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manufacturer, are opened in the officials' locker room two hours and 15 minutes before the game. These balls are specially marked with the letter "K" and are used exclusively for the kicking game. The visiting team may also present 12 balls to the referee for outdoor games for inspection. The NFL introduced kicking balls (K-balls) to prevent teams from doctoring balls after the
511:
In an NFL game, the home team must have 36 balls for an outdoor game or 24 for an indoor game, and they must be available for the referee to test with a pressure gauge two and a half hours before the game to keep players from cheating. Twelve new footballs, sealed in a special box and shipped by the
314:), white stripes are painted on each end of the ball, halfway around the circumference, to improve nighttime visibility and also to differentiate the college football from the pro football. The NFL formerly used white-striped footballs for late afternoon and night games; a striped ball was used in
309:
to provide a "tacky" grip in dry or wet conditions. Historically, white footballs have been used in games played at night so that the ball can be seen more easily; however, improved artificial lighting conditions have made this no longer necessary. At most levels of play (but not, notably, the
373:
valve. Each panel is attached to an interior lining. The four panels are then stitched together in an "inside-out" manner. The edges with the lacing holes, however, are not stitched together. The ball is then turned right side out by pushing the panels through the lacing hole. A
184:
The football changed in 1934, with a rule change that tapered the ball at the ends more and reduced the size around the middle. This new, sleeker ball made it much easier to handle, particularly for passers, while at the same time making the
405:, the stripes traverse the entire circumference of the ball; its ball used slightly different dimensions prior to the 2018 season, when the league adopted the NFL specifications for its ball with the previous striping retained. The
1241:
300:
What is this? It is a prolate spheroid, an elongated sphere in which the outer leather casing is drawn tightly over a somewhat smaller rubber tubing. Better to have died as a small boy than to fumble this
369:
Two of the panels are perforated along adjoining edges, so that they can be laced together. One of these lacing panels receives an additional perforation and reinforcements in its center, to hold the
386:
or leather laces are inserted through the perforations, to provide a grip for holding, hiking and passing the football. Before play, according to the NFL rules, the ball must be inflated to an air
421:
is standard brown but with X markings in team colors at each point (in 2020); in 2023, the league switched to a ball resembling the NFL ball, but with the team logo imprinted on one panel. Three
1301:
348:
The old melon-shaped ball (left, an 1892 ball) measures from 28 to 22 inches (71 to 56 cm) in circumference, while the modern ball (right) measures approximately 21 inches (53 cm).
305:
Leather panels are typically tanned to a natural brown color, which is usually required in professional leagues and collegiate play. At least one manufacturer uses leather that has been
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used a novel color pattern, a black ball with red curved lines in lieu of stripes, for its footballs; this design was redone in a tan and navy color scheme for the
253:
570:. Foam footballs such as Nerf's, especially the vortex football, can be thrown greater distances than a traditional air-filled leather or rubber ball, but their
484:, the two teams played with their respective footballs from each league; the Chiefs used the AFL ball, and the Packers played with the NFL ball, "The Duke" by
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The leather is usually stamped with a pebble-grain texture to help players grip the ball. Some or all of the panels may be stamped with the manufacturer's
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362:
or conference logos, signatures, and other markings. Four panels or pieces of leather or plastic are required for each football. After a series of
1095:
449:'s football was a distinct orange color, said to be more visible during the night as most of that league's games would be played in the evenings.
847:
174:. These were much more regular in shape than the handmade balls of earlier times, making kicking and carrying easier. These early footballs were
735:
193:, at the time a college football official and later the NFL's head of officiating, is generally credited with conceiving the pointed football.
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If the information is appropriate for the lead of the article, this information should also be included in the body of the article.
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have used the same Wilson football the NFL used at the time, with the only differences being the word markings and signature. The
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256:. Wellington Mara died in 2005 (at age 89), and Wilson returned "The Duke" to the game ball the following year in his honor.
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Early
American footballs were essentially rugby balls, later redesigned to make them easier to throw. In this 1907 photo,
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has been the exclusive supplier of leather for
National Football League footballs. The arrangement was established by
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245:, to reward Tim Mara for arranging the contract that made Wilson the official supplier of footballs to the NFL.
