.
8631:
8402:et", and a vowel, as in "m
7686:
7641:
7530:
7226:
6468:
6210:'we correspond each other'
5924:
5883:has similarities with the
5872:
5860:
5792:
5265:asymmetric intelligibility
5095:and neighboring countries.
4609:), in Arabic written with
4169:
3691:in Portuguese and Spanish.
3528:Modern Arabic lexicography
3508:, with contributions from
3377:, is considered the first
3276:
2727:vernaculars (which became
2678:, used from the period of
2642:
2628:
2128:
1962:
1953:
1709:
1662:fifth most spoken language
1445:اَلعَرَبِيَّةُ ٱلْفُصْحَىٰ
493:(different national forms)
25:
18:
17037:Languages of Saudi Arabia
16912:Central Semitic languages
16864:
16791:
16692:
16633:
16626:
16593:
16584:
16577:
16530:
16521:
16451:
16359:
16206:
16087:
16048:
16039:
16030:
15972:
15951:
15854:
15845:
15836:
15798:
15765:
15694:
15673:
15657:
15641:
15625:
15597:
15559:
15543:
15512:
15486:
15470:
15444:
15419:
15393:
15327:
15306:
15250:
15229:
15168:
15161:
15108:
15060:
14986:
14979:Islam and Arabic language
14972:
14907:
14794:
14724:
14703:
14628:
14546:
14528:
14489:
14382:
14342:
14309:
14300:
14273:
14233:
14224:
14198:
14085:
13945:
13936:
13927:
13906:
13860:
13851:
13588:
13473:
13430:
13211:Arabic–English Dictionary
13206:Steingass, Francis Joseph
13132:Lipinski, Edward (1997),
12847:; Pat-El, Na'ama (eds.).
11910:Cambridge Digital Library
11588:10.1017/S0041977X00079040
11479:10.1017/S135618630001590X
10934:www.constituteproject.org
10877:www.constituteproject.org
10493:Hamzaoui, Rached (1975).
10413:Gelvin, James L. (2020).
9977:10.1017/S0041977X14000524
9884:Macdonald, Michael C. A.
9812:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2021).
9761:Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2015).
9730:10.1163/9789004343047_002
9140:. Knesset. 19 July 2018.
8936:10.1017/S0025100323000269
8600:
8596:
8592:
8588:
8584:
8580:
8576:
8572:
8568:
8564:
8449:as a single sound, as in
8344:
8338:
8301:
8296:
8263:
8224:
8191:
8158:
8125:
8122:
8086:
8083:
8038:
8008:
7969:
7966:
7918:
7915:
7882:
7832:
7776:
7572:had a dot underneath and
7496:
7466:
7438:
7433:
7401:
7373:
7306:
7278:
7273:
7253:
6776:'he made (someone) write'
6695:
6683:
6614:
6591:
6579:
6567:
6555:
6554:is signaled by prefixing
6454:
6450:
6446:
6432:
6414:
6398:
6339:
6325:
6311:
6297:
6283:
6269:
6255:
6241:
6227:
6213:
6199:
6185:
6171:
6157:
6143:
6129:
6115:
6101:
6087:
6073:
6059:
6045:
5955:'write' with the pattern
5393:South Mesopotamian Arabic
5351:Judeo-Mesopotamian Arabic
5315:is a spoken north of the
5313:North Mesopotamian Arabic
4885:'what' (or similar) <
4354:North Mesopotamian Arabic
4011:)), academic terms (like
3562:, was published in 2022.
3543:Oxford English Dictionary
3433:gives 9,273 roots, while
2287:
1979:Central Semitic languages
1315:
1280:
1266:
1250:
931:
913:
895:
890:
822:Iraqi Academy of Sciences
774:
717:
513:27 states and territories
505:Official language in
503:
498:
481:
400:
312:
294:
252:
206:
184:
174:
163:
129:
106:
89:
84:
17047:Languages of South Sudan
16942:Languages of the Comoros
16875:or historical languages.
14920:Arabic script in Unicode
14655:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
14015:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
13368:Wright, John W. (2001),
13291:Vaglieri, Laura Veccia,
13159:Mumisa, Michael (2003),
13044:, Multilingual Matters,
12994:Hetzron, Robert (1997),
12976:Haywood; Nahmad (1965),
12827:Arabic Language Handbook
12409:10.4324/9780203327715-12
11461:Richards, D. S. (1999).
11116:, p. 124. Philadelphia:
10102:. Taylor & Francis.
9831:10.3390/languages6040173
9086:Constitution of Pakistan
8887:
8734:
8667:
8529:, may be represented by
8382:, i.e. representing the
8374:, i.e. representing the
6479:in two major paradigms (
6464:
6413:by the definite article
5724:Central African Republic
5652:spoken in some parts of
4672:
3742:; (4) 11th century, in
3613:has as origin the Greek
3475:it viewed as defective.
3296:. Early lexicographers (
3288:The tradition of Arabic
2476:
2248:"The Book of the Letter
1718:Central Semitic language
1432:, which is derived from
1416:spoken primarily in the
1410:Central Semitic language
880:Beit Al-Hikma Foundation
870:Arab Academy of Damascus
831:Jordan Academy of Arabic
26:Not to be confused with
17007:Languages of Mauritania
15075:Al-Alfiyya of Ibn Malik
14182:Western Egyptian Bedawi
13190:. New York: Cambridge.
13141:Mion, Giuliano (2007),
12583:Hanna & Greis (1972
12481:10.51339/muhad.v3i1.302
11964:Arabic, Egyptian Spoken
11290:2 November 2022 at the
11259:2 November 2022 at the
11230:2 November 2022 at the
10736:10.1515/jnmlp-2017-0006
10632:10.1515/9783110408362.1
10468:Yale University Library
10128:Encyclopedia Britannica
10096:Leaman, Oliver (2006).
9496:Encyclopedia Britannica
9364:10.1515/jnmlp-2017-0006
9196:www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca
9171:www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca
8846:List of Arab newspapers
8561:Eastern Arabic numerals
8557:Western Arabic numerals
7117:-ic, -al, -an, -y, -ist
6673:derivational morphology
5628:, central and northern
5345:Eastern Anatolia Region
5183:until the 16th century.
5077:and the most difficult
5025:Cypriot Maronite Arabic
5007:Arab citizens of Israel
4773:Certain changes in the
4222:Algerian Saharan Arabic
3242:Arabic language schools
2996:mutually unintelligible
2918:'university', based on
2158:developed based on the
1743:) into a present tense.
1497:and to a lesser extent
170:and surrounding regions
63:WikiProject Linguistics
21:Arabic (disambiguation)
17092:Stress-timed languages
16982:Languages of Kurdistan
16957:Languages of Gibraltar
13330:Watson, Janet (2002),
13110:Arabic–English Lexicon
13031:Irwin, Robert (2006),
12631:Barjeel Art Foundation
12439:"Tajiki Spoken Arabic"
12014:Arabic, Cypriot Spoken
11770:10.5281/zenodo.3744565
11522:Encyclopaedia of Islam
11517:"Lane, Edward William"
11436:"Lexicography, Arabic"
10729:(2). De Gruyter: 117.
9865:Jallad, Ahmad (2018).
8819:Arabic–English Lexicon
8715:Modern Standard Arabic
8706:From Article 1 of the
8486:bulletin board systems
8368:romanization of Arabic
7689:Romanization of Arabic
7549:
6435: /-at/ suffix.
5927:Modern Standard Arabic
5909:morphosyntax, loss of
5905:, a shift toward more
5895:morphological markings
5870:
5809:Modern Standard Arabic
5805:continuum of varieties
5580:, and in parts of the
5331:, and in southeastern
5269:mutual intelligibility
4618:North African dialects
4613:
4542:
4321:Sudanese Creole Arabic
4067:
4056:
4046:
4032:
3747:
3586:
3501:Arabic–English Lexicon
3358:
3234:Middle Eastern studies
3202:Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati
3192:
3109:
3014:
2801:
2671:
2635:Modern Standard Arabic
2553:
2298:early Muslim conquests
2260:(776–868) proposed to
2183:Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali
1905:of the feminine ending
1692:written in ASCII Latin
1671:Bloomberg Businessweek
1439:al-ʿarabiyyatu l-fuṣḥā
1430:Modern Standard Arabic
1364:[alʕaraˈbijːa]
1317:This article contains
304:Modern Standard Arabic
200:Modern Standard Arabic
149:[alʕaraˈbijːa]
16947:Languages of Djibouti
16932:Languages of Cameroon
16165:Christian Palestinian
15877:Ancient North Arabian
15085:Poem of Sidi Boushaki
15054:Arabic language books
14786:Quranic Arabic Corpus
13493:Ancient North Arabian
13012:Holes, Clive (2004).
12996:The Semitic languages
12857:10.4324/9780429025563
12849:The Semitic Languages
12799:– via Academia.
12371:Arabic, Tajiki Spoken
11837:blogs.transparent.com
11329:14 April 2016 at the
11203:14 April 2016 at the
11173:14 April 2016 at the
11146:13 April 2016 at the
11112:14 April 2016 at the
11082:14 April 2016 at the
11056:14 April 2016 at the
10981:(4). Routledge: 508.
10462:Okerson, Ann (2009).
9724:. Brill. p. 13.
8636:The Beirut newspaper
7544:
7210:'the masses', pl. of
6469:Further information:
5868:
5379:Baghdad Jewish Arabic
5123:Judeo-Algerian Arabic
5081:. The others such as
4800:Loss of the feminine
4583:
4179:
3698:
3573:
3538:historical dictionary
3356:
3216:As a foreign language
3166:
3103:
3048:and written with the
3004:
2944:'republic', based on
2901:'death' put into the
2795:
2666:
2629:Further information:
2500:industrial revolution
2071:Ancient North Arabian
1983:Ancient South Arabian
1803:hypothetical ancestor
1710:Further information:
1698:with no standardized
1525:languages, including
658:(unrecognized state)
17077:Languages of Tunisia
17057:Languages of Somalia
17042:Languages of Senegal
17012:Languages of Morocco
16992:Languages of Lebanon
16952:Languages of Eritrea
16927:Languages of Bahrain
16922:Languages of Algeria
16265:Koy Sanjaq Christian
15942:Pre-classical Arabic
14737:Sun and moon letters
13897:Pre-classical Arabic
13280:Vocabolario di arabo
13088:Speech Communication
13035:, London: Allen Lane
12978:A new Arabic grammar
12953:on 27 September 2007
12443:Endangered Languages
11090:Congressional Record
10956:"Chapter 13 Maltese"
10545:"Language Academies"
10518:الشيال, جمال الدين.
10239:. 15 December 2016.
8687:Ahmad Lutfi As Sayid
8543:, may be written as
8516:Arabic Chat Alphabet
8465:symbol ( ′ ); e.g.,
7260:Present Subjunctive
7223:Colloquial varieties
7194:-specific variation
7084:The feminine suffix
7053:'desk, office' <
6358:Nouns and adjectives
5742:Central Asian Arabic
5554:, spoken in Central
5542:, distinct from the
5337:Mediterranean Region
5169:, and south-western
5157:, some parts of the
4973:spoken primarily in
4453:Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic
4100:), "prayer leader".
4044:, "but", or Spanish
3709:as an example, from
3646:Foundations of Islam
3536:sought to publish a
3443:gives 11,978 roots.
3114:varieties of Chinese
2931:'to gather, unite';
2422:of Arabic, in 1290.
2088:, an epitaph of the
1842:G-passive participle
1833:to Classical Arabic
1732:) into a past tense.
1215:Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic
630:United Arab Emirates
280:Pre-classical Arabic
17052:Languages of Sicily
16987:Languages of Kuwait
16977:Languages of Jordan
16962:Languages of Israel
16108:Ashurian and Hatran
14591:Judeo-Tripolitanian
14070:Judeo-Tripolitanian
13348:Wehr, Hans (1952),
13305:The Arabic Language
13301:Versteegh, C. H. M.
13278:Traini, R. (1961),
13127:on 10 December 2013
13033:For Lust of Knowing
11373:Quesada, Thomas C.
11049:Janet C.E. Watson,
10338:Retsö, Jan (1989).
10204:. Brill Reference.
10047:. Brill Reference.
9638:on 7 September 2019
9523:The Arabic Language
8871:Varieties of Arabic
8710:
7695:
7263:Present Indicative
7250:
7229:Varieties of Arabic
6714:
6350:'library, bookshop'
6033:From a single root
5560:Sultanate of Muscat
5421:. This is a mix of
5373:Mesopotamian Arabic
5279:Mesopotamian Arabic
4901:(relative pronoun).
4679:Charles A. Ferguson
4365:Mesopotamian Arabic
4172:Varieties of Arabic
4119:were borrowed from
3699:Evolution of early
3585:, 9th–10th century)
3485:Edward William Lane
2710:post-industrial era
2639:Varieties of Arabic
2498:In the wake of the
2338:—Arabic written in
2262:Al-Akhfash al-Akbar
1813:negative particles
1475:liturgical language
1426:varieties of Arabic
719:Recognised minority
430:Said Akl's alphabet
120:in written Arabic (
17082:Languages of Yemen
17067:Languages of Syria
17062:Languages of Sudan
17032:Languages of Qatar
17017:Languages of Niger
16997:Languages of Libya
16917:Fusional languages
16179:Jewish Palestinian
14964:MacArabic encoding
13163:, Goodword Books,
13161:Introducing Arabic
12912:Language in Africa
12653:Design and Culture
10815:"linteau de porte"
10005:Al-Jallad, Ahmad.
9990:Al-Jallad, Ahmad.
9918:Al-Jallad, Ahmad.
9892:. pp. 16–17.
9492:"Maltese language"
9115:on 24 October 2011
9048:The World Factbook
8705:
8474:personal computers
8424:Bahá'í orthography
7693:
7644:Arabic calligraphy
7550:
7546:Arabic calligraphy
7240:
7032:denominative verbs
6709:
6675:, not part of the
6650:derived verb stems
5871:
5227:relationship with
5105:and north-eastern
4995:Palestinian Arabic
4614:
4607:Dalālatu‿l-ḥāʾirīn
4543:
3748:
3587:
3549:Al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr
3448:pre-Islamic poetry
3371: 8th century
3359:
3193:
3110:
3015:
3007:Namara inscription
2892:', using the root
2802:
2680:Pre-Islamic Arabia
2672:
2555:Académie française
2522:and publications.
2156:spoken vernaculars
2086:Namara inscription
1880:a subjunctive in -
1739:-tense formation (
1491:European languages
1405:[ʕaraˈbij]
1391:[ˈʕarabiː]
1135:Qeltu Iraqi Arabic
1035:Gelet Iraqi Arabic
434:Hassaniya alphabet
135:[ˈʕarabiː]
17022:Languages of Oman
17002:Languages of Mali
16972:Languages of Iraq
16967:Languages of Iran
16937:Languages of Chad
16889:
16888:
16860:
16859:
16856:
16855:
16787:
16786:
16783:
16782:
16517:
16516:
16513:
16512:
16355:
16354:
16318:Koy Sanjaq Jewish
16115:Jewish Babylonian
16026:
16025:
15759:Semitic languages
15725:
15724:
15440:
15439:
15155:world's languages
15117:
15116:
15020:
15019:
14995:extinct languages
14934:MS-DOS codepages
14699:
14698:
14695:
14694:
14378:
14377:
14296:
14295:
14194:
14193:
13890:Old Hijazi Arabic
13379:978-1-57958-348-4
13361:978-3-447-01998-9
13341:978-0-19-824137-9
13314:978-0-7486-4528-2
13270:978-0-521-63751-0
13253:978-0-19-974701-6
13239:Suileman, Yasir.
13221:978-81-206-0855-9
13197:978-1-108-41730-3
13170:978-81-7898-211-3
13152:978-88-430-4394-1
13136:, Leuven: Peeters
13134:Semitic Languages
13120:978-81-206-0107-9
13051:978-1-85359-726-8
13023:978-1-58901-022-2
13005:978-0-415-05767-7
12987:978-0-85331-585-8
12969:978-90-04-03589-8
12962:, Brill Archive,
12946:978-973-737-249-9
12923:978-0-677-04380-7
12901:978-88-203-4552-5
12866:978-0-415-73195-9
12845:Huehnergard, John
12836:978-0-87840-386-8
12734:Shrivtiel, p. 189
12720:Shrivtiel, p. 188
12627:"Hassan Massoudy"
12615:on 11 April 2019.
12470:(in Indonesian).
12379:(25th ed., 2022)
12307:(25th ed., 2022)
12278:Isserlin (1986).
12169:978-1-57506-109-2
12135:978-1-57506-109-2
12072:978-0-415-02243-9
12022:(25th ed., 2022)
11997:(25th ed., 2022)
11972:(25th ed., 2022)
11780:978-3-96110-252-5
11704:www.aljazeera.net
11300:978-0-231-51940-3
11273:978-1-59829-795-9
11240:978-1-58901-022-2
11213:978-0-8014-6630-4
11183:978-0-313-33659-1
11156:978-1-134-10392-8
11126:978-0-944190-05-0
11066:978-0-19-160775-2
10641:978-3-11-040836-2
10592:978-92-3-600090-9
10426:978-0-19-007406-7
10388:978-0-691-16628-5
10351:978-90-04-08818-4
10312:978-90-04-27401-3
10275:978-0-226-45763-5
10173:978-0-203-27565-8
10109:978-0-415-32639-1
9774:978-90-04-28982-6
9739:978-90-04-34304-7
8999:(27th ed., 2024)
8974:(27th ed., 2024)
8836:Glossary of Islam
8814:Arabic literature
8754:
8753:
8494:instant messaging
8364:
8363:
7524:
7523:
7409:
7379:
7344:
7312:
7028:
7027:
6635:Semitic languages
6238:'it was dictated'
5881:grammar of Arabic
5774:Indonesian Arabic
5582:Arabian Peninsula
5516:. Also spoken in
5482:and southern far
5415:Khuzestani Arabic
5289:and southwestern
5245:Romance languages
5237:Semitic languages
5193:), was spoken in
5177:Andalusian Arabic
4989:Kingdom of Jordan
4634:Romance languages
4558:Arabian peninsula
4554:literary language
4546:Colloquial Arabic
4090:), "prayer", and
3992:, "prayer", from
3873:Romance languages
3629:(distiller) from
3599:Iranian languages
3441:Murtada az-Zabidi
3373:), attributed to
3238:religious studies
3230:foreign languages
3146:Romance languages
2843:loan translations
2793:
2729:Romance languages
2684:Abbasid Caliphate
2609:of the sciences,
2528:Madrasat al-Alsun
2524:Rifa'a al-Tahtawi
2473:and the Maghreb.
2399:200 years prior.
2374:Kitāb Al-Khaṣāʾiṣ
2368:Kitāb Al-Muḥtasab
1971:Arabian Peninsula
1896:leveling of the -
1797:languages of the
1343:
1342:
1325:rendering support
1321:phonetic symbols.
