209:
82:
1327:
1081:
276:. After almost 90 years of documented peace between the Gaetuli and Rome the tribes invaded the Roman occupied area in what became known as the "Gaetulian War" in 3 AD. Some historians describe the war more as an uprising that occurred as a result of possible land incursions and Roman mandated control of the movement of the semi-nomadic Gaetuli. In response to the attack, forces led by
128:
people to the east and were under the coastal Libyes people. The coastal region of
Mauritania was above them and, although they shared many similar characteristics, were distinct from the Mauri people that inhabited it. The Gaetulians were exposed to the conditions of the harsh African interior near
325:
The region of
Gaetulia hosted a multitude of climates and thus forced the Gaetulian tribes to adopt several different means of habitation. They are documented living in huts, presumably in the more mountainous, inland portions of Gaetulia and also under the hulls of overturned ships in the coastal
311:
the
Gaetuli ceased to appear in Roman military record. Further records of the Gaetuli indicate that soldiers from the tribes served as auxiliary forces in the Roman army, while the tribes themselves provided the Empire with a range of exotic animals and purple dye among other goods through trade.
336:
both mention the warlike tendencies of the
Gaetuli, which is supported by the frequent accounts of Gaetuli invasions. These accounts appear to demonstrate that the Gaetuli did not discriminate in their targets, as they are recorded invaded both Roman territories as well as other Numidian tribes.
1210:
408:, the image of a Gaetulian lion is used to symbolize a great threat. The ferocity and great size of Gaetulian lions contributed to their status as a luxury commodity and Rome is recorded to have imported many to Italy.
194:
tribes despite sharing the same language. Contemporary historians acknowledge the significant ethnic divisions between the Berber tribes and the existence of individual kings and separate political spheres.
1203:
137:
had 100,000 foals in a single year. They were clad in skins, lived on meat and milk, and the only manufacture connected with their name is that of the purple dye that became famous from the time of
1196:
171:
and
Gaetuli. The misinformation is partly because of the linguistic and cultural barriers. At the beginning of Roman colonization in North Africa, Sallust writes that the Gaetuli were
154:
326:
regions. The mobility and varying living styles likely contributed to the difficulty of Roman historians to accurately define the
Gaetuli in both a political and cultural sense.
280:
were dispatched to put down the invasion which they successfully accomplished in 6 A.D. Cossus
Cornelius Lentulus was given the surname Gaetulicus for his successful campaign.
255:
the
Gaetuli attacked and harassed Roman forces and possessed cavalry regiments that provided a significant challenge to the Roman legions. After a truce negotiated between the
402:, an indigenous shellfish on the Gaetulia coastline (used to create purple dye) and for the exotic fauna native to the region, notably lions, gazelles and tigers. In Horace's
806:
183:
also describes the
Libyans and Gaetuli as a "rude and uncivilized folk" who were "governed neither by institutions nor law, nor were they subject to anyone’s rule."
251:’s army against the Romans. This was the first recorded contact between the Romans and the Gaetuli and is the earliest Roman record of the tribes. During the
112:. The Gaetulian people were among the oldest inhabitants in northwestern Africa recorded in classical writings. They mainly occupied the area of modern-day
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tribe, a
Gaetulian sub-tribe, fought back against the Romans over the building of a road across Musulamii territory by the
641:
312:
Records indicate that many of the animals used in Roman games were acquired through trade connections with the Gaetuli.
1951:
1175:. Translated by John Bostock; H.T. Riley. London: Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street – via Perseus.
788:
651:
1427:
1311:
1368:
1188:
371:
273:
167:, depict the various indigenous North African tribes as a uniform state and refer to them collectively as the
1170:
1373:
1291:
1864:
1394:
96:, which in the usage of Roman writers comprised the nomadic Berber tribes of the southern slopes of the
1906:
1316:
374:, Roman merchants were able to increase contact with the indigenous Berber tribes and establish trade.
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1161:
370:
the Gaetuli would feed "on the flesh of wild animals and on the fruits of the earth." Following the
1956:
1353:
1259:
1119:
Fishwick, Duncan; Shaw, Brent D. (1976). "Ptolemy of Mauretania and the Conspiracy of Gaetulicus".
272:, a civil war in 87 BC. Possibly in return for land the Gaetulian forces fought for Marius against
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1358:
304:
468:
1857:
1728:
133:
and produced skillful hardened warriors. They were known for horse rearing, and according to
1420:
1348:
685:
Morstein-Marx, Robert (2001). "The Myth of Numidian Origins in Sallust's African Excursus (
538:
509:
62:
8:
472:
425:
1184:. Translated by Rev. John Selby Watson, M.A. New York and London: Harper & Brothers.
1923:
1891:
1306:
1149:
1128:
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claims that the Gaetuli were essentially different from other indigenous North African
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647:
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57:, and north of the Atlas. During the Roman period, according to Pliny the Elder, the
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Given their nomadic nature, the Gaetuli were largely self-sufficient. According to
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were joined in the conflict against the Romans by the Gaetuli and the neighboring
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379:
333:
187:
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101:
97:
38:
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804:
Fentress, Elisabeth (1982). "Tribe an Faction : the Case of the Gaetuli".