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318:, a late afternoon game in January under dark overcast skies. The NFL ended the use of white stripes after the
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A white football signed by the members of the 1935 Collegiate All-Star Team, including future U.S. president
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In the 1860s, manufactured inflatable balls were introduced through the innovations of
English shoemaker
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1906:
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rule books still allow inexpensive all-rubber footballs, though they are less common than leather).
1987:
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115:. Footballs are often made of cowhide leather, as such a material is required in professional and
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football. Although, footballs used in recreation, and in organized youth leagues, may be made of
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actor in the offseason, and would open each season by saying to his freshmen football players:
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234:
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535:. Despite the moniker "pigskin" sometimes used to refer to footballs, cow leather is used.
132:
527:, who had played and coached in the NFL. Horween Leather Company also supplies leather to
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inspections for weight and blemishes, workers begin the actual manufacturing process.
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determined that teams conditioned balls so they would fly higher and travel farther.
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is much shorter, with the vortex football being practically unusable for kicking.
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season, as the stripes were slippery and made the ball more difficult to throw.
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2017:
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Creating the Big Game: John W. Heisman and the
Invention of American Football
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2012:
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728:"Pro Football To Honor Ray: Rules Advisor's Ideas Gave Game Needed Boost"
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164:
701:"History of The Game Of Football Including The NFL and College Football"
181:
Some teams used to have white footballs for purposes of night practice.
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606:
456:'s balls, the J6V (or J6-V / "Cushion Control") and J5V (or J5-V) by
186:
264:
1773:
1642:
1604:
1272:"Ex-Vikings kicker Fred Cox, inventor of Nerf football, dies at 80"
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387:
230:
437:, used a ball with red, white and blue panels. Both the 1980s and
48:
contains information that is not included elsewhere in the article
563:
124:
330:
217:(NFL) has been stamped with the nickname "The Duke" in honor of
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531:, which, at one time, supplied game balls to the now-defunct
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550:, during his NFL career, is credited with developing an all-
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555:
175:
480: in (0.64 cm) longer than the NFL football. In
916:. (Idaho). Associated Press. March 18, 1976. p. 2B.
254:
National
Football League-American Football League merger
848:"'The Duke' is back!" (subtitle - "The white stripes")"
1150:
NFL Head
Coaches: A Biographical Dictionary, 1920–2011
1098:. Profootballhof.com. February 7, 2010. Archived from
1066:
Some kickers, punters don't favor special teams K-Ball
1233:
1174:
892:"NFL delays wider field but bans striped football"
667:
665:
394:(86 and 93 kilopascals). The ball weighs 14 to 15
1308:. Archived from the original on December 26, 2015
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1326:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
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1035:"2020 NFL Rulebook | NFL Football Operations"
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562:, also made of foam, with a smaller body and
252:, when Wilson changed the game ball upon the
107:) refers to a ball, roughly in the form of a
1146:
1120:
1242:"Horween Leather Faces an Uncertain Future"
850:. Coldhardfootballfacts.com. Archived from
759:
2260:
2246:
1360:
1346:
964:"CFL to roll out new ball for 2018 season"
762:"Why is the NFL football called The Duke?"
538:
382:is then inserted through the lacing hole.
1002:
996:
504:modern American football, as used in the
409:used a ball with lime-green stripes. The
233:, founder and first owner of the Giants.
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
495:
263:
158:
147:
81:
1140:
1114:
1003:Beschloss, Michael (January 24, 2015).
845:
755:
753:
674:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.
614:"Why is a Football Called a "Pigskin"?"
248:The nickname was originally used until
196:
14:
2401:
1282:from the original on November 22, 2019
1183:"Horween's leather bound by tradition"
902:
866:
827:from the original on November 13, 2014
760:Frassinelli, Mike (January 30, 2014).
699:Pearson, The People History -- Steve.
2241:
1341:
1073:from the original on December 7, 2020
1015:from the original on January 14, 2018
884:
738:from the original on October 26, 2017
620:from the original on October 29, 2020
470: in (0.64 cm) narrower and
750:
726:Seymour Smith (September 14, 1966).
29:
874:"'Watch the clock' is new NFL game"
772:from the original on March 27, 2018
707:from the original on August 1, 2016
698:
647:from the original on March 25, 2015
638:
86:A leather football used during the
27:Ball used to play gridiron football
24:
1221:from the original on July 18, 2013
1181:Barbara Rolek (October 27, 2003).
970:from the original on June 29, 2018
898:. UPI. March 18, 1976. p. 32.
