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two perspectives: traditional and egalitarian. Traditional attitudes uphold designated responsibilities for the sexes – wives raise the children and keep the home nice, and husbands are the breadwinners. Egalitarian attitudes uphold responsibilities being carried out equally by both sexes – wives and husbands are both breadwinners and they both take part in raising the children and keeping the home nice. Over the past 40 years, attitudes in marriages have become more egalitarian. Two studies carried out in the early 2000s have shown strong correlation between egalitarian attitudes and happiness and satisfaction in marriage, which scholars believe lead to stabilization in divorce rates. The results of a 2006 study performed by Gayle
Kaufman, a professor of sociology, indicated that those who hold egalitarian attitudes report significantly higher levels of marital happiness than those with more traditional attitudes. Another study executed by Will Marshall in 2008 had results showing that relationships with better quality involve people with more egalitarian beliefs. It has been assumed by Danielle J. Lindemann, a sociologist who studies gender, sexuality, the family, and culture, that the shift in gender roles and egalitarian attitudes have resulted in marriage stability due to tasks being carried out by both partners, such as working late-nights and picking up ill children from school. Although the gap in gender roles still exists, roles have become less gendered and more equal in marriages compared to how they were traditionally.
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described by
Elisabeth K. Kelan as an "ethnomethodological approach" which analyzes "micro interactions to reveal how the objective and given nature of the world is accomplished," suggesting that gender does not exist until it is empirically perceived and performed through interactions. West and Zimmerman argued that the use of "role" to describe gender expectations conceals the production of gender through everyday activities. Furthermore, they stated that roles are situated identities, such as "nurse" and "student," which are developed as the situation demands, while gender is a master identity with no specific site or organizational context. For them, "conceptualizing gender as a role makes it difficult to assess its influence on other roles and reduces its explanatory usefulness in discussions of power and inequality." West and Zimmerman consider gender an individual production that reflects and constructs interactional and institutional gender expectations.
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often comes from role-modeling parents, peers, teachers, and other significant figures in one's life. In a marriage, oftentimes each person's gendered roles are determined by his or her parents. If the wife grew up imitating the actions of traditional parents, and the husband non-traditional parents, their views on marital roles would be different. One way people can acquire these stereotypical roles through a reward and punishment system. When a little girl imitates her mother by performing the traditional domestic duties she is often rewarded by being told she is doing a good job. Nontraditionally, if a little boy was performing the same tasks he would more likely be punished due to acting feminine. Because society holds these expected roles for men and women within a marriage, it creates a mold for children to follow.
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children. Another journal article by
Emerald Group Publishing Limited examined the underrepresentation of women in children's television shows between 1930 and 1960. While studies between 1960 and 1990 showed an increase in the representation of women in television, studies conducted between 1990 and 2005, a time when women were considered to be equal to men by some, show no change in the representation of women in children's television shows. Women, being underrepresented in children's television shows, are also often portrayed as married or in a relationship, while men are more likely to be single. This reoccurring theme in relationship status can be reflected in the ideals of children that only see this type of representation.
3198:
husband control her. Other places, such as
Singapore and Taipei are also seeing changes in gender roles. In many societies, but especially Singapore and Taipei, women have more jobs that have a leadership position (i.e. A doctor or manager), and fewer jobs as a regular worker (i.e. A clerk or salesperson). The males in Singapore also have more leadership roles, but they have more lower level jobs too. In the past, the women would get the lower level jobs, and the men would get all the leadership positions. There is an increase of male unemployment in Singapore, Taipei, and Hong Kong, so the women are having to work more in order to support their families. In the past, the males were usually the ones supporting the family.
3900:
roles are learned, the media has a direct impact on individuals. Thinking about the way in which couples act on romantic television shows or movies and the way women are portrayed as passive in magazine ads, reveals a lot about how gender roles are viewed in society and in heterosexual marriages. Traditional gendered roles view the man as a "pro-creator, a protector, and a provider," and the woman as "pretty and polite but not too aggressive, not too outspoken and not too smart." Media aids in society conforming to these traditional gendered views. People learn through imitation and social-interaction both in the physical world and through the media; television, magazines, advertisements, newspapers, the
Internet, etc.
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2460:, a Dutch researcher and social psychologist who dedicated himself to the study of culture, sees culture as "broad patterns of thinking, feeling and acting" in a society In Hofstede's view, most human cultures can themselves be classified as either masculine or feminine. Masculine culture clearly distinguishes between gender roles, directing men to "be assertive, tough, and focused on material success," and women to "be more modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life." Feminine cultures tolerate overlapping gender roles, and instruct that "both men and women are supposed to be modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life."
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14513:. Retrieved 27 December 2014. "Because of the complicated interplay among gender identity, gender roles, and sexual identity, transgender people are often assumed to be lesbian or gay (See Overview: Sexism, Heterosexism, and Transgender Oppression). ... Because transgender identity challenges a binary conception of sexuality and gender, educators must clarify their own understanding of these concepts. ... Facilitators must be able to help participants understand the connections among sexism, heterosexism, and transgender oppression and the ways in which gender roles are maintained, in part, through homophobia."
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3766:, which reinforces the lower regard for female athletes and perpetuates pre-existing negative perceptions of women's sport. The quality of production and filming of men's and women's sport, such as the use of on-screen graphics, shot variations, duration of video frames and camera angles, are also significantly distinct. This influences the audience perceptions by illustrating women's sport as less significant and engaging. Thus, female athletes not only face a lack of media coverage, but the little amount of coverage tends to reinforce the
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unspecified gender), and in four other scenarios they are asked to sacrifice a woman." The results showed that women who identified as feminists were more willing to 'sacrifice' men than women who did not identify as feminists. "If a person wanted to counteract that and 'level the playing field', that can be done either by boosting women or by downgrading men", said van Breen. "So I think that this effect on evaluations of men arises because our participants are trying to achieve an underlying aim: counteracting gender stereotypes."
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of familial and market relations in
Victorian England." In other words, this shows what it meant to grow up into the roles (gender roles) of a female in Victorian England, which transitioned from being a homemaker to being a working woman and then back to being passive and inferior to males. In conclusion, gender roles in the contemporary sex gender model are socially constructed, always changing, and do not really exist since they are ideologies that society constructs in order for various benefits at various times in history.
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in Hong Kong, she wants to cut her work schedule down, but keeps working full time (60–80 hours per week). Similar to Hong Kong, Japanese surgeons still work long hours, but they try to rearrange their schedules so they can be at home more (end up working less than 60 hours). Although all three places have women working advanced jobs, the female surgeons in the US and Hong Kong feel more gender equality at home where they have equal, if not more control of their families, and
Japanese surgeons feel the men are still in control.
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5835:" "Patterns of offending by men and by women are notable both for their similarities and for their differences. Both men and women are more heavily involved in minor property and substance abuse offenses than in serious crimes like robbery or murder. However, men offend at much higher rates than women for all crime categories except prostitution. This gender gap in crime is greatest for serious crime and least for mild forms of lawbreaking such as minor property crimes."
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economy. The gender wage gap is largely racial—in the U.S., American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) women, Black women, and Latina women disproportionately experience poverty and larger wage gaps compared with White and Asian women. Women are also more likely to live in poverty if they are single mothers and solely responsible for providing for their children. Poverty among single working mothers would fall 40% or more if women earn equal wages to men.
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rigid and narrow gender roles, it contributes to a culture of violence against women" "People with more resources are more likely to be abusive towards those without resources", meaning that the stronger member of the relationship abuses the weaker partner or family member. However, the fight for power and equality remains – "Intimate partner violence in same-sex couples reveals that the rates are similar to those in the heterosexual community".
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technical employment", test values for work-related egalitarianism were lower for
Chinese than for Americans. This is supported by the proportion of women that held professional jobs in China (far less than that of America), the data clearly indicating the limitations on opportunities open to women in contemporary Eastern society. In contrast, there was no difference between the viewpoint of Chinese and Americans regarding domestic gender roles.
5741:
someone who is attracted to people of the opposite sex, the term homosexual is used to classify people who are attracted to those of the same sex, and the term bisexual is used to identify those who are attracted to both the same and opposite sexes. Sexual orientation can be variously defined based on sexual identity, sexual behavior and sexual attraction. People can fall anywhere on a spectrum from strictly heterosexual to strictly homosexual.
3054:
in today's society the division of roles is starting to blur. More and more individuals are adapting non-traditional gender roles into their marriages in order to share responsibilities. This view on gender roles seeks out equality between sexes. In today's society, it is more likely that a husband and wife are both providers for their family. More and more women are entering the workforce while more men are contributing to household duties.
3908:
1. A decade later this number was at 1.66 men for every woman, and in 2008 the ratio was 1.2 to 1 in the US. In 2010 it was found that the ratio of men to women in successful G-rate movies is 2.57 to 1. Notable social theory such as
Bandura's social cognitive theory highlights the importance of seeing people in media that are similar to oneself. In other words it is valuable for girls to see similarities to those represented in media.
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literature from the APA says that sexual orientation is not a choice that can be changed at will, and that sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive and biological factors. is shaped at an early age. and evidence suggests biological, including genetic or inborn hormonal factors, play a significant role in a person's sexuality (American
Psychological Association 2010).
5831:
Collins (1998: 4) in their discussion of what they refer to as a 'matrix of domination,' we too conceive that class, race, and gender represent "multiple, interlocking levels of domination that stem from the societal configurations of these structural relationships. These patterned actions, in turn, affecting individual consciousness, group interaction, and individual and group access to institutional power and privileges.
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refusal, feminine people offer stronger and more direct refusals. However, research from Perper and Weis showed that rejection includes acts of avoidance, creating distractions, making excuses, departure, hinting, arguments to delay, etc. These differences in refusal communication techniques are just one example of the importance of communicative competence for both masculine and feminine gender cultures.
3762:. The presentation of male athletes and men's sport is regarded as the standard, while their female counterparts are often considered as the "other" or outside of this norm, as seen in the naming of events, such as "Women's World Cup" while the men's event being simply named as the "World Cup". The use of first names and being referred to as "girls" or "young ladies" for female athletes is also seen as
3808:. This "second shift" refers to the unpaid work women take on in the private sphere—housework, cooking, cleaning, and caring for the family unit. Economically, this restricts a women's ability to advance in her career due to her added (unpaid) responsibilities at home. Gender roles have influenced the idea that women are well suited for more feminine roles such as housekeeping and domestic duties.
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strength and independence. These traits do not line up with the perceived traditional female gender role stereotype. (This is often referred to as the "lack of fit" model which describes the dynamics of the gender bias.) Therefore, the perception that women do not possess these "masculine" qualities, limits their ability to be hired or promoted into managerial positions.
3725:
attributed to males and the rest to females. Female sports, expressing the concepts of femininity, are often characterised with flexibility and balance, such as gymnastics or aesthetic sports like dance. Conversely, male sports constitute the idea of masculinity, which is portrayed through strength, speed, aggression and power, such as in football and basketball.
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following: general mannerisms, deportment and demeanor, play preferences and recreational interests; spontaneous topics of talk in unprompted conversation and casual comment; content of dreams, daydreams, and fantasies; replies to oblique inquiries and projective tests; evidence of erotic practices and, finally, the person's own replies to direct inquiry.
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2102:, often including the clothing a person chooses to wear, the profession a person pursues, manner of approach to things, the personal relationships a person enters, and how they behave within those relationships. Although gender roles have evolved and expanded, they traditionally keep women in the "private" sphere, and men in the "public" sphere.
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goal-oriented and generally seen in a positive light while a woman showing a similar performance is often described using adjectives with negative connotations. Female performance is therefore not evaluated neutrally or unbiased and stereotyped in ways to deem their equivalent levels and quality of work as instead of lesser value.
3935:. In an experiment described in this journal article, young girls described pictures of women in advertisements as unrealistic and fake; the women were dressed in revealing clothing which sexualised them and exposed their thin figures, which were gazed upon by the public, creating an issue with stereotyping in the media.
2977:, and has a long tradition of performing in important rituals, such as the birth of sons and weddings. Despite this allowance for transgression, Hindu cultural traditions portray women in contradictory ways. Women's fertility is given great value, but female sexuality is depicted as potentially dangerous and destructive.
2933:"A man asked the Prophet: 'Whom should I honor most?' The Prophet replied: 'Your mother'. 'And who comes next?' asked the man. The Prophet replied: 'Your mother'. 'And who comes next?' asked the man. The Prophet replied: 'Your mother!'. 'And who comes next?' asked the man. The Prophet replied: 'Your father'"
2343:, which at that place and time was the prevalent family structure. The model compared a traditional contemporaneous view of gender roles with a more liberal view. The Parsons model was used to contrast and illustrate extreme positions on gender roles, i.e., gender roles described in the sense of Max Weber's
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strength or dexterity, while girls learn to present themselves as objects to be viewed. Social constructionists argue that differences between male and female behavior are better attributable to gender-segregated children's activities than to any essential, natural, physiological, or genetic predisposition.
4338:, women found themselves shifted into the industrial workforce. During this time, women were expected to take up industrial jobs and support the troops abroad through the means of domestic industry. Moving from "homemakers" and "caregivers", women were now factory workers and "breadwinners" for the family.
3036:, men and women were asked to rank the importance of certain traits in a long-term partner. Both men and women ranked "kindness" and "intelligence" as the two most important factors. Men valued beauty and youth more highly than women, while women valued financial and social status more highly than men.
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In contradistinction to pro-feminism, however, the men's rights perspective addresses specific legal and cultural factors that put men at a disadvantage. The movement is made up of a variety of formal and informal groups that differ in their approaches and issues; Men's rights advocates, for example,
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The social roles, behaviors, attitudes, and psychological characteristics that are more common, more expected, or more accepted for one sex or the other; includes a group of interrelated behaviors, attitudes, and psychological characteristics that influence a variety of risk and risk-taking behaviors
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Perhaps it is an attempt to reconcile this conflict that leads to a common assumption that one same-sex partner assumes a pseudo-male gender role and the other assumes a pseudo-female role. For a gay male relationship, this might lead to the assumption that the "wife" handled domestic chores, was the
4414:
in which the, "abasement of the woman, reducing her from an active participant in the labor market to the passive bodily existence to be controlled by male expertise is indicative of the ways in which the ideological deployment of gender roles operated to facilitate and sustain the changing structure
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has noted, "Women are ahead of men in education (last year, 55 percent of U.S. college graduates were female). And a study shows that in most U.S. cities, single, childless women under 30 are making an average of 8 percent more money than their male counterparts, with Atlanta and Miami in the lead at
4281:
It has also been predicted that gender highly matters only for female candidates that have not been politically established. These predictions apply further to established candidates, stating that gender would not be a defining factor for their campaigns or the focal point of media coverage. This has
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many television advertisements in countries around the world are seen targeting women at different times of the day than men. Advertisements for products directed towards female viewers are shown during the day on weekdays, while products for men are shown during weekends. The same article shows that
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have yet to catch up with this significant advancement. Female athletes and women's sport receive notably less media attention compared to their male counterparts across various forms of media, and this underrepresentation has worsened over the years, despite the rising levels of female participation
3634:
Gender stereotypes can disadvantage women during the hiring process. It is one explanation for the lack of women in key organizational positions. Management and similar leader positions are often perceived to be "masculine" in type, meaning they are assumed to require aggressiveness, competitiveness,
3555:
According to the 1972 study by Jean Lipman-Blumen, women who grew up following traditional gender-roles from childhood were less likely to want to be highly educated while women brought up with the view that men and women are equal were more likely to want higher education. This result indicates that
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The second study looked at gender labeling and stereotyping in the relationship of mother and child using three separate methods. The first consisted of identifying gender labeling and stereotyping, essentially the same method as the first study. The second consisted of behavioral observations, which
3489:
Within the first study, 23 children between the ages of two and seven underwent a series of gender labeling and gender stereotyping tests: the children viewed either pictures of males and females or objects such as a hammer or a broom, then identified or labeled those to a certain gender. The results
3360:
Hall published an observational study on nonverbal gender differences and discussed the cultural reasons for these differences. In her study, she noted women smile and laugh more and have a better understanding of nonverbal cues. She believed women were encouraged to be more emotionally expressive in
3347:
For example, females are often more expressive and intuitive in their communication, but males tend to be instrumental and competitive. In addition, there are differences in accepted communication behaviors for males and females. To improve communication between genders, people who identify as either
3298:
Although existing studies have generally focused on gender views or attitudes that are work-related, there has so far not been a study on specific domestic roles. Supporting Hofstede's 1980 findings, that "high masculinity cultures are associated with low percentages of women holding professional and
3178:
According to the Pew Research Center, the number of stay-at-home fathers in the US nearly doubled in the period from 1989 to 2012, from 1.1 million to 2.0 million. This trend appears to be mirrored in a number of countries including the UK, Canada and Sweden. However, Pew also found that, at least in
2701:
Because the dominant class sees this form of gender expression as unacceptable, inappropriate, or perhaps threatening, these individuals are significantly more likely to experience discrimination and harassment both in their personal lives and from their employers, according to a 2011 report from the
2277:
Most children learn to categorize themselves by gender by the age of three. From birth, in the course of gender socialization, children learn gender stereotypes and roles from their parents and environment. Traditionally, boys learn to manipulate their physical and social environment through physical
3938:
It has also been presented that children are affected by gender roles in the media. Children's preferences in television characters are most likely to be to characters of the same gender. Because children favor characters of the same gender, the characteristics of the character are also looked to by
3907:
Women are also largely under-represented across multiple types of media. A statistical disparity of the male to female ratio shown on television has existed for decades and is constantly changing and improving. Three decades ago findings highlight that males outnumbered females on a ratio of 2.5 to
3899:
In today's society, media saturates nearly every aspect of one's life. It seems inevitable for society to be influenced by the media and what it is portraying. Roles are gendered, meaning that both males and females are viewed and treated differently according to biological sex, and because gendered
3441:
Various studies show different communication strategies with a feminine person refusing a masculine person's sexual interest. Some research, like that of Murnen, show that when feminine people offer refusals, the refusals are verbal and typically direct. When masculine people do not comply with this
3294:
Through such tests, it is known that American southerners exhibit less egalitarian gender views than their northern counterparts, demonstrating that gender views are inevitably affected by an individual's culture. This also may differ among compatriots whose 'cultures' are a few hundred miles apart.
3053:
Over the years, gender roles have continued to change and have a significant impact on the institution of marriage. Traditionally, men and women had completely opposing roles, men were seen as the provider for the family and women were seen as the caretakers of both the home and the family. However,
3044:
Gendered roles in heterosexual marriages are learned through imitation. People learn what society views as appropriate gender behaviors from imitating the repetition of actions by one's role-model or parent of the same biological sex. Imitation in the physical world that impacts one's gendered roles
3024:
In the U.S., single men are outnumbered by single women at a ratio of 100 single women to 86 single men, though never-married men over the age of 15 outnumber women by a 5:4 ratio (33.9% to 27.3%) according to the 2006 U.S. Census American Community Survey. The results are varied between age groups,
2584:
is increased by being aggressive, allowing them to compete with other men for access to females, as well as by being sexually promiscuous and trying to father as many children as possible. Women are benefited by bonding with infants and caring for children. Sociobiologists argue that these roles are
2471:
Masculine cultures expect men to be assertive, ambitious and competitive, to strive for material success, and to respect whatever is big, strong, and fast. Masculine cultures expect women to serve and care for the non-material quality of life, for children and for the weak. Feminine cultures, on the
5799:
In many cultures, gender roles, especially for men, simultaneously act as an indicator for heterosexuality, and as a boundary of acceptable behavior for straight people. Therefore, lesbians, gay men and bisexual people may be viewed as exempt from some or all components of gender roles or as having
4493:
Men's rights groups have called for male-focused governmental structures to address issues specific to men and boys including education, health, work and marriage. Men's rights groups in India have called for the creation of a Men's Welfare Ministry and a National Commission for Men, as well as the
4349:
families moved in droves from urban living into newly developed single-family homes on former farmland just outside major cities. Thus established what many modern critics describe as the "private sphere". Though frequently sold and idealized as "perfect living", many women had difficulty adjusting
4261:
in the United States has increased over the last decades, they still only make up 20% of U.S. senators, 19.4% of U.S. congressional representatives and 24% of statewide executives. Additionally, many of these political campaigns appear to focus on the aggressiveness of the female candidate which is
4148:
when playing a game with a sexualized female character. Women have been stereotyped in online games and have shown to be quite sexist in their appearances. It has been shown these kind of character appearances have influenced peoples' beliefs about gender capabilities by assigning certain qualities
3823:
Specifically, in the immigrant demographic, migrant women are subject to lesser benefits and wage gaps compared to that of what migrant men receive. Preceding 1984 to 1994–2004, Mexican migrant women earned $ 6.0 to $ 7.40 per hour alongside their unpaid domestic responsibilities. Similarly, gender
3699:
theory states that due to these systemic factors of oppression and discrimination, women are often deprived of equal work experiences because they are not provided equal opportunities on the basis of legal rights. Liberal feminists further propose that an end needs to be put to discrimination based
3638:
One's performance at work is also evaluated based on one's gender. If a female and a male worker show the same performance, the implications of that performance vary depending on the person's gender and on who observes the performance; if a man performs exceedingly well he is perceived as driven or
3600:
gender stereotyping. Researchers took participants through a fictional "Moral Choice Dilemma Task", which presented eight scenarios "in which sacrificing one person can save several others of unspecified gender. In four scenarios, participants are asked to sacrifice a man to save several others (of
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In India, the women are married young, and are expected to run the household, even if they did not finish school. It is seen as shameful if a woman has to work outside of the house in order to help support the family. Many women are starting jewelry businesses inside their houses and have their own
3193:
Besides North America and Europe, there are other regions whose gender roles are also changing. In Asia, Hong Kong is very close to the USA because the female surgeons in these societies are focused heavily on home life, whereas Japan is focused more on work life. After a female surgeon gives birth
3166:
Throughout history spouses have been charged with certain societal functions. With the rise of the New World came the expected roles that each spouse was to carry out specifically. Husbands were typically working farmers - the providers. Wives were caregivers for children and the home. However, the
3007:
The institution of marriage influences gender roles, inequality, and change. In the United States, gender roles are communicated by the media, social interaction, and language. Through these platforms society has influenced individuals to fulfill from a young age the stereotypical gender roles in a
5843:
The 'Family Violence Framework' applies gender dynamics to family violence. "Families are constructed around relationships that involve obligations and responsibilities, but also status and power". According to Hattery and Smith, when "masculinity and femininity are constructed...to generate these
4394:
Feminist theory generally defines gender as a social construct that includes ideologies governing feminine/masculine (female/male) appearances, actions, and behaviors. An example of these gender roles would be that males were supposed to be the educated breadwinners of the family, and occupiers of
3741:
While the distinction between male and female sports exist, females participating in male sports is more socially acceptable than the reverse, as questions would arise regarding the masculinity of males competing in the female sports. In a study conducted by Klomsten et al. (2005), they discovered
3728:
The element of beauty in women's sport seems to play a crucial role in the perceived femininity of a sport. This could be due to it being a vital facet in the general concept of femininity itself. The objectification of the female form persists, with women being conditioned to utilize their bodies
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in work experiment, proving that "women are socialized to be more expressive of their feelings and to show this to a greater extent in facial expressions and gestures, as well as by verbal means". The study extended to the biological characteristics of both gender groups — for a higher association
3312:
dependence-based'. In the US people tend to experience emotions in terms of opposition whereas in China, they do so in dialectical terms (i.e., those of logical argumentation and contradictory forces). The study continued with sets of psychological tests among university students in Beijing and in
3174:
With the importance of education emphasized nationwide, and the access of college degrees (online, for example), women have begun furthering their educations. Women have also started to get more involved in recreation activities such as sports, which in the past were regarded to be for men. Family
3057:
After around the year 1980, divorce rates in the United States stabilized. Scholars in the area of sociology explain that this stabilization was due to several factors including, but not limited to, the shift in gender roles. The attitude concerning the shift in gender roles can be classified into
2628:
Sociologist Linda L. Lindsey critiqued the notion that gender roles are a result of prenatal hormone exposure, saying that while hormones may explain sex differences like sexual orientation and gender identity, they "cannot account for gender differences in other roles such as nurturing, love, and
5740:
Sexual orientation is defined by the interplay between a person's emotional and physical attraction toward others. Generally, sexual orientation is broken into the three categories: heterosexual, homosexual and bisexual. By basic definition, the term heterosexual is typically used in reference to
4152:
The concept of gender inequality is often perceived as something that is non-existent within the online community, because of the anonymity possible online. Remote or home-working greatly reduces the volume of information one individual gives another compared to face-to-face encounters, providing
3828:, impacted the employment of migrant men and women, specifically women with lower wages and higher demands. This trend continued in the United States as immigration policy has persistently been grouped into political affiliations alongside various other social, economic, and geographical factors.