946:Individual codes:
776:Regulated by
260:Proto-Afroasiatic
80:
79:
17109:
16631:
16630:
16591:
16590:
16582:
16581:
16528:
16527:
16396:northern dialect
16071:Biblical Aramaic
16064:Imperial Aramaic
16046:
16045:
16037:
16036:
15935:Nabataean Arabic
15852:
15851:
15843:
15842:
15818:Canaano-Akkadian
15752:
15745:
15738:
15729:
15728:
15615:Standard Chinese
15166:
15165:
15144:
15137:
15130:
15121:
15120:
15047:
15040:
15033:
15024:
15023:
15010:
15009:
14758:
14307:
14306:
14231:
14230:
14167:Western Algerian
14114:Eastern Algerian
14110:Algerian Saharan
14040:(Lesser Kabylia)
13943:
13942:
13934:
13933:
13876:Nabataean Arabic
13858:
13857:
13843:
13834:
13825:
13816:
13807:
13798:
13789:
13780:
13771:
13762:
13753:
13745:
13735:
13727:
13717:
13708:
13699:
13690:
13681:
13673:
13663:
13655:
13645:
13636:
13628:
13618:
13609:
13600:
13580:Maltese alphabet
13543:
13523:Algerian Braille
13513:Eastern numerals
13483:Nabataean script
13416:
13409:
13402:
13393:
13392:
13382:
13364:
13344:
13326:
13296:
13287:
13274:
13236:
13235:
13233:
13201:
13182:
13173:
13155:
13137:
13128:
13123:, archived from
13103:
13082:
13054:
13036:
13027:
13008:
12990:
12972:
12954:
12949:, archived from
12926:
12915:
12904:
12886:
12839:
12821:
12820:
12818:
12800:
12798:
12796:
12767:
12766:
12755:
12749:
12748:
12741:
12735:
12732:
12721:
12718:
12705:
12704:
12696:
12677:
12676:
12648:
12642:
12641:
12639:
12637:
12623:
12617:
12616:
12611:. Archived from
12592:
12586:
12580:
12574:
12573:
12545:
12539:
12536:
12530:
12524:
12518:
12512:
12506:
12500:
12494:
12493:
12483:
12459:
12453:
12452:
12451:
12449:
12435:
12429:
12428:
12427:
12425:
12393:
12387:
12386:
12385:
12368:
12362:
12361:
12321:
12315:
12314:
12313:
12296:
12290:
12276:
12270:
12269:
12264:
12262:
12247:
12241:
12240:
12235:
12233:
12218:
12212:
12211:
12205:
12203:
12188:
12182:
12181:
12153:
12147:
12146:
12119:
12113:
12112:
12106:
12104:
12095:. MED Magazine.
12086:
12080:
12079:
12056:
12050:
12039:
12030:
12029:
12028:
12011:
12005:
12004:
12003:
11989:Levantine Arabic
11986:
11980:
11979:
11978:
11961:
11955:
11954:
11927:
11921:
11920:
11918:
11916:
11902:
11896:
11890:
11884:
11883:
11881:
11879:
11859:
11853:
11852:
11850:
11848:
11829:
11823:
11822:
11820:
11818:
11803:
11797:
11796:
11794:
11792:
11772:
11762:
11751:
11742:
11735:
11729:
11722:
11716:
11715:
11713:
11711:
11695:
11689:
11688:
11648:
11642:
11641:
11639:
11637:
11622:
11616:
11615:
11567:
11561:
11560:
11558:
11556:
11541:
11535:
11534:
11513:
11507:
11506:
11458:
11452:
11451:
11432:
11415:
11414:
11412:
11410:
11399:
11393:
11392:
11390:
11388:
11370:
11364:
11363:
11361:
11359:
11339:
11333:
11320:
11314:
11308:
11302:
11281:
11275:
11250:Nizar Y. Habash,
11248:
11242:
11221:
11215:
11191:
11185:
11164:
11158:
11134:
11128:
11103:
11097:
11074:
11068:
11047:
11041:
11040:
11015:
11009:
11008:
10998:
10970:
10964:
10963:
10951:
10945:
10944:
10942:
10940:
10926:
10920:
10919:
10914:
10912:
10902:
10894:
10888:
10887:
10885:
10883:
10869:
10863:
10862:
10861:
10859:
10841:
10835:
10834:
10832:
10830:
10811:
10805:
10802:
10796:
10793:
10787:
10781:
10775:
10768:
10759:
10758:
10748:
10738:
10714:
10705:
10704:
10686:
10677:(240): 779–804.
10666:
10660:
10659:
10658:
10656:
10615:
10609:
10608:
10606:
10604:
10576:
10565:
10564:
10562:
10560:
10540:
10534:
10533:
10515:
10509:
10508:
10490:
10484:
10483:
10481:
10479:
10459:
10453:
10452:
10446:
10438:
10410:
10401:
10400:
10374:
10368:
10367:
10365:
10363:
10335:
10329:
10323:
10317:
10316:
10296:
10290:
10286:
10280:
10279:
10259:
10253:
10252:
10250:
10248:
10229:
10218:
10217:
10215:
10213:
10193:
10184:
10183:
10182:
10180:
10148:
10139:
10138:
10136:
10134:
10120:
10114:
10113:
10093:
10087:
10086:
10084:
10082:
10067:
10061:
10060:
10058:
10056:
10036:
10030:
10029:
10017:
10011:
10010:
10002:
9996:
9995:
9987:
9981:
9980:
9956:
9950:
9949:
9947:
9945:
9915:
9904:
9903:
9881:
9875:
9874:
9862:
9856:
9850:
9844:
9843:
9833:
9809:
9803:
9797:
9791:
9790:
9788:
9786:
9758:
9752:
9751:
9717:
9711:
9705:
9696:
9693:
9680:
9679:
9677:
9675:
9670:on 29 March 2015
9654:
9648:
9647:
9645:
9643:
9634:. Archived from
9624:
9618:
9617:
9615:
9613:
9599:
9593:
9592:
9590:
9588:
9573:
9567:
9566:
9546:
9540:
9539:
9518:
9512:
9511:
9509:
9507:
9488:
9482:
9481:
9479:
9477:
9462:
9453:
9452:
9450:
9448:
9429:
9420:
9414:
9408:
9407:
9405:
9403:
9397:
9366:
9348:
9339:
9333:
9332:
9330:
9328:
9313:
9307:
9306:
9304:
9302:
9287:
9281:
9280:
9278:
9276:
9270:
9263:
9253:
9247:
9246:
9244:
9242:
9233:. Archived from
9227:
9218:
9214:
9208:
9207:
9205:
9203:
9188:
9182:
9181:
9179:
9177:
9163:
9157:
9156:
9154:
9152:
9146:
9139:
9131:
9125:
9124:
9122:
9120:
9101:
9095:
9083:
9077:
9065:
9059:
9058:
9057:
9055:
9040:
9034:
9033:
9013:
9007:
9006:
9005:
8991:Arabic, Standard
8988:
8982:
8981:
8980:
8963:
8938:
8912:
8908:
8902:
8898:
8799:Arabic diglossia
8787:
8782:
8781:
8773:
8768:
8767:
8766:
8747:
8739:
8738:
8726:transliteration
8711:
8704:
8614:Classical Hebrew
8602:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8586:
8582:
8578:
8574:
8570:
8566:
8542:
8540:
8539:
8528:
8526:
8525:
8513:
8511:
8510:
8393:
8392:
8336:
8328:
8327:
8315:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8286:
8285:
8258:
8252:
8244:
8243:
8219:
8211:
8210:
8186:
8178:
8177:
8153:
8145:
8144:
8120:
8112:
8111:
8081:
8073:
8072:
8036:
8028:
8027:
8003:
7995:
7994:
7964:
7958:
7952:
7944:
7943:
7913:
7905:
7904:
7877:
7873:
7865:
7864:
7838:
7830:
7824:
7823:
7811:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7766:
7765:
7696:
7692:
7663:of the Quran, a
7562:Cyrillic scripts
7407:
7377:
7342:
7310:
7251:
7239:
7216:
7208:
7200:
7188:
7180:
7172:
7164:
7156:
7148:
7140:
7102:
7094:
7075:
7067:
7059:
7051:
7020:
7008:
6991:
6979:
6962:
6950:
6937:'he subscribes'
6933:
6921:
6904:
6892:
6873:
6859:
6842:
6830:
6813:
6801:
6784:
6772:
6755:
6743:
6715:
6712:Classical Arabic
6708:
6704:
6697:
6692:
6685:
6623:
6616:
6600:
6593:
6588:
6581:
6576:
6569:
6564:
6557:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6434:
6416:
6400:
6348:
6341:
6334:
6327:
6320:
6313:
6306:
6299:
6292:
6285:
6278:
6271:
6264:
6257:
6250:
6243:
6236:
6229:
6224:'it was written'
6222:
6215:
6208:
6201:
6194:
6187:
6180:
6173:
6166:
6159:
6152:
6145:
6138:
6131:
6124:
6117:
6110:
6103:
6096:
6089:
6082:
6075:
6068:
6061:
6054:
6047:
6039:
6030:is always used.
6028:
6020:
6012:
6004:
5996:
5988:
5980:
5969:
5963:'I Xed' to form
5961:
5953:
5941:nonconcatenative
5911:grammatical mood
5899:grammatical case
5892:
5891:
5813:standard variety
5795:Arabic phonology
5718:, some parts of
5500:, some parts of
5435:Khorasani Arabic
5335:(in the eastern
5317:Hamrin Mountains
5301:(in the eastern
5233:Classical Arabic
5211:, spoken on the
5203:Maltese language
5147:Hassaniya Arabic
5057:via the extinct
5013:Samaritan Arabic
4999:Levantine Arabic
4985:Levantine Arabic
4981:Jordanian Arabic
4971:Levantine Arabic
4933:Levantine Arabic
4911:
4907:
4899:
4891:
4883:
4875:
4867:
4859:
4844:
4836:
4821:
4813:
4791:
4783:
4753:
4745:
4717:'the'; feminine
4605:
4604:
4599:
4598:
4527:
4516:
4505:
4494:
4483:
4472:
4461:
4450:
4439:
4428:
4417:
4406:
4395:
4384:
4373:
4362:
4351:
4343:Levantine Arabic
4340:
4329:
4318:
4307:
4296:
4285:
4274:
4263:
4252:
4241:
4230:
4219:
4208:
4197:
4166:Spoken varieties
4139:
4138:
4127:entered through
4111:entered through
4095:
4094:
4085:
4084:
4070:
4059:
4049:
4035:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3740:
3732:
3719:
3497:
3470:
3469:
3460:
3422:
3421:
3412:
3411:
3398:
3397:
3372:
3369:
3349:
3348:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3318:
3317:
3301:
3300:
3246:language schools
3169:Kingdom of Hejaz
3060:Status and usage
3029:Hassaniya Arabic
3011:Nabataean script
2981:
2975:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2897:
2896:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2810:
2794:
2768:Standard Chinese
2746:
2740:
2739:
2654:Classical Arabic
2631:Classical Arabic
2589:
2563:(1919), then in
2558:
2547:
2546:
2539:'automobile' or
2538:
2537:
2446:among Arabs and
2431:Charles Ferguson
2417:
2416:
2384:
2296:. Following the
2247:
2246:
2228:
2227:
2215:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2191:
2188:
2172:Classical Arabic
2131:Classical Arabic
2125:Classical Arabic
2119:Classical Arabic
2116:
2115:
2095:
2094:
2082:En Avdat, Israel
2054:
2053:
2008:
2007:
1932:
1923:
1916:and subordinator
1911:
1900:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1762:for indicative,
1757:
1676:Mandarin Chinese
1461:
1460:
1454:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1434:Classical Arabic
1407:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1353:
1352:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1285:
1276:
1262:
1242:
1232:
1222:
1212:
1202:
1192:
1182:
1172:
1162:
1152:
1142:
1132:
1122:
1112:
1102:
1092:
1085:Levantine Arabic
1082:
1072:
1065:Hassaniya Arabic
1062:
1052:
1042:
1032:
1022:
1012:
1002:
992:
982:
972:
962:
952:
944:– inclusive code
943:
936:
927:
926:
918:
909:
908:
900:
721:language in
487:
438:Maltese alphabet
406:
379:
371:
363:
212:
159:
158:
157:
151:
145:
144:
143:
137:
118:
111:
101:
94:
93:
82:
81:
75:
72:
66:
47:
46:
39:
17117:
17116:
17112:
17111:
17110:
17108:
17107:
17106:
16902:Arabic language
16892:
16891:
16890:
16885:
16852:
16779:
16688:
16635:
16622:
16573:
16534:
16509:
16447:
16351:
16293:Urmia Christian
16209:
16202:
16089:
16083:
16022:
15982:Egyptian Arabic
15968:
15964:Modern Standard
15947:
15832:
15794:
15761:
15756:
15726:
15721:
15690:
15669:
15653:
15637:
15621:
15593:
15555:
15539:
15508:
15482:
15466:
15436:
15415:
15389:
15323:
15302:
15246:
15225:
15157:
15148:
15118:
15113:
15104:
15080:Nahj al-Balagha
15056:
15051:
15021:
15016:
14982:
14968:
14915:Arabic keyboard
14903:
14798:
14790:
14775:Mater lectionis
14769:Triliteral root
14720:
14691:
14632:
14624:
14542:
14524:
14485:
14374:
14338:
14292:
14269:
14220:
14190:
14081:
14061:Judeo-Maghrebi
13929:
13923:
13919:Modern Standard
13902:
13847:
13584:
13528:Maltese Braille
13508:Arabic numerals
13469:
13426:
13420:
13390:
13385:
13380:
13362:
13342:
13315:
13271:
13231:
13229:
13222:
13198:
13171:
13153:
13143:La Lingua Araba
13121:
13052:
13024:
13006:
12988:
12970:
12947:
12931:Grigore, George
12924:
12902:
12867:
12837:
12816:
12814:
12803:
12794:
12792:
12776:
12771:
12770:
12757:
12756:
12752:
12743:
12742:
12738:
12733:
12724:
12719:
12708:
12697:
12680:
12649:
12645:
12635:
12633:
12625:
12624:
12620:
12609:
12593:
12589:
12581:
12577:
12546:
12542:
12537:
12533:
12525:
12521:
12513:
12509:
12501:
12497:
12460:
12456:
12447:
12445:
12437:
12436:
12432:
12423:
12421:
12419:
12395:
12394:
12390:
12380:
12369:
12365:
12342:10.2307/3217756
12322:
12318:
12308:
12297:
12293:
12277:
12273:
12260:
12258:
12249:
12248:
12244:
12231:
12229:
12220:
12219:
12215:
12201:
12199:
12190:
12189:
12185:
12170:
12154:
12150:
12136:
12120:
12116:
12102:
12100:
12087:
12083:
12073:
12057:
12053:
12040:
12033:
12023:
12012:
12008:
11998:
11987:
11983:
11973:
11962:
11958:
11928:
11924:
11914:
11912:
11904:
11903:
11899:
11893:Gregersen (1977
11891:
11887:
11877:
11875:
11860:
11856:
11846:
11844:
11831:
11830:
11826:
11816:
11814:
11804:
11800:
11790:
11788:
11781:
11760:
11752:
11745:
11736:
11732:
11723:
11719:
11709:
11707:
11696:
11692:
11649:
11645:
11635:
11633:
11624:
11623:
11619:
11568:
11564:
11554:
11552:
11543:
11542:
11538:
11525:. Brill. 2020.
11515:
11514:
11510:
11459:
11455:
11442:. Brill. 2020.
11434:
11433:
11418:
11408:
11406:
11401:
11400:
11396:
11386:
11384:
11376:Arabic Keyboard
11371:
11367:
11357:
11355:
11348:Learn Religions
11340:
11336:
11331:Wayback Machine
11321:
11317:
11309:
11305:
11292:Wayback Machine
11282:
11278:
11261:Wayback Machine
11249:
11245:
11232:Wayback Machine
11222:
11218:
11205:Wayback Machine
11192:
11188:
11175:Wayback Machine
11165:
11161:
11148:Wayback Machine
11135:
11131:
11114:Wayback Machine
11104:
11100:
11084:Wayback Machine
11075:
11071:
11058:Wayback Machine
11048:
11044:
11029:
11017:
11016:
11012:
10971:
10967:
10952:
10948:
10938:
10936:
10928:
10927:
10923:
10910:
10908:
10900:
10896:
10895:
10891:
10881:
10879:
10871:
10870:
10866:
10857:
10855:
10842:
10838:
10828:
10826:
10819:Musée du Louvre
10813:
10812:
10808:
10803:
10799:
10794:
10790:
10782:
10778:
10769:
10762:
10715:
10708:
10667:
10663:
10654:
10652:
10642:
10616:
10612:
10602:
10600:
10593:
10577:
10568:
10558:
10556:
10541:
10537:
10516:
10512:
10491:
10487:
10477:
10475:
10460:
10456:
10440:
10439:
10427:
10411:
10404:
10389:
10375:
10371:
10361:
10359:
10352:
10336:
10332:
10324:
10320:
10313:
10297:
10293:
10287:
10283:
10276:
10260:
10256:
10246:
10244:
10231:
10230:
10221:
10211:
10209:
10194:
10187:
10178:
10176:
10174:
10150:
10149:
10142:
10132:
10130:
10122:
10121:
10117:
10110:
10094:
10090:
10080:
10078:
10076:www.almaany.com
10070:Team, Almaany.
10068:
10064:
10054:
10052:
10041:"Middle Arabic"
10037:
10033:
10018:
10014:
10003:
9999:
9988:
9984:
9957:
9953:
9943:
9941:
9934:
9916:
9907:
9900:
9882:
9878:
9863:
9859:
9851:
9847:
9810:
9806:
9798:
9794:
9784:
9782:
9775:
9759:
9755:
9740:
9718:
9714:
9708:Al-Jallad 2020a
9706:
9699:
9694:
9683:
9673:
9671:
9656:
9655:
9651:
9641:
9639:
9626:
9625:
9621:
9611:
9609:
9601:
9600:
9596:
9586:
9584:
9574:
9570:
9547:
9543:
9533:
9519:
9515:
9505:
9503:
9490:
9489:
9485:
9475:
9473:
9463:
9456:
9446:
9444:
9431:
9430:
9423:
9415:
9411:
9401:
9399:
9395:
9346:
9340:
9336:
9326:
9324:
9315:
9314:
9310:
9300:
9298:
9289:
9288:
9284:
9274:
9272:
9268:
9261:
9255:
9254:
9250:
9240:
9238:
9229:
9228:
9221:
9215:
9211:
9201:
9199:
9190:
9189:
9185:
9175:
9173:
9165:
9164:
9160:
9150:
9148:
9144:
9137:
9133:
9132:
9128:
9118:
9116:
9103:
9102:
9098:
9084:
9080:
9066:
9062:
9053:
9051:
9042:
9041:
9037:
9014:
9010:
9000:
8989:
8985:
8975:
8964:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8921:
8919:Further reading
8916:
8915:
8909:
8905:
8899:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8794:Arabic Ontology
8785:Language portal
8783:
8776:
8769:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8740:
8703:
8670:
8642:Louis Massignon
8634:
8622:
8553:
8534:
8520:
8505:
8372:transliteration
8329:
8287:
8245:
8212:
8179:
8146:
8113:
8096:
8074:
8029:
7996:
7945:
7906:
7895:y; i/ee; ei/ai
7866:
7825:
7767:
7691:
7685:
7673:Hassan Massoudy
7646:
7640:
7539:
7533:Arabic alphabet
7531:Main articles:
7529:
7527:Writing system
7243:Egyptian Arabic
7231:
7225:
7069:'kitchen' <
6995:'he turns red'
6983:'he turned red'
6925:'he subscribed'
6694:'write' (using
6631:
6473:
6467:
6360:
5939:. Arabic has a
5929:
5923:
5921:Literary Arabic
5877:
5863:
5847:phonemic splits
5797:
5791:
5760:Shirvani Arabic
5610:, and southern
5574:Hadhrami Arabic
5462:Sudanese Arabic
5343:, and southern
5261:Tunisian Arabic
5229:Standard Arabic
5213:island of Malta
5191:Sicilian Arabic
5137:Moroccan Arabic
5113:Algerian Arabic
5099:Tunisian Arabic
5083:Algerian Arabic
5079:Moroccan Arabic
5063:Maghrebi Arabic
5059:Sicilian Arabic
5035:Maghrebi Arabic
4963:Lebanese Arabic
4923:Egyptian Arabic
4919:
4893:'which thing';
4789:kham(a)s tiyyām
4775:cardinal number
4723:construct state
4675:
4622:Moroccan Arabic
4541:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4514:
4510:
4503:
4499:
4492:
4488:
4481:
4477:
4470:
4466:
4459:
4455:
4448:
4444:
4437:
4433:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4400:
4393:
4389:
4382:
4378:
4371:
4367:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4345:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4312:
4310:Sudanese Arabic
4305:
4301:
4294:
4290:
4283:
4279:
4272:
4268:
4266:Egyptian Arabic
4261:
4257:
4250:
4246:
4244:Tunisian Arabic
4239:
4235:
4233:Algerian Arabic
4228:
4224:
4217:
4213:
4211:Moroccan Arabic
4206:
4202:
4195:
4174:
4168:
3756:
3637:(climate) from
3568:
3530:
3512:, compiled the
3498:, compiled the
3491:
3481:
3450:
3381:to include all
3370:
3327:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3270:
3218:
3198:
3173:Pan-Arab colors
3154:Moroccan Arabic
3067:
3062:
2778:
2721:Classical Latin
2682:to that of the
2658:Arabic dialects
2647:
2641:
2627:
2583:
2514:established by
2489:James L. Gelvin
2479:
2428:
2378:
2364:Kitāb Al-Munṣif
2357:, a pioneer in
2348:
2321:House of Wisdom
2314:Classical Greek
2308:. In the early
2290:
2189:
2180:
2178:Standardization
2133:
2127:
1967:
1961:
1956:
1893:-demonstratives
1774:for energetic).