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346:
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244:
20:
1945:
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1105:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 385–386.
1092:
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and the Romans led to the end of the war the Gaetuli forces were disbanded.
1776:
1264:
1220:
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Lee, Benjamin Todd; Finkelpearl, Ellen & Graverini, Luca, eds. (2014).
471:, it can be speculated that at least a portion of the Gaetuli converted to
263:
223:
121:
46:
702:
398:
Roman colonies in Gaetulia primarily exchanged goods with the Gaetuli for
350:(c. 170 CE). Sallust also mentions that the Gaetuli intermarried with the
1928:
1876:
1821:
1781:
1276:
590:
The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
344:
references his semi-Gaetulian, semi-Numidian heritage in the Latin novel
81:
1723:
1667:
1612:
1522:
1502:
1465:
1132:
1031:. Translated by Robert Fagles. United States of America: Viking Press.
609:
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145:
found on the coast, apparently both in the Syrtes and on the Atlantic.
125:
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1918:
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1114:. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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which was "the thickness of a Cyprian reed, and twelve feet long".
341:
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105:
37:. The latter district covered the large desert region south of the
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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MacLean, Hector (1872). "On the Kimmerian and Atlantean Races".
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The writings of several ancient Roman histories, most notably
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in the history of Roman occupation. After the defeat of the
73:
people is hypothesized to be derived from the word Gaetuli.
1480:
889:
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453:
428:
1405:
988:
Baker, Robert J. (1971). "The Rustle of Spring in Horace (
901:
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571:
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when the group of tribes served as an auxiliary force in
92:
Getulia was the name given to an ancient district in the
61:
Gaetuli established themselves south of the province of
1139:
962:
859:
835:
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
340:
The Gaetuli frequently intermarried with other tribes.
566:
116:
as far north as Gigthis in the southwestern region of
243:
Roman records of the Gaetuli first emerge during the
19:"Getulia" redirects here. For the genus of moth, see
841:
814:
49:
times along the Mediterranean coasts of what is now
913:
865:
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391:and Gaetulia regions. The Gaetuli grew and traded
1943:
807:Mélanges de l'École française de Rome: Antiquité
262:Gaetulian forces next appear as forces loyal to
1168:
950:
717:
627:
545:(in French). Vol. 21. pp. 3223–3224.
639:
516:(in French). Vol. 8. pp. 1175–1176.
438:. Iarbas became the first king of Gaetuli. In
1421:
1204:
684:
456:, but is rejected as Dido prefers the suitor
387:mentions several desired crops native to the
1118:
883:
781:" IV: Introduction, Edition, and Translation
186:Later accounts contradict that description.
108:, and the oases in the northern part of the
1428:
1414:
1211:
1197:
1070:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1058:Frontier and Society in Roman North Africa
1121:Historia: Zeitschrift fĂĽr Alte Geschichte
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354:and gradually merged with them, becoming
141:, and was made from the purple shellfish
1091:
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643:a Companion to North Africa in Antiquity
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507:
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208:
152:
80:
45:. Other documents place Gaetulia in pre-
1179:
907:
895:
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735:
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1944:
1055:
1026:
847:
820:
675:
479:, like other Christian Berber tribes.
1409:
1192:
987:
963:Lee, Finkelpearl & Graverini 2014
860:Lee, Finkelpearl & Graverini 2014
832:
646:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 75.
536:
29:was the Romanised name of an ancient
1109:
919:
871:
774:
762:
723:
640:Bruce Hitchner, R. (29 March 2022).
424:was the son of a North African god,
202:
148:
938:Banquet of the Learned of Athenaeus
510:"Autolatae / Autololes / Autoteles"
179:80.1), ignorant of the Roman name.
13:
940:. London: Henry G. Bohn. ch. 2.62.
666:
299:. This was the largest war in the
14:
1973:
837:. Vol. Earinus–Nyx. Unknown.
691:The American Journal of Philology
16:North African people in antiquity
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1079:
552:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1788
448:, Iarbas falls in love with the
207:
1112:The Cambridge History of Africa
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810:. Vol. 94. pp. 325–6.
797:
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671:. Vol. Book II, Chapter V.
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372:Battle of Carthage (c. 149 BC)
85:Map locating Getulia south of
1:
994:American Journal of Philology
494:
475:or heresies thereof such as
320:
218:appears to contradict itself
124:. They were bordered by the
7:
1962:Countries in ancient Africa
1435:
1395:Borders of the Roman Empire
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411:
10:
1978:
1060:. Oxford University Press.
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1952:Berber peoples and tribes
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1744:
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1443:
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1219:Territories with limited
1110:Fage, J. D., ed. (1979).
278:Cossus Cornelius Lentulus
76:
1231:partially or temporarily
1169:Pliny the Elder (1855).
884:Fishwick & Shaw 1976
777:A Commentary on Lucan, "
216:This article or section
1102:Encyclopædia Britannica
833:Smith, William (1880).
1223:occupation and contact
1056:Cherry, David (1998).