3745:
Sport media coverage of males and females differ significantly and this could attribute to the perpetuation of stereotypical gender roles as well as adversely influencing perceptions of women's abilities. Male athletes are often portrayed based on their strength and physical prowess, while female
3720:
As strength has been strongly associated to masculinity for many years, sports have evolved into a significant representation of expressions of masculinity and hence, are commonly perceived as a predominantly male domain. However, this does not completely neglect the position and role of women in
3170:
Societies can change such that the gender roles rapidly change. The 21st century has seen a shift in gender roles due to multiple factors such as new family structures, education, media, and several others. A 2003 survey by the Bureau of Labor Statistics indicated that about 1/3 of wives may earn
2541:
Candace West and Don H. Zimmerman developed an interactionist perspective on gender beyond its construction of "roles." For them, gender is "the product of social doings of some sort undertaken by men and women whose competence as members of society is hostage to its production." This approach is
2476:
In feminine cultures, modesty and relationships are important characteristics. This differs from masculine cultures, where self-enhancement leads to self-esteem. Masculine cultures are individualistic and feminine cultures are more collective because of the significance of personal relationships.
5795:
challenge traditional gender roles in their division of household responsibilities, and gender roles within homosexual relationships are flexible. For instance, cleaning and cooking, traditionally regarded by many as both female responsibilities, might be assigned to different people. Carrington
4521:
Related to this is the Father's Rights Movement, whose members seek social and political reforms that affect fathers and their children. These individuals contest that societal institutions such as family courts, and laws relating to child custody and child support payments, are gender biased in
3911:
Television's influence on society, specifically the influence of television advertisements, is shown in studies such as that of Jörg Matthes, Michael Prieler, and Karoline Adam. Their study into television advertising has shown that women are much more likely to be shown in a setting in the home
3364:
Men, on the other hand, were taught to be less expressive, to suppress their emotions, and to be less nonverbally active in communication and more sporadic in their use of nonverbal cues. Most studies researching nonverbal communication described women as being more expressively and judgmentally
3197:
A big change was seen in Hong Kong because the wives used to deal with unhappy marriage. Now, Chinese wives have been divorcing their husbands when they feel unhappy with their marriages, and are stable financially. This makes the wife seem more in control of her own life, instead of letting her
5830:
and the severity of her sentencing, particularly among female murderers. "In terms of the social realities of justice in America, the experiences of diverse groups of people in society have contributed to the shaping of the types of criminals and victims that we have had. Like Andersen and Hill
4157:
where users are able to create their own characters. This freedom allows the user to create characters and identities with a different appearance than their own in reality, essentially allowing them to create a new identity, confirming that regardless of actual gender those who are perceived as
3819:
Across all demographics, women are more likely to live in poverty compared to men. This is largely due to the gender wage gap between men and women. Correcting these wage gaps would increase women's salaries from an annual average earning of $ 41,402 to $ 48,326 increasing the income of the U.S
3773:
While online sites that promote and cover female athletes exist, these coverages are primarily only found in "niche" sites, which continues to pose challenges in overcoming the prevailing ideology of hegemonic masculinity deeply rooted in sports. Therefore, despite the growing participation and
3581:
A study of gender stereotypes by Jacobs (1991) found that parents' stereotypes interact with the sex of their child to directly influence the parents' beliefs about the child's abilities. In turn, parents' beliefs about their child directly influence their child's self-perceptions, and both the
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has become an integral part of daily life for nearly everyone, serving as a dominant source of information and communication. Women's presentation on social media is directly influenced, with platforms utilizing metrics like numbers and publicity to endorse certain ideals in posts. Perceptions
3707:
to provide an equal hiring and promotional process, that practice has had limited success. The pay gap between men and women is slowly closing. Women make approximately 21% less than her male counterpart according to the Department of Labor. This number varies by age, race, and other perceived
3507:
They also identified in the second method that the mothers' positive reactions and responses to same-sex or opposite-sex toys played a role in how children identified them. Within the third method the results found that the mothers of the children who passed the "Gender Labeling Test" had more
3404:
gender roles: for example, girls being encouraged to play "house" may promote stereotypically feminine traits, and may promote interpersonal relationships as playing house does not necessarily have fixed rules or objectives; boys tended to play more competitive and adversarial team sports with
14286:
The reason some individuals develop a gay sexual identity has not been definitively established – nor do we yet understand the development of heterosexuality. The American Psychological Association (APA) takes the position that a variety of factors impact a person's sexuality. The most recent
4361:
One major concern of feminism, is that women occupy lower-ranking job positions than men, and do most of the housework. A recent (October 2009) report from the Center for American Progress, "The Shriver Report: A Woman's Nation Changes Everything" tells us that women now make up 48% of the US
3872:
One example of an implicit gender stereotype is that males are seen as better at mathematics than females. It has been found that men have stronger positive associations with mathematics than women, while women have stronger negative associations with mathematics and the more strongly a woman
3815:
found "Around the world, women spend two to ten times more time on unpaid care work than men." In 2020 alone, women provided over $ 689 billion in unpaid labor to the U.S. economy. Lee and Fang found, "Compared with Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Asian Americans took more extensive caregiving
3724:
As the belief in gender stereotypes is continuously upheld in society, sporting events have been divided according to how the sport is characterised, which leads to the conceptualisation of male and female sports. Certain traits and sporting events in the sport domain have conventionally been
7240:
By the term, gender role, we mean all those things that a person says or does to disclose himself or herself as having the status of boy or man, girl or woman, respectively. It includes, but is not restricted to sexuality in the sense of eroticism. Gender role is appraised in relation to the
6872:
Eagly, A. H. (2004). Prejudice: Toward a more inclusive understanding. In A. H. Eagly, R. M. Baron, & V. L. Hamilton (Eds.), The social psychology of group identity and social conflict: Theory, application, and practice (pp. 45–64). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.
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receptive sexual partner, adopted effeminate mannerisms, and perhaps even dressed in women's clothing. This assumption is flawed because homosexual couples tend to have more equal roles, and the effeminate behavior of some gay men is usually not adopted consciously, and is often more subtle.
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for expressing their desire, being more aware of their sexual desire or succumbing to the expectations of their cultures. When feminine people employ tactics to show their sexual desire, they are typically more indirect in nature. On the other hand, it is known masculinity is associated with
3343:
Communication plays a large role in the process in which people become male or female because each gender is taught different linguistic practices. Gender is dictated by society through expectations of behavior and appearances, and then is shared from one person to another, by the process of
4139:
An example of gender stereotypes assumes those of the male gender are more 'tech savvy' and happier working online, however, a study done by Hargittai & Shafer, shows that many women also typically have lower self-perceived abilities when it comes to use of the World Wide Web and online
3592:
A review article of stereotype threat research (2012) relating to the relationship between gender and mathematical abilities concluded "that although stereotype threat may affect some women, the existing state of knowledge does not support the current level of enthusiasm for this mechanism
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Additionally, when voters have little information about a female candidate, they are likely to view her as being a stereotypical woman which they often take as a basis for not electing her because they consider typical male qualities as being crucial for someone holding a political office.
3547:
The brain has limited perceptual and memory systems, so it categorizes information into fewer and simpler units which allows for more efficient information processing. Gender stereotypes appear to have an effect at an early age. In one study, the effects of gender stereotypes on children's
3302:
A study by Richard Bagozzi, Nancy Wong and Youjae Yi, examines the interaction between culture and gender that produces distinct patterns of association between positive and negative emotions. The United States was considered a more 'independence-based culture', while China was considered
4489:
to feminism. The men's rights movement denies that men are privileged relative to women. The movement is divided into two camps: those who consider men and women to be harmed equally by sexism, and those who view society as endorsing the degradation of men and upholding female privilege.
4265:
Elections of increasing numbers of women into office serves as a basis for many scholars to claim that voters are not biased towards a candidate's gender. However, it has been shown that female politicians are perceived as only being superior when it comes to handling women's rights and
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a study on adults and television media has also seen that the more television adults watch, the more likely they are to believe or support the gender roles that are illustrated. The support of the presented gender stereotypes can lead to a negative view of feminism or sexual aggression.
3508:
traditional family values. These two studies, conducted by Beverly I. Fagot, Mar D. Leinbach and Cherie O'Boyle, showed that gender stereotyping and labeling is acquired at a very young age, and that social interactions and associations play a large role in how genders are identified.
12031:
Nosek BA, Smyth FL, Sriram N, Lindner NM, Devos T, Ayala A, BarAnan Y, Bergh R, Cai H, Gonsalkorale K, Kesebir S, Maliszewski N, Neto F, Olli E, Park J, Schnabel K, Shiomura K, Tulbure B, Wiers RW, Somogyi M, Akrami N, Ekehammar B, Vianello M, Banaji MR, Greenwald AG (30 June 2009).
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Gender differences appear to exist in communicating sexual desire, for example, masculine people are generally perceived to be more interested in sex than feminine people, and research suggests that masculine people are more likely than feminine people to express sexual interest.
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societies. However, an attempted verification of this study found "that multiple methodological failures all bias their results in the same direction...their analysis does not contradict the wide body of empirical evidence for gendered divisions of labor in foraging societies".
5760:. There is considerably more evidence supporting nonsocial, biological causes of sexual orientation than social ones, especially for males. There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role with regard to sexual orientation.
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involves the risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one's group. In the case of gender it is the implicit belief in gender stereotype that women perform worse than men in mathematics, which is proposed to lead to lower performance by women.
4130:
on social media platforms can further exacerbate discriminatory recommendations, reflecting the biases of programmers. Overall, social media's influence on gender norms is profound, shaping perceptions, behaviors, and opportunities in both virtual and real-life settings.
2621:-like behavior, were less interested in dolls, and were less likely to make-believe as parents. A number of methodological problems with the studies have been identified. A study on 1950s American teenage girls who had been exposed to androgenic steroids by their mothers
2522:
In recent years, the majority of Money's theories regarding the importance of socialization in the determination of gender have come under intense criticism, especially in connection with the inaccurate reporting of success in the "John/Joan" case, later revealed to be
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and figure skating, males and females don different uniforms in competitions. In the aforementioned sports, female uniforms expose more of their bodies than the male uniforms do despite the lack of evidence that such uniforms would significantly improve their skills.
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privileged relative to women... Having denied that men are privileged relative to women, this movement divides into those who believe that men and women are equally harmed by sexism and those who believe that society has become a bastion of female privilege and male
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are disproportionally affected by the negative influence their gender has on their chances in the labor market. In 2005, women held only 14.7% of Fortune 500 board seats with 79% of them being white and 21% being women of color. This difference is understood through
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occupying management positions is slowly increasing, women currently fill only 2.5% of the higher managerial positions in the United States. The fact that most women are being allocated to occupations that pay less, is often cited as a contributor to the existing
3021:. Men and women are typically associated with certain social roles, dependent upon the personality traits associated with those roles. Traditionally, the role of the homemaker is associated with a woman and the role of a breadwinner is associated with a male.
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According to Professor Lei Chang, gender attitudes within the domains of work and domestic roles, can be measured using a cross-cultural gender role attitudes test. Psychological processes of the East have historically been analysed using Western models (or
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It has been shown that this stereotype also reflects mathematical performance: a study was done on the worldwide scale and it was found that the strength of this mathematics-gender stereotype in varying countries correlates with 8th graders' scores on the
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fewer opportunities for unequal treatment but it seems real-world notions of power and privilege are being duplicated: people who choose to take up different identities (avatars) in the online world are (still) routinely discriminated against, evident in
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compared to men. The study also shows that women are shown much less in work-like settings. This underrepresentation in television advertising is seen in many countries around the world, but is very present in developed countries. In another study in the
2347:(an exaggerated and simplified version of a phenomenon, used for analytical purposes) rather than how they appear in reality. Model A described a total separation of male and female roles, while Model B described the complete dissolution of gender roles.
4403:, in which she states, "Gendered characteristics – typically masculine or feminine behaviors, interests, or values-are not innate, nor are they arbitrary. They are formed by historical circumstances. They can also change with historical circumstances."
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other hand, define relatively overlapping social roles for the sexes, in which, in particular, men need not be ambitious or competitive but may go for a different quality of life than material success; men may respect whatever is small, weak, and slow.
13347:
Shuttleworth, Sally. "Female Circulation: Medical Discourse and Popular Advertising in the Mid-Victorian Era." Body/Politics: Women and the Discourses of Science. Eds. Mary Jacobus, Evelyn Fox Keller and Sally Shuttleworth. New York: Routledge, 1990.
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divided this into two different studies; the first investigated how children identified the differences between gender labels of boys and girls, the second study looked at both gender labeling and stereotyping in the relationship of mother and child.
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show about transgender youth", said RuPaul. "It was obvious that we, as a culture, have a hard time trying to understand the difference between a drag queen, transsexual, and a transgender, yet we find it very easy to know the difference between the
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the public sphere whereas, the female's duty was to be a homemaker, take care of her husband and children, and occupy the private sphere. According to contemporary gender role ideology, gender roles are continuously changing. This can be seen in
3613:
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Michigan. The fundamental goals of the research were to show that "gender differences in emotions are adaptive for the differing roles that males and females play in the culture". The evidence for differences in gender role was found during the
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evolutionary and led to the establishment of traditional gender roles, with women in the domestic sphere and men dominant in every other area. However, this view pre-assumes a view of nature that is contradicted by the fact that women engage in
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of female beauty. The emphasis on body image on social media platforms fosters daily comparisons and exposes individuals to sexualized media, increasing self-image insecurity. Furthermore, social media has also contributed to the spread of
3757:
The depiction of female athletes and women's sport in the media also tends to vary in terms of tone, production quality in a manner that minimises their efforts and performance. One prevalent practice in sport media coverage is the use of
3175:
dynamic structures are changing, and the number of single-mother or single-father households is increasing. Fathers are also becoming more involved with raising their children, instead of the responsibility resting solely with the mother.
2285:, gender role theory "treats these differing distributions of women and men into roles as the primary origin of sex-differentiated social behavior, their impact on behavior is mediated by psychological and social processes." According to
2090:
The specifics regarding these gendered expectations may vary among cultures, while other characteristics may be common throughout a range of cultures. In addition, gender roles (and perceived gender roles) vary based on a person's race or
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that a majority of the females believed that certain sports are better suited for girls than for boys. Hence, they inferred that females do not prefer the idea of males, known to be strong and masculine, participating in feminine sports.
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1040:
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favor of mothers as the default caregiver. They therefore are systemically discriminatory against males regardless of their actual caregiving ability, because males are typically seen as the bread-winner, and females as the care-giver.
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have also used the term "horizontal oppressions" to describe this phenomenon. It has also been suggested that women of color in addition to the glass ceiling, face a "concrete wall" or a "sticky floor" to better visualize the barriers.
3642:
A study in 2001 found that if a woman does act according to female stereotypes, she is likely to receive backlash for not being competent enough; if she does not act according to the stereotypes connected to her gender and behaves more
5790:
Cohabitating same-sex partners are typically egalitarian when they assign domestic chores. Sometimes these couples assign traditional female responsibilities to one partner and traditional male responsibilities to the other. Same-sex
3351:
As found by Cara Tigue (McMaster University in Hamilton, Canada) the importance of powerful vocal delivery for women in leadership could not be underestimated, as famously described in accounts of Margaret Thatcher's years in power.
2568:
Historically, gender roles have been largely attributed to biological differences in men and women. Although research indicates that biology plays a role in gendered behavior, the extent of its effects on gender roles is less clear.
4143:
In the journal article written by Elizabeth Behm-Morawitz video games have been guilty of using sexualised female characters, who wear revealing clothing with an 'ideal' figure. It has been shown, female gamers can experience lower
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navigation skills. Because this stereotype is so well known many women assume they lack such technical skills when in reality, the gap in technological skill level between men and women is significantly less than many women assume.
3514:, in the 1920s, made the point: "It is obvious that the values of women differ very often from the values which have been made by the other sex. Yet it is the masculine values that prevail", remade sixty years later by psychologist
3389:, there are distinct communication 'cultures' for women and men in the US. She believes that in addition to female and male communication cultures, there are also specific communication cultures for African Americans, older people,
3876:
These associations have been disputed for their biological connection to gender and have been attributed to social forces that perpetuate stereotypes such as aforementioned stereotype that men are better at mathematics than women.
3662:
Consequently, that gender stereotype filter leads to a lack of fair evaluation and, in turn, to fewer women occupying higher paying positions. Gender stereotypes contain women at certain, lower levels; getting trapped within the
4115:. However, gender disparities persist, with male influencers generally outperforming their female counterparts. Additionally, media contents across various platforms perpetuate gender stereotypes, with women often portrayed in
7903:
Encouraging one's daughter to pursue a career in medicine is no longer an unusual idea... Americans are now more likely to report that they feel comfortable recommending a career in medicine for a young woman than for a young
3028:
The numbers also vary between countries. For example, China has many more young men than young women, and this disparity is expected to increase. In regions with recent conflict, such as Chechnya, women greatly outnumber men.
4358:". The "mystique" was derived from women equipped with the knowledge, skills, and aspirations of the workforce, the "public sphere", who felt compelled whether socially or morally to devote themselves to the home and family.
3552:, demonstrated the gender stereotype that mathematics is a 'boy's subject'. This may show that the mathematical self-belief is influenced before the age in which there are discernible differences in mathematical achievement.
3368:
McQuiston and Morris also noted a major difference in men and women's nonverbal communication. They found that men tend to show body language linked to dominance, like eye contact and interpersonal distance, more than women.
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Conversely, heterosexual men and women who are not perceived as being sufficiently masculine or feminine, respectively, may be assumed to be, or suspected to be, homosexual, and persecuted for their perceived homosexuality.
8004:
Hackman, J.R. (1992). "Group influences on individuals in organizations". In M.D. Dunnette & L.M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 3). Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press,
14530:. Retrieved 27 December 2014. "In a culture of homophobia (an irrational fear of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people), GLBT people often face a heightened risk of violence specific to their sexual identities."
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for the satisfaction of others and to measure their looks against the prevailing feminine standard. The devaluation of female athleticism due their bodies can be seen in the sport uniforms, where in some sports, such as
3393:, gay men, lesbians, and people with disabilities. According to Wood, it is generally thought that biological sex is behind the distinct ways of communicating, but in her opinion the root of these differences is gender.
3708:
attributes of hiring agents. A proposed step towards solving the problem of the gender pay gap and the unequal work opportunities is the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment which would constitutionally guarantee
2902:
to a certain extent, such as by covering their hair. (Women visiting from other countries sometimes object to this norm and sometimes decide to comply on pragmatic grounds, in the interest of their own safety , such as
2677:, responders were asked if they thought that wage work should be restricted to only men in the case of shortage in jobs: in Iceland the proportion that agreed with the proposition was 3.6%; while in Egypt it was 94.9%.
2318:, contends that being female is not "natural" and that it appears natural only through repeated performances of gender; these performances, in turn, reproduce and define the traditional categories of sex and/or gender.
4086:
plays a significant role in this, particularly affecting the mental health of young women and men who internalize beauty standards portrayed online, leading to dissatisfaction and harassment. A survey conducted by the
2769:
can vary considerably today (as they have varied historically since the first century church). This is especially true in marriage and in formal ministry positions within certain Christian denominations, churches, and
5796:
observed the daily home lives of 52 gay and lesbian couples and found that the length of the work week and level of earning power substantially affected the assignment of housework, regardless of gender or sexuality.