1714:
1708:
1680:Arabic alphabet
1535:Ottoman Turkish
1395:
1394:
1368:
1367:
1351:اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ
1323:Without proper
1311:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1272:
1258:
1238:
1237:
1235:Tunisian Arabic
1228:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1208:
1207:
1205:Sudanese Arabic
1198:
1197:
1195:Standard Arabic
1188:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1158:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1138:
1137:
1128:
1127:
1118:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1105:Moroccan Arabic
1098:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1068:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1055:Hadhrami Arabic
1048:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1025:Egyptian Arabic
1018:
1017:
1008:
1007:
998:
997:
988:
987:
978:
977:
968:
967:
965:Andalusi Arabic
958:
957:
955:Algerian Arabic
948:
947:
945:
939:
932:
922:
921:
914:
904:
903:
896:
886:
785:
784:
770:
769:
731:
730:
722:
720:
713:
700:
699:
692:
669:
668:
661:
516:
515:
506:
499:Official status
488:
483:
477:
458:Syriac alphabet
450:(in Israel for
448:Hebrew alphabet
418:
417:
411:Arabic alphabet
407:
402:
308:
297:
290:
255:
248:
233:Central Semitic
213:
210:Language family
208:
193:
153:
152:
146:
139:
138:
125:
95:
92:اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ
76:
70:
67:
61:
48:
44:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
17115:
17105:
17104:
17099:
17094:
17089:
17087:Lingua francas
17084:
17079:
17074:
17069:
17064:
17059:
17054:
17049:
17044:
17039:
17034:
17029:
17024:
17019:
17014:
17009:
17004:
16999:
16994:
16989:
16984:
16979:
16974:
16969:
16964:
16959:
16954:
16949:
16944:
16939:
16934:
16929:
16924:
16919:
16914:
16909:
16904:
16887:
16886:
16884:
16883:
16876:
16865:
16862:
16861:
16858:
16857:
16854:
16853:
16851:
16850:
16843:
16838:
16833:
16832:
16831:
16817:
16810:
16803:
16797:
16795:
16789:
16788:
16785:
16784:
16781:
16780:
16778:
16777:
16776:
16775:
16774:
16773:
16772:
16771:
16768:
16765:
16762:
16759:
16749:
16744:
16743:
16742:
16729:
16724:
16714:
16713:
16712:
16707:
16696:
16694:
16690:
16689:
16687:
16686:
16685:
16684:
16683:
16682:
16677:
16676:
16675:
16672:
16669:
16649:
16639:
16637:
16628:
16624:
16623:
16621:
16620:
16615:
16614:
16613:
16608:
16597:
16595:
16588:
16579:
16575:
16574:
16572:
16571:
16566:
16561:
16556:
16551:
16546:
16540:
16538:
16525:
16519:
16518:
16515:
16514:
16511:
16510:
16508:
16507:
16500:
16493:
16486:
16479:
16478:
16477:
16470:
16455:
16453:
16449:
16448:
16446:
16445:
16444:
16443:
16429:
16422:
16421:
16420:
16415:
16408:
16401:
16400:
16399:
16380:
16373:
16365:
16363:
16357:
16356:
16353:
16352:
16350:
16349:
16344:
16343:
16342:
16341:
16340:
16335:
16330:
16325:
16320:
16315:
16310:
16305:
16297:
16296:
16295:
16290:
16289:
16288:
16285:
16277:
16272:
16267:
16262:
16257:
16252:
16239:
16234:
16233:
16232:
16227:
16214:
16212:
16204:
16203:
16201:
16200:
16199:
16198:
16191:
16190:
16189:
16182:
16175:
16168:
16156:
16149:
16135:
16130:
16129:
16128:
16123:
16118:
16111:
16099:
16093:
16091:
16085:
16084:
16082:
16081:
16078:Middle Aramaic
16074:
16067:
16060:
16052:
16050:
16043:
16034:
16028:
16027:
16024:
16023:
16021:
16020:
16015:
16010:
16009:
16008:
16007:
16006:
15989:
15984:
15978:
15976:
15974:Dialect groups
15970:
15969:
15967:
15966:
15961:
15955:
15953:
15949:
15948:
15946:
15945:
15938:
15931:
15930:
15929:
15922:
15915:
15908:
15901:
15894:
15887:
15873:
15866:
15858:
15856:
15849:
15840:
15834:
15833:
15831:
15830:
15823:
15822:
15821:
15806:
15804:
15796:
15795:
15793:
15792:
15791:
15790:
15785:
15775:
15769:
15767:
15763:
15762:
15755:
15754:
15747:
15740:
15732:
15723:
15722:
15720:
15719:
15714:
15709:
15704:
15698:
15696:
15692:
15691:
15689:
15688:
15683:
15677:
15675:
15671:
15670:
15668:
15667:
15661:
15659:
15655:
15654:
15652:
15651:
15645:
15643:
15639:
15638:
15636:
15635:
15629:
15627:
15623:
15622:
15620:
15619:
15618:
15617:
15612:
15601:
15599:
15595:
15594:
15592:
15591:
15586:
15581:
15576:
15575:
15574:
15563:
15561:
15557:
15556:
15554:
15553:
15547:
15545:
15541:
15540:
15538:
15537:
15532:
15527:
15522:
15516:
15514:
15510:
15509:
15507:
15506:
15501:
15496:
15490:
15488:
15484:
15483:
15481:
15480:
15474:
15472:
15471:Other European
15468:
15467:
15465:
15464:
15459:
15454:
15448:
15446:
15442:
15441:
15438:
15437:
15435:
15434:
15429:
15423:
15421:
15417:
15416:
15414:
15413:
15408:
15403:
15397:
15395:
15391:
15390:
15388:
15387:
15382:
15377:
15372:
15362:
15357:
15352:
15347:
15342:
15337:
15331:
15329:
15325:
15324:
15322:
15321:
15316:
15310:
15308:
15304:
15303:
15301:
15300:
15295:
15290:
15285:
15280:
15275:
15270:
15260:
15254:
15252:
15248:
15247:
15245:
15244:
15239:
15233:
15231:
15227:
15226:
15224:
15223:
15218:
15213:
15208:
15203:
15198:
15193:
15188:
15183:
15178:
15172:
15170:
15163:
15159:
15158:
15147:
15146:
15139:
15132:
15124:
15115:
15114:
15111:Arabic grammar
15109:
15106:
15105:
15103:
15102:
15097:
15092:
15087:
15082:
15077:
15072:
15070:Al-Ajurrumiyya
15066:
15064:
15058:
15057:
15050:
15049:
15042:
15035:
15027:
15018:
15017:
15015:
15014:
15004:
14997:
14987:
14984:
14983:
14981:
14980:
14976:
14974:
14970:
14969:
14967:
14966:
14961:
14960:
14959:
14954:
14949:
14946:
14943:
14940:
14932:
14927:
14925:ISO/IEC 8859-6
14922:
14917:
14911:
14909:
14905:
14904:
14902:
14901:
14896:
14891:
14886:
14881:
14876:
14871:
14866:
14861:
14859:Naskh (script)
14856:
14851:
14846:
14841:
14836:
14831:
14826:
14821:
14816:
14811:
14805:
14803:
14792:
14791:
14789:
14788:
14783:
14778:
14771:
14766:
14761:
14751:
14750:
14749:
14744:
14739:
14728:
14726:
14722:
14721:
14719:
14718:
14713:
14707:
14705:
14701:
14700:
14697:
14696:
14693:
14692:
14690:
14689:
14684:
14679:
14674:
14669:
14662:
14657:
14652:
14647:
14639:
14637:
14626:
14625:
14623:
14622:
14621:
14620:
14617:
14614:
14611:
14603:
14602:
14601:
14596:Judeo-Tunisian
14593:
14588:
14587:
14586:
14583:
14578:Judeo-Moroccan
14575:
14574:
14573:
14563:
14561:Judeo-Egyptian
14558:
14556:Judeo-Algerian
14552:
14550:
14544:
14543:
14541:
14540:
14538:Bedouin Arabic
14534:
14532:
14526:
14525:
14523:
14522:
14515:
14514:
14513:
14508:
14505:
14502:
14493:
14491:
14487:
14486:
14484:
14483:
14482:
14481:
14476:
14471:
14466:
14461:
14451:
14446:
14441:
14436:
14431:
14430:
14429:
14424:
14419:
14409:
14404:
14399:
14394:
14388:
14386:
14380:
14379:
14376:
14375:
14373:
14372:
14371:
14370:
14360:
14355:
14349:
14347:
14340:
14339:
14337:
14336:
14331:
14326:
14321:
14315:
14313:
14304:
14298:
14297:
14294:
14293:
14291:
14290:
14285:
14279:
14277:
14271:
14270:
14268:
14267:
14266:
14265:
14260:
14250:
14245:
14239:
14237:
14228:
14222:
14221:
14219:
14218:
14213:
14208:
14202:
14200:
14196:
14195:
14192:
14191:
14189:
14188:
14187:
14186:
14185:
14184:
14171:
14170:
14169:
14164:
14163:
14162:
14157:
14150:Moroccan koiné
14147:
14146:
14145:
14135:
14127:
14126:
14125:
14123:Tunisian koiné
14119:Eastern Hilal
14117:
14116:
14115:
14112:
14107:
14106:
14105:
14103:Judeo-Algerian
14098:Algerian koiné
14094:Central Hilal
14091:
14089:
14083:
14082:
14080:
14079:
14078:
14077:
14075:Judeo-Tunisian
14072:
14067:
14065:Judeo-Moroccan
14059:
14058:
14057:
14056:
14055:
14049:
14043:
14042:
14041:
14035:
14030:
14018:
14017:
14016:
14005:
14004:
14003:
14002:
14001:
13996:
13991:
13986:
13981:
13976:
13959:
13951:
13949:
13940:
13931:
13925:
13924:
13922:
13921:
13916:
13910:
13908:
13904:
13903:
13901:
13900:
13893:
13886:
13879:
13872:
13864:
13862:
13855:
13849:
13848:
13846:
13845:
13836:
13827:
13818:
13809:
13800:
13791:
13782:
13773:
13764:
13755:
13746:
13737:
13728:
13719:
13710:
13701:
13692:
13683:
13674:
13665:
13656:
13647:
13638:
13629:
13620:
13611:
13602:
13592:
13590:
13586:
13585:
13583:
13582:
13577:
13576:
13575:
13570:
13565:
13560:
13554:
13549:
13544:
13530:
13525:
13520:
13518:Arabic Braille
13515:
13510:
13505:
13504:
13503:
13495:
13490:
13485:
13479:
13477:
13471:
13470:
13468:
13467:
13462:
13457:
13452:
13451:
13450:
13440:
13434:
13432:
13428:
13427:
13419:
13418:
13411:
13404:
13396:
13389:
13388:External links
13386:
13384:
13383:
13378:
13365:
13360:
13345:
13340:
13327:
13313:
13297:
13295:, Rome: I.P.O.
13288:
13275:
13269:
13256:
13237:
13220:
13202:
13196:
13183:
13181:(2nd ed.)
13174:
13169:
13156:
13151:
13138:
13129:
13119:
13104:
13083:
13072:10.2307/604273
13066:(3): 572–574,
13055:
13050:
13037:
13028:
13022:
13009:
13004:
12991:
12986:
12973:
12968:
12955:
12945:
12927:
12922:
12905:
12900:
12887:
12865:
12840:
12835:
12822:
12801:
12777:
12775:
12772:
12769:
12768:
12763:United Nations
12750:
12736:
12722:
12706:
12678:
12659:(3): 289–306.
12643:
12618:
12607:
12587:
12575:
12550:Ars Orientalis
12540:
12531:
12519:
12507:
12495:
12454:
12430:
12417:
12388:
12363:
12336:(3): 641–646.
12316:
12291:
12271:
12242:
12213:
12183:
12168:
12162:. Eisenbrown.
12148:
12134:
12128:. Eisenbrown.
12114:
12081:
12071:
12051:
12031:
12006:
11981:
11956:
11944:10.2307/410601
11938:(4): 616–630,
11922:
11897:
11885:
11868:Britannica.com
11854:
11824:
11798:
11779:
11743:
11730:
11717:
11690:
11669:10.1086/371525
11663:(2): 157–159.
11643:
11617:
11582:(2): 351–353.
11562:
11551:. 7 April 2018
11536:
11508:
11453:
11416:
11394:
11365:
11334:
11315:
11313:, p. 107.
11311:Versteegh 2014
11303:
11283:Bernard Bate,
11276:
11265:San Rafael, CA
11243:
11216:
11186:
11159:
11129:
11105:Shalom Staub,
11098:
11069:
11042:
11027:
11010:
10965:
10946:
10921:
10907:. 22 July 2023
10889:
10864:
10836:
10806:
10797:
10788:
10776:
10760:
10706:
10661:
10640:
10610:
10591:
10566:
10535:
10510:
10485:
10454:
10425:
10402:
10387:
10369:
10350:
10330:
10328:, p. 299.
10326:Versteegh 2014
10318:
10311:
10291:
10281:
10274:
10254:
10219:
10185:
10172:
10140:
10115:
10108:
10088:
10062:
10031:
10012:
9997:
9982:
9971:(3): 445–465.
9951:
9932:
9905:
9898:
9876:
9857:
9855:, p. 172.
9853:Versteegh 2014
9845:
9804:
9802:, p. 368.
9800:Birnstiel 2019
9792:
9773:
9753:
9738:
9712:
9697:
9681:
9663:Bloomberg News
9649:
9619:
9594:
9568:
9541:
9531:
9513:
9483:
9454:
9421:
9409:
9357:(2): 117–145.
9334:
9308:
9282:
9248:
9237:on 18 May 2015
9219:
9209:
9183:
9158:
9126:
9096:
9078:
9060:
9035:
9008:
8983:
8954:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8940:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8914:
8913:
8903:
8892:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8790:
8789:
8788:
8774:
8758:
8755:
8752:
8751:
8748:
8741:
8731:
8730:
8727:
8721:
8702:
8699:
8669:
8666:
8633:
8630:
8621:
8618:
8610:vierundzwanzig
8552:
8549:
8478:World Wide Web
8362:
8361:
8358:
8355:
8352:
8349:
8346:
8343:
8340:
8337:
8330:
8323:
8320:
8319:
8316:
8311:
8308:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8288:
8281:
8278:
8277:
8274:
8271:
8268:
8265:
8262:
8259:
8246:
8239:
8236:
8235:
8232:
8229:
8226:
8223:
8220:
8213:
8206:
8203:
8202:
8199:
8196:
8193:
8190:
8187:
8180:
8173:
8170:
8169:
8166:
8163:
8160:
8157:
8154:
8147:
8140:
8137:
8136:
8133:
8130:
8127:
8124:
8121:
8114:
8107:
8104:
8103:
8100:
8097:
8094:
8091:
8088:
8085:
8082:
8075:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8061:
8058:
8055:
8052:
8049:
8046:
8043:
8040:
8037:
8030:
8023:
8020:
8019:
8016:
8013:
8010:
8007:
8004:
7997:
7990:
7987:
7986:
7983:
7980:
7977:
7974:
7971:
7968:
7965:
7946:
7939:
7936:
7935:
7932:
7929:
7926:
7923:
7920:
7917:
7914:
7907:
7900:
7897:
7896:
7893:
7890:
7887:
7884:
7881:
7878:
7867:
7858:
7855:
7854:
7851:
7848:
7845:
7842:
7839:
7834:
7831:
7826:
7819:
7816:
7815:
7812:
7807:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7768:
7759:
7756:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7687:Main article:
7684:
7681:
7642:Main article:
7639:
7636:
7603:, and notably
7537:Arabic Braille
7528:
7525:
7522:
7521:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7494:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7464:
7463:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7436:
7435:
7431:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7404:
7403:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7371:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7339:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7304:
7303:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7276:
7275:
7271:
7270:
7267:
7264:
7261:
7258:
7255:
7227:Main article:
7224:
7221:
7220:
7219:
7120:
7105:
7039:English gerund
7026:
7025:
7022:
7013:
7010:
7001:
6997:
6996:
6993:
6984:
6981:
6972:
6968:
6967:
6964:
6955:
6952:
6943:
6939:
6938:
6935:
6926:
6923:
6914:
6910:
6909:
6906:
6897:
6894:
6885:
6881:
6880:
6875:
6866:
6861:
6852:
6848:
6847:
6846:'he dictates'
6844:
6835:
6832:
6823:
6819:
6818:
6815:
6806:
6803:
6794:
6790:
6789:
6786:
6777:
6774:
6765:
6761:
6760:
6757:
6748:
6745:
6736:
6732:
6731:
6728:
6725:
6722:
6719:
6630:
6627:
6466:
6463:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6354:
6351:
6337:
6336:'desk, office'
6323:
6309:
6295:
6281:
6267:
6253:
6239:
6225:
6211:
6197:
6183:
6169:
6155:
6141:
6127:
6113:
6112:'I subscribed'
6099:
6085:
6071:
6057:
5925:Main article:
5922:
5919:
5875:Arabic grammar
5873:Main article:
5862:
5859:
5835:pharyngealized
5811:(MSA), is the
5793:Main article:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5771:
5757:
5739:
5708:Chadian Arabic
5705:
5691:
5668:Baharna Arabic
5665:
5650:Saharan Arabic
5647:
5633:
5619:
5601:
5590:Southeast Asia
5571:
5548:Eastern Arabia
5537:
5487:
5473:
5459:
5445:Kuwaiti Arabic
5442:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5412:
5390:
5376:
5365:Baghdad Arabic
5362:
5348:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5184:
5174:
5155:Western Sahara
5144:
5134:
5125:was spoken by
5120:
5110:
5096:
5032:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5010:
4992:
4978:
4930:
4918:
4917:Dialect groups
4915:
4914:
4913:
4902:
4847:
4824:
4805:
4804:(comparative).