173:ignarum nominis Romani
160:
89:
1471:Koidamousii/Ucutumani
783:. Walter de Gruyter.
703:10.1353/ajp.2001.0026
508:Desanges, J. (1990).
226:for more information.
156:
84:
951:Pliny the Elder 1855
775:Asso, Paolo (2010).
628:Pliny the Elder 1855
543:Encyclopédie berbère
514:Encyclopédie berbère
63:Mauretania Tingitana
1172:The Natural History
1142:Apuleius and Africa
473:Nicene Christianity
463:From the period of
1924:Kabyle nationalism
1374:Sub-Saharan Africa
1182:The Jugurthine War
1144:. Routledge Press.
934:The Deipnosophists
932:Athenaeus (1854).
537:Camps, G. (1999).
161:
90:
69:. The name of the
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1812:Sanhajas de Srayr
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1379:Equatorial Africa
1253:Byzantine Armenia
1243:Caucasian Albania
1038:978-0-670-03803-9
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689:17.7-18.12)".
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578:, p. 385.
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1292:Mesopotamia
1158:|work=
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898:, ch. 18.3.
848:Cherry 1998
821:Cherry 1998
433:Garamantian
266:during the
1946:Categories
1724:Banu Ifran
1668:Sedouikech
1613:Barghawata
1523:Mauretania
1503:Marmaridae
1466:Garamantes
1029:The Aeneid
910:, ch. 18..
596:: xl–lxi.
495:References
467:until the
303:region of
297:Garamantes
126:Garamantes
87:Mauretania
1919:Berberism
1797:Mozabites
1623:Fendelawa
1550:Masaesyli
1540:Nasamones
1535:Musulamii
1518:Makanitae
1513:Bakouatae
1456:Banioubae
1160:ignored (
1150:cite book
1066:cite book
920:Fage 1979
872:Fage 1979
763:Fage 1979
753:, ch. 17.
738:, ch. 80.
724:Fage 1979
711:162375634
669:Geography
393:asparagus
385:Athenaeus
321:Lifestyle
309:Musulamii
293:Musulamii
285:Musulamii
257:Numidians
232:June 2022
224:talk page
59:Autololes
1865:Religion
1807:Riffians
1792:Matmatas
1767:Ghomaras
1762:Chenouas
1734:Maghrawa
1648:Guanches
1581:Medieval
1555:Massylii
1530:Meshwesh
1498:Machlyes
1476:Leuathae
1388:See also
1312:Scotland
1307:Slovakia
1229:Occupied
1097:Gaetulia
974:Horace,
953:, ch. 1.
687:Iugurtha
667:Strabo.
483:See also
477:Donatism
431:, and a
412:Religion
352:Persians
342:Apuleius
249:Jugurtha
192:Numidian
139:Augustus
106:Atlantic
1892:Belgium
1837:Zayanes
1832:Tuaregs
1802:Nafusis
1787:Kabyles
1772:Hawwara
1757:Chaouis
1752:Brabers
1712:Lamtuna
1707:Sanhaja
1702:Nafzawa
1697:Matmata
1690:Hintata
1685:Masmuda
1680:Madyuna
1658:Hawwara
1653:Haskura
1638:Ghiatta
1633:Gazoula
1628:Ghumara
1608:Bahlula
1598:Awregha
1588:Adjissa
1560:Numidia
1545:Numidae
1461:Gaetuli
1451:Bavares
1444:Ancient
1437:Berbers
1369:Somalia
1359:Ireland
1287:Germany
1282:Georgia
1270:Cherson
1260:Assyria
1133:4435530
1090::
610:2841286
426:Jupiter
389:Numidia
368:Sallust
362:Economy
330:Sallust
316:Culture
301:Algeria
199:History
181:Sallust
169:Libyans
165:Sallust
118:Tunisia
114:Algeria
94:Maghreb
67:Morocco
55:Tunisia
51:Algeria
35:Getulia
27:Gaetuli
1902:France
1897:Canada
1853:Script
1827:Teknas
1817:Shilha
1777:Jerbis
1745:Modern
1729:Jarawa
1719:Zanata
1675:Luwata
1663:Kutama
1643:Godala
1603:Azdeja
1593:Awerba
1572:Psylli
1302:Persia
1238:Arabia
1131:
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458:Aeneas
452:queen
445:Aeneid
440:Virgil
429:Hammon
422:Iarbas
356:nomads
291:. The
135:Strabo
131:Sahara
110:Sahara
77:Region
71:Godala
43:Sahara
31:Berber
1870:Islam
1822:Siwis
1618:Fazaz
1508:Mauri
1493:Macae
1486:Libya
1354:India
1349:China
1317:Sudan
1277:Dacia
1129:JSTOR
1010:JSTOR
990:Carm.
707:S2CID
606:JSTOR
436:nymph
400:murex
47:Roman
1929:flag
1481:Libu
1162:help
1072:link
1033:ISBN
978:1.23
785:ISBN
648:ISBN
560:2020
454:Dido
405:Odes
332:and
177:Iug.
129:the
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936:or
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