4262:
often still perceived as a masculine trait. Therefore, female candidates are running based on gender-opposing stereotypes because that predicts higher likelihood of success than appearing to be a stereotypical woman.
4172:
Despite the growing number of women who partake in online communities, and the anonymous space provided by the Internet, issues such as gender inequality, the issue has simply been transplanted into the online world.
3417:
is linked to emotions and communicative expression. Communication is central in expressing sexual desire and "complicated emotional states", and is also the "mechanism for negotiating the relationship implications of
3931:. Girls feel pressured and stressed to achieve a particular appearance, and there have been negative consequences for the young girls if they fail to achieve this look. These consequences have ranged from anxiety to
3518:
who used it to show that psychological tests of maturity have generally been based on masculine parameters, and so tended to show that women were less 'mature'. Gilligan countered this in her ground-breaking work,
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from homophobic persecution who have been turned away by US customs for "not being gay enough"; not conforming sufficiently to standard (Western) conceptions of the gender roles occupied by gays and lesbians.
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allows gender roles to become less distinct and according to Donnalyn Pompper, is the reason "men no longer own breadwinning identities and, like women, their bodies are objectified in mass media images." The
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In the U.S., marriage roles are generally decided based on gender. For approximately the past seven decades, heterosexual marriage roles have been defined for men and women based on society's expectations and
11620:
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Metts, S., Sprecher, S., & Regan, P. C. (1998). Communication and sexual desire. In P. A. Andersen & L. K. Guerrero (Eds.) Handbook of communication and emotion. (pp. 354–377). San Diego: Academic
14762:
Ballinger, A. (1996.) The Guilt of the Innocent and the Innocence of the Guilty: The Cases of Marie Fahmy and Ruth Ellis. In Wight, S. & Myers, A. (Eds.) No Angels: Women Who Commit Violence. London:
4126:, while men are associated with gaming and knowledge. On an economic aspect, social media is driven by gendered advertisements and commercials, often reinforcing stereotypical representations of gender.
2299:
According to Eagly et al., the consequences of gender roles and stereotypes are sex-typed social behavior because roles and stereotypes are both socially-shared descriptive norms and prescriptive norms.
8834:
2954:
Hindu deities are more ambiguously gendered than the deities of other world religions. This informs female and males relations, and informs how the differences between males and females are understood.
14484:
2880:
countries are centered on the importance of the family unit, which is viewed as the basis of a balanced and healthy society. Islamic views on gender roles and family are traditionally conservative.
9362:
Maltz, D., & Borker, R. (1982). A cultural approach to male-female miscommunication. In J. Gumperz (Ed.), Language and social identity (pp. 196–216). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
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outstanding athletic achievements of girls and women, female athletes and women's sports still have a long way to go in achieving equal treatment and fair representation in sports media coverage.
4341:
However, after the war, men returned home to the United States and women, again, saw a shift in social and professional dynamics. With the reuniting of the nuclear family, the ideals of American
4161:
In contrast to the traditional stereotype that gamers are mostly male, a study in 2014 of U.K. residents showed that 52% of the gaming audience was made up of women. The study counted players of
2805:
denominations are beginning to relax their longstanding constraints on ordaining women to be ministers, though some large groups are tightening their constraints in reaction. Many subsets of the
6419:
3883:
The same test found that the strength of a Singaporean child's mathematics-gender stereotype and gender identity predicted the child's association between individuals and mathematical ability.
14083:
2940:
How gender roles are honored is largely cultural. While some cultures encourage men and women to take on the same roles, others promote a more traditional, less dominant role for the women.
14328:
No conclusive evidence supports any one specific cause of homosexuality; however, most researchers agree that biological and social factors influence the development of sexual orientation.
20265:
3434:
aggressive behavior in almost all mammals, and most likely explains at least part of the fact that masculine people are more likely to express their sexual interest. This is known as the
2680:
Attitudes have also varied historically. For example, in Europe, during the Middle Ages, women were commonly associated with roles related to medicine and healing. Because of the rise of
2500:
orientation'." "Money and his colleagues used their own studies to state in the extreme what these days seems extraordinary for its complete denial of the notion of natural inclination."
1001:
11419:
Billings AC, Angelini JR (2007). "Communication Quarterly: Packaging the games for viewer consumption: Gender, ethnicity, and nationality in NBC's coverage of the 2004 Summer Olympics".
3280:) that have been translated, which potentially, is a more far-reaching process than linguistic translation. Some North American instruments for assessing gender role attitudes include:
16321:
15159:
4518:
heads a commission focused on the creation of a "White House Council on Boys and Men" as a counterpart to the "White House Council on Women and Girls" which was formed in March 2009.
2684:
across Europe and the institutionalization of medicine, these roles became exclusively associated with men. In the last few decades, these roles have become largely gender-neutral in
13832:
2694:
stated that homosexual communities are generally more tolerant of switching gender roles. For instance, someone with a masculine voice, a five o'clock shadow (or a fuller beard), an
10026:
3179:
the US, public opinion in general appears to show a substantial bias toward favoring a mother as a care-taker versus a father, regardless of any shift in actual roles each plays.
13433:
9382:
Baumeister R, Catanese K, Vohs K (2001). "Is there a gender difference in strength of sex drive? Theoretical views, conceptual distinctions, and a review of relevant evidence".
7980:
2071:, is a set of socially accepted behaviors and attitudes deemed appropriate or desirable for individuals based on their sex. Gender roles are usually centered on conceptions of
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in the early-1970s. The men's rights movement is made up of a variety of groups and individuals who are concerned about what they consider to be issues of male disadvantage,
2519:
which he defined in a seminal 1955 paper as "all those things that a person says or does to disclose himself or herself as having the status of boy or man, girl or woman."
14732:
Morgan, D. (2006) Not gay enough for the government: Racial and sexual stereotypes in sexual orientation asylum cases. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Legal Issues
2625:
exhibited more traditionally masculine behavior, such as being more concerned about their future career than marriage, wearing pants, and not being interested in jewelry.
2206:
and cisgender women have historically been treated as relevant in certain contexts, especially those where biological traits may yield an unfair advantage, such as sport.
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5241:
3891:, a standardized math and science achievement test that is given worldwide. The results were controlled for general gender inequality and yet were still significant.
14480:
8856:
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workforce and "mothers are breadwinners or co-breadwinners in a majority of families" (63.3%, see figure 2, page 19 of the Executive Summary of The Shriver Report).
11609:
9462:
Perot, Byrne Murnen SK, Perot A, Byrne D (1989). "Coping with unwanted sexual activity: Normative responses, situational determinants, and individual differences".
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Cmdr. Adrienne Simmons speaking at the 2008 ceremony for the only women's mosque in Khost City, a symbol of progress for growing women's rights in the Pashtun belt
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found that women are more likely to have multiple social media accounts, making them more likely to internalize their body image and be influenced by the cultural
2731:
Different religious and cultural groups within one country may have different norms that they attempt to "police" within their own groups, including gender norms.
1507:
9217:"Gender Differences in Communication." Intercultural Communication: A Global Reader. Ed. Fred E. Jandt. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2004. 221–29. Print.
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London's Sapphists: From Three Sexes to Four Genders in the Making of Modern Culture. In Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History
12625:
Behm-Morawitz E, Mastro D (1 December 2009). "The Effects of the Sexualization of Female Video Game Characters on Gender Stereotyping and Female Self-Concept".
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6168:
gender role - patterns of behavior, attitudes, and personality attributes that are traditionally considered in a particular culture to be feminine or masculine.
19805:
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All these cases of perceived discrimination make up the men's rights view that men are considered, by government and society, to be more expendable than women.
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4327:
2480:'The dominant values in a masculine society are achievement and success; the dominant values in a feminine society are caring for others and quality of life'.
533:
8522:
Lucier-Greer M, Adler-Baeder F (2016). "Gender role attitude malleability in the context of divorce and remarriage: A longitudinal growth curve perspective".
6326:
Dietz TL (March 1998). "An Examination of Violence and Gender Role Portrayals in Video Games: Implications for Gender Socialization and Aggressive Behavior".
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6734:
Cahill, S. E. (1986) Language practices and self definition: The case of gender identity acquisition. The Sociological Quarterly vol. 27, issue 3, pp 295–311
6468:
6291:
Dill KE, Thill KP (December 2007). "Video Game Characters and the Socialization of Gender Roles: Young People's Perceptions Mirror Sexist Media Depictions".
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Eagly, A.H. (1997). Sex differences in social behavior: Comparing social role theory and evolutionary psychology. American Psychologist, December 1380–1383.
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are the unconscious influence of attitudes a person may or may not even be aware that he or she holds. Gender stereotypes can also be held in this manner.
12396:
Aubrey JS, Harrison K (May 2004). "The Gender-Role Content of Children's Favorite Television Programs and Its Links to Their Gender-Related Perceptions".
4611:"People who were assigned a sex, usually at birth and based on their genitals, but who feel that this is a false or incomplete description of themselves."
20013:
13875:
8248:
Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam, ed. India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 69.
2840:, founders of religious orders, military leaders, monarchs and martyrs, evidencing the variety of roles played by women within the life of Christianity.
749:
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3548:
mathematical abilities were tested. In this study of American children between the ages of six and ten, it was found that the children, as early as the
2143:
encompassing a range of behaviors and attitudes that are generally considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for a person based on that person's
18157:
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accurate in nonverbal communication when it was linked to emotional expression; other nonverbal expressions were similar or the same for both genders.
2218:, which refers to the internal sense of one's own gender, whether or not it aligns with categories offered by societal norms. The point at which these
13896:
13717:
10163:
Gorman EH (August 2005). "Gender Stereotypes, Same-Gender Preferences, and Organizational Variation in the Hiring of Women: Evidence from Law Firms".
3659:, as it would prohibit gender-based discrimination regardless of if a woman is acting according to female gender stereotypes, or in defiance of them.
2698:, wearing a woman's dress and high heels, carrying a purse would most likely draw ridicule or other unfriendly attention in ordinary social contexts.
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1918:
1281:
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11852:"Immigration Politics and Policymaking in the USA (2017–2021): Examining the Effect of Geopolitics on Public Attitude Towards Immigration Policies"
7591:
5756:, and do not view it as a choice. Although no single theory on the cause of sexual orientation has yet gained widespread support, scientists favor
3331:
2050:
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Gender stereotypes are extremely common in society. One of the reasons this may be is simply because it is easier on the brain to stereotype (see
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Hall, J. A. (1990). Nonverbal sex differences: Accuracy of communication and expressive style. Baltimore, MD, US: Johns Hopkins University Press.
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This page contains current numbers of women officeholders serving in 2017 with links on the right to basic fact sheets for each level of office.
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Transitioning can be made much more difficult by persistent misconceptions, including the myth that transgender people belong to a third gender.
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Ideas of appropriate gendered behavior vary among cultures and era, although some aspects receive more widespread attention than others. In the
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heterosexual marriage. Roles traditionally distributed according to biological sex are increasingly negotiated by spouses on an equal footing.
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meeting seemed an extraordinary feature of the Religious Society of Friends, worth recording for a wider public. Engraving by Bernard Picart,
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Many transgender people identify simply as men or women, and do not constitute a separate third gender. Biological differences between (some)
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Throughout the 20th century, women in the United States saw a dramatic shift in social and professional aspirations and norms. Following the
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propagated through social media significantly shape real-life thinking and opinions regarding gender. According to professor Brook Duffy at
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A number of studies conducted since the mid-90s have found direct correlation between a female criminal's ability to conform to gender role
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argues that "gendered interactions, structure, and cultural meanings are intertwined, in both mutually reinforcing and contradictory ways."
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Gender communication is viewed as a form of intercultural communication; and gender is both an influence on and a product of communication.
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individuals, who, Money realized, 'would provide invaluable material for the comparative study for bodily form and physiology, rearing, and
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2836:", i.e. "Mother of God". Women prominent in Christianity have included contemporaries of Jesus, subsequent theologians, abbesses, mystics,
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In case of conflict, man has the last say, for example in choosing the place to live, choice of school for children, and buying decisions.
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Epstein R, McKinney P, Fox S, Garcia C (2013). "Support for a Fluid-Continuum Model or Sexual Orientation: A Large-Scale Internet Study".
7607:"Female foragers sometimes hunt, yet gendered divisions of labor are real: a comment on Anderson et al. (2023) The Myth of Man the Hunter"
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on social media can also lead to the perpetuation of false narratives about gender, setting unrealistic standards for both women and men.
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Housekeeping and child care are the primary functions of the woman; participation of the man in these functions is only partially wanted.
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5783:. Gender identity and sexual orientation are two separate aspects of individual identity, although they are often mistaken in the media.
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3655:. This puts women in the workforce in a precarious, "double bind" situation. A proposed step to protect women is the ratification of the
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10936:"The influence of sex stereotypes and gender roles on participation and performance in sport and exercise: review and future directions"
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These modified "rules" for lesbian, gay and bisexual people may also be oppressive. Morgan examines the plight of homosexuals seeking
4618:
While people self-identify as transgender, the transgender identity umbrella includes sometimes-overlapping categories. These include
18858:
16336:
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roles apply for immigrant women in the workplace as their skill level does not guarantee equitable participation in the economy. The
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2644:, the societal roles and differences in power between men and women are much more strongly indicated than is a biological component.
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The model is consciously a simplification; individuals' actual behavior usually lies somewhere between these poles. According to the
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bank accounts because of it. Middle aged women are now able to work without being shameful because they are no longer childbearing.
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held women in high regard and worthy of prominent positions in the church, though he was careful not to encourage disregard for the
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person is someone with qualities pertaining to both the male and female gender. Some individuals identify with no gender at all.
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talked about society's ambivalence to the differences in the people who embody these terms. "A friend of mine recently did the
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athletes are more frequently depicted in relation to their physical attractiveness and, at times, their sexualized attributes.
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who is highly revered throughout Christianity, particularly in the Catholic and Orthodox churches where she is considered the "
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Social constructionists consider gender roles to be hierarchical and patriarchal. The term patriarchy, according to researcher
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9617:"A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition"
2973:, which prominently features female and androgynous deities, some gender transgression is allowed. This group is known as the
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Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation, but they theorize that it is caused by a complex interplay of
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4608:"Denoting or relating to a person whose sense of personal identity and gender does not correspond with their birth sex."
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has played a role increasing pro-gay attitudes, which according to Brian McNair, are expressed by many metrosexual men.
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4600:, etc.; some may consider conventional sexual orientation labels inadequate or inapplicable to them. The definition of
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17:
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target sex-specific military conscription and judicial practices that discriminate against men in child custody cases.
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Despite these challenges, social media has also created new opportunities for women in the workplace, particularly as
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12034:"National differences in gender–science stereotypes predict national sex differences in science and math achievement"
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nurturant personality, rather that a nurturing personality is acquired by whoever happens to be doing the housework.
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For women, career is just as important as for men; equal professional opportunities for men and women are necessary.
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The workplace is not the primary area of women; career and professional advancement is deemed unimportant for women.
2289:, gender roles arose from correspondent inference, meaning that general labor division was extended to gender roles.
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The Scientific Reproduction of Gender Inequality: A Discourse Analysis of Research Texts on Women's Entrepreneurship
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between PA and NA hormones in memory for women, the cultural patterns became more evident for women than for men.
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Words, phrases, and topics most highly distinguishing English-speaking females and males in social media in 2013
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Woman takes care of the largest part of these functions; she educates children and cares for them in every way.
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3688:, a term describing the multiple and intersecting oppressions an individual might experience. Activists during
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Maltz and Broker's research suggested that the games children play may contribute to socializing children into
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In some Muslim-majority countries, even non-Muslim women are expected to follow Muslim female gender norms and
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and social risk factors can interact in a way that predisposes one to engaging in criminal behavior (including
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http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/lsex15&div=9&g_sent=1&collection=journals#141
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4654:, who are performers who cross-dress for the purpose of entertaining. In an interview, celebrity drag queen
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The results of these studies showed the same as the first study with regards to labeling and stereotyping.
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Crowley, Jocelyn E. (2008). Defiant Dads: Fathers' Rights Activists in America. Cornell University Press.
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for children and the elderly, regardless of whether they also work outside of the home. Sociology scholar
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sports. This is evident from the number of females participating in sport has increasing in recent years.
2999:
2296:, defines "a social order based on the domination of women by men, especially in agricultural societies".
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with 118 single men per 100 single women in their 20s, versus 33 single men to 100 single women over 65.
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2408:
Neither partner dominates; solutions do not always follow the principle of finding a concerted decision;
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1861:
1705:
1112:
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associates herself with the female gender identity, the more negative her association with mathematics.
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et al. (2002): Four types of stereotypes resulting from combinations of perceived warmth and competence.
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2371:
Co-educative schools, same content of classes for girls and boys, same qualification for men and women.
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19981:
19658:
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18648:
18628:
18407:
18152:
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than men, and that this belief is indicated universally, but that this awareness is related to women's
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1970:
717:
378:
93:
11697:
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8199:
3525:, holding that maturity in women is shown in terms of different, but equally important, human values.
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like #loveyourself and #allbodiesarebeautiful have sparked movements to challenge these standards.
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2887:, have interpretations of religious doctrine regarding gender roles embedded in their laws. In the
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1457:
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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of these tests showed that children under three years could make gender-stereotypic associations.
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10998:"The politics of women's body images and practices: Foucault, the panopticon, and Shape magazine"
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Nosek BA, Banaji MR, Greenwald AG (July 2002). "Math = male, me = female, therefore math ≠ me".
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Rudman LA, Glick P (2001). "Prescriptive Gender Stereotypes and Backlash Toward Agentic Women".
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when in public. In some Muslim countries, these differences are sometimes even codified in law.
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Filetti JS (2001). "From Lizzie Borden to Lorena Bobbitt: Violent Women and Gendered Justice".
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9996:
9768:
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9558:
9391:
8744:
7824:(2005). "Gender Role Attitudes and the Labour Market Outcomes of Women Across OECD Countries".
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churches, only men may serve as priests or deacons, and in senior leadership positions such as
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movements, have led efforts to change aspects of prevailing gender roles that they believe are
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Berenbaum SA, Blakemore JE, Beltz AM (2011). "A Role for Biology in Gender-Related Behavior".
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3712:. This is hoped to end gender-based discrimination and provide equal opportunities for women.
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gender roles that have been passed down traditionally can influence stereotypes about gender.
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Young IM (1995). "The exclusion of women from sport: Conceptual and existential dimensions".
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did not automatically determine a child's gender role. Among the many terms Money coined was
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The Qur'an prescribes that the status of a woman should be nearly as high as that of a man.
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14116:"The Association of Sexual Orientation Measures With Young Adults' Health-Related Outcomes"
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4572:, a transgender activist at a demonstration for transgender people in Paris, 1 October 2005
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The third study used a series of questionnaires such as an "Attitude Toward Women Scale", "
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2183:), others recognize more. Some non-Western societies have three genders: men, women, and a
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2158:, the process whereby an individual learns and acquires a gender role in society is termed
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as part of the gaming audience, but still found that 56% of female gamers had played on a
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approach, gender roles are not fixed but are constantly renegotiated between individuals.
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Gender-specific education; high professional qualification is important only for the man.
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Most health and mental health organizations do not view sexual orientation as a 'choice.'
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Wood, J (2010) Gendered lives: Communication, gender and culture. Cengage Learning. p. 37
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Male 'Providers' and Female 'Housewives': A Gendered Co-Performance in Rural North India.
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7856:
7415:
7301:
6516:"9 questions about gender identity and being transgender you were too embarrassed to ask"
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5014:
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abolition of the National Commission for Women. In the United Kingdom, the creation of a
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4088:
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This particular stereotype has been found in American children as early as second grade.
3837:
3582:
parents' stereotypes and the child's self-perceptions influence the child's performance.
3559:
In a later study, Deaux and her colleagues (1984) found that most people think women are
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31:
14810:"Class, Race, and Gender in Criminology and Criminal Justice: Ways of Seeing Difference"
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West, D.J. Homosexuality re-examined. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977.
13593:"Virtual Backlash: Representation of Men's "Rights" and Feminist "Wrongs" in Cyberspace"
12520:
12485:
12051:
11281:"Female representation in feature articles published by Sports Illustrated in the 1990s"
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The changing face of medicine: women doctors and the evolution of health care in America
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7970:"Gay and Transgender People Face High Rates of Workplace Discrimination and Harassment"
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is the movement to end discrimination of gender altogether in society through means of
4482:, social safety nets, and health policies) that they believe discriminate against men.
4458:
and oppression. The movement focuses on issues in numerous areas of society (including
4407:
4382:
4234:
4169:. However, only 12% of game designers in Britain and 3% of all programmers were women.
4166:
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3700:
on gender through legal means, leading to equality and major economic redistributions.
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618:
11598:"Unpaid Care work: The missing link in the analysis of gender gaps in labour outcomes"
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7949:
Halberstam, Judith, Female Masculinity, Duke University Press, Durham and London, 1998
5974:
3501:", and "Schaefer and Edgerton Scale" which looked at the family values of the mother.
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Men and women in non-traditional gendered occupations clockwise from top left: a male
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12149:"Content Analysis of Gender Roles in Media: Where Are We Now and Where Should We Go?"
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11793:
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11560:"Gendered Projects of Solidarity: Workplace Organizing among Immigrant Women and Men"
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11223:
11141:
11075:
11021:
10966:
10951:
10819:
10696:
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10532:
Browne I, Misra J (2003). "The Intersection of Gender and Race in the Labor Market".
10518:
10446:
10397:, Perera S (2016). "Help or hindrance? Work-life practices and women in management".
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6375:
London's Sapphists: From Three Sexes to Four Genders in the Making of Modern Culture.
6365:
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5994:
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Despite the increasing participation and remarkable achievements of female athletes,
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3585:
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looked at ten-minute play sessions with mother and child using gender-specific toys.
3138:
2871:
2853:
2581:
2147:. Sociologists tend to use the term "gender role" instead of "sex role", because the
2126:
2084:
2012:
1923:
1851:
1836:
1619:
1562:
1363:
1271:
1162:
1082:
911:
182:
14211:
Frankowski BL, American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence (June 2004).