4798:
4785:'five days' →
4777:system, e.g.,
4771:
4756:
4737:
4726:
4695:
4674:
4671:
4611:Hebrew letters
4603:دلالة الحائرين
4597:דלאלת אלחאירין
4540:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4524:
4522:
4513:
4511:
4502:
4500:
4497:Cypriot Arabic
4491:
4489:
4480:
4478:
4469:
4467:
4464:Hadrami Arabic
4458:
4456:
4447:
4445:
4442:Sanaani Arabic
4436:
4434:
4431:Dhofari Arabic
4425:
4423:
4414:
4412:
4403:
4401:
4392:
4390:
4387:Baharna Arabic
4381:
4379:
4370:
4368:
4359:
4357:
4348:
4346:
4337:
4335:
4326:
4324:
4315:
4313:
4304:
4302:
4299:Chadian Arabic
4293:
4291:
4282:
4280:
4271:
4269:
4260:
4258:
4249:
4247:
4238:
4236:
4227:
4225:
4216:
4214:
4205:
4203:
4194:
4191:
4170:Main article:
4167:
4164:
4076:), along with
3755:
3752:
3724:Abu al-Aswad's
3693:
3692:
3687:in French and
3674:
3664:
3603:Middle Persian
3567:
3564:
3529:
3526:
3480:
3477:
3463:laḥnu‿l-ʿāmmah
3426:Lisān al-ʿArab
3389:—later called
3285:
3282:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3217:
3214:
3209:Yasir Suleiman
3197:
3194:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3037:Cypriot Arabic
3009:, a sample of
2838:'democracy').
2776:
2775:
2771:
2760:
2757:energetic mood
2697:Lisān al-ʻArab
2626:
2623:
2615:world language
2611:creating terms
2548:'steamship').
2478:
2475:
2427:
2424:
2409:Lisān al-ʿArab
2347:
2344:
2310:Abbasid period
2302:Middle Persian
2289:
2286:
2217:nuqaṭu‿l-i'jām
2194:Arabic grammar
2179:
2176:
2129:Main article:
2126:
2123:
2020:, Thamudic D,
1975:ancient Greece
1963:Main article:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1934:
1926:
1917:
1914:complementizer
1906:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1843:
1837:
1799:northern Hejaz
1779:
1778:
1775:
1744:
1733:
1707:
1706:Classification
1704:
1519:Latin alphabet
1465:Arabic is the
1341:
1340:
1327:, you may see
1313:
1312:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1165:Sanʽani Arabic
1145:Saharan Arabic
1015:Dhofari Arabic
1005:Cypriot Arabic
995:Chadian Arabic
975:Bahrani Arabic
937:
929:
928:
919:
911:
910:
901:
893:
892:
891:Language codes
888:
887:
885:
884:
883:
882:
873:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
824:
815:
806:
797:
782:
781:
780:
778:
772:
771:
768:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
728:
727:
726:
725:
723:
718:
715:
714:
712:
711:
706:
695:
694:
693:
691:
690:
688:United Nations
685:
680:
675:
664:
663:
662:
660:
659:
653:
647:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
511:
510:
509:
507:
504:
501:
500:
496:
495:
491:Signed Arabic
489:
482:
479:
478:
476:
475:
468:Greek alphabet
465:
455:
445:
415:
414:
413:
408:
404:Writing system
401:
398:
397:
396:
395:
390:
385:
380:
372:
364:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
314:
310:
309:
307:
306:
300:
298:
296:Standard forms
295:
292:
291:
289:
288:
287:
286:
285:
284:
283:
282:
258:
256:
253:
250:
249:
247:
246:
245:
244:
243:
242:
241:
240:
216:
214:
207:
204:
203:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
165:
164:Native to
161:
160:
131:
127:
126:
112:
104:
103:
87:
86:
78:
77:
51:
49:
42:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17114:
17103:
17100:
17098:
17095:
17093:
17090:
17088:
17085:
17083:
17080:
17078:
17075:
17073:
17070:
17068:
17065:
17063:
17060:
17058:
17055:
17053:
17050:
17048:
17045:
17043:
17040:
17038:
17035:
17033:
17030:
17028:
17025:
17023:
17020:
17018:
17015:
17013:
17010:
17008:
17005:
17003:
17000:
16998:
16995:
16993:
16990:
16988:
16985:
16983:
16980:
16978:
16975:
16973:
16970:
16968:
16965:
16963:
16960:
16958:
16955:
16953:
16950:
16948:
16945:
16943:
16940:
16938:
16935:
16933:
16930:
16928:
16925:
16923:
16920:
16918:
16915:
16913:
16910:
16908:
16905:
16903:
16900:
16899:
16897:
16881:
16877:
16874:
16870:
16867:
16866:
16863:
16849:
16848:
16844:
16842:
16839:
16837:
16834:
16830:
16829:
16825:
16824:
16823:
16822:
16818:
16816:
16815:
16811:
16809:
16808:
16804:
16802:
16799:
16798:
16796:
16794:
16790:
16769:
16766:
16763:
16760:
16758:
16755:
16754:
16753:
16750:
16748:
16745:
16740:
16739:
16738:
16735:
16734:
16733:
16730:
16728:
16725:
16723:
16722:
16718:
16717:
16715:
16711:
16708:
16706:
16705:
16701:
16700:
16698:
16697:
16695:
16691:
16681:
16678:
16673:
16670:
16667:
16666:
16665:
16662:
16661:
16659:
16658:
16657:
16653:
16650:
16648:
16644:
16641:
16640:
16638:
16632:
16629:
16625:
16619:
16616:
16612:
16609:
16607:
16604:
16603:
16602:
16599:
16598:
16596:
16592:
16589:
16587:
16586:Ethio-Semitic
16583:
16580:
16576:
16570:
16567:
16565:
16562:
16560:
16557:
16555:
16552:
16550:
16547:
16545:
16542:
16541:
16539:
16536:
16529:
16526:
16524:
16520:
16506:
16505:
16501:
16499:
16498:
16494:
16492:
16491:
16487:
16485:
16484:
16480:
16476:
16475:
16471:
16469:
16468:
16464:
16463:
16462:
16461:
16457:
16456:
16454:
16450:
16442:
16441:
16437:
16436:
16435:
16434:
16430:
16428:
16427:
16423:
16419:
16416:
16414:
16413:
16409:
16407:
16406:
16402:
16398:
16397:
16393:
16392:
16391:
16390:
16386:
16385:
16384:
16381:
16379:
16378:
16374:
16372:
16371:
16367:
16366:
16364:
16362:
16358:
16348:
16345:
16339:
16336:
16334:
16331:
16329:
16326:
16324:
16321:
16319:
16316:
16314:
16311:
16309:
16306:
16304:
16301:
16300:
16298:
16294:
16291:
16286:
16283:
16282:
16281:
16278:
16276:
16273:
16271:
16268:
16266:
16263:
16261:
16258:
16256:
16253:
16251:
16248:
16247:
16245:
16244:
16243:
16240:
16238:
16235:
16231:
16228:
16226:
16225:
16221:
16220:
16219:
16216:
16215:
16213:
16211:
16205:
16197:
16196:
16192:
16188:
16187:
16183:
16181:
16180:
16176:
16174:
16173:
16169:
16167:
16166:
16162:
16161:
16160:
16157:
16155:
16154:
16150:
16148:
16147:
16143:
16142:
16141:
16140:
16136:
16134:
16133:Judeo-Aramaic
16131:
16127:
16124:
16122:
16119:
16117:
16116:
16112:
16110:
16109:
16105:
16104:
16103:
16100:
16098:
16095:
16094:
16092:
16086:
16080:
16079:
16075:
16073:
16072:
16068:
16066:
16065:
16061:
16059:
16058:
16054:
16053:
16051:
16047:
16044:
16042:
16038:
16035:
16033:
16029:
16019:
16016:
16014:
16011:
16005:
16002:
16001:
16000:
15999:
15998:Siculo-Arabic
15995:
15994:
15993:
15990:
15988:
15985:
15983:
15980:
15979:
15977:
15975:
15971:
15965:
15962:
15960:
15957:
15956:
15954:
15950:
15944:
15943:
15939:
15937:
15936:
15932:
15928:
15927:
15923:
15921:
15920:
15916:
15914:
15913:
15909:
15907:
15906:
15902:
15900:
15899:
15895:
15893:
15892:
15888:
15886:
15885:
15881:
15880:
15879:
15878:
15874:
15872:
15871:
15867:
15865:
15864:
15860:
15859:
15857:
15853:
15850:
15848:
15844:
15841:
15839:
15835:
15829:
15828:
15824:
15820:
15819:
15815:
15814:
15813:
15812:
15808:
15807:
15805:
15803:
15802:
15797:
15789:
15786:
15784:
15781:
15780:
15779:
15776:
15774:
15771:
15770:
15768:
15764:
15760:
15753:
15748:
15746:
15741:
15739:
15734:
15733:
15730:
15718:
15715:
15713:
15710:
15708:
15705:
15703:
15700:
15699:
15697:
15693:
15687:
15684:
15682:
15679:
15678:
15676:
15672:
15666:
15663:
15662:
15660:
15656:
15650:
15647:
15646:
15644:
15640:
15634:
15631:
15630:
15628:
15624:
15616:
15613:
15611:
15608:
15607:
15606:
15603:
15602:
15600:
15596:
15590:
15587:
15585:
15582:
15580:
15577:
15573:
15570:
15569:
15568:
15565:
15564:
15562:
15558:
15552:
15549:
15548:
15546:
15544:Austroasiatic
15542:
15536:
15533:
15531:
15528:
15526:
15523:
15521:
15518:
15517:
15515:
15511:
15505:
15502:
15500:
15497:
15495:
15492:
15491:
15489:
15485:
15479:
15476:
15475:
15473:
15469:
15463:
15460:
15458:
15455:
15453:
15450:
15449:
15447:
15443:
15433:
15430:
15428:
15425:
15424:
15422:
15418:
15412:
15409:
15407:
15404:
15402:
15399:
15398:
15396:
15392:
15386:
15383:
15381:
15378:
15376:
15373:
15370:
15366:
15363:
15361:
15358:
15356:
15353:
15351:
15348:
15346:
15343:
15341:
15338:
15336:
15333:
15332:
15330:
15326:
15320:
15317:
15315:
15312:
15311:
15309:
15305:
15299:
15296:
15294:
15291:
15289:
15286:
15284:
15281:
15279:
15276:
15274:
15271:
15268:
15264:
15261:
15259:
15256:
15255:
15253:
15249:
15243:
15240:
15238:
15235:
15234:
15232:
15228:
15222:
15219:
15217:
15214:
15212:
15209:
15207:
15204:
15202:
15199:
15197:
15194:
15192:
15189:
15187:
15184:
15182:
15179:
15177:
15174:
15173:
15171:
15167:
15164:
15162:Indo-European
15160:
15156:
15152:
15145:
15140:
15138:
15133:
15131:
15126:
15125:
15122:
15112:
15107:
15101:
15100:Lisan al-Arab
15098:
15096:
15095:Kitab al-'Ayn
15093:
15091:
15088:
15086:
15083:
15081:
15078:
15076:
15073:
15071:
15068:
15067:
15065:
15063:
15059:
15055:
15048:
15043:
15041:
15036:
15034:
15029:
15028:
15025:
15013:
15005:
15002:
14998:
14996:
14992:
14989:
14988:
14985:
14978:
14977:
14975:
14971:
14965:
14962:
14958:
14955:
14953:
14950:
14947:
14944:
14941:
14939:
14936:
14935:
14933:
14931:
14928:
14926:
14923:
14921:
14918:
14916:
14913:
14912:
14910:
14906:
14900:
14897:
14895:
14892:
14890:
14887:
14885:
14884:Sini (script)
14882:
14880:
14877:
14875:
14874:Ruqʿah script
14872:
14870:
14867:
14865:
14862:
14860:
14857:
14855:
14852:
14850:
14847:
14845:
14842:
14840:
14837:
14835:
14832:
14830:
14827:
14825:
14822:
14820:
14819:Hijazi script
14817:
14815:
14812:
14810:
14807:
14806:
14804:
14802:
14797:
14793:
14787:
14784:
14782:
14779:
14777:
14776:
14772:
14770:
14767:
14765:
14762:
14760:
14757:
14752:
14748:
14745:
14743:
14740:
14738:
14735:
14734:
14733:
14730:
14729:
14727:
14723:
14717:
14714:
14712:
14709:
14708:
14706:
14702:
14688:
14685:
14683:
14680:
14678:
14675:
14673:
14670:
14668:
14667:
14663:
14661:
14658:
14656:
14653:
14651:
14648:
14646:
14645:
14641:
14640:
14638:
14636:
14631:
14627:
14618:
14615:
14612:
14609:
14608:
14607:
14604:
14599:
14598:
14597:
14594:
14592:
14589:
14584:
14581:
14580:
14579:
14576:
14572:
14569:
14568:
14567:
14564:
14562:
14559:
14557:
14554:
14553:
14551:
14549:
14545:
14539:
14536:
14535:
14533:
14531:
14527:
14521:
14520:
14516:
14512:
14509:
14506:
14503:
14500:
14499:
14498:
14497:Central Asian
14495:
14494:
14492:
14488:
14480:
14477:
14475:
14472:
14470:
14469:Taʽizzi-Adeni
14467:
14465:
14462:
14460:
14457:
14456:
14455:
14452:
14450:
14447:
14445:
14442:
14440:
14437:
14435:
14432:
14428:
14425:
14423:
14420:
14418:
14415:
14414:
14413:
14410:
14408:
14405:
14403:
14400:
14398:
14395:
14393:
14390:
14389:
14387:
14385:
14381:
14369:
14366:
14365:
14364:
14361:
14359:
14356:
14354:
14351:
14350:
14348:
14345:
14341:
14335:
14332:
14330:
14327:
14325:
14322:
14320:
14317:
14316:
14314:
14312:
14308:
14305:
14303:
14299:
14289:
14286:
14284:
14281:
14280:
14278:
14276:
14272:
14264:
14261:
14259:
14256:
14255:
14254:
14251:
14249:
14246:
14244:
14241:
14240:
14238:
14236:
14232:
14229:
14227:
14223:
14217:
14214:
14212:
14209:
14207:
14204:
14203:
14201:
14197:
14183:
14180:
14179:
14178:
14175:
14174:
14172:
14168:
14165:
14161:
14158:
14156:
14153:
14152:
14151:
14148:
14144:
14141:
14140:
14139:
14136:
14134:
14131:
14130:
14128:
14124:
14121:
14120:
14118:
14113:
14111:
14108:
14104:
14101:
14100:
14099:
14096:
14095:
14093:
14092:
14090:
14088:
14084:
14076:
14073:
14071:
14068:
14066:
14063:
14062:
14060:
14053:
14050:
14048:Traras-Msirda
14047:
14046:
14044:
14039:
14036:
14034:
14031:
14028:
14025:
14024:
14022:
14021:
14019:
14014:
14011:
14010:
14009:
14006:
14000:
13997:
13995:
13992:
13990:
13987:
13985:
13982:
13980:
13977:
13975:
13972:
13971:
13970:
13967:
13966:
13965:
13964:
13960:
13958:
13957:
13953:
13952:
13950:
13948:
13944:
13941:
13939:
13935:
13932:
13926:
13920:
13917:
13915:
13912:
13911:
13909:
13905:
13899:
13898:
13894:
13892:
13891:
13887:
13885:
13884:
13880:
13878:
13877:
13873:
13871:
13870:
13866:
13865:
13863:
13859:
13856:
13854:
13850:
13844:
13842:
13837:
13835:
13833:
13828:
13826:
13824:
13819:
13817:
13815:
13810:
13808:
13806:
13801:
13799:
13797:
13792:
13790:
13788:
13783:
13781:
13779:
13774:
13772:
13770:
13765:
13763:
13761:
13756:
13754:
13752:
13747:
13744:
13743:
13738:
13736:
13734:
13729:
13726:
13725:
13720:
13718:
13716:
13711:
13709:
13707:
13702:
13700:
13698:
13693:
13691:
13689:
13684:
13682:
13680:
13675:
13672:
13671:
13666:
13664:
13662:
13657:
13654:
13653:
13648:
13646:
13644:
13639:
13637:
13635:
13630:
13627:
13626:
13621:
13619:
13617:
13612:
13610:
13608:
13603:
13601:
13599:
13594:
13593:
13591:
13587:
13581:
13578:
13574:
13571:
13569:
13566:
13564:
13561:
13558:
13555:
13553:
13550:
13548:
13545:
13542:
13541:
13536:
13535:
13534:
13531:
13529:
13526:
13524:
13521:
13519:
13516:
13514:
13511:
13509:
13506:
13501:
13500:
13499:
13496:
13494:
13491:
13489:
13488:Arabic script
13486:
13484:
13481:
13480:
13478:
13476:
13472:
13466:
13463:
13461:
13458:
13456:
13453:
13449:
13446:
13445:
13444:
13441:
13439:
13436:
13435:
13433:
13429:
13424:
13417:
13412:
13410:
13405:
13403:
13398:
13397:
13394:
13381:
13375:
13372:, Routledge,
13371:
13366:
13363:
13357:
13353:
13352:
13346:
13343:
13337:
13333:
13328:
13324:
13320:
13316:
13310:
13306:
13302:
13298:
13294:
13289:
13285:
13281:
13276:
13272:
13266:
13262:
13257:
13254:
13250:
13249:0-19-974701-6
13246:
13242:
13238:
13227:
13223:
13217:
13213:
13212:
13207:
13203:
13199:
13193:
13189:
13184:
13180:
13175:
13172:
13166:
13162:
13157:
13154:
13148:
13144:
13139:
13135:
13130:
13126:
13122:
13116:
13112:
13111:
13105:
13101:
13097:
13093:
13089:
13084:
13081:
13077:
13073:
13069:
13065:
13061:
13056:
13053:
13047:
13043:
13038:
13034:
13029:
13025:
13019:
13015:
13010:
13007:
13001:
12997:
12992:
12989:
12983:
12979:
12974:
12971:
12965:
12961:
12956:
12952:
12948:
12942:
12938:
12937:
12932:
12928:
12925:
12919:
12916:, CRC Press,
12914:
12913:
12906:
12903:
12897:
12893:
12888:
12884:
12880:
12876:
12872:
12868:
12862:
12858:
12854:
12850:
12846:
12841:
12838:
12832:
12828:
12823:
12812:
12808:
12807:
12802:
12790:
12786:
12785:
12779:
12778:
12764:
12760:
12754:
12746:
12740:
12731:
12729:
12727:
12717:
12715:
12713:
12711:
12702:
12695:
12693:
12691:
12689:
12687:
12685:
12683:
12674:
12670:
12666:
12662:
12658:
12654:
12647:
12632:
12628:
12622:
12614:
12610:
12604:
12600:
12599:
12591:
12584:
12579:
12571:
12567:
12563:
12559:
12555:
12551:
12544:
12535:
12528:
12523:
12516:
12511:
12504:
12499:
12491:
12487:
12482:
12477:
12473:
12469:
12465:
12458:
12444:
12440:
12434:
12420:
12418:9780203327715
12414:
12410:
12406:
12402:
12398:
12392:
12384:
12378:
12377:
12372:
12367:
12359:
12355:
12351:
12347:
12343:
12339:
12335:
12331:
12327:
12320:
12312:
12306:
12305:
12300:
12295:
12289:
12288:965-264-014-X
12285:
12281:
12275:
12268:
12256:
12253:. p. 1.