491:
241:, the owner and head coach of the
155:with two rugby union balls in 1880
25:
2430:
1193:from the original on May 13, 2013
719:
111:, used in the context of playing
1490:Rules of gridiron football codes
1240:Howard Wolinsky (May 16, 2008).
814:
554:foam football, which he sold to
338:
329:
213:, the official game ball of the
34:
1294:
1264:
1088:
1057:
1027:
982:
956:
920:
839:
817:"John Heisman, Football Coach"
808:
805:, Editor, Revised 1907 edition
801:, American Sports Publishing,
784:
692:
659:
632:
143:
13:
1:
2409:American football terminology
1121:Scott Oldham (October 2001).
880:. March 18, 1974. p. 14.
599:
259:
1428:American–Canadian comparison
276:, demonstrates an "Overhand
272:, who threw the first legal
221:, the longtime owner of the
88:1932 college football season
18:Football (gridiron football)
7:
2419:American football equipment
2269:Gridiron football equipment
1005:"Before the Bowl Was Super"
990:"The AFL's Skinny Football"
666:Wiley Lee Umphlett (1992).
589:Ball (association football)
577:
10:
2435:
910:"NFL adds end-zone clocks"
378:or rubber lining called a
288:(the namesake for today's
225:, who was named after the
138:
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1955:
1887:
1854:
1816:
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678:–142, 144, 148, 151–152.
514:NFL Competition Committee
452:Prior to the merger, the
189:unreliable and obsolete.
1988:Total quarterback rating
1096:"The NFL's centenarians"
935:National Football League
914:Lewiston Morning Tribune
793:, "The Forward Pass and
641:"Rugby Football History"
566:tail fins, resembling a
506:National Football League
454:American Football League
423:indoor American football
215:National Football League
1214:Horween Leather Company
878:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
558:. Nerf later added the
539:Recreational variations
521:Horween Leather Company
1874:Fourth down conversion
508:
392:pounds per square inch
390:between 12.5 and 13.5
303:
281:
167:
156:
90:
2212:Touchdown celebration
1937:Running out the clock
1278:. November 21, 2019.
1147:John Maxymuk (2012).
799:How to Play Foot Ball
533:Arena Football League
499:
447:World Football League
415:Arena Football League
298:
267:
235:Wilson Sporting Goods
162:
151:
85:
2202:Running up the score
2028:Yards from scrimmage
1713:Two-point conversion
1708:One-point conversion
1217:. encyclopedia.com.
1069:, January 10, 2007,
1045:on December 18, 2020
944:on February 22, 2019
398:(400 to 430 grams).
133:high school football
2033:All-purpose yardage
1102:on October 14, 2013
732:The Sun (Baltimore)
280:—fingers on lacing"
1039:operations.nfl.com
966:. March 19, 2018.
928:"Rule 2: The Ball"
509:
439:2020s incarnations
384:Polyvinyl chloride
282:
227:Duke of Wellington
168:
157:
91:
2396:
2395:
2235:
2234:
2023:Yards after catch
1846:Turnover on downs
1691:
1690:
1622:Line of scrimmage
1369:Gridiron football
1127:Popular Mechanics
544:Minnesota Vikings
270:Bradbury Robinson
191:Hugh "Shorty" Ray
129:composite leather
113:gridiron football
78:
77:
70:
16:(Redirected from
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2069:Three-cone drill
1932:Clock management
1627:Field goal range
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992:. June 17, 2014.
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937:. Archived from
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896:Pittsburgh Press
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854:on March 7, 2014
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109:prolate spheroid
95:Northern America
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2371:Other equipment
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2182:Gatorade shower
2123:
2078:
2042:
1998:Receiving yards
1951:
1883:
1850:
1812:
1759:Incomplete pass
1732:
1687:
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1475:Street/Backyard
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616:. May 4, 2015.