14192:
13678:
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12126:
11678:
11265:
10624:
Abrams K (1989). "Gender Discrimination and the Transformation of Workplace Norms".
10341:
10117:
10018:
9663:
9413:
9015:
7147:
6347:
6312:
2777:
Many leadership roles in the organized church have been restricted to males. In the
2167:
Gender roles are culturally specific, and while most cultures distinguish only two (
21211:
21196:
21124:
21045:
21015:
20846:
20682:
20388:
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19785:
19678:
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16994:
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16603:
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15951:
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14135:
14127:
13644:
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13120:
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12994:
12978:
12952:
12917:
12861:
12669:
12634:
12599:
12556:
12515:
12497:
12440:
12431:
Steyer I (2014). "Gender representations in children's media and their influence".
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12005:
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9883:
9823:
9778:
9728:
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9536:
9498:
9471:
9436:
9401:
9344:
Wood, J (2010) Gendered lives: Communication, gender and culture. Cengage Learning.
9248:
9163:
9116:
9089:
9053:
8995:
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4507:
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3344:
communication. Gender does not create communication, communication creates gender.
3244:
3126:
3018:
2782:
2758:
1975:
1960:
1888:
1809:
1779:
1594:
1432:
1132:
680:
675:
513:
398:
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16820:
13491:"Men's Collective Struggles for Gender Justice: The Case of Antiviolence Activism"
13207:
11439:
9204:
DeFrancisco, Victoria L., Catherine Helen Palczewski, and Danielle Dick McGeough.
7006:
6721:
3456:
2717:, and individuals may experience negative social consequences for violating them.
2597:
Another hypothesis attributes differences in gender roles to prenatal exposure to
2560:
From approximately 1700 through 1900, women served as soldiers for the kingdom of
21226:
21134:
21030:
20979:
20839:
20824:
20804:
20769:
20482:
20393:
20328:
20118:
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19849:
19703:
19250:
19141:
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19015:
18903:
18797:
18753:
18733:
18606:
18322:
18301:
18056:
17928:
17382:
17241:
17173:
17049:
16989:
16969:
16927:
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16766:
16712:
16660:
16623:
16544:
16507:
16443:
16038:
16017:
15924:
15904:
15873:
15842:
15581:
15571:
15502:
15493:
15489:
15077:
15072:
14844:
14454:
14427:
14176:
13692:
13542:
13526:
13464:
12783:
12366:
12093:
11812:
11455:
11109:
10410:
10030:
8287:
6223:
6084:. In: Levesque R.J.R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Adolescence. Springer, New York, NY.
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11052:"Media image: Sport, gender, and national identities in five European countries"
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8826:"Rise in stay-at-home fathers fuelled by growing numbers of female breadwinners"
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Jackson C (2012). "Introduction: Marriage, gender relations and social change".
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11200:"Separating the men from the girls: The gendered language of televised sports"
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Metheny E (1965). "Symbolic forms of movement: The feminine image in sports".
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14481:"Submission to the Church of England's Listening Exercise on Human Sexuality"
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Rotman DL (2006). "Separate Spheres? Beyond the Dichotomies of Domesticity".
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9985:, Quinn DM (January 1999). "Stereotype threat and women's math performance".
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Kaufman G, Taniguchi H (2006). "Gender and marital happiness in later life".
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Facts for features: Valentine's Day U.S. Census Bureau Report 7 February 2006
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understanding of gender is distinguished from biological conceptions of sex.
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21304:"Beyond Gender Choice: Mass Effect's varied inclusiveness – Gamecritics.com"
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14950:. A short summary of international treaties concerning gender stereotyping.
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Marriages, Families, and Relationships: Making Choices in a Diverse Society
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11312:"Masculine hegemonic hoops: An analysis of media coverage of March Madness"
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Chalabaev A, Sarrazin P, Fontayne P, Boiché J, Clément-Guillotin C (2013).
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Doing Gender, Doing Difference: Inequality, Power, and Institutional Change
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12723:"52% of gamers are women – but the industry doesn't know it | Meg Jayanth"
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10850:"Gender ideologies, youth sports, and the production of soft essentialism"
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7567:"The Theory That Men Evolved to Hunt and Women Evolved to Gather Is Wrong"
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4237:. In contrast to social conservatives, their views are more influenced by
2268:, gendered behavior is mostly due to social conventions. Theories such as
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14613:"GLAAD Media Reference Guide, 8th Edition. Transgender Glossary of Terms"
13681:(Reissued 2nd. ed.). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p. 11.
12228:"Performing Gender: A Content Analysis of Gender Display in Music Videos"
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Myths Of Gender: Biological Theories About Women And Men, Revised Edition
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11440:"What's the gendered story? Vancouver's prime time Olympic glory on NBC"
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14006:"Stroud District Council "Gender Equality SCHEME AND ACTION PLAN 2007""
13635:
Mills M (2003). "Shaping the boys' agenda: the backlash blockbusters".
13167:
12964:
12929:
11639:"More Caregiving, Less Working: Caregiving Roles and Gender Difference"
11311:
10849:
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Heilman ME (1983). "Sex Bias in Work Settings: The Lack of Fit Model".
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7431:
7219:
6919:, 27 July 2018 Sec. Personality and Social Psychology Volume 9 – 2018,
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6604:
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3977: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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All housework is done by both parties to the marriage in equal shares.
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Citizenship Revisited: Threats or Opportunities of Shifting Boundaries
13315:
13291:
11596:
Ferrant, Gaelle; Pesando, Luca Maria: Nowacka, Keiko (December 2014).
11544:
11512:
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Goodmark L, Flores J, Goldscheid J, Ritchie A, SpearIt (9 July 2015).
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8726:"Gender Roles Within the American Marriage: Are They Really Changing?"
8654:
Lindemann D (2018). "Doing and undoing gender in commuter marriages".
8508:
6982:
6950:
6878:
4270:, whereas male politicians are perceived to be better at dealing with
3927:
that adolescent girls have been affected by the stereotypical view of
3842:
2813:
movements have embraced the ordination of women since their founding.
2441:
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15909:
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15551:
15056:
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10057:
9804:
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7920:(1st ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. 1993. p. 390.
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5570:
5144:
4899:
4631:
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4463:
4406:
One example of the contemporary definition of gender was depicted in
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allowing women to vote, and in combination with conflicts in Europe,
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of the late-nineteenth century, which resulted in the passage of the
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Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation
13180:
Friedan, Betty. "The Feminine Mystique". New York:W.W. Norton, 1963.
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6852:(6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 93.
6631:
6596:
6269:
3952:
3596:
In 2018, Jolien A. van Breen and colleagues conducted research into
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structured, predetermined goals and a range of confined strategies.
3348:
male or female must understand the differences between each gender.
3150:
2601:. Early research examining the effect of biology on gender roles by
2195:
has sometimes also been proposed as a third gender. An androgyne or
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13599:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. pp. 65–97.
13434:"Private Men, Public Anger: The Men's Rights Movement in Australia"
13307:
13124:
12306:"Gender-Role Portrayals in Television Advertising Across the Globe"
12187:
11772:
Donato KM, Wakabayashi C, Hakimzadeh S, Armenta A (November 2008).
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criminal behavior". By contrast, some research indicates that both
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14539:
2014 Report on State Sponsored Homophobia Retrieved 4 Mar 15 from
13697:
Indeed the premise of all men's rights literature is that men are
12483:
11771:
10649:. United States Department of Labor Women's Bureau. Archived from
8400:"40m bachelors and no women. the birth of a new problem for China"
7170:
Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality
4376:
in 1935. The newspaper headline reads "The Frenchwoman Must Vote".
2958:
2907:" dress codes which failing to abide by risk being perceived as a
19593:
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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Chan, W. (2001). Women, Murder and Justice. Hampshire: Palgrave.
12484:
Santoniccolo F, Trombetta T, Paradiso MN, Rollè L (9 May 2023).
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Traditional gender roles assume women will serve as the primary
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15536:
15513:
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15253:
15051:
10933:
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Emerson TI (1970). "In Support of the Equal Rights Amendment".
10749:
Ginsburg RB (1973). "The Need for the Equal Rights Amendment".
10589:
Wendell S (1987). "A (Qualified) Defense of Liberal Feminism".
9840:
6362:
Changing Ones: Third and Fourth Genders in Native North America
5454:
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tend to oppose traditional gender roles, especially for women.
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Gender stereotypes and roles can also be supported implicitly.
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2820:", persons of exceptional holiness of life having attained the
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Handbook of Health Behavior Research II: Provider Determinants
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4278:. That view lines up with the most common gender stereotypes.
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Gender roles may be a means through which one expresses one's
20579:
19410:
15966:
15706:
15665:
15526:
14617:
13963:"Definition of transgender in English by Oxford Dictionaries"
13949:
13946:"GLAAD Media Reference Guide – Transgender glossary of terms"
12943:
Sanbonmatsu K (January 2002). "Stereotypes and Vote Choice".
12098:"Barbie girls vs. sea monsters: children constructing gender"
9226:
8912:
Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project
8802:
Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project
7752:
The Routledge International Handbook of Biosocial Criminology
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in the United States, produced in 1943 as part of the series
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2180:
1323:
122:
14924:
14035:. Vol. 8. Columbia University Press. pp. 207–374.
13189:
11343:"The better sportswomen get, the more the media ignore them"
9284:"Must a woman lower the tone of her voice to be successful?"
3865:
These implicit stereotypes can often be demonstrated by the
2613:(CAH), resulting in higher-than-normal prenatal exposure to
2226:
into a set of expectations is the genesis of a gender role.
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21020:
16164:
15773:
15531:
14380:
9461:
8798:"Growing Number of Stay-at-Home Dads – Pew Research Center"
6618:
Acker J (1992). "From sex roles to gendered institutions".
4335:
4022:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
3812:
3130:
2786:
2229:
2176:
1955:
1784:
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The Oxford Handbook of Juvenile Crime and Juvenile Justice
7195:
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Butler, Judith. Undoing Gender. New York: Routledge, 2004.
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different "rules" they are expected to follow by society.
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indicates that young women today are closing the pay gap.
2995:
Weekly hours dedicated to home production in US, by gender
2921:
described the high status of mothers in both of the major
15914:
15521:
14830:
13597:
Reaction and Resistance: Feminism, Law, and Social Change
13237:"The Shriver Report: A Woman's Nation Changes Everything"
12697:"UK gamers: more women play games than men, report finds"
11437:
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Jolien A vB, Spears R, Kuppens T, de Lemus S (May 2018).
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6936:
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5289:
4331:
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One hypothesis attributes differences in gender roles to
2172:
2168:
2144:
14631:
Mager D (1985). "Gay Theories of Gender Role Deviance".
14162:
14102:
10709:
9847:
University of Miami Race & Social Justice Law Review
9756:
9524:
8521:
7858:
Witches, Midwives and Nurses: A History of Women Healers
7062:
Hofstede (2001), Culture's Consequences, 2nd ed. p. 297.
6891:
Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity.
6442:. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. pp.
4446:
The men's rights movement (MRM) is a part of the larger
3850:
from March 1952 stereotyping women drivers. It features
3206:
Gender stereotype differences in cultures: East and West
12030:
11610:"Women Carried the Burden of Unpaid Caregiving in 2020"
8449:
Marriage and Families: Changes, Choices, and Constrains
8396:
7915:
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7159:
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5972:
4439:
Protest in New Delhi for men's rights organized by the
2713:, but they may also be employed as a means of exerting
14339:
14256:
14113:
13192:"Gender differences in perceptions of household labor"
12883:. Center for American Women and Politics. 12 June 2015
12545:"Does Objectification on Social Media Cost Young Men?"
10561:
Doing Feminist Theory: From Modernity to Postmodernity
9591:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
9381:
7886:
7347:
7345:
6714:"What everyone should know about gender and sexuality"
5763:
An active conflict over the cultural acceptability of
4149:
to the male and female characters in different games.
13620:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 88.
12202:"Women in the Labor Force: A Databook (2009 Edition)"
11849:
10964:
10793:
9706:. Planned Parenthood Federation of America Inc. 2012.
8325:
8323:
8043:"Feminism and Leadership in the Pentecostal Movement"
3473:
An 1883 German illustration of children playing house
2617:. Their research found that girls with CAH exhibited
16278:
Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)
13802:"Indian husbands want protection from nagging wives"
11995:
11906:
10428:
7276:
As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl
7154:
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relationships and acts are "normal" is described as
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14298:
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Hansard, UK Parliament. Retrieved 24 November 2011.
13228:
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12188:
Women and Minorities in Television Drama, 1969–1978
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11197:
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7342:
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6014:"The Separate Spheres Model of Gendered Inequality"
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13573:Reproductive Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know
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13219:
12352:
12303:
12185:
11856:Journal of International Migration and Integration
11850:Dzordzormenyoh MK, Boateng FD (1 September 2023).
10896:
10894:
10710:Brown BA, Emerson TI, Falk G, Freedman AE (1971).
10133:"STUDY: Feminists more willing to 'sacrifice' men"
9980:
8824:
8446:
8398:
8320:
7855:
7352:West C, Zimmerman DH (June 1987). "Doing Gender".
6850:Public and private families : an introduction
5838:
4282:been refuted by multiple scholars, often based on
3408:
3012:Communication of gender roles in the United States
2980:
21155:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
15323:International Center for Research on Women (ICRW)
13387:
12781:
11107:
10392:
9611:
9328:Journal of Selling & Major Account Management
7413:
7287:
5973:Scott Carter J, Corra M, Carter SK (March 2009).
4550:
3003:Hours per week spent on child care, United States
2883:Many Muslim-majority countries, most prominently
1919:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
30:"Sex roles" redirects here. For the journal, see
21325:
15488:
14333:
13576:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 130.
13366:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p.
11418:
10081:"Subliminal gender stereotypes: who can resist?"
9182:Gender in Communication, A Critical Introduction
8591:
7290:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
7125:
7074:International Journal of Intercultural Relations
6179:
3332:Gender differences in social network service use
2848:, also known as New Testament Domestic Codes or
2828:), can include female saints. Most prominent is
20815:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
14858:
14856:
14854:
14199:
13741:
13739:
13146:Dodson DW (1958). "Suburbanism and Education".
13075:
12904:
12589:
12460:"Social Media and Gender: A Tricky Combination"
12039:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
11961:
11438:Angelini JR, MacArthur PJ, Billings AC (2012).
11056:International Review for the Sociology of Sport
10891:
10578:. Copenhagen Business School Press. p. 14.
10373:
9716:
9325:
9206:Gender in communication a critical introduction
8823:Louisa Peacock, Sam Marsden (23 January 2013).
8556:
7163:
6582:
6547:"Transsexual and Transgender Policies in Sport"
6398:. United Kingdom: Macmillan. pp. 22, 306.
6255:
5767:rages worldwide. The belief or assumption that
3942:
2876:According to Dhami and Sheikh, gender roles in
1563:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
20297:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
14968:. Serves to help develop communication skills.
14387:"Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science"
14302:Principles and Practice of Psychiatric Nursing
13777:"Guys got it made? Think again, say advocates"
13718:"What about tax, and father's custody rights?"
13394:Boyd SB, Longwood WM, Muesse MW, eds. (1996).
13239:. Center for American Progress. Archived from
13190:Kiger, Kiger, Riley, Pamela J. (1 July 1996).
12395:
11444:Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media
11049:
10496:
10424:
10422:
10420:
9923:
8626:
7499:
7212:
6995:Brockhaus: Enzyklopädie der Psychologie, 2001.
6431:
5335:2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States
4297:
3923:It has been presented in a journal article by
3831:
3574:. To put it another way, women do not have an
1041:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
19345:
17976:
16180:
15474:
15160:Languages with gendered third-person pronouns
14987:
14611:Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation.
14028:
13944:Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation.
13830:
13234:
13021:
12659:
12304:Matthes J, Prieler M, Adam K (October 2016).
12267:"Social Cognitive Theory in Cultural Context"
11617:National Partnership for Women & Families
9929:
9803:
9153:
7862:(2nd ed.). The Feminist Press. pp.
7849:
7847:
7678:
7351:
6948:
6434:"Sex differences in intellectual functioning"
6011:
5721:
4176:
3786:A meal prepared by women and eaten by men in
3461:Implicit stereotype § Gender stereotypes
2423:Man and woman share these functions equally.
2044:
16139:Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
14960:Gender Communication Barriers and Techniques
14930:
14910:(Second ed.). Boulder: Westview Press.
14905:
14899:
14862:
14851:
14696:Public and Private Families, an introduction
14621:, USA, May 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
14391:Psychological Science in the Public Interest
14343:Delivering Culturally Competent Nursing Care
13952:", US, May 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
13736:
13674:
13637:International Journal of Inclusive Education
13499:Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities
13331:, Cambridge: Harvard University Press 2001,
12186:Gerbner G, Signorielli N (29 October 1979).
11910:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
11386:Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media
11285:Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal
10789:
10787:
10785:
10783:
10285:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
10232:
9936:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
9875:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
9625:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
9426:
8629:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
8397:McCurry J, Allison, Rebecca (8 March 2004).
7967:
7748:
7604:
7590:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7565:Lacy Cara Ocobock, Sarah (1 November 2023).
6743:
6737:
6620:Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews
6551:Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal
6138:
5929:Gender roles in non-heterosexual communities
4693:Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
4257:Even though the number of women running for
3336:Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
3243:. There might be a discussion about this on
3167:roles are now changing, and even reversing.
20513:List of people killed for being transgender
17990:
15187:Gender-specific and gender-neutral pronouns
14446:
14257:Lamanna MA, Riedmann A, Stewart SD (2014).
14252:
14250:
13670:
13668:
13548:Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements
13519:
13441:Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies
12942:
11725:
11193:
11191:
11189:
11187:
11185:
11037:Connotations of Movement in Sport and Dance
10794:Klomsten AT, Marsh HW, Skaalvik EM (2005).
10531:
10417:
10309:
9752:
9750:
8315:Media, gender and identity: An introduction
8225:"Global Connections . Roles of Women | PBS"
7529:
7527:
7058:
7056:
6538:
6215:
4134:
3593:underlying the gender gap in mathematics".
1257:List of people killed for being transgender
19352:
19338:
17983:
17969:
16943:African-American women's suffrage movement
16187:
16173:
15481:
15467:
14994:
14980:
14713:. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 271.
14698:. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. p. 234.
14452:
14032:Lesbian and Gay Youth: Care and Counseling
13938:
13863:
13261:
12662:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
11510:
10674:
10130:
10089:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
10041:
9871:
9488:
8688:
8486:
8444:
7844:
7717:
7503:The SAGE Handbook of Gender and Psychology
7465:
7463:
7461:
7459:
5728:
5714:
4190:tend to support traditional gender roles.
3355:
2252:in 1712, wearing the customary clothes of
2051:
2037:
14402:
14374:
14230:
14139:
14114:Lindley L, Walsemann K, Carter J (2012).
13422:
13397:Redeeming men: religion and masculinities
12998:
12815:. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 101.
12714:
12519:
12501:
12329:
12069:
12059:
11922:
11883:
11235:
11233:
10965:Colley A, Berman E, Millingen LV (2005).
10918:
10780:
10481:
10331:
10000:
9988:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
9772:
9637:
9520:
9518:
9516:
9514:
9512:
9395:
9281:
8742:
8653:
8364:
8144:
7797:
7439:
7252:
7007:"Postgenderism: Beyond the Gender Binary"
6804:
6784:. New York: Zone (MIT). pp. 111–36.
6688:
6670:
6507:
6394:Richards C, Bouman WP, Barker MJ (2017).
6290:
6055:
6037:
4510:, but were rejected by the government of
4051:Learn how and when to remove this message
3993:Learn how and when to remove this message
3802:delves into this phenomenon in her book,
3705:Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
3647:, it is likely to cause backlash through
3263:Learn how and when to remove this message
2465:Feminine and Masculine Culture Dimensions
19609:Social determinants of health in poverty
19147:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
16888:Discrimination against transgender women
14670:(2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 104.
14473:
14247:
13993:USI LGBT Campaign – Transgender Campaign
13665:
13569:
13431:
13056:
11998:Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
11698:"The Basic Facts About Women in Poverty"
11557:
11379:
11240:Cooky C, Messner MA, Hextrum RH (2013).
11198:Messner MA, Duncan MC, Jensen K (1993).
11182:
11153:
11151:
10748:
10463:
10354:
10235:Industrial and Organizational Psychology
9747:
9700:"Gender and gender identity at a glance"
9581:
9384:Personality and Social Psychology Review
9229:"Voice pitch influences voting behavior"
8475:Gender roles: A sociological perspective
8040:
7909:
7779:
7702:
7605:Venkataraman, et al. (7 May 2024).
7533:
7524:
7473:Gender Roles: A Sociological Perspective
7098:
7071:
7053:
6779:
6652:
6225:Gender Roles: A Sociological Perspective
6105:Gender Roles: A Sociological Perspective
6012:Miller AL, Borgida E (22 January 2016).
4689:Societal attitudes towards homosexuality
4646:rather than gender identification), and
4580:or gender expression not matching one's
4564:
4434:
4364:
4345:boomed. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s,
4313:
4286:'s multiple campaigns for the office of
4206:views are often shaped by the religious
3841:
3781:
3608:
3527:
3468:
3376:
3149:
2998:
2990:
2957:
2750:
2651:
2555:
2492:and his colleagues took up the study of
2440:
2239:
2230:Theories of gender as a social construct
329:Social determinants of health in poverty
14772:
14693:
14292:
13712:
13710:
13590:
13541:
13522:"Is the men's rights movement growing?"
13357:
12977:
12809:Smith RB (2014). Harry F. Dahms (ed.).
12720:
12542:
12264:
12146:
12092:
11810:
11636:
11479:"She Minds the Child, He Minds the Dog"
11476:
11310:Kian EM, Vincent J, Mondello M (2008).
11278:
11034:
10878:
10847:
10832:
10767:
10588:
10563:. Oxford University Press. p. 172.