12252:
12246:
12239:
12227:
12224:. p. 1.
12223:
12217:
12210:
12197:
12194:. p. 1.
12193:
12187:
12180:
12175:
12171:
12165:
12161:
12160:
12152:
12145:
12141:
12137:
12131:
12127:
12126:
12118:
12111:
12098:
12094:
12093:
12085:
12078:
12074:
12068:
12064:
12063:
12055:
12048:
12047:0-415-02243-6
12044:
12038:
12036:
12027:
12021:
12020:
12015:
12010:
12002:
11996:
11995:
11990:
11985:
11977:
11971:
11970:
11965:
11960:
11953:
11949:
11945:
11941:
11937:
11933:
11926:
11911:
11907:
11901:
11894:
11889:
11873:
11869:
11865:
11858:
11842:
11838:
11834:
11828:
11813:
11809:
11802:
11786:
11782:
11776:
11771:
11766:
11759:
11758:
11750:
11748:
11740:
11734:
11727:
11721:
11705:
11701:
11698:الجبر, خالد.
11694:
11686:
11682:
11678:
11674:
11670:
11666:
11662:
11658:
11654:
11647:
11631:
11627:
11621:
11613:
11609:
11605:
11601:
11597:
11593:
11589:
11585:
11581:
11577:
11573:
11566:
11550:
11546:
11540:
11532:
11528:
11524:
11523:
11518:
11512:
11504:
11500:
11496:
11492:
11488:
11484:
11480:
11476:
11472:
11468:
11464:
11457:
11449:
11445:
11441:
11437:
11431:
11429:
11427:
11425:
11423:
11421:
11404:
11398:
11382:
11378:
11377:
11369:
11353:
11349:
11345:
11338:
11332:
11328:
11325:
11322:Suleiman, p.
11319:
11312:
11307:
11301:
11297:
11293:
11289:
11286:
11280:
11274:
11270:
11266:
11262:
11258:
11255:
11254:
11247:
11241:
11237:
11233:
11229:
11226:
11223:Clive Holes,
11220:
11214:
11210:
11206:
11202:
11199:
11195:
11194:Walter J. Ong
11190:
11184:
11180:
11176:
11172:
11169:
11163:
11157:
11153:
11149:
11145:
11142:
11138:
11137:Daniel Newman
11133:
11127:
11123:
11119:
11115:
11111:
11108:
11102:
11095:
11091:
11088:
11085:
11081:
11078:
11073:
11067:
11063:
11059:
11055:
11052:
11046:
11038:
11034:
11030:
11028:9781589018853
11024:
11020:
11014:
11006:
11002:
10997:
10992:
10988:
10984:
10980:
10976:
10969:
10961:
10957:
10950:
10935:
10931:
10925:
10918:
10906:
10899:
10893:
10878:
10874:
10868:
10853:
10849:
10848:
10840:
10824:
10820:
10816:
10810:
10801:
10792:
10785:
10780:
10773:
10767:
10765:
10756:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10728:
10724:
10720:
10713:
10711:
10702:
10698:
10694:
10690:
10685:
10680:
10676:
10672:
10665:
10651:
10647:
10643:
10637:
10633:
10629:
10625:
10621:
10614:
10598:
10594:
10588:
10584:
10583:
10575:
10573:
10571:
10554:
10550:
10546:
10539:
10531:
10527:
10523:
10522:
10514:
10506:
10502:
10498:
10497:
10489:
10473:
10469:
10465:
10458:
10450:
10444:
10436:
10432:
10428:
10422:
10418:
10417:
10409:
10407:
10398:
10394:
10390:
10384:
10380:
10373:
10357:
10353:
10347:
10343:
10342:
10334:
10327:
10322:
10314:
10308:
10304:
10303:
10295:
10285:
10277:
10271:
10267:
10266:
10258:
10242:
10238:
10234:
10228:
10226:
10224:
10207:
10203:
10199:
10192:
10190:
10175:
10169:
10165:
10161:
10157:
10153:
10147:
10145:
10129:
10125:
10119:
10111:
10105:
10101:
10100:
10092:
10077:
10073:
10066:
10050:
10046:
10042:
10035:
10027:
10023:
10016:
10008:
10001:
9993:
9986:
9978:
9974:
9970:
9966:
9962:
9955:
9939:
9935:
9933:9781315147062
9929:
9925:
9921:
9914:
9912:
9910:
9901:
9899:9781003278818
9895:
9891:
9887:
9880:
9872:
9868:
9861:
9854:
9849:
9841:
9837:
9832:
9827:
9823:
9819:
9815:
9808:
9801:
9796:
9780:
9776:
9770:
9766:
9765:
9757:
9749:
9745:
9741:
9735:
9731:
9727:
9723:
9716:
9709:
9704:
9702:
9692:
9690:
9688:
9686:
9669:
9665:
9664:
9659:
9653:
9637:
9633:
9629:
9623:
9608:
9604:
9598:
9583:
9579:
9572:
9564:
9560:
9556:
9552:
9545:
9538:
9534:
9532:9780231111522
9528:
9524:
9517:
9501:
9497:
9493:
9487:
9472:
9468:
9465:World, I. H.
9461:
9459:
9442:
9438:
9434:
9428:
9426:
9418:
9413:
9394:
9390:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9374:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9356:
9352:
9345:
9338:
9322:
9318:
9312:
9296:
9292:
9286:
9267:
9260:
9259:
9252:
9236:
9232:
9226:
9224:
9213:
9197:
9193:
9187:
9172:
9168:
9162:
9143:
9136:
9130:
9114:
9110:
9106:
9100:
9093:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9075:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9049:
9045:
9039:
9031:
9027:
9023:
9019:
9012:
9004:
8998:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8979:
8973:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8960:
8955:
8937:
8933:
8929:
8924:
8923:
8907:
8897:
8893:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8831:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8791:
8786:
8780:
8775:
8772:
8761:
8749:
8746:
8742:
8733:
8732:
8728:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8719:Arabic script
8716:
8713:
8712:
8709:
8698:
8694:
8692:
8691:Muhammad Azmi
8688:
8683:
8678:
8676:
8675:Hieroglyphics
8665:
8663:
8659:
8655:
8651:
8647:
8646:Sa'id Afghani
8643:
8639:
8629:
8627:
8617:
8615:
8611:
8606:
8562:
8558:
8548:
8546:
8532:
8517:
8501:
8499:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8475:
8470:
8468:
8464:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8448:
8444:
8440:
8436:
8432:
8427:
8425:
8421:
8417:
8411:
8409:
8405:
8401:
8397:
8391:
8385:
8384:pronunciation
8381:
8380:transcription
8377:
8373:
8369:
8359:
8356:
8353:
8350:
8347:
8341:
8335:
8331:
8322:
8321:
8317:
8312:
8309:
8306:
8293:
8289:
8280:
8279:
8275:
8272:
8269:
8266:
8260:
8257:
8251:
8247:
8238:
8237:
8233:
8230:
8227:
8221:
8218:
8214:
8205:
8204:
8200:
8197:
8194:
8188:
8185:
8181:
8172:
8171:
8167:
8164:
8161:
8155:
8152:
8148:
8139:
8138:
8134:
8131:
8128:
8119:
8115:
8106:
8105:
8101:
8098:
8092:
8089:
8080:
8076:
8067:
8066:
8062:
8059:
8056:
8053:
8050:
8047:
8044:
8041:
8035:
8031:
8022:
8021:
8017:
8014:
8011:
8005:
8002:
7998:
7989:
7988:
7984:
7981:
7978:
7975:
7972:
7963:
7957:
7951:
7947:
7938:
7937:
7933:
7930:
7927:
7924:
7921:
7912:
7908:
7899:
7898:
7894:
7891:
7888:
7885:
7879:
7872:
7868:
7863:
7857:
7856:
7852:
7849:
7846:
7843:
7840:
7835:
7827:
7818:
7817:
7813:
7808:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7786:
7781:
7773:
7769:
7764:
7758:
7757:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7698:
7697:
7690:
7680:
7676:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7662:
7658:
7653:
7651:
7645:
7635:
7633:
7632:
7627:
7626:
7621:
7617:
7612:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7598:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7577:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7547:
7543:
7538:
7534:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7495:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7437:
7432:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7406:
7405:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7376:
7372:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7341:
7340:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7277:
7272:
7268:
7265:
7262:
7259:
7256:
7252:
7248:
7244:
7238:
7235:
7230:
7217:
7215:
7209:
7207:
7201:
7199:
7193:
7189:
7187:
7181:
7179:
7173:
7171:
7170:ishtirākiyyah
7165:
7163:
7157:
7155:
7149:
7147:
7141:
7139:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7122:The feminine
7121:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7095:
7093:
7087:
7083:
7082:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7074:
7068:
7066:
7060:
7058:
7052:
7050:
7044:
7040:
7035:
7033:
7023:
7021:
7019:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7007:
7002:
6999:
6998:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6978:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6965:
6963:
6961:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6949:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6936:
6934:
6932:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6920:
6915:
6912:
6911:
6907:
6905:
6903:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6891:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6872:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6853:
6850:
6849:
6845:
6843:
6841:
6836:
6834:'he dictated'
6833:
6831:
6829:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6816:
6814:
6812:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6800:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6787:
6785:
6783:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6771:
6766:
6763:
6762:
6758:
6756:
6754:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6742:
6737:
6734:
6733:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6713:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6693:
6691:
6680:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6669:conjugational
6666:
6662:
6658:
6653:
6651:
6646:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6626:
6624:
6622:
6611:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6599:
6590:vs. non-past
6589:
6587:
6577:
6575:
6565:
6563:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6528:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6472:
6462:
6458:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6430:
6426:
6424:
6420:
6412:
6408:
6407:broken plural
6404:
6395:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6198:
6196:'I subscribe'
6195:
6193:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6044:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6038:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6021:
6019:
6013:
6011:
6005:
6003:
5997:
5995:
5989:
5987:
5981:
5979:
5972:
5970:
5968:
5962:
5960:
5954:
5952:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5918:
5916:
5915:passive voice
5912:
5908:
5904:
5901:, changes in
5900:
5896:
5886:
5882:
5876:
5867:
5858:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5821:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5796:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5758:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5740:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5672:Bahrani Shias
5669:
5666:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5648:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5636:Hejazi Arabic
5634:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5620:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5604:Yemeni Arabic
5602:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5572:
5569:
5568:Swahili Coast
5565:
5562:, especially
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5460:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5440:
5436:
5433:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5323:, in western
5322:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5303:Mediterranean
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5277:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5217:Siculo-Arabic
5214:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5187:Siculo-Arabic
5185:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5142:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5090:
5089:Libyan Arabic
5087:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5075:Libyan Arabic
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4892:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4876:
4874:
4869:'come with';
4868:
4866:
4861:'bring' <
4860:
4858:
4852:
4851:lexical items
4848:
4845:
4843:
4837:
4835:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4814:
4812:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4792:
4790:
4784:
4782:
4781:khamsat ayyām
4776:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4747:'I untied' →
4746:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4677:According to
4670:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4652:North African
4649:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4620:, especially
4619:
4612:
4608:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4578:
4576:
4575:Arab conquest
4572:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4523:
4520:
4512:
4509:
4501:
4498:
4490:
4487:
4486:Tajiki Arabic
4479:
4476:
4475:Uzbeki Arabic
4468:
4465:
4457:
4454:
4446:
4443:
4435:
4432:
4424:
4421:
4413:
4410:
4409:Shihhi Arabic
4402:
4399:
4398:Hijazi Arabic
4391:
4388:
4380:
4377:
4369:
4366:
4358:
4355:
4347:
4344:
4336:
4333:
4325:
4322:
4314:
4311:
4303:
4300:
4292:
4289:
4281:
4278:
4270:
4267:
4259:
4256:
4248:
4245:
4237:
4234:
4226:
4223:
4215:
4212:
4204:
4201:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4188:other sources
4185:
4184:
4178:
4173:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4144:
4142:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4099:
4089:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4008:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3988:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3957:Modern Hebrew
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3751:
3745:
3744:al-Farāhidi's
3741:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3701:Arabic script
3697:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3642:
3640:
3639:almenichiakon
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3572:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3474:
3464:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3416:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3365:
3364:
3363:Kitāb al-'Ayn
3355:
3351:
3343:
3342:jamʿu‿l-luɣah
3331:
3326:
3322:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3295:
3294:modern period
3291:
3280:
3265:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3254:Islamic terms
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3057:
3055:
3054:Siculo-Arabic
3051:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2969:
2967:
2956:
2954:
2943:
2941:
2930:
2928:
2917:
2915:
2904:
2900:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2874:
2870:
2868:
2857:
2855:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2834:dīmuqrāṭiyyah
2824:
2822:
2811:
2809:
2799:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2502:and European
2501:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2423:
2421:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2343:
2341:
2340:Hebrew script
2337:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2240:
2239:Kitāb al-'Ayn
2235:
2231:
2222:
2218:
2209:
2199:
2195:
2184:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2051:Qaryat al-Faw
2046:
2045:Sabaic script
2042:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1828:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:Proto-Semitic
1719:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1696:left to right
1693:
1689:
1688:right to left
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1455:
1453:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1398:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1358:al-ʿarabiyyah
1347:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1314:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1245:Uzbeki Arabic
1243: –
1241:
1236:
1233: –
1231:
1226:
1225:Tajiki Arabic
1223: –
1221:
1216:
1213: –
1211:
1206:
1203: –
1201:
1196:
1193: –
1191:
1186:
1185:Siculo-Arabic
1183: –
1181:
1176:
1175:Shihhi Arabic
1173: –
1171:
1166:
1163: –
1161:
1156:
1155:Saʽidi Arabic
1153: –
1151:
1146:
1143: –
1141:
1136:
1133: –
1131:
1126:
1123: –
1121:
1116:
1113: –
1111:
1106:
1103: –
1101:
1096:
1095:Libyan Arabic
1093: –
1091:
1086:
1083: –
1081:
1076:
1075:Hejazi Arabic
1073: –
1071:
1066:
1063: –
1061:
1056:
1053: –
1051:
1046:
1043: –
1041:
1036:
1033: –
1031:
1026:
1023: –
1021:
1016:
1013: –
1011:
1006:
1003: –
1001:
996:
993: –
991:
986:
985:Bedawi Arabic
983: –
981:
976:
973: –
971:
966:
963: –
961:
956:
953: –
951:
942:
938:
935:
930:
925:
920:
917:
912:
907:
902:
899:
894:
889:
881:
877:
874:
871:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
832:
828:
825:
823:
819:
816:
814:
810:
807:
805:
801:
798:
796:
792:
789:
788:
787:
786:
779:
777:
773:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
724:
716:
710:
707:
705:
702:
701:
698:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
673:African Union
671:
670:
667:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
514:
508:
502:
497:
494:
490:
486:
480:
473:
469:
466:
463:
459:
456:
453:
449:
446:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
420:
419:
412:
409:
405:
399:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
376:
373:
368:
365:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
349:Central Asian
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
315:
311:
305:
302:
301:
299:
293:
281:
278:
277:
276:
273:
272:
271:
268:
267:
266:
265:Proto-Semitic
263:
262:
261:
257:
251:
239:
236:
235:
234:
231:
230:
229:
226:
225:
224:
221:
220:
219:
215:
211:
205:
201:
197:
191:
187:
183:
180:
177:
173:
169:
166:
162:
156:
150:
142:
136:
132:
130:Pronunciation
128:
123:
119:
117:
116:al-ʿarabiyyah
110:
105:
102:
100:
99:al-ʿarabiyyah
88:
83:
74:
64:
60:
55:
52:This article
50:
41:
40:
37:
33:
29:
22:
16868:
16845:
16826:
16819:
16812:
16805:
16719:
16702:
16660:East Gurage
16502:
16495:
16488:
16481:
16472:
16465:
16458:
16438:
16431:
16424:
16410:
16403:
16394:
16387:
16375:
16368:
16333:Urmia Jewish
16242:Northeastern
16222:
16193:
16184:
16177:
16170:
16163:
16158:
16151:
16144:
16137:
16113:
16106:
16076:
16069:
16062:
16055:
16013:Mesopotamian
15996:
15940:
15933:
15924:
15917:
15910:
15903:
15896:
15889:
15882:
15875:
15868:
15863:Proto-Arabic
15861:
15846:
15825:
15816:
15809:
15799:
15598:Sino–Tibetan
15560:Austronesian
15394:Indo-Iranian
15090:Qatr al-Nada
15053:
14990:
14930:Windows-1256
14889:Taliq script
14829:Jeli Thuluth
14809:Ajami script
14773:
14677:Pidgin madam
14664:
14642:
14606:Judeo-Yemeni
14548:Judeo-Arabic
14530:Sociological
14517:
14479:Judeo-Yemeni
14302:Mesopotamian
14177:Libyan koiné
13961:
13954:
13947:Pre-Hilalian
13895:
13888:
13881:
13874:
13869:Proto-Arabic
13867:
13502:Zabūr script
13455:Romanization
13437:
13422:
13369:
13350:
13331:
13304:
13292:
13283:
13279:
13260:
13240:
13232:21 September
13230:, retrieved
13210:
13187:
13178:
13160:
13142:
13133:
13125:the original
13109:
13094:(1): 37–51.
13091:
13087:
13063:
13059:
13041:
13032:
13013:
12995:
12977:
12959:
12951:the original
12935:
12911:
12891:
12848:
12826:
12815:, retrieved
12805:
12793:. Retrieved
12783:
12762:
12753:
12739:
12700:
12656:
12652:
12646:
12634:. Retrieved
12630:
12621:
12613:the original
12597:
12590:
12578:
12553:
12549:
12543:
12534:
12522:
12510:
12498:
12474:(1): 60–69.