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584:Football (ball)
580:
568:Ketchum Grenade
560:vortex football
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492:NFL regulations
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364:quality control
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316:Super Bowl VIII
262:
229:by his father,
223:New York Giants
219:Wellington Mara
199:
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103:(also called a
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43:This article's
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2119:Instant replay
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2076:
2071:
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2064:Oklahoma drill
2061:
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2054:Practice squad
2050:
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2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2038:Touchdown pass
2035:
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2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2003:Pass deflected
2000:
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1911:Time warnings
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1841:"Peanut Punch"
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1811:
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1808:
1798:
1793:
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1771:
1769:Hail Mary pass
1766:
1764:Drop-back pass
1761:
1756:
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1728:Single (rouge)
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1531:Junior varsity
1528:
1518:
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1500:
1499:Levels of play
1496:
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1477:
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1457:
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1433:Burnside rules
1430:
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1391:
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1026:
1009:New York Times
995:
981:
955:
919:
901:
883:
865:
838:
807:
797:", Spalding's
791:Cochems, Eddie
783:
749:
734:. p. C4.
718:
691:
684:
658:
631:
604:
603:
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579:
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537:
525:Arnold Horween
493:
490:
347:
346:
337:
336:
328:
327:
326:
325:
324:
290:Heisman Trophy
261:
258:
198:
195:
172:Richard Lindon
153:Richard Lindon
145:
142:
140:
137:
76:
75:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2431:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2383:Shoulder pads
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2360:
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2256:
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2249:
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2240:
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2200:
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2171:
2168:
2167:
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2158:
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2148:
2146:
2145:Coaching tree
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
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2036:
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2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2018:Total offense
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:Passer rating
1981:
1979:
1978:Passing yards
1976:
1974:
1973:Rushing yards
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
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1918:
1916:
1913:
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1910:
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1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1869:Three-and-out
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
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1762:
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1739:
1737:Ball handling
1735:
1729:
1726:
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1721:
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1716:
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1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
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1698:
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1676:
1674:
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1666:
1664:
1663:Coffin corner
1661:
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1570:International
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1519:
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1507:
1506:
1505:Youth/midget
1504:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
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1379:
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1329:
1323:
1307:
1303:
1302:"Nerf Sports"
1297:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1251:
1247:
1246:Business Week
1243:
1236:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1162:
1160:9780786465576
1156:
1153:. McFarland.
1152:
1151:
1143:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1084:
1072:
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929:
923:
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905:
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893:
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869:
853:
849:
846:Kerry Byrne.
842:
826:
822:
818:
811:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