10267:
10197:
9615:, Cuddy AJ, Glick P, Xu J (June 2002).
9563:. New York: Hogarth Press. p. 76.
9482:
9455:
9149:
9147:
8932:
8273:
7495:
7493:
7469:
7456:
7004:
6847:
6221:
6101:
4181:
3532:Stereotype content model, adapted from
2969:However, in a religious cosmology like
2641:
2098:Gender roles influence a wide range of
14:
21326:
14908:The Social Dynamics of Family Violence
14866:The Social Dynamics of Family Violence
14689:
14687:
14659:
14605:
14572:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
14483:. The Royal College of Psychiatrists.
14419:
13770:
13768:
13613:
13145:
13110:
12746:
12694:
12430:
12225:
11721:
11719:
11692:
11690:
11688:
11230:
11043:
10995:
10623:
10162:
9900:
9843:"Plenary 2—Redefining Gender Violence"
9683:
9509:
9365:
9356:
9184:. SAGE Publications. 2014. p. 3.
9071:
9069:
9067:
9031:
9029:
9027:
9025:
8981:
8977:
8975:
8973:
8883:"Sweden: Land of the Stay-At-Home Dad"
8367:"Men hold the edge on gender gap odds"
8329:
8251:
8167:
8096:10.1093/actrade/9780199676514.003.0005
8079:
7854:Ehrenreich B, Deirdre English (2010).
7820:
7742:
7711:
6911:Thekla Morgenroth, Michelle K. Ryan. "
6499:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
6412:
6173:
5648:LGBT conservatism in the United States
4252:
3703:While activists have tried calling on
2756:Christ and the Woman Taken in Adultery
2412:is maintained if disagreement occurs.
19333:
18639:Psychological effects of Internet use
17964:
17237:Post-structuralist discourse analysis
16503:Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary
16168:
15462:
14975:
14807:
14708:
14665:
14630:
14425:
14022:
13634:
13485:
13458:
13265:"They Call It the Reverse Gender Gap"
12945:American Journal of Political Science
12910:American Journal of Political Science
12849:
12808:
12782:Currah P, Juang RM, Minter S (2006).
11148:
11088:
9553:
9106:
8745:"A Breadwinner Rethinks Gender Roles"
8723:
8440:
8438:
8436:
8434:
8432:
8309:
8307:
8305:
8269:
8267:
8265:
8263:
8118:
8014:
7916:Bullough VL, Bonnie Bullough (1993).
7386:
7322:
7173:. New York: Basic Books. p. 46.
6617:
6544:
6513:
6373:See also: Trumbach, Randolph (1994).
6325:
6188:Springer Science & Business Media
6142:Essential Concepts for Healthy Living
6132:
4676:
4588:; transgender people may identify as
4474:) and government services (including
3445:
3039:
2545:
2530:
2358:Model B – Total integration of roles
21279:
20319:Capital punishment for homosexuality
19614:Social determinants of mental health
14965:Stanford Graduate School of Business
14487:from the original on 17 January 2013
14213:"Sexual orientation and adolescents"
13985:
13878:from the original on 11 January 2022
13707:
13289:
12881:www.cawp.rutgers.edu/current-numbers
12457:
12136:from the original on 9 October 2022.
11340:
11157:
10971:Journal of Applied Social Psychology
10558:
10546:10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100016
10470:The Journal of Economic Perspectives
9673:from the original on 9 October 2022.
9144:
9109:Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
8837:from the original on 11 January 2022
8188:from the original on 9 October 2022.
7887:Boulis AK, Jacobs, Jerry A. (2010).
7564:
7490:
7302:10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170400084015
7128:International Journal of Advertising
6705:
6422:, Inside Indonesia, April–June 2001.
6364:. Palgrave Macmillan (17 June 2000)
4525:
4350:to the new "private sphere". Writer
4004:
3975:adding citations to reliable sources
3946:
3215:
2929:and Muslim). One famous account is:
1063:Capital punishment for homosexuality
334:Social determinants of mental health
20439:Genital modification and mutilation
18619:Digital media use and mental health
14684:
14077:
13765:
11962:Fausto-Sterling A (4 August 2008).
11716:
11685:
11002:Journal of Sports and Social Issues
10644:"Breaking down the gender wage gap"
10573:
10270:Research in Organizational Behavior
9075:
9064:
9035:
9022:
8970:
8419:"Polygamy proposal for Chechen men"
7986:from the original on 9 October 2022
7799:10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011719
7023:from the original on 9 October 2022
5815:
3604:
1183:Genital modification and mutilation
24:
19359:
18250:Automatic and controlled processes
15001:
13808:. 20 November 2009. Archived from
13774:
11108:Schmalz DL, Kerstetter DL (2006).
10983:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02178.x
10603:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1987.tb01066.x
9253:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.09.004
8429:
8302:
8260:
8200:"Surah Al-Baqarah [2:228]"
7631:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.04.014
7416:"Doing gender in the 'new office'"
6780:Trumbach R (1994). Herdt G (ed.).
6750:. New York: Routledge. p. 8.
6439:The Development of Sex Differences
6396:Genderqueer and non-binary genders
6210:as well as care-seeking behaviors.
4673:, when they are both so similar."
4642:(because it is considered to be a
4576:Transgender is the state of one's
4561:Legal status of transgender people
4229:political parties tend to support
2326:
2321:
27:Social role associated with gender
25:
21375:
18659:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
15165:Languages with grammatical gender
14941:
14812:. American Society of Criminology
14120:American Journal of Public Health
13262:Torregrosa L (13 December 2011).
13235:Maria Shriver (19 October 2009).
11740:from the original on 11 May 2021.
11626:from the original on 14 May 2021.
10499:The American Journal of Sociology
9904:Journal of Educational Psychology
9828:10.1038/scientificamerican0172-34
9208:. Los Angeles: Sage, 2014. Print.
8691:Population and Development Review
8087:Saints: A Very Short Introduction
8017:"The divide over ordaining women"
3499:Personal Attributes Questionnaire
3373:Communication and gender cultures
3154:A woman publicly witnessing at a
3061:
3049:Changing gender roles in marriage
2436:
21296:
21278:
21269:
21268:
20918:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
20755:Law for Protection of the Nation
20655:White genocide conspiracy theory
19310:
19297:
19285:
19284:
18684:Mobile phones and driving safety
17944:
17935:
17934:
17922:
17482:Democratic Republic of the Congo
16898:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
16054:Attraction to transgender people
15443:
15442:
15433:
15432:
15423:
15422:
15269:Gender bias in medical diagnosis
15035:
14890:
14824:
14801:
14766:
14756:
14747:
14738:
14726:
14717:
14702:
14624:
14589:
14580:
14533:
14516:
14499:
14156:
14107:
14095:
13998:
13955:
13921:
13904:
13890:
13857:
13824:
13794:
13617:Sexual Politics: An Introduction
13351:
13341:
13322:
13283:
13255:
13174:
13148:Journal of Educational Sociology
13139:
13104:
13069:
13050:
13015:
12971:
12936:
12898:
12869:
12802:
12775:
12740:
12688:
12653:
12618:
12604:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00389.x
12583:
12536:
12477:
12451:
12424:
12389:
12346:
12297:
12258:
12219:
12194:
12179:
12140:
12086:
12024:
11989:
11955:
11900:
11843:
11804:
11765:
11630:
11602:
11590:
11576:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2011.00585.x
11551:
11504:
11470:
11431:
11412:
11373:
11334:
11303:
11272:
11101:
11082:
11028:
10989:
10958:
10952:10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.10.005
10940:Psychology of Sport and Exercise
10927:
10872:
10841:
10826:
10761:
10751:American Bar Association Journal
10742:
10703:
10668:
10636:
10617:
10582:
10567:
10552:
10525:
10490:
10457:
10386:
10367:
10348:
10303:
10276:
10261:
10247:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2008.00072.x
10226:
10191:
10156:
10124:
10072:
10035:
9974:
9894:
9865:
9834:
9797:
9783:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01529.x
9710:
9692:
9677:
9605:
9575:
9547:
9420:
9375:
9347:
9338:
9319:
9310:
9301:
9282:Martinson J (15 November 2011).
9275:
9220:
9211:
9198:
9174:
9135:
9100:
9094:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2012.01789.x
8961:
8926:
8900:
8875:
8849:
8816:
8790:
7826:Oxford Review of Economic Policy
7414:Hirst A, Schwabenland C (2018).
7401:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2009.00459.x
6711:
5991:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2009.00611.x
5882:
5868:
5854:
5698:
4584:. Transgender is independent of
4158:female are treated differently.
4009:
3951:
3925:Emerald Group Publishing Limited
3778:Economic and social consequences
3457:Sexism § Gender stereotypes
3321:
3220:
3099:
3090:
3079:
3070:
2661:Israhel van Meckenem the Younger
2609:primarily focused on girls with
2355:Model A – Total role segregation
1674:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1503:Law for Protection of the Nation
1399:White genocide conspiracy theory
59:
20760:MSM blood donation restrictions
20508:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
18587:Computer-mediated communication
14385:, Vilain E, Epprecht M (2016).
14381:Bailey JM, Vasey P, Diamond L,
14340:Gloria Kersey-Matusiak (2012).
13831:Manigandan KR (9 August 2009).
13520:Finocchiaro P (29 March 2011).
12721:Jayanth M (18 September 2014).
12433:Campus-Wide Information Systems
11564:Gender, Work & Organization
9429:Culture, Health & Sexuality
8982:Kawase K, et al. (2013). "
8755:
8743:Dunleavey M (27 January 2007).
8736:
8717:
8682:
8647:
8620:
8585:
8550:
8515:
8480:
8467:
8411:
8390:
8381:
8365:Pritchard J (21 October 2003).
8358:
8242:
8217:
8192:
8161:
8112:
8073:
8034:
8008:
7998:
7968:Burns C, Krehely J (May 2011).
7961:
7952:
7943:
7934:
7880:
7814:
7773:
7696:
7682:Man & Woman, Boy & Girl
7672:
7637:
7598:
7558:
7500:Ryan MK, Branscombe NR (2013).
7420:Gender, Work & Organization
7407:
7380:
7316:
7281:
7268:
7246:
7119:
7092:
7065:
7044:
7035:
6998:
6989:
6942:
6930:
6905:
6896:
6883:
6866:
6841:
6798:
6773:
6764:
6728:
6646:
6611:
6576:
6460:
6425:
6387:
6354:
6319:
6147:Jones & Bartlett Publishers
5839:Gender roles in family violence
4418:
4194:political parties often oppose
3962:needs additional citations for
3751:media coverage of women's sport
3409:Communication and sexual desire
3287:Sex-Role Egalitarian Scale, and
2981:Studies on marriage in the U.S.
2734:
1508:MSM blood donation restrictions
1252:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
20773:(as religious or racial quota)
18864:Empathising–systemising theory
18167:female intrasexual competition
18104:Evolutionarily stable strategy
12749:"The Attack on Women's Rights"
12695:Stuart K (17 September 2014).
12147:Collins RL (1 February 2011).
11829:10.1016/j.geoforum.2004.04.002
11726:Shaw E, Mariano H (May 2021).
11643:Journal of Applied Gerontology
11517:Journal of Marriage and Family
11134:10.1080/00222216.2006.11950091
8489:Journal of Marriage and Family
8276:Journal of Development Studies
7918:Crossdressing, Sex, and Gender
7537:Pediatric Endocrinology E-Book
6284:
6249:
6102:Lindsey LL (14 October 2015).
6095:
6005:
5966:
5904:Childhood gender nonconformity
5252:Rights by country or territory
4551:Transgender and cross-dressing
4354:described this discontent as "
4288:President of the United States
3284:Attitudes Towards Women Scale,
2611:congenital adrenal hyperplasia
1521:(as religious or racial quota)
13:
1:
21187:Second-generation gender bias
20903:Constitutional colorblindness
19604:Social determinants of health
19224:Standard social science model
18277:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
16144:Social construction of gender
14869:. Westview Press. p. 7.
14029:Ryan CC, Futterman D (1998).
13995:". Retrieved 11 January 2012.
13864:Kallenbach M (16 June 2000).
13497:, Hearn J, Connell R (eds.).
13329:Has Feminism Changed Science?
13208:10.1080/00223980.1996.9915024
8453:. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
7707:. Penguin Books. p. 136.
7476:. Routledge. pp. 29–34.
7389:Gender, Work and Organization
7323:Macht A (25 September 2019).
7258:"The True Story of John/Joan"
6949:West C, Zimmerman DH (1987).
6937:Franco-German TV Station ARTE
5960:
5668:Social construction of gender
5617:Academic fields and discourse
4441:Save Indian Family Foundation
4071:, social media operates as a
3623:Women Airforce Service Pilots
3117:; women being sworn into the
3032:In a cross-cultural study by
2846:New Testament household codes
2483:
2274:disagree with that position.
2236:Social construction of gender
2191:has identified five genders.
2120:
2105:Various groups, most notably
1951:Second-generation gender bias
1659:Constitutional colorblindness
324:Social determinants of health
19072:Missing heritability problem
18664:Social aspects of television
18287:Evolution of nervous systems
18255:Computational theory of mind
17844:Suffragists and suffragettes
16194:
16129:Sex as a biological variable
15448:Gender and sexual identities
15197:Gender marking in job titles
14962:, Strategic Communications,
14845:10.1146/annurev.soc.22.1.459
14668:Interpersonal Relationships
14456:The Biology of Homosexuality
14299:Gail Wiscarz Stuart (2014).
14177:10.1080/00918369.2012.724634
13078:Political Research Quarterly
13059:Denver University Law Review
12367:10.1080/00224545.2012.717974
12355:Journal of Social Psychology
12226:Wallis C (1 February 2011).
11702:Center for American Progress
11456:10.1080/08838151.2012.678515
11091:Philosophic Inquiry in Sport
10677:American Sociological Review
10411:10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.12.009
10165:American Sociological Review
10131:Airaksinen T (5 June 2018).
10045:Review of General Psychology
9686:"List of gender stereotypes"
9233:Evolution and Human Behavior
8524:Journal of Adult Development
8288:10.1080/00220388.2011.629653
8015:Masci D (9 September 2014).
7977:Center for American Progress
7749:DeLisi M, Vaughn MG (2014).
7679:Money J, Ehrhardt A (1974).
7611:Evolution and Human Behavior
7329:Oxford Bibliographies Online
7086:10.1016/0147-1767(86)90015-5
6092:. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
6039:10.1371/journal.pone.0147315
4401:Has Feminism Changed Science
3943:Gender Roles in Social Media
3915:Journal of Social Psychology
3715:
3679:In relation to white women,
2741:Gender roles in Christianity
2704:Center for American Progress
2657:The world turned upside down
7:
21098:Medical model of disability
20950:Hate speech laws by country
19318:Evolutionary biology portal
15405:Gender in Bible translation
15359:The NeuroGenderings Network
14948:OHCHR | Gender stereotyping
14906:Hattery A, Smith E (2016).
14863:Hattery A, Smith E (2012).
14775:Journal of American Culture
14459:. Oxford University Press.
14432:. Oxford University Press.
14348:Springer Publishing Company
11637:Lee Y, Tang F (June 2015).
11114:Journal of Leisure Research
10357:21 Yale J.L. & Feminism
9491:The Journal of Sex Research
9406:10.1207/s15327957pspr0503_5
9121:10.1177/0022022199030006004
8090:. Oxford University Press.
7786:Annual Review of Psychology
7718:Feld BC, Bishop DM (2011).
7366:10.1177/0891243287001002002
6967:10.1177/0891243287001002002
6939:, Karambolage, August 2004.
6819:10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.699
6228:. Routledge. pp. 4–5.
6139:Alters S, Schiff W (2009).
5954:Sexual inversion (sexology)
5847:
5758:biologically based theories
5286:Blood donation restrictions
4638:. Usually not included are
4480:compulsory military service
4450:. It branched off from the
4298:Feminism and women's rights
3832:Implicit gender stereotypes
3413:Metts, et al. explain that
2943:
2747:Christian views on marriage
2720:
2349:
1862:Medical model of disability
1706:Hate speech laws by country
10:
21380:
21359:Gender-related stereotypes
21207:Social model of disability
19659:Discrimination against men
19279:Evolutionary psychologists
19152:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
19067:Human–animal communication
18779:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
18629:Imprinted brain hypothesis
18597:Human–computer interaction
16044:Androphilia and gynephilia
15410:God and gender in Hinduism
15313:Gender Empowerment Measure
14956:by the Pew Research Center
14833:Annual Review of Sociology
13447:(2): 39–52. Archived from
13090:10.1177/106591299304600304
12458:EAVI (22 September 2021).
12410:10.1207/s1532785xmep0602_1
12206:Bureau of Labor Statistics
12119:10.1177/089124300014006004
12010:10.1016/j.jecp.2013.07.018
11868:10.1007/s12134-022-01004-6
11558:Cranford CJ (March 2012).
11477:Kuttner R (25 June 1989).
11316:Sociology of Sport Journal
11216:10.1177/089124393007001007
11068:10.1177/101269020203700306
11014:10.1177/019372394018001004
10854:Sociology of Sport Journal
10689:10.1177/000312240406900401
10534:Annual Review of Sociology
10297:10.1037/0022-3514.36.7.778
10177:10.1177/000312240507000408
9949:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797
9917:10.1037/0022-0663.83.4.518
9888:10.1037/0022-3514.46.5.991
9648:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878
9541:10.1037/0012-1649.28.2.225
7113:10.1163/156913202317346728
6672:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1105234
6081:Sex Roles and Gender Roles
5949:Sex and gender distinction
5819:
5428:Grooming conspiracy theory
5365:Mixed-orientation marriage
5295:LGBT medical organizations
4686:
4680:
4554:
4529:
4498:analogous to the existing
4428:
4422:
4380:Another recent article in
4372:along with other Parisian
4307:
4301:
4177:Politics and gender issues
3835:
3454:
3450:
3325:
3209:
3171:more than their husbands.
3019:the influence of the media
2984:
2950:God and gender in Hinduism
2947:
2869:
2863:
2744:
2738:
2724:
2663:. The wife is holding the
2647:
2549:
2534:
2256:boys, would be considered
2233:
2124:
1971:Social model of disability
379:Discrimination against men
29:
21264:
21003:
20880:
20673:
20560:Opposition to immigration
20284:
19914:
19751:
19511:
19461:Race / Ethnicity
19398:
19367:
19273:
19199:Environmental determinism
19170:Cultural selection theory
19162:
19057:Evolutionary epistemology
19044:
18971:evolutionary neuroscience
18933:
18926:
18824:
18699:
18644:Rank theory of depression
18567:
18491:
18393:
18199:
18192:
18146:Parent–offspring conflict
18055:
17998:
17916:
17856:
17795:
17788:
17467:
17172:
16918:Female genital mutilation
16856:
16789:
16686:
16406:
16395:
16322:Majority-Muslim countries
16287:
16254:
16211:
16202:
16096:
16026:
15990:
15887:
15854:
15841:
15644:
15512:
15501:
15418:
15392:
15367:
15346:
15339:
15300:
15284:
15277:
15236:
15225:
15111:
15103:List of gender identities
15044:
15033:
15009:
14808:Barak G (15 March 2009).
14787:10.1017/s0021875801006673
13867:"Yesterday in Parliament"
13833:"Boys fight for freedom!"
13649:10.1080/13603110210143644
13196:The Journal of Psychology
13036:10.1080/10510970903109904
13000:10.1017/s1743923x09000014
12798:– via Google Books.
12674:10.1177/01461672022811006
12639:10.1007/s11199-009-9683-8
12445:10.1108/CWIS-11-2013-0065
12322:10.1007/s11199-016-0617-y
12244:10.1007/s11199-010-9814-2
12165:10.1007/s11199-010-9929-5
11985:– via Google Books.
11933:10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.44
11246:Communication & Sport
11176:10.1016/j.smr.2014.05.001
11050:von der Lippe G (2002a).
10881:Journal of Sport Behavior
10812:10.1007/s11199-005-3730-x
10464:Blau FD, Kahn LM (2000).
9503:10.1080/00224498709551385
9476:10.1080/00224498909551493
9000:10.1007/s00268-012-1784-9
8947:10.1007/s11199-010-9870-7
8776:10.1007/s12147-012-9111-1
8668:10.1007/s11199-017-0852-x
8536:10.1007/s10804-016-9231-z
8119:Dhami S (November 2000).
7658:10.1007/s11199-011-9990-8
7140:10.2501/S026504870920104X
6514:Lopez G (18 April 2016).
6432:Eleanor Emmons M (1966).
6305:10.1007/s11199-007-9278-1
6180:David S. Gochman (1997).
5673:Socialism and LGBT rights
5623:Communism and LGBT rights
4452:men's liberation movement
4324:Women's Suffrage Movement
3867:Implicit-association test
3628:Army–Navy Screen Magazine
3422:and emotional meanings".
2552:Sex differences in humans
2417:Child care and education
2339:developed a model of the
2222:gender identities become
2212:is not the same thing as
1304:Opposition to immigration
173:Race / Ethnicity
20555:Occupational segregation
20324:Compulsory sterilization
19092:Cultural group selection
18976:Biocultural anthropology
18669:Societal impacts of cars
18602:Media naturalness theory
18292:Fight-or-flight response
17891:Women's studies journals
17849:Women's rights activists
16398:Movements and ideologies
15592:Non-binary / genderqueer
15380:Women's studies journals
15354:Gender studies academics
15318:Gender Development Index
15264:Gender bias on Knowledge
15217:Preferred gender pronoun
15135:Feminization of language
15130:Feminist language reform
14931:Hattery & Smith 2012
14404:10.1177/1529100616637616
14307:Elsevier Health Sciences
14165:Journal of Homosexuality
14132:10.2105/ajph.2011.300262
13747:"FHM: For Him Minister?"
13553:Rowman & Littlefield
13290:Case MA (October 1995).
12788:. U of Minnesota Press.
12753:Crime and Social Justice
12592:Social Science Quarterly
12561:10.1177/2167696818804051
12543:Daniels EA (June 2020).
12265:Bandura A (April 2002).