12471:
12467:
12457:
12446:, retrieved
12442:
12433:
12422:, retrieved
12400:
12391:
12374:
12366:
12333:
12329:
12319:
12302:
12294:
12279:
12274:
12266:
12261:23 September
12259:. Retrieved
12245:
12237:
12232:23 September
12230:. Retrieved
12216:
12207:
12202:23 September
12200:. Retrieved
12186:
12177:
12158:
12151:
12143:
12124:
12117:
12108:
12101:. Retrieved
12091:
12084:
12076:
12061:
12054:
12017:
12009:
11992:
11984:
11967:
11959:
11935:
11931:
11925:
11913:. Retrieved
11909:
11900:
11888:
11876:. Retrieved
11867:
11857:
11845:. Retrieved
11836:
11827:
11815:. Retrieved
11811:
11801:
11789:. Retrieved
11756:
11738:
11733:
11725:
11720:
11708:. Retrieved
11703:
11693:
11660:
11656:
11646:
11634:. Retrieved
11629:
11620:
11579:
11575:
11565:
11553:. Retrieved
11548:
11539:
11520:
11511:
11470:
11466:
11456:
11439:
11409:12 September
11407:. Retrieved
11397:
11385:. Retrieved
11375:
11368:
11356:. Retrieved
11347:
11337:
11318:
11306:
11279:
11252:
11246:
11219:
11189:
11162:
11132:
11101:
11072:
11045:
11018:
11013:
10978:
10974:
10968:
10959:
10949:
10937:. Retrieved
10933:
10924:
10916:
10909:. Retrieved
10904:
10892:
10882:25 September
10880:. Retrieved
10876:
10867:
10856:, retrieved
10846:
10839:
10827:. Retrieved
10818:
10809:
10800:
10791:
10779:
10774:(pp. 34–35).
10771:
10726:
10722:
10674:
10664:
10653:, retrieved
10623:
10613:
10601:. Retrieved
10581:
10557:. Retrieved
10548:
10538:
10520:
10513:
10495:
10488:
10476:. Retrieved
10467:
10457:
10415:
10378:
10372:
10360:. Retrieved
10340:
10333:
10321:
10301:
10294:
10284:
10264:
10257:
10245:. Retrieved
10237:The National
10236:
10210:. Retrieved
10201:
10177:, retrieved
10155:
10131:. Retrieved
10127:
10118:
10098:
10091:
10079:. Retrieved
10075:
10065:
10053:. Retrieved
10044:
10034:
10025:
10015:
10000:
9985:
9968:
9964:
9954:
9942:. Retrieved
9923:
9889:
9879:
9870:
9860:
9848:
9821:
9817:
9807:
9795:
9783:. Retrieved
9763:
9756:
9721:
9715:
9710:, p. 8.
9672:. Retrieved
9668:the original
9661:
9652:
9640:. Retrieved
9636:the original
9631:
9622:
9610:. Retrieved
9606:
9597:
9585:. Retrieved
9581:
9571:
9554:
9544:
9536:
9522:
9516:
9504:. Retrieved
9495:
9486:
9474:. Retrieved
9470:
9445:. Retrieved
9436:
9417:Wright (2001
9412:
9400:. Retrieved
9354:
9350:
9337:
9325:. Retrieved
9311:
9299:. Retrieved
9285:
9273:. Retrieved
9257:
9251:
9239:. Retrieved
9235:the original
9212:
9200:. Retrieved
9195:
9186:
9174:. Retrieved
9170:
9161:
9149:. Retrieved
9129:
9117:. Retrieved
9113:the original
9108:
9099:
9090:
9081:
9072:
9063:
9052:, retrieved
9047:
9038:
9021:
9017:
9011:
8994:
8986:
8969:
8927:
8906:
8896:
8828:
8771:Islam portal
8695:
8679:
8671:
8661:
8637:
8635:
8623:
8609:
8554:
8544:
8530:
8502:
8471:
8466:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8442:
8438:
8428:
8419:
8412:
8407:
8403:
8399:
8395:
8383:
8375:
8365:
7683:Romanization
7677:
7654:
7647:
7629:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7613:
7585:Ge'ez script
7578:
7573:
7569:
7566:Greek script
7551:
7516:ḥa-yi-ktíb-u
7515:
7511:bi-yi-ktíb-u
7510:
7505:
7500:
7490:
7486:ḥa-ti-ktíb-u
7485:
7481:bi-ti-ktíb-u
7480:
7475:
7470:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7367:
7363:ḥa-ti-ktíb-i
7362:
7358:bi-ti-ktíb-i
7357:
7352:
7347:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7247:kátab/yíktib
7246:
7236:
7232:
7218:, as above).
7211:
7203:
7198:jamāhīriyyah
7195:
7183:
7175:
7167:
7159:
7151:
7143:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7116:
7112:
7104:, as above).
7097:
7089:
7085:
7079:
7070:
7062:
7054:
7046:
7042:
7036:
7029:
7015:
7003:
6986:
6974:
6966:'he copies'
6957:
6945:
6928:
6916:
6899:
6887:
6877:
6868:
6863:
6854:
6837:
6825:
6808:
6796:
6779:
6767:
6759:'he writes'
6750:
6738:
6699:
6687:
6681:
6677:inflectional
6654:
6647:
6632:
6618:
6612:
6595:
6583:
6571:
6559:
6552:future tense
6536:imperfective
6529:
6474:
6471:Arabic verbs
6459:
6437:
6427:
6403:sound plural
6396:
6361:
6343:
6329:
6315:
6301:
6287:
6273:
6259:
6245:
6231:
6217:
6203:
6189:
6175:
6161:
6147:
6133:
6119:
6116:تَكَاتَبْنَا
6105:
6102:اِكْتَتَبْتُ
6098:'I dictated'
6091:
6077:
6063:
6049:
6034:
6032:
6023:
6015:
6007:
5999:
5991:
5983:
5975:
5973:
5964:
5956:
5948:
5930:
5878:
5817:
5798:
5762:, spoken in
5744:, spoken in
5710:, spoken in
5694:Judeo-Arabic
5644:Saudi Arabia
5630:Saudi Arabia
5622:Najdi Arabic
5612:Saudi Arabia
5606:, spoken in
5600:descendants.
5540:Omani Arabic
5534:Najdi Arabic
5506:Saudi Arabia
5478:, spoken in
5257:Latin script
5221:Latinisation
5179:, spoken in
5161:in northern
5139:, spoken in
5115:, spoken in
5101:, spoken in
5091:, spoken in
5027:, spoken in
4894:
4886:
4878:
4870:
4862:
4854:
4839:
4831:
4816:
4808:
4794:
4786:
4778:
4763:
4759:
4748:
4740:
4733:
4729:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4690:Loss of the
4676:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4630:
4615:
4606:
4589:
4584:Maimonides'
4545:
4544:
4420:Omani Arabic
4332:Najdi Arabic
4288:Saidi Arabic
4181:
4160:Ottoman rule
4145:
4140:
4133:
4102:
4097:
4087:
4065:
4054:
4041:
4030:
4024:placeholders
4019:
4015:
4004:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3969:
3793:Chittagonian
3757:
3749:
3735:
3727:
3713:
3704:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3652:
3645:
3643:
3641:(calendar).
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3619:Roger Dachez
3614:
3610:
3588:
3557:
3554:Taha Hussein
3548:
3541:
3531:
3519:
3513:
3510:Hedwig Klein
3499:
3482:
3468:لَحْن العامة
3462:
3445:
3436:Tāj al-ʿArūs
3435:
3425:
3414:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3387:permutations
3383:Arabic roots
3362:
3360:
3341:
3310:
3302:
3290:lexicography
3287:
3273:Lexicography
3258:
3219:
3206:
3199:
3143:
3139:
3111:
3104:Flag of the
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3050:Latin script
3027:
3016:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2976:
2963:
2950:
2937:
2924:
2911:
2898:
2881:
2864:
2851:
2840:
2831:
2818:
2805:
2803:
2798:Swadesh list
2750:
2741:
2733:
2725:Vulgar Latin
2718:
2714:
2702:
2696:
2673:
2649:
2648:
2596:
2590:(1993), and
2550:
2540:
2531:
2516:Muhammad Ali
2497:
2492:
2482:
2480:
2465:
2458:
2452:
2444:creolization
2429:
2407:
2401:
2387:
2372:
2362:
2349:
2336:Judeo-Arabic
2325:
2291:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2238:
2229:
2221:vocalization
2216:
2197:
2181:
2162:dialects of
2153:
2134:
2113:Umm el-Jimal
2075:
2065:
2038:
2011:
1968:
1944:
1937:
1936:vestiges of
1929:
1920:
1908:
1897:
1888:
1881:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1848:and adverbs
1846:prepositions
1824:
1814:
1807:Proto-Arabic
1780:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1740:
1729:
1715:
1669:
1659:
1539:
1464:
1459:اَلْفُصْحَىٰ
1449:
1382:
1355:
1345:
1344:
1316:
1268:Linguasphere
1251:
1125:Omani Arabic
1115:Najdi Arabic
872:(the oldest)
848:Saudi Arabia
765:South Africa
696:
665:
605:Saudi Arabia
485:Signed forms
422:Latin script
339:Mesopotamian
270:Proto-Arabic
237:
228:West Semitic
218:Afro-Asiatic
194:330 million
192: (2024)
122:Naskh script
113:
96:
68:
57:
53:
36:
16807:Hadramautic
16793:Old Arabian
16732:West Gurage
16656:East Gurage
16535:ern Arabian
16237:Neo-Mandaic
16159:Palestinian
16057:Old Aramaic
15712:Interlingue
15707:Interlingua
15695:constructed
15610:Gan Chinese
15487:Afroasiatic
14824:Jawi script
14796:Calligraphy
14725:Linguistics
14650:Gulf Pidgin
14566:Judeo-Iraqi
14507:Kashkadarya
14363:Judeo-Iraqi
14288:Palestinian
14199:Nile Valley
13861:Pre-Islamic
13573:Dagger alif
12556:: 119–148.
12527:Holes (2004
12103:17 February
11847:14 December
11817:27 November
11706:(in Arabic)
11473:(1): 1–25.
11263:, pp. 1–2.
11037:j.ctt2tt3zh
10996:10278/29371
10905:sgg-mali.ml
10746:10023/12443
10559:20 February
10478:20 February
9642:26 November
9612:26 November
9506:21 December
9447:21 December
9373:10023/12443
9241:10 December
9198:(in French)
8701:Sample text
8682:Salama Musa
8680:A scholar,
8416:diacritical
7638:Calligraphy
7269:Imperative
7254:Tense/Mood
7178:jumhūriyyah
6954:'he copied'
6878:nonexistent
6871:yatakattabu
6864:nonexistent
6633:Like other
6521:verbal noun
6517:participles
6505:subjunctive
6182:'I dictate'
6006:'I drank',
5971:'I wrote'.
5853:as well as
5754:Afghanistan
5720:South Sudan
5684:Gulf Arabic
5616:Gulf Arabic
5594:East Africa
5544:Gulf Arabic
5490:Gulf Arabic
5480:South Sudan
5476:Juba Arabic
5449:Gulf Arabic
5427:Gulf Arabic
5327:, northern
5165:, southern
5133:until 1962.
5071:Mesopotamia
4707:ti- yi- ni-
4692:dual number
4686:the koine:
4376:Gulf Arabic
3765:Azerbaijani
3583:Blue Qur'an
3492: [
3451: [
3328: [
3303:lughawiyyūn
3299:لُغَوِيُّون
3106:Arab League
3095:code-switch
3019:soap operas
2940:jumhūriyyah
2670:inscription
2619:Arabization
2607:Arabization
2603:Arab League
2584: [
2512:Amiri Press
2508:colonialism
2379: [
2346:Development
2271:Sībawayhi's
2213:نقط الإعجام
2103:Jebel Usays
1948:vernaculars
1919:the use of
1700:orthography
1668:. In 2011,
1615:Azerbaijani
1483:Middle Ages
1331:instead of
1045:Gulf Arabic
755:Philippines
678:Arab League
254:Early forms
71:August 2022
16896:Categories
16836:Rijal Alma
16821:Qatabanian
16490:Himyaritic
16433:Phoenician
16246:Christian
16049:Historical
16018:Peninsular
15919:Taymanitic
15870:Old Arabic
15855:Historical
15551:Vietnamese
15401:Hindustani
15369:in Ukraine
15355:Macedonian
15335:Belarusian
15319:Lithuanian
15288:Portuguese
14711:Literature
14384:Peninsular
14324:Khuzestani
14054:(Mountain)
13974:Australian
13883:Old Arabic
13533:Diacritics
13460:Numerology
12875:1103311755
12608:157392945X
12448:14 January
12424:14 January
12376:Ethnologue
12304:Ethnologue
12179:languages.
12019:Ethnologue
11994:Ethnologue
11969:Ethnologue
11862:EB staff.
11405:. Lang1234
11387:11 October
10784:Kaye (1991
10530:1041872985
10435:1122689432
9437:ask.un.org
9301:27 October
9151:13 January
8996:Ethnologue
8971:Ethnologue
8945:References
8599: –
8595: –
8591: –
8587: –
8583: –
8579: –
8575: –
8571: –
8567: –
8469:'easier'.
8431:diacritics
7458:ḥá-ní-ktib
7453:bi-ní-ktib
7428:ḥa-tí-ktib
7423:bi-tí-ktib
7398:ḥa-yí-ktib
7393:bi-yí-ktib
7331:ḥa-tí-ktib
7326:bi-tí-ktib
7162:ištirākiyy
7018:yastaktibu
6902:yatakātabu
6747:'he wrote'
6629:Derivation
6548:indicative
6532:perfective
6525:infinitive
6511:, shorter
6501:imperative
6497:indicative
6477:conjugated
6429:Adjectives
6372:accusative
6368:nominative
6346:maktabatun
6340:مَكْتَبَةٌ
6266:'dictated'
6206:natakātabu
6200:نَتَكَتِبُ
6186:أَكْتَتِبُ
6088:أَكْتَبْتُ
6018:takallamtu
6014:'I said',
5982:'I read',
5933:morphology
5903:word order
5851:consonants
5764:Azerbaijan
5750:Tajikistan
5746:Uzbekistan
5702:Arab World
5642:, western
5578:Hadhramaut
5504:, eastern
5454:spoken in
5399:, such as
5383:Iraqi Jews
5355:Iraqi Jews
5241:morphology
5239:since its
5151:Mauritania
4904:Merger of
4889:ayyu shayʼ
4826:Change of
4697:Change of
4550:Arab world
4517: 30:
4506: 29:
4495: 28:
4484: 27:
4473: 26:
4462: 25:
4451: 24:
4440: 23:
4429: 22:
4418: 21:
4407: 20:
4396: 19:
4385: 18:
4374: 17:
4363: 16:
4352: 15:
4341: 14:
4330: 13:
4319: 12:
4308: 11:
4297: 10:
4200:Hassaniyya
4183:Ethnologue
4105:Arab world
4039:Hindustani
3889:Portuguese
3853:Indonesian
3661:məḏī(n)ttā
3601:, notably
3439:(1774) by
3431:Ibn Manzur
3429:(1290) by
3277:See also:
3268:Vocabulary
3222:elementary
3023:talk shows
2987:Colloquial
2825:'film' or
2774:varieties.
2706:industrial
2643:See also:
2520:literature
2455:al-Andalus
2440:pidginized
2426:Neo-Arabic
2420:dictionary
2415:لسان العرب
2404:Ibn Manzur
2328:Maimonides
2269:"Arabic",
2245:كتاب العين
2230:at-tashkīl
2208:diacritics
2190: 603
2145:Old Higazi
2068:epigraphic
2034:Old Arabic
2030:isoglosses
2018:Thamudic B
1999:Taymanitic
1965:Old Arabic
1959:Old Arabic
1795:Taymanitic
1750:formed by
1587:Indonesian
1551:Hindustani
1511:Al-Andalus
1499:Portuguese
1473:, and the
1418:Arab world
656:Somaliland
580:Mauritania
344:Peninsular
275:Old Arabic
168:Arab world
16880:varieties
16871:indicate
16752:Sebat Bet
16716:Tt-group
16531:Eastern (
16483:Deir Alla
16361:Canaanite
16328:Trans-Zab
16313:Inter-Zab
16195:Palmyrene
16186:Samaritan
16153:Nabataean
16032:Northwest
15987:Levantine
15959:Classical
15884:Dadanitic
15702:Esperanto
15658:Iroquoian
15584:Sundanese
15525:Malayalam
15513:Dravidian
15462:Hungarian
15385:Ukrainian
15345:Bulgarian
15206:Norwegian
15201:Icelandic
15176:Afrikaans
15151:Histories
15001:varieties
14993:indicate
14908:Technical
14879:Shahmukhi
14834:Kairouani
14732:Phonology
14511:Khorasani
14501:Bakhtiari
14353:Anatolian
14283:Jordanian
14263:Damascene
14226:Levantine
14138:Hassaniya
13979:Cottenera
13914:Classical
13853:Varieties
13431:Overviews
13323:872980196
12883:166512720
12673:147422407
12562:0571-1371
12490:2721-9488
12350:0003-0279
11791:7 January
11677:0022-2968
11612:162954225
11596:0041-977X
11503:161420127
11487:1356-1863
11358:7 January
11005:143966308
10755:2570-5857
10701:229407091
10693:0008-0055
10650:132791029
10505:462880236
10443:cite book
10397:913459792
10344:. Brill.
10305:. BRILL.
9840:2226-471X
9818:Languages
9767:. Brill.
9748:967854618
9674:2 January
9563:461886299
9389:158624482
9381:2570-5857
9044:"Eritrea"
8950:Citations
7506:yi-ktíb-u
7476:ti-ktíb-u
7378:masculine
7353:ti-ktíb-i
7311:masculine
7274:Singular
7146:ishtaraka
7077:'cook').
7061:'write',
7006:istaktaba
6960:yaktatibu
6931:yankatibu
6857:takattaba
6782:yukattibu
6665:reflexive
6661:intensive
6657:causative
6523:, but no
6513:energetic
6443:enclitics
6388:construct
6378:); three
6322:'writers'
6252:'written'
6242:مَكْتُوبٌ
6192:'aktatibu
6158:أُكَاتِبُ
6150:'ukattibu
6144:أُكَتِّبُ
6140:'I write'
6122:takātabnā
6108:iktatabtu
6074:كَاتَبْتُ
6060:كَتَّبْتُ
6056:'I wrote'
5990:'I ate',
5843:borrowing
5839:coalesced
5820:consonant
5801:phonology
5789:Phonology
5778:Indonesia
5536:(Bedawi).
5526:Hormozgan
5419:Khuzestan
5295:Khuzestan
5225:diglossic
5061:dialect.
5003:Palestine
4949:Palestine
4770:suffixes.
4762:'to me',
4645:Levantine
4588:draft of
4586:autograph
4562:sedentary
4286: 9:
4275: 8:
4264: 7:
4253: 6:
4242: 5:
4231: 4:
4220: 3:
4209: 2:
4198: 1:
3849:Malaysian
3801:Dagestani
3566:Loanwords
3506:Hans Wehr
3405:mustaʿmal
3347:جمع اللغة
3240:courses.