771:
767:
763:
756:
754:
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733:
729:
722:
706:
702:
695:
687:
685:9780313284045
681:
677:
672:
671:
662:
646:
642:
635:
624:September 23,
619:
615:
609:
605:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
575:
573:
572:kicking range
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
507:
503:
498:
489:
487:
483:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:Can-Am League
425:leagues; the
424:
420:
417:in 2003. The
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
341:
332:
323:
321:
317:
313:
308:
302:
297:
295:
294:Shakespearean
291:
287:
279:
275:
271:
266:
257:
255:
251:
246:
244:
243:Chicago Bears
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
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194:
192:
188:
182:
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177:
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166:
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136:
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126:
122:
118:
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106:
102:
101:
96:
89:
84:
80:
72:
69:
61:
49:
47:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2388:Athletic Cup
2347:Away colours
2316:Guardian Cap
2282:
2222:Trading card
2114:Penalty flag
2074:Film session
2013:Return yards
1947:Garbage time
1942:Untimed play
1831:Interception
1749:Forward pass
1658:Neutral zone
1560:Professional
1310:. Retrieved
1296:
1286:November 22,
1284:. Retrieved
1275:
1266:
1254:. Retrieved
1250:the original
1245:
1235:
1223:. Retrieved
1213:
1207:
1195:. Retrieved
1186:
1176:
1164:. Retrieved
1149:
1142:
1130:. Retrieved
1126:
1123:"Bombs Away"
1116:
1104:. Retrieved
1100:the original
1090:
1081:– via
1075:, retrieved
1065:
1059:
1047:. Retrieved
1043:the original
1038:
1029:
1017:. Retrieved
1008:
998:
984:
972:. Retrieved
958:
946:. Retrieved
939:the original
934:
922:
913:
904:
895:
886:
877:
868:
856:. Retrieved
852:the original
841:
831:November 12,
829:. Retrieved
820:
810:
798:
795:On-Side Kick
786:
774:. Retrieved
765:
740:. Retrieved
731:
721:
709:. Retrieved
694:
669:
661:
649:. Retrieved
634:
622:. Retrieved
608:
559:
552:polyurethane
542:
519:Since 1941,
518:
510:
482:Super Bowl I
451:
400:
379:
376:polyurethane
368:
353:
304:
299:
286:John Heisman
283:
274:forward pass
247:
239:George Halas
200:
183:
180:
169:
104:
99:
92:
79:
64:
55:
46:lead section
44:
2227:Twelfth man
2160:Football IQ
2150:Concussions
2083:Officiating
1836:Muffed punt
1806:Onside kick
1521:High school
1312:January 24,
1077:December 8,
1049:December 8,
948:January 29,
821:Oil History
803:Walter Camp
742:October 25,
165:Gerald Ford
144:Early balls
2403:Categories
2326:Revolution
2288:Goal posts
2165:Formations
2104:Chain crew
2059:Two-a-days
1968:Completion
1956:Statistics
1889:Play clock
1864:First down
1718:Field goal
1600:Hash marks
1595:Yard lines
1509:Pop Warner
1485:Wheelchair
1480:Powderpuff
974:October 1,
600:References
594:Rugby ball
260:Properties
209:and since
197:"The Duke"
117:collegiate
2362:Throwback
2352:Alternate
2311:Face mask
2306:Eyeshield
2217:Tuck rule
2197:Positions
2177:Letterman
2155:Equipment
1993:Reception
1879:Dead ball
1818:Turnovers
1796:Drop kick
1789:Touchback
1703:Touchdown
1653:Dead zone
1615:Sidelines
1610:Goal line
1256:April 24,
1225:March 26,
1197:March 27,
1166:March 26,
1132:March 26,
1106:March 27,
858:August 3,
776:March 26,
371:inflation
301:football.
187:drop kick
178:-shaped.
58:June 2023
2340:Uniforms
2207:Strategy
2187:Overtime
2140:Blocking
2098:Canadian
2094:American
2090:Official
2047:Practice
1774:Hand-off
1648:Red zone
1643:End zone
1605:End line
1555:Semi-pro
1438:Glossary
1423:Canadian
1389:Glossary
1384:American
1371:concepts
1322:cite web
1280:Archived
1276:ESPN.com
1219:Archived
1191:Archived
1071:archived
1013:Archived
968:Archived
825:Archived
770:Archived
736:Archived
711:July 27,
705:Archived
651:July 27,
645:Archived
618:Archived
578:See also
548:Fred Cox
529:Spalding
458:Spalding
419:2020 XFL
411:2001 XFL
388:pressure
292:) was a
231:Tim Mara
205:through
100:football
2357:Numbers
2321:History
2276:General
2128:Related
2109:Penalty
1897:Timeout
1801:Kickoff
1754:Lateral
1696:Scoring
1565:Women's
1538:College
1526:Varsity
1394:History
1019:June 9,
564:torpedo
546:kicker
475:⁄
465:⁄
441:of the
401:In the
380:bladder
139:History
125:plastic
105:pigskin
2378:Cleats
2331:Winged
2298:Helmet
1925:1 min.
1920:2 min.
1915:3 min.
1826:Fumble
1723:Safety
1683:Pocket
1636:Spaces
1548:Sprint
1404:Modern
1306:Hasbro
1157:
766:NJ.com
682:
502:Wilson
486:Wilson
433:, and
396:ounces
360:league
307:tanned
284:Coach
278:spiral
121:rubber
2414:Balls
2192:Plays
1963:Carry
1907:Spike
1902:Kneel
1856:Downs
1588:Lines
1580:Field
1470:Touch
1460:6-man
1455:7-man
1450:8-man
1445:9-man
1418:Arena
1411:Rules
1399:Early
1377:Codes
942:(PDF)
931:(PDF)
460:were
201:From
2283:Ball
2170:List
2135:Ball
2008:Sack
1784:Punt
1779:Rush
1744:Snap
1678:Hole
1668:Flat
1543:Club
1465:Flag
1328:link
1314:2013
1288:2019
1258:2017
1227:2013
1199:2013
1168:2013
1155:ISBN
1134:2013
1108:2013
1079:2020
1051:2020
1021:2015
976:2018
950:2015
860:2006
833:2014
778:2018
744:2017
713:2016
680:ISBN
653:2016
626:2020
556:Nerf
443:USFL
431:UIFL
356:name
320:1975
250:1970
211:2006
207:1969
203:1941
176:plum
97:, a
1673:Gap
1514:AYF
676:141
435:AIF
407:UFL
403:CFL
312:NFL
127:or
93:In
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2096:,
1324:}}
1320:{{
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