11811:Iredale R (March 2005).
11790:10.1177/0730888408322859
11655:10.1177/0733464813508649
11398:10.1177/2167479513484579
11359:10.1177/2167479513484579
11258:10.1177/2167479513476947
10399:The Leadership Quarterly
10312:Journal of Social Issues
10200:Journal of Social Issues
10102:10.1177/0146167218771895
9528:Developmental Psychology
9058:10.1177/0042098012460734
8988:World Journal of Surgery
8606:10.1177/0192513x05285293
8594:Journal of Family Issues
8571:10.1177/0192513x03257795
8559:Journal of Family Issues
8059:10.1177/0966735017714402
7542:Elsevier Health Sciences
7224:Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp
6925:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01320
6108:. Routledge. p. 5.
5979:Social Science Quarterly
5754:environmental influences
4671:National baseball league
4667:American baseball league
4514:. In the United States,
4502:, have been proposed by
4431:Fathers' rights movement
4388:Luisita Lopez Torregrosa
4135:Gender inequality online
4104:images of men. However,
3894:
3846:A magazine feature from
3290:Sex-Role Ideology Scale.
2859:
2772:parachurch organizations
2667:and the man is spinning.
1299:Occupational segregation
1068:Compulsory sterilization
21083:Internalized oppression
20945:Fighting Discrimination
20935:Fat acceptance movement
20893:Anti-discrimination law
20533:Native American mascots
19292:Evolutionary psychology
19256:Sociocultural evolution
19097:Dual inheritance theory
18554:Personality development
18015:Theoretical foundations
17992:Evolutionary psychology
17434:International relations
16154:Transgender archaeology
15375:Gender studies journals
15249:Gender-related violence
14954:Surveys on gender roles
14232:10.1542/peds.113.6.1827
13675:Clatterbaugh K (1996).
12283:10.1111/1464-0597.00092
12061:10.1073/pnas.0809921106
11347:Communication and Sport
11164:Sport Management Review
10324:10.1111/0022-4537.00239
10212:10.1111/0022-4537.00234
9464:Journal of Sex Research
9441:10.1080/136910501171698
9168:10.1080/026999399379023
9156:Cognition & Emotion
8473:Lindsey, L. L. (2015).
7726:Oxford University Press
6744:Fenstermaker S (2002).
6659:Frontiers in Psychology
6420:Sulawesi's fifth gender
6418:Graham, Sharyn (2001),
6340:10.1023/A:1018709905920
6078:Levesque R.J.R. (2011)
5536:Intersex discrimination
5305:Transgender health care
4541:gender neutral language
3826:1986 immigration policy
3356:Nonverbal communication
2580:view argues that men's
2271:evolutionary psychology
1847:Internalized oppression
1701:Fighting Discrimination
1691:Fat acceptance movement
1649:Anti-discrimination law
1277:Native American mascots
21202:Social identity threat
21175:Reverse discrimination
21165:Racial color blindness
20645:Violence against women
20625:Sex-selective abortion
19214:Social constructionism
19209:Psychological nativism
19184:Biological determinism
19132:Recent human evolution
19127:Punctuated equilibrium
18950:Behavioral epigenetics
18945:evolutionary economics
18914:Variability hypothesis
18859:Emotional intelligence
18592:Engineering psychology
18282:Evolution of the brain
17864:Conservative feminisms
17162:Women in the workforce
17130:Violence against women
17105:Sexual objectification
17065:Opposition to feminism
16262:Bicycling and feminism
16149:Split attraction model
16134:Sex–gender distinction
15308:Gender and development
12503:10.3390/ijerph20105770
11753:Cite journal requires
11511:Greenstein TN (1996).
10029:8 January 2016 at the
10011:10.1006/jesp.1998.1373
9082:Development and Change
8863:. Toronto. 5 June 2014
8313:Gauntlett, D. (2008).
8137:10.1136/ewjm.173.5.352
8082:"Gendering the saints"
7274:Colapinto, J. (2000).
6807:Psychological Bulletin
6585:Sociology of Education
6258:Sociology of Education
5876:Human sexuality portal
5360:LGBT rights opposition
4895:Sex–gender distinction
4640:transvestic fetishists
4573:
4443:
4377:
4319:
4031:by rewriting it in an
3855:
3791:
3710:equal rights for women
3669:women in the workforce
3667:. While the number of
3657:Equal Rights Amendment
3649:third-party punishment
3631:
3537:
3474:
3382:
3163:
3119:Afghan National Police
3004:
2996:
2966:
2935:
2856:in the first century.
2762:
2668:
2565:
2474:
2454:
2266:social constructionism
2261:
1966:Social identity threat
1939:Reverse discrimination
1929:Racial color blindness
1389:Violence against women
1369:Sex-selective abortion
21170:Religious intolerance
21130:Political correctness
20960:Intersex human rights
20908:Cultural assimilation
20590:Religious persecution
20354:Disability hate crime
20129:Jewish / Antisemitism
19241:Multilineal evolution
19204:Nature versus nurture
19163:Theoretical positions
19011:Functional psychology
19006:Evolutionary medicine
18981:Biological psychiatry
18689:Texting while driving
18679:Lead–crime hypothesis
18539:Cognitive development
18524:Caregiver deprivation
18035:Gene selection theory
17904:Women in peacekeeping
17444:Revisionist mythology
16881:Children's literature
16124:Queer heterosexuality
14453:Balthazart J (2012).
14103:http://www.ebrary.com
14084:Interview with RuPaul
13402:Westminster John Knox
13024:Communication Studies
12987:Politics & Gender
11297:10.1123/wspaj.18.2.38
10431:American Psychologist
9704:plannedparenthood.org
8445:Benokraits N (2002).
7891:. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR.
7101:Comparative Sociology
6360:Roscoe, Will (2000).
5262:Yogyakarta Principles
5232:Intersex human rights
5155:Same-sex relationship
4878:Queer heterosexuality
4568:
4438:
4425:Men's rights movement
4368:
4356:the feminine mystique
4317:
4218:of their voter base.
3845:
3785:
3768:hegemonic masculinity
3621:Short film about the
3620:
3531:
3472:
3380:
3153:
3002:
2994:
2961:
2931:
2866:Gender roles in Islam
2838:doctors of the church
2830:Mary, mother of Jesus
2797:. Women may serve as
2767:women in Christianity
2754:
2655:
2559:
2535:Further information:
2469:
2444:
2243:
2079:, although there are
1934:Religious intolerance
1894:Political correctness
1716:Intersex human rights
1664:Cultural assimilation
1334:Religious persecution
1098:Disability hate crime
865:Jewish / Antisemitism
21339:Feminist terminology
20575:Political repression
19564:Anti-left handedness
19554:Anti-intellectualism
19194:Cultural determinism
19001:Evolutionary biology
18986:Cognitive psychology
18934:Academic disciplines
18582:Cognitive ergonomics
18549:Language acquisition
18529:Childhood attachment
18342:Wason selection task
18236:Behavioral modernity
18025:Cognitive revolution
18008:Evolutionary thought
17346:Pathways perspective
17191:Gender mainstreaming
17110:Substantive equality
17090:Reproductive justice
17040:Matriarchal religion
16893:Diversity (politics)
16104:Anti-gender movement
16079:Romantic orientation
15207:Lavender linguistics
15150:Genderless languages
15140:Gender neutrality in
15022:Anti-gender movement
14018:on 27 February 2008.
13973:on 25 September 2016
13595:. In Boyd SB (ed.).
13296:The Yale Law Journal
13113:Current Anthropology
12106:Gender & Society
11778:Work and Occupations
11380:Angelini JR (2008).
11328:10.1123/ssj.25.2.223
11204:Gender & Society
10866:10.1123/ssj.28.2.151
10716:The Yale Law Journal
10466:"Differences in Pay"
10143:Leadership Institute
9588:In a different voice
7838:10.1093/oxrep/gri024
7782:"Gender Stereotypes"
7544:. pp. 141–142.
7534:Sperling MA (2014).
7510:. pp. 149–150.
7278:. NY: HarperCollins.
7256:(11 December 1997).
6893:New York; Routledge.
6724:on 19 November 2012.
6563:10.1123/wspaj.15.1.3
5899:Anti-gender movement
5638:Lavender linguistics
4328:Nineteenth Amendment
4188:social conservatives
4182:Political ideologies
3971:improve this article
3860:Implicit stereotypes
3690:second-wave feminism
3522:In a Different Voice
3436:Challenge hypothesis
3385:According to author
3233:confusing or unclear
3188:LGBT rights movement
2889:United Arab Emirates
2635:juvenile delinquency
2503:They concluded that
2445:In Greek mythology,
2260:in the 21st century.
2246:gender socialization
2161:gender socialization
1319:Political repression
284:Anti-left handedness
274:Anti-intellectualism
21364:Social conservatism
21078:Historical eugenics
20615:Segregation academy
20595:Religious terrorism
20384:Enemy of the people
20292:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
19796:Jehovah's Witnesses
19684:Perpetual foreigner
19261:Unilineal evolution
19026:Population genetics
18811:Sexy son hypothesis
18749:Hormonal motivation
18729:Concealed ovulation
18270:Dual process theory
18141:Parental investment
17929:Feminism portal
17809:Ecofeminist authors
17659:Trinidad and Tobago
17599:Republic of Ireland
17459:Composition studies
17140:Women's empowerment
17095:Sex workers' rights
17020:Feminist capitalism
17000:Internalized sexism
16933:Feminism in culture
16811:Kurdish (Jineology)
15856:Sexual orientations
15587:Masculine of center
15400:Gender and religion
15202:Language and gender
15192:Genderless language
14086:, David Shankbone,
13967:Oxford Dictionaries
13872:The Daily Telegraph
13812:on 25 November 2018
13570:Solinger R (2013).
13454:on 20 October 2013.
13432:Maddison S (1999).
13404:Press. p. 17.
13224:on 18 January 2010.
12052:2009PNAS..10610593N
12046:(26): 10593–10597.
11126:2006JLeiR..38..536S
10920:10.3390/su132111863
10833:Connell RW (2005).
10483:10.1257/jep.14.4.75
9820:1972SciAm.226a..34L
9807:Scientific American
9560:A room of one's own
9245:2012EHumB..33..210T
9050:2013UrbSt..50.1148T
8178:Library of Congress
8121:"The Muslim family"
8041:Langford J (2017).
8021:Pew Research Center
7780:Ellemers N (2018).
7703:Lewontin R (1990).
7623:2024EHumB..4506586V
7571:Scientific American
7470:Lindsey LL (2015).
6848:Cherlin AJ (2010).
6653:Balducci M (2023).
6222:Lindsey LL (2015).
6030:2016PLoSO..1147315M
5919:Gender polarization
5765:non-heterosexuality
5683:Transgender studies
5423:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
4253:In political office
4089:Pew Research Center
4078:The creation of an
3838:Implicit stereotype
3816:responsibilities."
3568:less self-assertive
3328:Language and gender
3241:clarify the section
2727:Gender and religion
2674:World Values Survey
2449:is synonymous with
2306:, in works such as
2156:sociology of gender
1842:Historical eugenics
1359:Segregation academy
1339:Religious terrorism
1128:Enemy of the people
1036:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
524:Jehovah's Witnesses
404:Perpetual foreigner
20990:Social integration
20985:Self-determination
20975:Racial integration
20923:Diversity training
20913:Cultural pluralism
20888:Affirmative action
20788:Racial segregation
20698:Crime of apartheid
20600:Religious violence
20093:Indigenous people
19488:Sexual orientation
19219:Social determinism
19102:Fisher's principle
19062:Great ape language
19052:Cultural evolution
19021:Philosophy of mind
18854:Division of labour
18816:Westermarck effect
18764:Mating preferences
18674:Distracted driving
18408:Literary criticism
18265:Domain specificity
18245:modularity of mind
17304:Literary criticism
17181:Complementarianism
16903:Effects on society
16871:Complementarianism
16678:Women's liberation
15977:Same gender loving
15888:Alternative labels
15182:Grammatical gender
14694:Cherlin A (2010).
14554:on 20 October 2016
13845:on 20 October 2012
13838:The Times of India
13722:The Times of India
13695:on 17 March 2015.
13591:Menzies R (2007).
13428:See, for example:
13358:Gavanas A (2004).
13243:on 20 October 2009
12785:Transgender Rights
12633:(11–12): 808–823.
12549:Emerging Adulthood
12271:Applied Psychology
11483:The New York Times
11421:Women and Language
11279:Lumpkin A (2009).
10996:Duncan MC (1994).
10848:Messner M (2011).
8908:"Breadwinner Moms"
8861:The Globe and Mail
8749:The New York Times
8641:10.1111/jssr.12308
8425:. 13 January 2006.
8344:10.1007/BF00288051
8338:(11–12): 649–668.
7652:(11–12): 804–825.
7432:10.1111/gwao.12200
7354:Gender and Society
7167:(4 August 2008) .
7005:Dvorsky G (2008).
6955:Gender and Society
6889:Butler, J. (1990).
6481:on 24 October 2014
6299:(11–12): 851–864.
5934:Grammatical gender
5643:LGBTQ conservatism
5257:Transgender rights
4778:Sexual orientation
4683:Sexual orientation
4677:Sexual orientation
4586:sexual orientation
4574:
4500:Minister for Women
4444:
4412:Female Circulation
4408:Sally Shuttleworth
4383:The New York Times
4378:
4320:
4235:transgender rights
4200:transgender rights
4069:Cornell University
4033:encyclopedic style
4020:is written like a
3856:
3792:
3770:present in sport.
3653:job discrimination
3632:
3538:
3475:
3446:Gender stereotypes
3383:
3164:
3040:Social Interaction
3005:
2997:
2967:
2801:. Some mainstream
2763:
2669:
2642:gender stereotypes
2566:
2546:Biological factors
2531:West and Zimmerman
2455:
2262:
2244:Changing norms of
2135:, also known as a
2113:, inaccurate, and
1746:Social integration
1741:Self-determination
1731:Racial integration
1679:Diversity training
1669:Cultural pluralism
1644:Affirmative action
1536:Racial segregation
1448:Crime of apartheid
1344:Religious violence
829:Indigenous people
200:Sexual orientation
18:Gender stereotypes
21292:
21291:
21160:Racism by country
21088:Intersectionality
21073:Heteronormativity
20872:Voter suppression
20620:Sexual harassment
20419:Forced conversion
20339:Cultural genocide
19992:African Americans
19806:post–Cold War era
19791:Eastern Orthodoxy
19549:Anti-drug addicts
19544:Anti-homelessness
19471:Scientific racism
19327:
19326:
19305:Psychology portal
19269:
19268:
19112:Hologenome theory
19082:Unit of selection
19077:Primate cognition
18991:Cognitive science
18922:
18921:
18793:Sexual attraction
18769:Mating strategies
18534:Cinderella effect
18464:Moral foundations
18368:Visual perception
18260:Domain generality
18229:Facial expression
18177:Sexual dimorphism
18136:Natural selection
18082:Hamiltonian spite
17958:
17957:
17912:
17911:
17321:Political ecology
17227:Écriture féminine
17125:Triple oppression
17115:Toxic masculinity
17100:Sexual harassment
16960:Feminist stripper
16938:Feminist movement
16852:
16851:
16790:Ethnic and racial
16391:
16390:
16162:
16161:
16109:Gender assignment
16092:
16091:
15837:
15836:
15577:Gender neutrality
15456:
15455:
15388:
15387:
15335:
15334:
15331:
15330:
15098:Gender neutrality
15088:Gender expression
15067:Non-binary gender
14917:978-0-8133-4999-2
14876:978-0-8133-4463-8
14677:978-0-203-01971-9
14466:978-0-19-983882-0
14439:978-0-19-975296-6
14357:978-0-8261-9381-0
14316:978-0-323-29412-6
14274:978-1-305-17689-8
14171:(10): 1356–1358.
14092:, 6 October 2007.
14042:978-0-231-11191-1
13916:978-0-8014-4690-0
13898:Minister for Men.
13688:978-0-8133-2701-3
13627:978-0-7486-1247-5
13614:Dunphy R (2000).
13606:978-0-7748-1411-9
13583:978-0-19-981141-0
13562:978-0-8039-5577-6
13512:978-0-7619-2369-5
13503:SAGE Publications
13501:. Thousand Oaks:
13478:978-1-59033-900-8
13411:978-0-664-25544-2
13377:978-0-252-02884-7
13337:978-0-674-00544-0
12877:"Current Numbers"
12822:978-1-78441-222-7
12795:978-0-8166-4312-7
12747:Cooper L (1981).
12096:(December 2000).
11975:978-0-7867-2390-4
10096:(12): 1648–1663.
9760:Child Development
9720:Child Development
9684:Brewer H (2012).
9598:978-0-674-44544-4
9191:978-1-4522-2009-3
8941:(9/10): 682–696.
8460:978-0-13-034177-8
8204:Surah Al-Baqarah
8105:978-0-19-178130-8
8080:Yarrow S (2018).
8047:Feminist Theology
7927:978-0-8122-1431-4
7898:978-0-8014-7662-4
7873:978-0-912670-13-3
7766:978-1-317-93674-9
7735:978-0-19-020883-7
7551:978-1-4557-5973-6
7517:978-1-4739-7128-8
7508:SAGE Publications
7483:978-1-317-34808-5
7264:. pp. 54–97.
7262:The Rolling Stone
7180:978-0-7867-2433-8
7165:Fausto-Sterling A
6879:10.1037/10683-003
6859:978-0-07-340435-6
6791:978-0-942299-82-3
6757:978-0-415-93179-3
6453:978-0-8047-0308-6
6405:978-1-137-51053-2
6383:978-0-942299-82-3
6235:978-1-317-34808-5
6197:978-1-4899-1760-7
6156:978-0-7637-5641-3
6115:978-1-317-34808-5
6090:978-1-4419-1695-2
5890:Psychology portal
5793:domestic partners
5781:heteronormativity
5738:
5737:
5581:Non-binary people
5472:Domestic violence
5355:Heteronormativity
5227:Decriminalization
5077:Awareness periods
5028:
5027:
4955:Same-sex marriage
4868:Non-binary gender
4547:and other means.
4537:Gender neutrality
4532:Gender neutrality
4526:Gender neutrality
4472:domestic violence
4397:Londa Schiebinger
4061:
4060:
4053:
4003:
4002:
3995:
3754:and performance.
3686:intersectionality
3618:
3586:Stereotype threat
3273:
3272:
3265:
3139:construction work
2872:Marriage in Islam
2589:in 79% of modern
2427:
2426:
2127:Gender expression
2061:
2060:
1924:Racism by country
1852:Intersectionality
1837:Heteronormativity
1620:Voter suppression
1364:Sexual harassment
1163:Forced conversion
1083:Cultural genocide
728:African Americans
534:post–Cold War era
519:Eastern Orthodoxy
269:Anti-drug addicts
264:Anti-homelessness
183:Scientific racism
16:(Redirected from
21371:
21334:1950s neologisms
21319:
21318:
21316:
21314:
21300:
21282:
21281:
21272:
21271:
21212:Social privilege
21197:Social exclusion
21125:Police brutality
21046:Multiculturalism
21016:Amatonormativity
20847:Social exclusion
20683:Age of candidacy
20483:Homeless dumping
20389:Ethnic cleansing
19354:
19347:
19340:
19331:
19330:
19314:
19301:
19288:
19287:
18931:
18930:
18927:Related subjects
18714:Adult attachment
18241:Cognitive module
18197:
18196:
18184:Social selection
18158:Costly signaling
18153:Sexual selection
18040:Modern synthesis
17985:
17978:
17971:
17962:
17961:
17948:
17947:
17938:
17937:
17927:
17926:
17925:
17793:
17792:
17776:History of women
17252:Political theory
17152:
17145:Women-only space
17030:Likeability trap
16995:Invisible labour
16913:Female education
16404:
16403:
16399:
16359:African-American
16289:Women's suffrage
16280:
16267:Feminist history
16209:
16208:
16189:
16182:
16175:
16166:
16165:
15952:Non-heterosexual
15852:
15851:
15510:
15509:
15483:
15476:
15469:
15460:
15459:
15446:
15445:
15436:
15435:
15426:
15425:
15344:
15343:
15282:
15281:
15244:Gender apartheid
15234:
15233:
15069:(or Genderqueer)
15039:
15038:
14996:
14989:
14982:
14973:
14972:
14934:
14928:
14922:
14921:
14903:
14897:
14894:
14888:
14887:
14885:
14883:
14860:
14849:
14848:
14828:
14822:
14821:
14819:
14817:
14805:
14799:
14798:
14770:
14764:
14760:
14754:
14751:
14745:
14742:
14736:
14730:
14724:
14721:
14715:
14714:
14709:Crook R (2011).
14706:
14700:
14699:
14691:
14682:
14681:
14666:Dwyer D (2000).
14663:
14657:
14656:
14628:
14622:
14609:
14603:
14593:
14587:
14584:
14578:
14577:
14571:
14563:
14561:
14559:
14553:
14547:. Archived from
14546:
14537:
14531:
14520:
14514:
14503:
14497:
14496:
14494:
14492:
14477:
14471:
14470:
14450:
14444:
14443:
14426:LeVay S (2017).
14423:
14417:
14416:
14406:
14378:
14372:
14371:
14366:
14364:
14337:
14331:
14330:
14325:
14323:
14296:
14290:
14289:
14283:
14281:
14265:Cengage Learning
14254:
14245:
14244:
14234:
14208:
14197:
14196:
14160:
14154:
14153:
14143:
14126:(6): 1177–1178.