3226:secondary
3071:diglossia
3065:Diglossia
2991:dialectal
2890:apoptosis
2884:istimātah
2828:ديمقراطية
2688:syntactic
2536:سَيَّارَة
2406:compiled
2389:Ibn Mada'
2359:phonology
2351:Ibn Jinni
2318:Baghdad's
2282:ʿarabiyya
2267:ʿarabiyya
1995:Dadanitic
1903:allomorph
1791:Dadanitic
1737:preterite
1651:Tamazight
1595:Maldivian
1591:Malaysian
1531:Bulgarian
1253:Glottolog
934:ISO 639-3
916:ISO 639-2
898:ISO 639-1
595:Palestine
452:Levantine
329:Levantine
190:varieties
175:Ethnicity
16828:Awsanian
16699:N-group
16618:Tigrinya
16497:Samalian
16474:Galilean
16467:Ugaritic
16412:Medieval
16405:Mishnaic
16389:Biblical
16370:Ammonite
16323:Sanandaj
16308:Betanure
16287:Chaldean
16284:Assyrian
16270:Qaraqosh
16260:Hértevin
16172:Galilean
16146:Lebanese
15992:Maghrebi
15952:Literary
15926:Thamudic
15912:Safaitic
15898:Hasaitic
15891:Dumaitic
15811:Akkadian
15766:Branches
15665:Cherokee
15642:Koreanic
15633:Japanese
15572:Filipino
15452:Estonian
15427:Albanian
15293:Romanian
15273:Galician
15169:Germanic
15012:Category
14864:Nastaliq
14854:Muhaqqaq
14844:Maghrebi
14704:Academic
14644:Bimbashi
14600:Tunisene
14571:Baghdadi
14519:Shirvani
14459:Hadhrami
14417:Bahraini
14368:Baghdadi
14319:Baghdadi
14258:Aleppine
14248:Lebanese
14243:Cilician
14216:Sudanese
14206:Egyptian
14087:Hilalian
14045:Western
14023:Eastern
14020:Village
13999:Żurrieqi
13963:Sicilian
13956:Andalusi
13938:Maghrebi
13907:Literary
13559:(tanwin)
13557:Nunation
13443:Alphabet
13438:Language
13425:language
13303:(2014).
13226:archived
13208:(1993),
12933:(2007),
12811:archived
12806:As-Sabil
12789:Archived
12255:Archived
12226:Archived
12196:Archived
12174:Archived
12140:Archived
12097:Archived
11932:Language
11872:Archived
11841:Archived
11812:DGLnotes
11785:Archived
11636:31 March
11495:25183625
11381:Archived
11352:Archived
11327:Archived
11288:Archived
11257:Archived
11228:Archived
11201:Archived
11171:Archived
11144:Archived
11120:, 1989.
11110:Archived
11080:Archived
11054:Archived
10858:12 March
10852:archived
10829:20 April
10823:Archived
10655:19 April
10603:31 March
10597:Archived
10553:Archived
10472:Archived
10356:Archived
10247:20 April
10241:Archived
10206:Archived
10049:Archived
9938:Archived
9824:(4): 1.
9779:Archived
9607:Statista
9500:Archived
9471:IH World
9467:"Arabic"
9441:Archived
9393:Archived
9327:20 March
9321:Archived
9295:Archived
9275:17 April
9266:Archived
9202:29 April
9176:29 April
9142:Archived
9054:29 April
9030:26449346
8930:: 1–19.
8757:See also
8729:English
8658:Lebanese
8654:Said Akl
8638:La Syrie
8605:position
8551:Numerals
8541:⟩
8535:⟨
8527:⟩
8521:⟨
8512:⟩
8506:⟨
8455:gashouse
8435:digraphs
8433:and use
8398:ou" or "
8376:spelling
8360:gh/3'/8
8276:z/dh/6'
8102:z/dh/th
8063:kh/7'/5
7593:muhaqqaq
7554:Nabatean
7491:i-ktíb-u
7471:katáb-tu
7443:katáb-na
7413:kátab-it
7408:feminine
7368:i-ktíb-i
7348:katáb-ti
7343:feminine
7249:"write"
7092:maktabah
6989:yaḥmarru
6948:iktataba
6919:inkataba
6890:takātaba
6811:yukātibu
6730:Meaning
6727:Non-past
6698:
6686:
6679:system.
6617:
6608:prefixes
6604:suffixal
6594:
6582:
6570:
6558:
6485:non-past
6439:Pronouns
6419:nunation
6411:prefixed
6392:suffixed
6376:genitive
6342:
6332:maktabun
6328:
6326:مَكْتَبٌ
6318:kuttābun
6314:
6312:كُتَّابٌ
6308:'writer'
6300:
6286:
6272:
6262:muktabun
6258:
6256:مُكْتَبٌ
6248:maktūbun
6244:
6230:
6228:أُكْتِبَ
6216:
6202:
6188:
6174:
6172:أُكْتِبُ
6164:'ukātibu
6160:
6146:
6132:
6130:أَكْتُبُ
6118:
6104:
6094:'aktabtu
6090:
6076:
6066:kattabtu
6062:
6048:
6046:كَتَبْتُ
6002:sharibtu
5994:dhahabtu
5907:analytic
5831:emphatic
5823:phonemes
5768:Dagestan
5736:Cameroon
5598:Hadhrami
5566:and the
5564:Zanzibar
5439:Khorasan
5253:Sicilian
4865:jāʼa bi-
4853:, e.g.,
4849:Certain
4815:'big' →
4751:ḥalēt(u)
4068:a betzef
3990:taẓallit
3925:Tigrinya
3899:, etc.)
3893:Sicilian
3869:Rohingya
3817:Gujarati
3797:Croatian
3785:Chaldean
3677:lāzaward
3607:Parthian
3595:Ethiopic
3581:script,
3576:Maghrebi
3473:solecism
3316:شَوَاهِد
3311:shawāhid
3262:Internet
3130:Croatian
3083:al-hatif
3079:al-hatif
3042:Catholic
2903:Xth form
2692:Sibawayh
2668:Safaitic
2579:(1977),
2575:(1960),
2571:(1948),
2567:(1932),
2561:Damascus
2541:bākhirah
2532:sayyārah
2504:hegemony
2466:muwashah
2448:arabized
2397:Al-Jahiz
2332:Andalusi
2258:Al-Jahiz
2061:nunation
2057:mimation
2041:Iron Age
2022:Safaitic
2014:Hasaitic
1939:nunation
1831:/lā-ʾan/
1783:Safaitic
1752:infixing
1643:Tigrigna
1611:Armenian
1607:Albanian
1563:Kashmiri
1507:Sicilian
1493:(mainly
1487:borrowed
1452:al-fuṣḥā
1378:عَرَبِيّ
1337:Help:IPA
1260:arab1395
709:Pakistan
644:Tanzania
640:Zanzibar
540:Djibouti
462:Garshuni
375:Andalusi
367:Sicilian
359:Shirvani
334:Maghrebi
324:Sudanese
319:Egyptian
313:Dialects
196:L2 users
185:Speakers
59:onwards.
16873:extinct
16869:Italics
16814:Minaean
16741:Endegen
16668:Inneqor
16647:Argobba
16643:Amharic
16606:Dahalik
16578:Western
16569:Soqotri
16549:Ḥarsusi
16544:Baṭḥari
16460:Amorite
16426:Moabite
16377:Edomite
16347:Western
16303:Barzani
16299:Jewish
16218:Central
16210:Aramaic
16139:Western
16121:Mandaic
16102:Eastern
16097:Armazic
16088:Dialect
16041:Aramaic
16004:Maltese
15905:Hismaic
15838:Central
15827:Eblaite
15783:Central
15686:Turkish
15626:Japonic
15605:Chinese
15589:Cebuano
15567:Tagalog
15520:Kannada
15499:Aramaic
15457:Finnish
15411:Persian
15380:Slovene
15365:Russian
15340:Bosnian
15314:Latvian
15298:Spanish
15278:Italian
15258:Catalan
15221:Yiddish
15216:Swedish
15191:English
15153:of the
14991:Italics
14899:Thuluth
14764:Grammar
14635:pidgins
14630:Creoles
14619:Sanʽani
14504:Bukhara
14464:Sanʽani
14427:Kuwaiti
14422:Emirati
14407:Dhofari
14392:Bahrani
14358:Cypriot
14346:(Qeltu)
14173:Sulaym
14160:Western
14155:Eastern
14033:Sfaxian
14029:(Sahel)
13984:Gozitan
13969:Maltese
13589:Letters
13563:Shaddah
13552:Harakat
13547:Tashkil
13475:Scripts
13448:History
12817:22 June
12795:16 July
12774:Sources
12570:4629416
12517::38–39)
12358:3217756
12209:Arabic.
12062:Maltese
11915:17 June
11710:17 June
11555:15 June
11096:, 2002.
10939:18 July
10911:26 July
10821:. 328.
10212:17 July
10055:17 July
9944:15 July
9785:17 July
9587:29 June
9402:28 June
8824:Arabist
8662:Lebnaan
8650:Zionist
8632:Lebanon
8626:Maltese
7985:j/g/dj
7847:aa / A
7748:ArabTeX
7699:Letter
7669:proverb
7667:, or a
7631:harakat
7625:Tashkil
7589:thuluth
7581:zaouias
7501:kátab-u
7448:ní-ktib
7434:Plural
7418:tí-ktib
7388:yí-ktib
7321:tí-ktib
7316:katáb-t
7298:ḥá-ktib
7293:bá-ktib
7283:katáb-t
7266:Future
7206:jamāhīr
7192:Gaddafi
7154:ištirāk
7126:suffix
7111:suffix
7065:maṭbakh
6977:iḥmarra
6840:yuktibu
6828:ʾaktaba
6770:kattaba
6753:yaktubu
6724:Meaning
6592:ـكْتُبـ
6509:jussive
6487:); two
6384:genders
6380:numbers
6304:kātibun
6298:كَاتِبٌ
6294:'books'
6290:kutubun
6276:kitābun
6270:كِتَابٌ
6234:'uktiba
6178:'uktibu
6136:'aktubu
6080:kātabtu
6052:katabtu
5978:qaraʼtu
5967:katabtu
5959:-a-a-tu
5890:فُصْحَى
5861:Grammar
5732:Nigeria
5676:Bahrain
5654:Algeria
5552:Bahrain
5522:Bushehr
5498:Bahrain
5452:dialect
5405:Dhi Qar
5387:Baghdad
5369:Baghdad
5249:Italian
5209:Maltese
5171:Algeria
5167:Morocco
5141:Morocco
5131:Algeria
5117:Algeria
5107:Algeria
5103:Tunisia
5067:Mashriq
5055:Maltese
5047:Tunisia
5043:Algeria
5039:Morocco
5019:region.
4975:Lebanon
4967:variety
4937:Lebanon
4877:'see';
4830:suffix
4802:elative
4743:ḥalaltu
4721:in the
4713:'and';
4566:Bedouin
4508:Maltese
4156:Kurdish
4152:Aramaic
4113:Persian
4109:Turkish
4078:Swahili
4063:Catalan
4028:Spanish
3976:Maltese
3971:English
3961:revival
3949:Visayan
3933:Turkmen
3929:Turkish
3921:Tagalog
3917:Swahili
3913:Sylheti
3901:Saraiki
3897:Spanish
3885:Italian
3881:Catalan
3865:Punjabi
3861:Persian
3833:Kurdish
3809:English
3805:Dhivehi
3789:Chechen
3781:Bosnian
3773:Bengali
3769:Baluchi
3761:Amharic
3706:Basmala
3681:lājvard
3671:gāzartā
3667:jazīrah
3653:madīnah
3635:almanac
3633:(cup),
3627:alembic
3611:kīmiyāʼ
3591:Aramaic
3471:), the
3410:مستعمَل
3391:taqālīb
3379:lexicon
3337:أَعْراب
3158:Mashriq
3150:Maghreb
3126:Serbian
3087:tawleed
3075:Tawleed
3033:Maltese
2979:jarīdah
2934:جمهورية
2914:jāmiʻah
2878:استماتة
2845:(e.g.,
2808:dhahaba
2800:(1–100)
2796:Arabic
2738:فُصْحَى
2601:of the
2581:Khartum
2569:Baghdad
2393:Cordoba
2376:
2312:, many
2306:Turkish
2254:prosody
2226:التشكيل
2203:النَّحو
2198:an-naḥw
2168:al-Ḥīra
2160:Bedouin
2092:Lakhmid
2026:Hismaic
1954:History
1787:Hismaic
1748:perfect
1741:yajlis-
1666:Muslims
1655:Swahili
1639:Amharic
1619:Tagalog
1603:Punjabi
1579:Bengali
1571:Bosnian
1567:Kurdish
1547:Turkish
1543:Persian
1515:Maltese
1503:Catalan
1495:Spanish
1412:of the
1408:) is a
1385:ʿarabīy
1333:Unicode
876:Tunisia
854:Somalia
842:Morocco
791:Algeria
760:Senegal
625:Tunisia
610:Somalia
585:Morocco
570:Lebanon
550:Eritrea
535:Comoros
525:Bahrain
520:Algeria
426:Arabizi
393:Maltese
383:Cypriot
354:Chadian
223:Semitic
32:Aramaic
28:Amharic
16847:Sabaic
16841:Razihi
16747:Mesqan
16721:Mesmes
16674:Wolane
16671:Ulbare
16664:Siltʼe
16652:Harari
16636:versal
16634:Trans-
16564:Shehri
16554:Hobyot
16504:Sutean
16452:Others
16418:Modern
16383:Hebrew
16275:Senaya
16255:Bohtan
16250:Barwar
16230:Turoyo
16224:Mlaḥsô
16126:Syriac
16090:groups
15847:Arabic
15674:Turkic
15649:Korean
15535:Telugu
15504:Hebrew
15494:Arabic
15478:Basque
15445:Uralic
15406:Nepali
15375:Slovak
15360:Polish
15328:Slavic
15307:Baltic
15267:Quebec
15263:French
15251:Italic
15230:Celtic
15196:German
15181:Danish
14814:Diwani
14801:Script
14759:(case)
14756:ʾIʿrāb
14742:Tajwid
14687:Bongor
14666:Maridi
14616:Habban
14490:Others
14474:Tihami
14454:Yemeni
14449:Shihhi
14434:Hejazi
14402:Bedawi
14397:Bareqi
14253:Syrian
14211:Saʽidi
14143:Nemadi
14129:Maqil
14027:Sahili
13994:Żejtun
13930:spoken
13928:Modern
13423:Arabic
13376:
13358:
13338:
13321:
13311:
13267:
13247:
13218:
13194:
13167:
13149:
13117:
13080:604273
13078:
13048:
13020:
13002:
12984:
12966:
12943:
12920:
12898:
12881:
12873:
12863:
12833:
12671:
12636:1 June
12605:
12568:
12560:
12488:
12415:
12356:
12348:
12286:
12166:
12132:
12069:
12045:
11952:410601
11950:
11777:
11685:543279
11683:
11675:
11610:
11604:615409
11602:
11594:
11501:
11493:
11485:
11298:
11271:
11238:
11211:
11181:
11154:
11124:
11064:
11035:
11025:
11003:
10753:
10699:
10691:
10648:
10638:
10589:
10528:
10503:
10433:
10423:
10395:
10385:
10362:16 May
10348:
10309:
10289:2021–4
10272:
10179:28 May
10170:
10133:27 May
10106:
10081:26 May
9930:
9896:
9838:
9771:
9746:
9736:
9582:Babbel
9561:
9529:
9476:7 July
9387:
9379:
9167:"Mali"
9119:20 May
9028:
8966:Arabic
8724:ALA-LC
8612:) and
8476:, the
8467:as′hal
8459:ALA-LC
8457:. The
8437:(like
8406:" or "
8135:sh/ch
7889:y; ii
7853:a/e/é
7713:ALA-LC
7708:UNGEGN
7665:hadith
7648:After
7609:ruqʻah
7601:rayhan
7558:Coptic
7336:í-ktib
7288:á-ktib
7214:jumhūr
7186:jumhūr
7128:-iyyah
7124:nisbah
7119:, etc.
7109:nisbah
7100:maktab
7073:ṭ-b-kh
7049:maktab
7045:(e.g.
6799:kātaba
6741:kataba
6643:derive
6621:kataba
6615:كَتَبَ
6598:-ktub-
6586:katab-
6580:كَتَبـ
6568:سَوْفَ
6544:aspect
6489:voices
6423:tanwīn
6374:, and
6284:كُتُبٌ
6280:'book'
6220:kutiba
6214:كُتِبَ
5986:akaltu
5855:vowels
5825:and 6
5752:, and
5734:, and
5592:, and
5494:Kuwait
5456:Kuwait
5407:, and
5333:Turkey
5299:Turkey
5195:Sicily
5159:Azawad
5029:Cyprus
5017:Nablus
4957:Turkey
4955:, and
4953:Israel
4945:Jordan
4768:clitic
4526:
4515:
4504:
4493:
4482:
4471:
4460:
4449:
4438:
4427:
4416:
4405:
4394:
4383:
4372:
4361:
4350:
4339:
4328:
4317:
4306:
4295:
4284:
4273:
4262:
4251:
4240:
4229:
4218:
4207:
4196:
4125:Yoruba
4121:Kanuri
4074:Kabyle
4052:French
4033:fulano
4026:(like
4020:coffee
4016:mentiq
4013:Uyghur
3987:Berber
3980:Kinubi
3941:Uyghur
3909:Somali
3905:Sindhi
3877:French
3857:Pashto
3841:Kyrgyz
3837:Kutchi
3829:Kazakh
3813:German
3777:Berber
3717:Qur'ān
3657:medina
3615:khymia
3420:مُهمَل
3415:muhmal
3396:تقاليب
3325:ʾaʿrāb
3321:poetry
3250:Muslim
3236:, and
3035:, and
2953:jumhūr
2927:jamaʻa
2650:Arabic
2637:, and
2545:باخِرة
2457:, the
2330:, the
2288:Spread
2107:Harran
2024:, and
1840:mafʿūl
1730:jalas-
1653:, and
1647:Somali
1631:Hebrew
1623:Sindhi
1599:Pashto
1575:Kazakh
1523:Balkan
1521:. The
1505:, and
1420:. The
1346:Arabic
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1274:12-AAC
827:Jordan
809:Israel
740:Israel
735:Cyprus
565:Kuwait
560:Jordan
416:Others
388:Saʽidi
238:Arabic
202:(2023)
85:Arabic
16801:Faifi
16770:Gyeto
16764:Gumer
16757:Chaha
16727:Muher
16710:Soddo
16704:Gafat
16693:Outer
16627:South
16611:Tigre
16601:Geʽez
16594:North
16559:Mehri
16523:South
16440:Punic
16338:Zakho
16280:Suret
15788:South
15681:Azeri
15579:Malay
15530:Tamil
15432:Greek
15420:other
15350:Czech
15283:Latin
15242:Welsh
15237:Irish
15211:Scots
15186:Dutch
15062:Books
14973:Other
14894:Tawqi
14849:Mashq
14839:Kufic
14747:Imāla
14716:Names
14682:Turku
14610:Adeni
14444:Omani
14439:Najdi
14344:North
14334:South
14329:Shawi
14311:Gilit
14275:South
14235:North
14133:Fessi
14052:Jebli
14038:Jijel
14013:Tunis
14008:Urban
13989:Qormi
13598:ʾAlif
13568:Hamza
13540:i‘jām
13282:[
13076:JSTOR
12879:S2CID
12669:S2CID
12566:JSTOR
12354:JSTOR
11948:JSTOR
11895::237)
11878:4 May
11761:(pdf)
11681:JSTOR
11608:S2CID
11600:JSTOR
11499:S2CID
11491:JSTOR
11033:JSTOR
11001:S2CID
10901:(PDF)
10697:S2CID
10646:S2CID
9965:BSOAS
9419::492)
9396:(PDF)
9385:S2CID
9347:(PDF)
9269:(PDF)
9262:(PDF)
9145:(PDF)
9138:(PDF)
9026:JSTOR
8888:Notes
8668:Egypt
8482:email
8463:prime
8410:t".)