14111:
14105:
14099:
14093:
14081:
14075:
14074:
14068:
14064:
14062:
14054:
14026:
14020:
14019:
14017:
14011:. Archived from
14010:
14002:
13996:
13989:
13983:
13982:
13980:
13978:
13969:. Archived from
13959:
13953:
13942:
13936:
13925:
13919:
13908:
13902:
13894:
13888:
13887:
13885:
13883:
13869:
13861:
13855:
13854:
13852:
13850:
13841:. Archived from
13828:
13822:
13821:
13819:
13817:
13798:
13792:
13791:
13789:
13787:
13781:Washington Times
13772:
13763:
13762:
13760:
13758:
13743:
13734:
13733:
13731:
13729:
13714:
13705:
13704:
13691:. Archived from
13672:
13663:
13660:
13631:
13610:
13587:
13566:
13538:
13536:
13534:
13516:
13482:
13455:
13453:
13438:
13426:
13420:
13419:
13391:
13385:
13384:
13365:
13355:
13349:
13345:
13339:
13326:
13320:
13319:
13287:
13281:
13280:
13278:
13276:
13267:
13259:
13253:
13252:
13250:
13248:
13232:
13226:
13225:
13223:
13218:. Archived from
13187:
13181:
13178:
13172:
13171:
13143:
13137:
13136:
13108:
13102:
13101:
13073:
13067:
13066:
13054:
13048:
13047:
13019:
13013:
13012:
13002:
12975:
12969:
12968:
12940:
12934:
12933:
12902:
12896:
12895:
12890:
12888:
12873:
12867:
12866:
12862:Encyclopedia.com
12853:
12847:
12846:
12840:
12836:
12834:
12826:
12806:
12800:
12799:
12779:
12773:
12772:
12744:
12738:
12737:
12735:
12733:
12718:
12712:
12711:
12709:
12707:
12692:
12686:
12685:
12668:(8): 1073–1083.
12657:
12651:
12650:
12622:
12616:
12615:
12587:
12581:
12580:
12540:
12534:
12533:
12523:
12505:
12481:
12475:
12474:
12472:
12470:
12455:
12449:
12448:
12439:(2/3): 171–180.
12428:
12422:
12421:
12398:Media Psychology
12393:
12387:
12386:
12350:
12344:
12343:
12333:
12316:(7–8): 314–327.
12301:
12295:
12294:
12262:
12256:
12255:
12223:
12217:
12216:
12214:
12212:
12198:
12192:
12191:
12183:
12177:
12176:
12144:
12138:
12137:
12135:
12102:
12090:
12084:
12083:
12073:
12063:
12028:
12022:
12021:
11993:
11987:
11986:
11984:
11982:
11959:
11953:
11952:
11926:
11904:
11898:
11897:
11887:
11862:(3): 1281–1303.
11847:
11841:
11840:
11808:
11802:
11801:
11769:
11763:
11762:
11756:
11751:
11749:
11741:
11739:
11732:
11723:
11714:
11713:
11711:
11709:
11694:
11683:
11682:
11634:
11628:
11627:
11625:
11614:
11606:
11600:
11594:
11588:
11587:
11555:
11549:
11548:
11508:
11502:
11501:
11499:
11497:
11474:
11468:
11467:
11435:
11429:
11428:
11416:
11410:
11409:
11377:
11371:
11370:
11341:Kane MJ (2013).
11338:
11332:
11331:
11307:
11301:
11300:
11276:
11270:
11269:
11237:
11228:
11227:
11195:
11180:
11179:
11158:Fink JS (2013).
11155:
11146:
11145:
11105:
11099:
11098:
11086:
11080:
11079:
11062:(3–4): 371–395.
11047:
11041:
11040:
11032:
11026:
11025:
10993:
10987:
10986:
10977:(7): 1440–1454.
10962:
10956:
10955:
10931:
10925:
10924:
10922:
10898:
10889:
10888:
10876:
10870:
10869:
10845:
10839:
10838:
10830:
10824:
10823:
10791:
10778:
10777:
10770:Harv. CR-CLL Rev
10765:
10759:
10758:
10746:
10740:
10739:
10707:
10701:
10700:
10672:
10666:
10665:
10663:
10661:
10655:
10648:
10640:
10634:
10633:
10621:
10615:
10614:
10586:
10580:
10579:
10571:
10565:
10564:
10559:Mann SA (2012).
10556:
10550:
10549:
10529:
10523:
10522:
10494:
10488:
10487:
10485:
10461:
10455:
10454:
10443:10.1037/a0017459
10426:
10415:
10414:
10390:
10384:
10383:
10371:
10365:
10364:
10352:
10346:
10345:
10335:
10307:
10301:
10300:
10280:
10274:
10273:
10265:
10259:
10258:
10230:
10224:
10223:
10195:
10189:
10188:
10160:
10154:
10153:
10151:
10149:
10128:
10122:
10121:
10085:
10076:
10070:
10069:
10058:10.1037/a0026617
10039:
10033:
10022:
10004:
9978:
9972:
9968:
9927:
9921:
9920:
9898:
9892:
9891:
9869:
9863:
9862:
9838:
9832:
9831:
9801:
9795:
9794:
9776:
9754:
9745:
9744:
9727:(4): 1119–1134.
9714:
9708:
9707:
9696:
9690:
9689:
9681:
9675:
9674:
9672:
9641:
9621:
9609:
9603:
9602:
9579:
9573:
9572:
9551:
9545:
9544:
9522:
9507:
9506:
9486:
9480:
9479:
9459:
9453:
9452:
9424:
9418:
9417:
9399:
9379:
9373:
9369:
9363:
9360:
9354:
9351:
9345:
9342:
9336:
9335:
9323:
9317:
9314:
9308:
9305:
9299:
9298:
9296:
9294:
9279:
9273:
9272:
9224:
9218:
9215:
9209:
9202:
9196:
9195:
9178:
9172:
9171:
9151:
9142:
9139:
9133:
9132:
9104:
9098:
9097:
9088:(5): 1025–1048.
9073:
9062:
9061:
9044:(6): 1148–1164.
9033:
9020:
9019:
8979:
8968:
8965:
8959:
8958:
8930:
8924:
8923:
8921:
8919:
8904:
8898:
8897:
8895:
8893:
8879:
8873:
8872:
8870:
8868:
8853:
8847:
8846:
8844:
8842:
8828:
8820:
8814:
8813:
8811:
8809:
8794:
8788:
8787:
8759:
8753:
8752:
8740:
8734:
8733:
8724:Hawke L (2007).
8721:
8715:
8714:
8686:
8680:
8679:
8651:
8645:
8644:
8624:
8618:
8617:
8589:
8583:
8582:
8554:
8548:
8547:
8519:
8513:
8512:
8484:
8478:
8471:
8465:
8464:
8452:
8442:
8427:
8426:
8415:
8409:
8408:
8402:
8394:
8388:
8385:
8379:
8378:
8373:. Archived from
8362:
8356:
8355:
8327:
8318:
8311:
8300:
8299:
8271:
8258:
8255:
8249:
8246:
8240:
8239:
8237:
8235:
8221:
8215:
8214:
8212:
8210:
8196:
8190:
8189:
8187:
8174:
8165:
8159:
8158:
8148:
8116:
8110:
8109:
8077:
8071:
8070:
8038:
8032:
8031:
8029:
8027:
8012:
8006:
8002:
7996:
7995:
7993:
7991:
7985:
7974:
7965:
7959:
7956:
7950:
7947:
7941:
7938:
7932:
7931:
7913:
7907:
7906:
7884:
7878:
7877:
7861:
7851:
7842:
7841:
7818:
7812:
7811:
7801:
7777:
7771:
7770:
7746:
7740:
7739:
7715:
7709:
7708:
7705:Not In Our Genes
7700:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7689:
7676:
7670:
7669:
7641:
7635:
7634:
7602:
7596:
7595:
7589:
7581:
7579:
7577:
7562:
7556:
7555:
7531:
7522:
7521:
7497:
7488:
7487:
7467:
7454:
7453:
7443:
7411:
7405:
7404:
7384:
7378:
7377:
7349:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7320:
7314:
7313:
7285:
7279:
7272:
7266:
7265:
7250:
7244:
7243:
7216:
7210:
7199:
7193:
7192:
7161:
7152:
7151:
7123:
7117:
7116:
7096:
7090:
7089:
7069:
7063:
7060:
7051:
7048:
7042:
7039:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7028:
7022:
7011:
7002:
6996:
6993:
6987:
6986:
6946:
6940:
6934:
6928:
6909:
6903:
6900:
6894:
6887:
6881:
6870:
6864:
6863:
6845:
6839:
6838:
6802:
6796:
6795:
6777:
6771:
6768:
6762:
6761:
6741:
6735:
6732:
6726:
6725:
6720:. Archived from
6709:
6703:
6702:
6692:
6674:
6650:
6644:
6643:
6615:
6609:
6608:
6580:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6545:Sykes H (2006).
6542:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6528:
6511:
6505:
6504:
6498:
6490:
6488:
6486:
6480:
6474:. Archived from
6473:
6464:
6458:
6457:
6429:
6423:
6416:
6410:
6409:
6391:
6385:
6358:
6352:
6351:
6334:(5–6): 425–442.
6323:
6317:
6316:
6288:
6282:
6281:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6219:
6213:
6212:
6206:
6204:
6177:
6171:
6170:
6165:
6163:
6136:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6122:
6099:
6093:
6076:
6070:
6069:
6059:
6041:
6009:
6003:
6002:
5970:
5892:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5878:
5873:
5872:
5864:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5834:
5822:Gender and crime
5816:Criminal justice
5730:
5723:
5716:
5702:
5633:Lesbian feminism
5514:Heteropatriarchy
5385:Sexual diversity
5345:Amatonormativity
5328:Social attitudes
5242:Military service
5121:in New York City
5104:New queer cinema
5060:African-American
4938:
4937:
4863:Non-heterosexual
4737:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4701:
4700:
4508:Lord Northbourne
4496:Minister for Men
4056:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4036:
4013:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3978:
3955:
3947:
3933:eating disorders
3805:The Second Shift
3800:Arlie Hochschild
3731:beach volleyball
3697:Liberal feminist
3619:
3605:In the workplace
3391:Native Americans
3306:
3268:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3248:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3137:; a woman doing
3127:Colorado Springs
3103:
3094:
3083:
3074:
2842:Paul the Apostle
2783:Eastern Orthodox
2759:Hermitage Museum
2350:
2281:As an aspect of
2189:Buginese society
2053:
2046:
2039:
1976:Social privilege
1961:Social exclusion
1889:Police brutality
1810:Multiculturalism
1780:Amatonormativity
1595:Social exclusion
1433:Age of candidacy
1227:Homeless dumping
1133:Ethnic cleansing
63:
40:
39:
21:
21379:
21378:
21374:
21373:
21372:
21370:
21369:
21368:
21324:
21323:
21322:
21312:
21310:
21308:gamecritics.com
21302:
21301:
21297:
21293:
21288:
21260:
21135:Polyculturalism
21031:Civil liberties
20999:
20980:Reappropriation
20881:Countermeasures
20876:
20805:Racial steering
20771:Numerus clausus
20675:
20669:
20394:Ethnic conflict
20329:Corrective rape
20280:
19910:
19865:minority Muslim
19747:
19639:HIV/AIDS stigma
19507:
19456:Mental disorder
19394:
19363:
19358:
19328:
19323:
19265:
19251:Neoevolutionism
19158:
19142:Species complex
19107:Group selection
19045:Research topics
19040:
19016:Neuropsychology
18918:
18904:Substance abuse
18826:Sex differences
18820:
18734:Coolidge effect
18695:
18607:Neuroergonomics
18572:
18563:
18487:
18389:
18323:Folk psychology
18204:
18188:
18058:
18051:
17994:
17989:
17959:
17954:
17945:
17923:
17921:
17908:
17852:
17784:
17783:
17782:
17691:Northern Cyprus
17463:
17454:Science fiction
17247:Oedipus complex
17207:Women's studies
17168:
17167:
17166:
17150:
17060:Oedipus complex
17050:Men in feminism
17015:Language reform
16990:Ideal womanhood
16970:Gender equality
16965:Formal equality
16928:Feminationalism
16866:Cognitive labor
16848:
16816:Native American
16785:
16784:
16783:
16682:
16592:Post-structural
16397:
16387:
16283:
16276:
16272:Women's history
16250:
16198:
16193:
16163:
16158:
16088:
16039:Analloeroticism
16022:
16018:Heterosociality
15986:
15883:
15846:
15844:
15833:
15648:
15640:
15582:Gender variance
15572:Gender fluidity
15504:
15497:
15487:
15457:
15452:
15414:
15384:
15363:
15327:
15296:
15273:
15228:
15221:
15114:
15107:
15078:Gender identity
15073:Gender variance
15040:
15036:
15031:
15005:
15000:
14944:
14937:
14929:
14925:
14918:
14904:
14900:
14895:
14891:
14881:
14879:
14877:
14861:
14852:
14829:
14825:
14815:
14813:
14806:
14802:
14771:
14767:
14761:
14757:
14752:
14748:
14743:
14739:
14731:
14727:
14722:
14718:
14707:
14703:
14692:
14685:
14678:
14664:
14660:
14645:10.2307/3684953
14629:
14625:
14610:
14606:
14594:
14590:
14585:
14581:
14565:
14564:
14557:
14555:
14551:
14544:
14542:"Archived copy"
14540:
14538:
14534:
14521:
14517:
14504:
14500:
14490:
14488:
14479:
14478:
14474:
14467:
14451:
14447:
14440:
14424:
14420:
14379:
14375:
14362:
14360:
14358:
14350:. p. 169.
14338:
14334:
14321:
14319:
14317:
14309:. p. 502.
14297:
14293:
14279:
14277:
14275:
14255:
14248:
14209:
14200:
14161:
14157:
14112:
14108:
14100:
14096:
14082:
14078:
14066:
14065:
14056:
14055:
14043:
14027:
14023:
14015:
14008:
14004:
14003:
13999:
13990:
13986:
13976:
13974:
13961:
13960:
13956:
13943:
13939:
13926:
13922:
13909:
13905:
13895:
13891:
13881:
13879:
13862:
13858:
13848:
13846:
13829:
13825:
13815:
13813:
13800:
13799:
13795:
13785:
13783:
13773:
13766:
13756:
13754:
13745:
13744:
13737:
13727:
13725:
13716:
13715:
13708:
13689:
13673:
13666:
13628:
13607:
13584:
13563:
13532:
13530:
13513:
13505:. p. 459.
13479:
13465:Nova Publishers
13451:
13436:
13427:
13423:
13412:
13392:
13388:
13378:
13356:
13352:
13346:
13342:
13327:
13323:
13288:
13284:
13274:
13272:
13260:
13256:
13246:
13244:
13233:
13229:
13188:
13184:
13179:
13175:
13160:10.2307/2264228
13144:
13140:
13109:
13105:
13074:
13070:
13055:
13051:
13020:
13016:
12976:
12972:
12957:10.2307/3088412
12941:
12937:
12922:10.2307/2111526
12903:
12899:
12886:
12884:
12875:
12874:
12870:
12855:
12854:
12850:
12838:
12837:
12828:
12827:
12823:
12807:
12803:
12796:
12780:
12776:
12745:
12741:
12731:
12729:
12719:
12715:
12705:
12703:
12693:
12689:
12658:
12654:
12623:
12619:
12588:
12584:
12541:
12537:
12482:
12478:
12468:
12466:
12456:
12452:
12429:
12425:
12394:
12390:
12351:
12347:
12302:
12298:
12263:
12259:
12224:
12220:
12210:
12208:
12200:
12199:
12195:
12184:
12180:
12145:
12141:
12133:
12100:
12091:
12087:
12029:
12025:
11994:
11990:
11980:
11978:
11976:
11968:. Basic Books.
11960:
11956:
11924:10.1.1.463.6120
11905:
11901:
11848:
11844:
11809:
11805:
11770:
11766:
11754:
11752:
11743:
11742:
11737:
11730:
11724:
11717:
11707:
11705:
11704:. 3 August 2020
11696:
11695:
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11623:
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11608:
11607:
11603:
11595:
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11552:
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11475:
11471:
11436:
11432:
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11378:
11374:
11339:
11335:
11308:
11304:
11277:
11273:
11238:
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11156:
11149:
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11087:
11083:
11048:
11044:
11033:
11029:
10994:
10990:
10963:
10959:
10932:
10928:
10899:
10892:
10877:
10873:
10846:
10842:
10831:
10827:
10792:
10781:
10766:
10762:
10747:
10743:
10708:
10704:
10673:
10669:
10659:
10657:
10656:on 28 July 2018
10653:
10646:
10642:
10641:
10637:
10622:
10618:
10587:
10583:
10572:
10568:
10557:
10553:
10530:
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10491:
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10427:
10418:
10391:
10387:
10372:
10368:
10353:
10349:
10308:
10304:
10281:
10277:
10266:
10262:
10231:
10227:
10196:
10192:
10161:
10157:
10147:
10145:
10129:
10125:
10083:
10077:
10073:
10040:
10036:
10031:Wayback Machine
10002:10.1.1.370.3979
9979:
9975:
9928:
9924:
9899:
9895:
9882:(5): 991–1004.
9870:
9866:
9839:
9835:
9802:
9798:
9774:10.1.1.300.2757
9755:
9748:
9733:10.2307/1129498
9715:
9711:
9698:
9697:
9693:
9682:
9678:
9670:
9639:10.1.1.320.4001
9619:
9610:
9606:
9599:
9580:
9576:
9552:
9548:
9523:
9510:
9487:
9483:
9460:
9456:
9425:
9421:
9397:10.1.1.186.5369
9380:
9376:
9370:
9366:
9361:
9357:
9352:
9348:
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9292:
9290:
9280:
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9225:
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9216:
9212:
9203:
9199:
9192:
9180:
9179:
9175:
9152:
9145:
9140:
9136:
9105:
9101:
9076:Rao N (2012). "
9074:
9065:
9034:
9023:
8980:
8971:
8966:
8962:
8931:
8927:
8917:
8915:
8906:
8905:
8901:
8891:
8889:
8881:
8880:
8876:
8866:
8864:
8855:
8854:
8850:
8840:
8838:
8831:Telegraph.co.uk
8821:
8817:
8807:
8805:
8796:
8795:
8791:
8760:
8756:
8741:
8737:
8722:
8718:
8703:10.2307/1973487
8687:
8683:
8652:
8648:
8625:
8621:
8590:
8586:
8555:
8551:
8520:
8516:
8485:
8481:
8472:
8468:
8461:
8443:
8430:
8417:
8416:
8412:
8395:
8391:
8386:
8382:
8377:on 10 May 2013.
8371:Oakland Tribune
8363:
8359:
8328:
8321:
8312:
8303:
8272:
8261:
8256:
8252:
8247:
8243:
8233:
8231:
8223:
8222:
8218:
8208:
8206:
8198:
8197:
8193:
8185:
8172:
8166:
8162:
8117:
8113:
8106:
8078:
8074:
8039:
8035:
8025:
8023:
8013:
8009:
8003:
7999:
7989:
7987:
7983:
7972:
7966:
7962:
7957:
7953:
7948:
7944:
7939:
7935:
7928:
7914:
7910:
7899:
7885:
7881:
7874:
7852:
7845:
7819:
7815:
7778:
7774:
7767:
7747:
7743:
7736:
7728:. p. 110.
7716:
7712:
7701:
7697:
7687:
7685:
7677:
7673:
7642:
7638:
7603:
7599:
7583:
7582:
7575:
7573:
7563:
7559:
7552:
7532:
7525:
7518:
7498:
7491:
7484:
7468:
7457:
7412:
7408:
7385:
7381:
7350:
7343:
7333:
7331:
7321:
7317:
7286:
7282:
7273:
7269:
7251:
7247:
7217:
7213:
7200:
7196:
7181:
7162:
7155:
7124:
7120:
7097:
7093:
7070:
7066:
7061:
7054:
7049:
7045:
7040:
7036:
7026:
7024:
7020:
7009:
7003:
6999:
6994:
6990:
6947:
6943:
6935:
6931:
6917:Front. Psychol.
6910:
6906:
6901:
6897:
6888:
6884:
6871:
6867:
6860:
6846:
6842:
6803:
6799:
6792:
6778:
6774:
6769:
6765:
6758:
6742:
6738:
6733:
6729:
6718:jamespatemd.com
6710:
6706:
6651:
6647:
6632:10.2307/2075528
6616:
6612:
6597:10.2307/2112807
6581:
6577:
6567:
6565:
6543:
6539:
6526:
6524:
6512:
6508:
6492:
6491:
6484:
6482:
6478:
6471:
6469:"Archived copy"
6467:
6465:
6461:
6454:
6430:
6426:
6417:
6413:
6406:
6392:
6388:
6372:
6359:
6355:
6324:
6320:
6289:
6285:
6270:10.2307/2112807
6254:
6250:
6240:
6238:
6236:
6220:
6216:
6202:
6200:
6198:
6190:. p. 424.
6178:
6174:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6149:. p. 143.
6137:
6133:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6100:
6096:
6077:
6073:
6024:(1): e0147315.