8201:d/9'
7934:s/th
7886:y; e
7883:y; ī
7661:verse
7657:Arabs
7620:nuqaṯ
7605:naskh
7597:tawqi
7383:kátab
7257:Past
7138:š-r-k
7113:-iyy-
7057:k-t-b
6702:ḥ-m-r
6690:k-t-b
6574:sawfa
6540:tense
6493:moods
6465:Verbs
6415:اَلْـ
6364:cases
6037:k-t-b
6010:qultu
5951:k-t-b
5945:three
5827:vowel
5728:Niger
5716:Sudan
5680:Qatif
5658:Niger
5640:Hejaz
5608:Yemen
5586:South
5530:Qatar
5514:Qatar
5484:Sudan
5470:Egypt
5466:Sudan
5447:is a
5409:Najaf
5401:Basra
5359:Mosul
5329:Syria
5287:Syria
5199:Malta
5181:Spain
5093:Libya
5051:Libya
5005:, by
4965:is a
4941:Syria
4927:Egypt
4838:>
4828:nisba
4819:kubār
4811:kibār
4683:koiné
4673:Koiné
4667:kā'in
4659:yakūn
4655:kayən
4638:Iraqi
4626:Libya
4571:koine
4148:Latin
4141:kitāb
4129:Hausa
4117:Hausa
4088:ṣalāh
4057:tasse
4042:lekin
4022:) to
4007:ṣalāh
3995:salat
3963:, as
3953:Wolof
3945:Uzbek
3845:Malay
3825:Hindi
3821:Hausa
3711:kufic
3631:ambix
3579:Kufic
3496:]
3459:]
3332:]
3307:Quran
3185:green
3181:white
3177:black
3134:Scots
3118:Hindi
3046:Malta
2973:جريدة
2966:hātif
2947:جمهور
2908:جامعة
2905:, or
2899:m/w/t
2873:roots
2867:janāḥ
2815:فِلْم
2744:fuṣḥá
2676:Quran
2592:Tunis
2588:]
2577:Amman
2573:Rabat
2565:Cairo
2493:Nahda
2484:Nahda
2477:Nahda
2460:zajal
2435:koine
2383:]
2370:, and
2355:Mosul
2294:Islam
2278:Kitāb
2196:, or
2149:Quran
2141:Hijra
2137:Hejaz
2099:Zabad
1991:Hejaz
1772:-anna
1694:from
1684:abjad
1682:, an
1635:Hausa
1583:Malay
1555:Hindi
1527:Greek
1513:era.
1479:Islam
866:Syria
860:Sudan
836:Libya
800:Egypt
750:Niger
635:Yemen
620:Syria
615:Sudan
600:Qatar
575:Libya
545:Egypt
179:Arabs
16767:Gura
16761:Ezha
16737:Inor
16533:Mod-
16208:Neo-
15801:East
15778:West
15773:East
14869:Rasm
14672:Nubi
14660:Juba
14633:and
14613:Beda
14585:Wqal
14582:Kjal
14412:Gulf
13760:Ġayn
13751:ʿAyn
13374:ISBN
13356:ISBN
13336:ISBN
13319:OCLC
13309:ISBN
13265:ISBN
13245:ISBN
13234:2020
13216:ISBN
13192:ISBN
13165:ISBN
13147:ISBN
13115:ISBN
13046:ISBN
13018:ISBN
13000:ISBN
12982:ISBN
12964:ISBN
12941:ISBN
12918:ISBN
12896:ISBN
12871:OCLC
12861:ISBN
12831:ISBN
12819:2016
12797:2021
12638:2024
12603:ISBN
12558:ISSN
12529::57)
12505::38)
12486:ISSN
12450:2023
12426:2023
12413:ISBN
12346:ISSN
12284:ISBN
12263:2017
12234:2017
12204:2017
12164:ISBN
12130:ISBN
12105:2018
12067:ISBN
12043:ISBN
11917:2023
11880:2010
11849:2018
11819:2021
11793:2021
11775:ISBN
11712:2023
11673:ISSN
11638:2021
11592:ISSN
11557:2023
11483:ISSN
11411:2012
11389:2012
11360:2021
11296:ISBN
11269:ISBN
11236:ISBN
11209:ISBN
11179:ISBN
11152:ISBN
11122:ISBN
11062:ISBN
11023:ISBN
10941:2021
10913:2023
10884:2022
10860:2009
10831:2021
10751:ISSN
10689:ISSN
10657:2021
10636:ISBN
10605:2021
10587:ISBN
10561:2020
10526:OCLC
10501:OCLC
10480:2020
10449:link
10431:OCLC
10421:ISBN
10393:OCLC
10383:ISBN
10364:2017
10346:ISBN
10307:ISBN
10270:ISBN
10249:2021
10214:2016
10181:2021
10168:ISBN
10135:2021
10104:ISBN
10083:2021
10057:2016
9946:2016
9928:ISBN
9894:ISBN
9836:ISSN
9787:2016
9769:ISBN
9744:OCLC
9734:ISBN
9676:2022
9644:2021
9614:2021
9589:2021
9559:OCLC
9527:ISBN
9508:2019
9478:2021
9449:2019
9404:2019
9377:ISSN
9329:2018
9303:2016
9277:2020
9243:2021
9204:2023
9178:2023
9153:2021
9121:2013
9056:2023
8911:..."
8689:and
8496:and
8451:gash
8441:and
8234:t/6
8231:.tu
8168:s/9
7753:chat
7743:BATR
7718:Wehr
7616:rasm
7535:and
7497:3rd
7467:2nd
7439:1st
7374:3rd
7307:2nd
7279:1st
7107:The
6942:VIII
6721:Past
6718:Form
6663:and
6542:and
6534:and
6483:and
6481:past
6447:ـنِي
6353:etc.
5937:root
5879:The
5782:Java
5766:and
5712:Chad
5698:Jews
5688:Oman
5678:and
5662:Mali
5660:and
5626:Najd
5588:and
5556:Oman
5550:and
5524:and
5518:Iran
5512:and
5502:Oman
5425:and
5397:Iraq
5325:Iran
5321:Iraq
5291:Iran
5283:Iraq
5251:and
5197:and
5163:Mali
5127:Jews
5049:and
4910:/ðˤ/
4908:and
4906:/ɮˤ/
4897:illi
4873:shāf
4834:-iyy
4764:laka
4663:fīhi
4650:and
4519:Nubi
4186:and
4137:كتاب
4098:imām
4093:إمام
4083:صلاة
4050:and
4047:taza
4001:صلاة
3978:and
3951:and
3937:Urdu
3851:and
3734:and
3689:azul
3685:azur
3532:The
3260:the
3224:and
3187:and
3128:and
3122:Urdu
3120:and
3021:and
3005:The
2960:هاتف
2861:جناح
2854:farʻ
2821:film
2763:Case
2723:and
2708:and
2506:and
2481:The
2463:and
2304:and
2164:Najd
2005:Najd
1997:and
1931:(ʾ)y
1875:ʿkdy
1821:/mā/
1793:and
1785:and
1627:Odia
1589:and
1559:Urdu
1557:and
1529:and
818:Iraq
783:List
745:Mali
729:List
704:Iran
590:Oman
555:Iraq
530:Chad
16680:Zay
15717:Ido
14957:864
14952:720
14948:711
14945:710
14942:709
14938:708
14781:IPA
13841:Yāʾ
13832:Wāw
13823:Hāʾ
13814:Nūn
13805:Mīm
13796:Lām
13787:Kāf
13778:Qāf
13769:Fāʾ
13742:Ẓāʾ
13733:Ṭāʾ
13724:Ḍād
13715:Ṣād
13706:Šīn
13697:Sīn
13688:Zāy
13679:Rāʾ
13670:Ḏāl
13661:Dāl
13652:Ḫāʾ
13643:Ḥāʾ
13634:Ǧīm
13625:Ṯāʾ
13616:Tāʾ
13607:Bāʾ
13096:doi
13068:doi
13064:111
12853:doi
12661:doi
12585::2)
12476:doi
12405:doi
12373:at
12338:doi
12334:123
12301:at
12016:at
11991:at
11966:at
11940:doi
11765:doi
11665:doi
11584:doi
11527:doi
11475:doi
11444:doi
10991:hdl
10983:doi
10786::?)
10741:hdl
10731:doi
10679:doi
10628:doi
10160:doi
9973:doi
9826:doi
9726:doi
9369:hdl
9359:doi
9022:106
8993:at
8968:at
8932:doi
8490:IRC
8357:.g
8339:gh
8273:.z
8267:đ̣
8261:z̧
8198:.d
8165:.s
8132:^s
8123:sh
8099:_d
8084:dh
8060:_h
8039:kh
8015:.h
7982:^g
7950:d͡ʒ
7931:_t
7916:th
7844:aa
7738:- 2
7733:SAS
7728:ISO
7723:DIN
7703:IPA
7574:qaf
7570:faʼ
7564:to
7560:or
7132:-ah
7086:-ah
7043:ma-
6913:VII
6793:III
6696:حمر
6684:كتب
6566:or
6562:sa-
6556:سَـ
6455:ـيَ
6451:ـِي
6433:ـَة
6421:or
6399:ـَة
6026:-tu
5897:of
5845:or
5833:" (
5674:in
5596:by
5546:of
5520:'s
5510:UAE
5385:of
5357:of
5319:in
5309:).
5231:or
5129:in
5069:or
4969:of
4881:ēsh
4857:jāb
4719:-it
4715:il-
4711:wi-
4701:to
4648:fīh
4641:aku
3965:MSA
3855:),
3738:qāf
3730:fā'
3559:ṣād
3423:).
3189:red
2989:or
2921:جمع
2895:موت
2848:فرع
2700:).
2491:, "
2433:'s
2391:of
2353:of
2232:).
2121:".
2059:to
2047:at
1863:ʿnd
1835:lan
1826:lʾn
1770:or
1768:-an
1756:/t/
1593:),
1561:),
1477:of
1462:).
1422:ISO
1402:or
1375:or
1319:IPA
1240:auz
1230:aeb
1220:abh
1210:acq
1200:apd
1190:arb
1180:sqr
1170:ssh
1160:ayn
1150:aec
1140:aao
1130:ayp
1120:acx
1110:ars
1100:ary
1090:ayl
1080:apc
1070:acw
1060:mey
1050:ayh
1040:afb
1030:acm
1020:arz
1010:adf
1000:acy
990:shu
980:avl
970:abv
960:xaa
950:arq
941:ara
924:ara
444:)
198:of
30:or
16898::
14799:·
13317:.
13251:,
13224:,
13092:46
13090:.
13074:,
13062:,
12877:.
12869:.
12859:.
12809:,
12787:.
12761:.
12725:^
12709:^
12681:^
12667:.
12655:.
12629:.
12564:.
12554:21
12552:.
12484:.
12441:,
12411:,
12399:,
12352:.
12344:.
12332:.
12328:.
12282:,
12265:.
12236:.
12206:.
12172:.
12138:.
12107:.
12075:.
12034:^
11946:,
11936:35
11934:,
11908:.
11870:.
11866:.
11835:.
11810:.
11783:.
11773:.
11746:^
11702:.
11679:.
11671:.
11661:18
11659:.
11655:.
11628:.
11606:.
11598:.
11590:.
11580:46
11578:.
11574:.
11547:.
11519:.
11497:.
11489:.
11481:.
11469:.
11465:.
11438:.
11419:^
11350:.
11346:.
11324:93
11196:,
11139:,
11031:.
10999:.
10989:.
10979:12
10977:.
10958:.
10932:.
10915:.
10903:.
10875:.
10850:,
10817:.
10763:^
10749:.
10739:.
10727:11
10725:.
10721:.
10709:^
10695:.
10687:.
10673:.
10644:,
10634:,
10622:,
10595:.
10569:^
10551:.
10547:.
10524:.
10470:.
10466:.
10445:}}
10441:{{
10429:.
10405:^
10391:.
10354:.
10235:.
10222:^
10200:.
10188:^
10166:,
10154:,
10143:^
10126:.
10074:.
10043:.
10024:.
9969:77
9967:.
9963:.
9936:.
9926:.
9922:.
9908:^
9888:.
9869:.
9834:.
9820:.
9816:.
9777:.
9742:.
9732:.
9700:^
9684:^
9660:.
9630:.
9605:.
9580:.
9553:.
9535:.
9498:.
9494:.
9469:.
9457:^
9439:.
9435:.
9424:^
9391:.
9383:.
9375:.
9367:.
9355:11
9353:.
9349:.
9319:.
9293:.
9222:^
9194:.
9169:.
9107:.
9088::
9070::
9046:,
9020:.
8958:^
8717:,
8628:.
8547:.
8492:,
8488:,
8484:,
8480:,
8447:sh
8443:kh
8439:sh
8420:sh
8408:ea
8354:g
8351:j
8348:g
8345:ġ
8342:ḡ
8318:3
8310:E
8307:ř
8270:Z
8264:ẓ
8256:zˤ
8250:ðˤ
8228:T
8225:ṭ
8222:ţ
8217:tˤ
8195:D
8192:ḍ
8189:ḑ
8184:dˤ
8162:S
8159:ṣ
8156:ş
8151:sˤ
8129:x
8126:š
8090:đ
8087:ḏ
8057:K
8054:x
8051:j
8048:ẖ
8042:ḵ
8018:7
8012:H
8009:ḥ
8006:ḩ
7979:j
7976:j
7973:ŷ
7970:ǧ
7967:j
7928:c
7925:ṯ
7922:ç
7919:ṯ
7892:y
7880:y
7876:iː
7874:,
7850:a
7841:ā
7833:ā
7829:aː
7814:2
7806:e
7790:,
7675:.
7599:,
7595:,
7591:,
7520:"
7462:"
7402:"
7302:"
7245:,
6971:IX
6884:VI
6822:IV
6764:II
6659:,
6527:.
6507:,
6503:,
6499:,
6425:.
6370:,
5917:.
5857:.
5807:.
5748:,
5730:,
5726:,
5722:,
5714:,
5656:,
5584:,
5496:,
5403:,
5347:).
5339:,
5305:,
5247:,
5205:.
5153:,
5045:,
5041:,
4959:.
4951:,
4947:,
4943:,
4939:,
4760:lī
4736:).
4725:).
4709:;
4665:,
4661:,
4643:,
4600:,
4190::
4162:.
4131:.
3947:,
3943:,
3939:,
3935:,
3931:,
3927:,
3923:,
3919:,
3915:,
3911:,
3907:,
3903:,
3895:,
3891:,
3887:,
3883:,
3879:,
3871:,
3867:,
3863:,
3859:,
3843:,
3839:,
3835:,
3831:,
3827:,
3823:,
3819:,
3815:,
3811:,
3807:,
3803:,
3799:,
3795:,
3791:,
3787:,
3783:,
3779:,
3775:,
3771:,
3767:,
3763:,
3621:,
3605:,
3494:ar
3457:ar
3455:;
3453:fr
3368:c.
3330:ar
3232:,
3191:.
3183:,
3179:,
3175::
3132:,
3124:,
3116:,
3044:)
3031:,
2633:,
2586:ar
2385:.
2381:ar
2366:,
2342:.
2323:.
2284:.
2274:al
2256:.
2187:c.
2109:,
2105:,
2101:,
2036:.
1993:,
1910:ʾn
1899:at
1872:,
1869:ḥt
1866:,
1860:,
1857:ʿn
1854:,
1823:;
1819:*
1805:,
1764:-a
1760:-u
1754:a
1702:.
1649:,
1645:,
1641:,
1637:,
1629:,
1625:,
1621:,
1613:,
1609:,
1605:,
1601:,
1597:,
1581:,
1577:,
1573:,
1569:,
1565:,
1549:,
1545:,
1537:.
1501:,
1381:,
1354:,
906:ar
878::
868::
829::
820::
811::
802::
793::
646:)
474:)
464:)
454:)
440:,
436:,
432:,
428:,
16654:–
16645:–
16537:)
15751:e
15744:t
15737:v
15371:)
15367:(
15269:)
15265:(
15143:e
15136:t
15129:v
15046:e
15039:t
15032:v
13415:e
13408:t
13401:v
13325:.
13273:.
13255:.
13200:.
13102:.
13098::
13070::
13026:.
12885:.
12855::
12765:.
12747:.
12675:.
12663::
12657:1
12640:.
12572:.
12492:.
12478::
12472:3
12407::
12360:.
12340::
12049:.
11942::
11919:.
11882:.
11851:.
11821:.
11795:.
11767::
11714:.
11687:.
11667::
11640:.
11614:.
11586::
11559:.
11533:.
11529::
11505:.
11477::
11471:9
11450:.
11446::
11413:.
11391:.
11362:.
11039:.
11007:.
10993::
10985::
10962:.
10943:.
10886:.
10833:.
10757:.
10743::
10733::
10703:.
10681::
10630::
10607:.
10563:.
10532:.
10507:.
10482:.
10451:)
10437:.
10399:.
10366:.
10315:.
10278:.
10251:.
10216:.
10162::
10137:.
10112:.
10085:.
10059:.
10028:.
10009:.
9994:.
9979:.
9975::
9948:.
9902:.
9873:.
9842:.
9828::
9822:6
9789:.
9750:.
9728::
9678:.
9646:.
9616:.
9591:.
9565:.
9510:.
9480:.
9451:.
9406:.
9371::
9361::
9331:.
9305:.
9279:.
9245:.
9206:.
9180:.
9155:.
9123:.
9032:.
8934::
8601:٩
8597:٨
8593:٧
8589:٦
8585:٥
8581:٤
8577:٣
8573:٢
8569:١
8565:٠
8563:(
8545:D
8538:ض
8531:d
8524:د
8509:ع
8404:e
8400:y
8396:y
8390:ي
8334:ɣ
8326:غ
8314:'
8303:ʿ
8298:ʻ
8292:ʕ
8284:ع
8253:~
8242:ظ
8209:ط
8176:ض
8143:ص
8118:ʃ
8110:ش
8095:'
8093:z
8079:ð
8071:ذ
8045:ḫ
8034:x
8026:خ
8001:ħ
7993:ح
7962:ʒ
7959:~
7956:ɡ
7953:~
7942:ج
7911:θ
7903:ث
7871:j
7862:ي
7837:ʾ
7822:ا
7810:'
7802:'
7797:ʾ
7792:ˌ
7788:ˈ
7783:ʾ
7778:ʼ
7772:ʔ
7763:ء
7000:X
6851:V
6735:I
6495:(
6366:(
5738:.
5690:.
5664:.
5646:.
5618:.
5570:.
5486:.
5458:.
5441:.
5429:.
5411:.
5389:.
5375:.
5361:.
5293:(
5189:(
5173:.
5143:.
5119:.
5109:.
4991:.
4977:.
4912:.
4846:.
4842:i
4823:.
4797:.
4795:t
4755:.
4734:y
4730:w
4703:i
4699:a
4594:(
4096:(
4086:(
3998:(
3875:(
3847:(
3673:.
3655:/
3465:(
3417:(
3407:(
3401:—
3399:)
3393:(
3366:(
3344:(
3334:(
3313:(
2888:'
2875:(
2735:(
2412:(
2276:-
2250:ع
2242:(
2223:(
2200:(
2185:(
1922:f
1890:t
1883:a
1851:f
1829:*
1816:m
1585:(
1553:(
1456:(
1442:(
1348:(
1339:.
642:(
470:(
460:(
424:(
378:†
370:†
362:†
124:)
73:)
69:(
34:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.