6010:
6006:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5958:
5924:Gender policing
5888:
5883:
5881:
5874:
5867:
5862:Feminism portal
5860:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5841:
5832:
5824:
5818:
5734:
5693:
5692:
5653:Queer anarchism
5618:
5610:
5609:
5482:Straightwashing
5467:Criminalization
5403:
5395:
5394:
5370:Media portrayal
5340:Allonormativity
5330:
5320:
5319:
5277:
5267:
5266:
5212:
5202:
5201:
5040:
5030:
5029:
5024:
4986:
4982:Stonewall riots
4977:Same-sex unions
4935:
4925:
4924:
4890:Sexual identity
4848:Gender variance
4838:Gender identity
4833:Gender fluidity
4799:Gray asexuality
4784:
4770:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4699:
4697:Straight acting
4685:
4679:
4578:gender identity
4563:
4555:Main articles:
4553:
4545:sex segregation
4534:
4528:
4433:
4427:
4421:
4312:
4306:
4300:
4284:Hillary Clinton
4276:foreign affairs
4255:
4223:social liberals
4216:cultural values
4184:
4179:
4137:
4080:online identity
4057:
4046:
4040:
4037:
4029:help improve it
4026:
4014:
4010:
3999:
3988:
3982:
3979:
3968:
3956:
3945:
3902:Michael Messner
3897:
3840:
3834:
3780:
3718:
3609:
3607:
3467:
3453:
3448:
3420:sexual activity
3411:
3375:
3358:
3338:
3324:
3304:
3269:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3238:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3208:
3183:Gender equality
3148:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3143:Solomon Islands
3106:
3105:
3104:
3096:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3076:
3075:
3064:
3051:
3042:
3014:
2989:
2983:
2964:Ardhanarishvara
2952:
2946:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2854:Greco-Roman law
2822:beatific vision
2749:
2743:
2737:
2729:
2723:
2711:gender identity
2686:Western society
2650:
2640:With regard to
2631:neurobiological
2591:hunter-gatherer
2578:sociobiological
2554:
2548:
2539:
2533:
2488:"In the 1950s,
2486:
2439:
2401:Decision making
2337:Talcott Parsons
2331:Working in the
2329:
2327:Talcott Parsons
2324:
2322:Major theorists
2238:
2232:
2215:gender identity
2129:
2123:
2057:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2024:
1899:Polyculturalism
1795:Civil liberties
1767:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1736:Reappropriation
1636:
1635:Countermeasures
1628:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1553:Racial steering
1519:Numerus clausus
1425:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1138:Ethnic conflict
1073:Corrective rape
1028:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1016:
653:
642:
641:
640:
639:
638:
593:minority Muslim
481:
471:
470:
469:
468:
467:
359:HIV/AIDS stigma
231:
223:
222:
221:
220:
219:
168:Mental disorder
110:
102:
101:
100:
99:
98:
71:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
21377:
21367:
21366:
21361:
21356:
21351:
21346:
21341:
21336:
21321:
21320:
21294:
21290:
21289:
21287:
21286:
21276:
21265:
21262:
21261:
21259:
21258:
21253:
21252:
21251:
21241:
21236:
21231:
21230:
21229:
21224:
21219:
21209:
21204:
21199:
21194:
21189:
21184:
21183:
21182:
21180:Reverse racism
21172:
21167:
21162:
21157:
21152:
21150:Prisoner abuse
21147:
21142:
21140:Power distance
21137:
21132:
21127:
21122:
21117:
21112:
21107:
21106:
21105:
21095:
21090:
21085:
21080:
21075:
21070:
21065:
21060:
21058:Ethnic penalty
21055:
21054:
21053:
21051:Neurodiversity
21048:
21038:
21036:Dehumanization
21033:
21028:
21026:Cisnormativity
21023:
21018:
21013:
21007:
21005:
21004:Related topics
21001:
21000:
20998:
20997:
20992:
20987:
20982:
20977:
20972:
20967:
20962:
20957:
20952:
20947:
20942:
20937:
20932:
20927:
20926:
20925:
20915:
20910:
20905:
20900:
20895:
20890:
20884:
20882:
20878:
20877:
20875:
20874:
20869:
20864:
20862:State religion
20859:
20854:
20849:
20844:
20843:
20842:
20837:
20832:
20827:
20817:
20812:
20807:
20802:
20801:
20800:
20798:Nuremberg Laws
20795:
20785:
20780:
20775:
20767:
20762:
20757:
20752:
20747:
20742:
20740:Ghetto benches
20737:
20735:Gerrymandering
20732:
20727:
20722:
20720:Gender pay gap
20717:
20716:
20715:
20710:
20700:
20695:
20690:
20685:
20679:
20677:
20674:Discriminatory
20671:
20670:
20668:
20667:
20662:
20657:
20652:
20647:
20642:
20637:
20632:
20627:
20622:
20617:
20612:
20607:
20602:
20597:
20592:
20587:
20582:
20577:
20572:
20567:
20562:
20557:
20552:
20551:
20550:
20545:
20540:
20530:
20525:
20520:
20515:
20510:
20505:
20503:Lavender scare
20500:
20498:Kill Haole Day
20495:
20493:Indian rolling
20490:
20485:
20480:
20475:
20470:
20469:
20468:
20458:
20453:
20452:
20451:
20441:
20436:
20431:
20426:
20421:
20416:
20411:
20406:
20401:
20396:
20391:
20386:
20381:
20379:Eliminationism
20376:
20371:
20366:
20361:
20356:
20351:
20346:
20341:
20336:
20331:
20326:
20321:
20316:
20314:Cancel culture
20311:
20306:
20301:
20300:
20299:
20288:
20286:
20285:Manifestations
20282:
20281:
20279:
20278:
20273:
20268:
20263:
20258:
20253:
20248:
20243:
20238:
20233:
20228:
20223:
20218:
20213:
20208:
20203:
20198:
20193:
20188:
20183:
20178:
20173:
20171:Middle Eastern
20168:
20163:
20158:
20153:
20148:
20143:
20138:
20137:
20136:
20126:
20121:
20116:
20111:
20110:
20109:
20104:
20099:
20091:
20086:
20081:
20076:
20071:
20066:
20061:
20056:
20051:
20046:
20041:
20036:
20031:
20026:
20021:
20016:
20011:
20006:
20005:
20004:
19999:
19994:
19984:
19979:
19974:
19973:
19972:
19967:
19962:
19952:
19947:
19942:
19937:
19932:
19927:
19921:
19919:
19912:
19911:
19909:
19908:
19906:Zoroastrianism
19903:
19898:
19893:
19888:
19883:
19882:
19881:
19871:
19870:
19869:
19868:
19867:
19862:
19857:
19852:
19847:
19832:
19831:
19830:
19828:Untouchability
19825:
19815:
19810:
19809:
19808:
19803:
19798:
19793:
19788:
19778:
19773:
19768:
19763:
19757:
19755:
19749:
19748:
19746:
19745:
19740:
19735:
19734:
19733:
19728:
19723:
19713:
19712:
19711:
19706:
19696:
19691:
19686:
19681:
19676:
19671:
19666:
19661:
19656:
19651:
19649:Leprosy stigma
19646:
19641:
19636:
19631:
19626:
19621:
19616:
19611:
19606:
19601:
19596:
19591:
19586:
19581:
19576:
19571:
19566:
19561:
19556:
19551:
19546:
19541:
19536:
19531:
19526:
19521:
19515:
19513:
19509:
19508:
19506:
19505:
19500:
19495:
19490:
19485:
19480:
19475:
19474:
19473:
19468:
19458:
19453:
19448:
19443:
19438:
19433:
19428:
19423:
19418:
19413:
19408:
19402:
19400:
19396:
19395:
19393:
19392:
19387:
19382:
19377:
19371:
19369:
19365:
19364:
19361:Discrimination
19357:
19356:
19349:
19342:
19334:
19325:
19324:
19322:
19321:
19308:
19295:
19282:
19274:
19271:
19270:
19267:
19266:
19264:
19263:
19258:
19253:
19248:
19243:
19238:
19233:
19228:
19227:
19226:
19221:
19216:
19211:
19206:
19201:
19196:
19191:
19186:
19172:
19166:
19164:
19160:
19159:
19157:
19156:
19155:
19154:
19149:
19144:
19139:
19134:
19129:
19124:
19119:
19114:
19109:
19104:
19099:
19094:
19089:
19079:
19074:
19069:
19064:
19059:
19054:
19048:
19046:
19042:
19041:
19039:
19038:
19033:
19028:
19023:
19018:
19013:
19008:
19003:
18998:
18993:
18988:
18983:
18978:
18973:
18956:
18947:
18937:
18935:
18928:
18924:
18923:
18920:
18919:
18917:
18916:
18911:
18906:
18901:
18896:
18891:
18886:
18881:
18876:
18871:
18866:
18861:
18856:
18851:
18846:
18841:
18836:
18830:
18828:
18822:
18821:
18819:
18818:
18813:
18808:
18795:
18786:
18781:
18776:
18771:
18766:
18761:
18756:
18751:
18746:
18741:
18736:
18731:
18726:
18721:
18716:
18711:
18705:
18703:
18697:
18696:
18694:
18693:
18692:
18691:
18686:
18681:
18676:
18666:
18661:
18656:
18651:
18646:
18641:
18636:
18634:Mind-blindness
18631:
18626:
18621:
18616:
18611:
18610:
18609:
18604:
18599:
18594:
18589:
18578:
18576:
18565:
18564:
18562:
18561:
18556:
18551:
18546:
18541:
18536:
18531:
18526:
18521:
18508:
18503:
18497:
18495:
18489:
18488:
18486:
18485:
18480:
18479:
18478:
18468:
18467:
18466:
18456:
18455:
18454:
18449:
18444:
18434:
18429:
18428:
18427:
18417:
18416:
18415:
18410:
18399:
18397:
18391:
18390:
18388:
18387:
18386:
18385:
18380:
18375:
18365:
18360:
18355:
18346:
18345:
18344:
18339:
18329:
18327:theory of mind
18320:
18311:
18310:
18309:
18304:
18299:
18289:
18284:
18279:
18274:
18273:
18272:
18267:
18262:
18257:
18252:
18238:
18233:
18232:
18231:
18226:
18221:
18210:
18208:
18194:
18190:
18189:
18187:
18186:
18181:
18180:
18179:
18174:
18169:
18160:
18150:
18149:
18148:
18138:
18133:
18128:
18123:
18122:
18121:
18111:
18106:
18101:
18096:
18094:Baldwin effect
18091:
18090:
18089:
18084:
18079:
18069:
18063:
18061:
18053:
18052:
18050:
18049:
18044:
18043:
18042:
18037:
18032:
18027:
18022:
18012:
18011:
18010:
17999:
17996:
17995:
17988:
17987:
17980:
17973:
17965:
17956:
17955:
17953:
17952:
17942:
17932:
17917:
17914:
17913:
17910:
17909:
17907:
17906:
17901:
17897:SCUM Manifesto
17893:
17888:
17883:
17882:
17881:
17876:
17866:
17860:
17858:
17854:
17853:
17851:
17846:
17841:
17836:
17831:
17826:
17821:
17816:
17811:
17806:
17801:
17799:
17790:
17786:
17785:
17781:
17780:
17779:
17778:
17768:
17766:United Kingdom
17763:
17758:
17753:
17748:
17743:
17738:
17733:
17728:
17723:
17718:
17713:
17708:
17703:
17698:
17693:
17688:
17683:
17678:
17673:
17668:
17663:
17662:
17661:
17656:
17651:
17646:
17641:
17636:
17631:
17626:
17616:
17611:
17606:
17601:
17596:
17591:
17586:
17581:
17576:
17571:
17566:
17561:
17556:
17551:
17546:
17541:
17536:
17531:
17526:
17521:
17520:
17519:
17514:
17509:
17504:
17499:
17494:
17489:
17484:
17473:
17472:
17471:
17469:
17465:
17464:
17462:
17461:
17456:
17451:
17446:
17441:
17439:Existentialism
17436:
17431:
17426:
17425:
17424:
17414:
17409:
17408:
17407:
17402:
17397:
17395:Existentialism
17392:
17391:
17390:
17388:Justice ethics
17380:
17375:
17370:
17360:
17355:
17350:
17349:
17348:
17338:
17333:
17328:
17323:
17318:
17313:
17312:
17311:
17306:
17301:
17291:
17286:
17281:
17276:
17271:
17270:
17269:
17264:
17254:
17249:
17244:
17239:
17234:
17229:
17224:
17219:
17214:
17209:
17204:
17198:
17193:
17188:
17186:Gender studies
17183:
17178:
17176:
17170:
17169:
17165:
17164:
17159:
17157:Women's rights
17154:
17151:Women's health
17147:
17142:
17137:
17132:
17127:
17122:
17117:
17112:
17107:
17102:
17097:
17092:
17087:
17082:
17077:
17072:
17067:
17062:
17057:
17052:
17047:
17042:
17037:
17035:Male privilege
17032:
17027:
17022:
17017:
17012:
17004:International
17002:
16997:
16992:
16987:
16982:
16977:
16972:
16967:
16962:
16957:
16956:
16955:
16950:
16945:
16935:
16930:
16925:
16920:
16915:
16910:
16905:
16900:
16895:
16890:
16885:
16884:
16883:
16873:
16868:
16862:
16861:
16860:
16858:
16854:
16853:
16850:
16849:
16847:
16842:
16837:
16836:
16835:
16825:
16824:
16823:
16818:
16813:
16803:
16798:
16793:
16791:
16787:
16786:
16782:
16781:
16776:
16775:
16774:
16764:
16759:
16754:
16753:
16752:
16747:
16742:
16732:
16731:
16730:
16725:
16720:
16715:
16705:
16700:
16694:
16693:
16692:
16690:
16684:
16683:
16681:
16680:
16675:
16674:
16673:
16663:
16658:
16653:
16648:
16643:
16638:
16637:
16636:
16626:
16621:
16616:
16611:
16606:
16601:
16600:
16599:
16589:
16584:
16579:
16574:
16569:
16564:
16559:
16554:
16549:
16548:
16547:
16537:
16532:
16527:
16522:
16521:
16520:
16510:
16505:
16500:
16495:
16490:
16485:
16484:
16483:
16473:
16468:
16467:
16466:
16456:
16451:
16446:
16441:
16436:
16431:
16426:
16421:
16416:
16410:
16408:
16401:
16393:
16392:
16389:
16388:
16386:
16385:
16384:
16383:
16382:
16381:
16376:
16371:
16361:
16356:
16346:
16345:
16344:
16337:United Kingdom
16334:
16329:
16324:
16319:
16314:
16309:
16304:
16299:
16293:
16291:
16285:
16284:
16282:
16281:
16274:
16269:
16264:
16258:
16256:
16252:
16251:
16249:
16248:
16243:
16238:
16237:
16236:
16226:
16221:
16215:
16213:
16206:
16200:
16199:
16192:
16191:
16184:
16177:
16169:
16160:
16159:
16157:
16156:
16151:
16146:
16141:
16136:
16131:
16126:
16121:
16116:
16111:
16106:
16100:
16098:
16094:
16093:
16090:
16089:
16087:
16086:
16081:
16076:
16071:
16069:Plurisexuality
16066:
16061:
16056:
16051:
16046:
16041:
16036:
16030:
16028:
16024:
16023:
16021:
16020:
16015:
16010:
16005:
16000:
15998:Sociosexuality
15994:
15992:
15991:Social aspects
15988:
15987:
15985:
15984:
15979:
15974:
15969:
15964:
15959:
15954:
15949:
15944:
15939:
15937:Heteroflexible
15934:
15933:
15932:
15922:
15917:
15912:
15907:
15902:
15897:
15891:
15889:
15885:
15884:
15882:
15881:
15876:
15871:
15866:
15860:
15858:
15849:
15839:
15838:
15835:
15834:
15832:
15831:
15826:
15821:
15819:Vakasalewalewa
15816:
15811:
15806:
15801:
15796:
15791:
15786:
15781:
15776:
15771:
15766:
15761:
15756:
15751:
15746:
15741:
15736:
15731:
15726:
15721:
15716:
15711:
15710:
15709:
15699:
15694:
15689:
15688:
15687:
15684:
15681:
15673:
15668:
15663:
15658:
15652:
15650:
15642:
15641:
15639:
15638:
15633:
15632:
15631:
15626:
15621:
15611:
15606:
15605:
15604:
15594:
15589:
15584:
15579:
15574:
15569:
15564:
15559:
15554:
15549:
15544:
15539:
15534:
15529:
15524:
15518:
15516:
15507:
15499:
15498:
15486:
15485:
15478:
15471:
15463:
15454:
15453:
15451:
15450:
15440:
15430:
15428:Discrimination
15419:
15416:
15415:
15413:
15412:
15407:
15402:
15396:
15394:
15390:
15389:
15386:
15385:
15383:
15382:
15377:
15371:
15369:
15365:
15364:
15362:
15361:
15356:
15350:
15348:
15341:
15337:
15336:
15333:
15332:
15329:
15328:
15326:
15325:
15320:
15315:
15310:
15304:
15302:
15298:
15297:
15295:
15294:
15292:Gender pay gap
15288:
15286:
15279:
15275:
15274:
15272:
15271:
15266:
15261:
15256:
15251:
15246:
15240:
15238:
15231:
15223:
15222:
15220:
15219:
15214:
15209:
15204:
15199:
15194:
15189:
15184:
15179:
15177:Gender paradox
15174:
15173:
15172:
15167:
15162:
15157:
15152:
15147:
15137:
15132:
15127:
15119:
15117:
15109:
15108:
15106:
15105:
15100:
15095:
15090:
15085:
15080:
15075:
15070:
15064:
15059:
15054:
15048:
15046:
15042:
15041:
15034:
15032:
15030:
15029:
15024:
15019:
15017:Gender studies
15013:
15011:
15007:
15006:
15003:Gender studies
14999:
14998:
14991:
14984:
14976:
14970:
14969:
14957:
14951:
14943:
14942:External links
14940:
14936:
14935:
14933:, p. 291.
14923:
14916:
14898:
14889:
14875:
14850:
14839:(1): 459–487.
14823:
14800:
14781:(3): 471–484.
14765:
14755:
14746:
14737:
14725:
14716:
14701:
14683:
14676:
14658:
14623:
14604:
14588:
14579:
14532:
14515:
14498:
14472:
14465:
14445:
14438:
14418:
14373:
14356:
14332:
14315:
14291:
14273:
14267:. p. 82.
14246:
14225:(6): 1827–32.
14198:
14155:
14106:
14094:
14076:
14067:|journal=
14041:
14021:
13997:
13984:
13954:
13937:
13920:
13903:
13889:
13856:
13823:
13793:
13764:
13753:. 3 March 2004
13735:
13706:
13687:
13664:
13662:
13661:
13632:
13626:
13611:
13605:
13588:
13582:
13567:
13561:
13555:. p. 41.
13539:
13517:
13511:
13483:
13477:
13456:
13421:
13410:
13386:
13376:
13350:
13340:
13321:
13308:10.2307/797140
13282:
13270:New York Times
13254:
13227:
13182:
13173:
13138:
13125:10.1086/506286
13119:(4): 666–674.
13103:
13084:(3): 503–525.
13068:
13049:
13030:(4): 326–343.
13014:
12970:
12935:
12916:(1): 119–147.
12897:
12868:
12857:"Culture Wars"
12848:
12821:
12801:
12794:
12774:
12739:
12713:
12687:
12652:
12617:
12598:(2): 432–448.
12582:
12555:(3): 226–236.
12535:
12476:
12450:
12423:
12404:(2): 141–142.
12388:
12361:(2): 179–180.
12345:
12296:
12277:(2): 269–290.
12257:
12238:(3): 160–172.
12218:
12193:
12178:
12159:(3): 290–298.
12139:
12113:(6): 765–784.
12085:
12023:
11988:
11974:
11954:
11899:
11842:
11823:(2): 155–166.
11803:
11784:(4): 462–495.
11764:
11755:|journal=
11715:
11684:
11649:(4): 465–483.
11629:
11601:
11589:
11570:(2): 142–164.
11550:
11529:10.2307/353719
11523:(3): 585–595.
11503:
11469:
11450:(2): 261–279.
11430:
11411:
11372:
11353:(3): 231–236.
11333:
11322:(2): 223–242.
11302:
11271:
11229:
11210:(1): 121–137.
11181:
11170:(3): 331–342.
11147:
11120:(4): 536–557.
11100:
11081:
11042:
11027:
10988:
10957:
10946:(2): 136–144.
10926:
10907:Sustainability
10890:
10871:
10860:(2): 151–170.
10840:
10825:
10806:(5): 625–636.
10779:
10760:
10741:
10728:10.2307/795228
10722:(5): 871–985.
10702:
10683:(4): 473–497.
10667:
10635:
10616:
10581:
10574:Ahl H (2004).
10566:
10551:
10540:(1): 487–513.
10524:
10511:10.1086/230727
10505:(2): 329–365.
10489:
10456:
10437:(3): 171–181.
10416:
10385:
10366:
10347:
10333:2027.42/146421
10318:(4): 743–762.
10302:
10275:
10260:
10241:(4): 393–398.
10225:
10206:(4): 657–674.
10190:
10171:(4): 702–728.
10155:
10123:
10071:
10034:
9973:
9943:(5): 797–811.
9922:
9911:(4): 518–527.
9893:
9864:
9833:
9796:
9767:(3): 766–779.
9746:
9709:
9691:
9676:
9632:(6): 878–902.
9604:
9597:
9574:
9546:
9535:(2): 225–230.
9508:
9497:(4): 455–480.
9481:
9454:
9435:(4): 295–319.
9419:
9390:(3): 242–273.
9374:
9364:
9355:
9346:
9337:
9318:
9309:
9300:
9274:
9239:(3): 210–216.
9219:
9210:
9197:
9190:
9173:
9143:
9134:
9099:
9063:
9021:
8969:
8960:
8925:
8899:
8874:
8848:
8815:
8789:
8770:(1–4): 39–55.
8754:
8735:
8716:
8697:(2): 193–245.
8681:
8662:(1–2): 36–49.
8646:
8635:(4): 737–755.
8619:
8600:(6): 735–757.
8584:
8565:(5): 658–682.
8549:
8530:(3): 150–162.
8514:
8501:10.2307/353814
8479:
8466:
8459:
8428:
8410:
8389:
8380:
8357:
8319:
8301:
8259:
8250:
8241:
8216:
8191:
8168:Offenhauer P.
8160:
8131:(5): 352–356.
8111:
8104:
8072:
8033:
8007:
7997:
7960:
7951:
7942:
7933:
7926:
7908:
7897:
7879:
7872:
7843:
7832:(3): 416–438.
7813:
7772:
7765:
7759:. p. 13.
7741:
7734:
7710:
7695:
7671:
7636:
7597:
7557:
7550:
7523:
7516:
7489:
7482:
7455:
7426:(2): 159–176.
7406:
7395:(2): 178–179.
7379:
7341:
7325:"Doing Gender"
7315:
7296:(3): 298–304.
7280:
7267:
7245:
7211:
7194:
7179:
7153:
7118:
7091:
7064:
7052:
7043:
7034:
6997:
6988:
6961:(2): 125–151.
6951:"Doing Gender"
6941:
6929:
6904:
6895:
6882:
6865:
6858:
6840:
6813:(5): 699–727.
6797:
6790:
6772:
6763:
6756:
6736:
6727:
6704:
6645:
6626:(5): 565–569.
6610:
6591:(3): 169–087.
6575:
6537:
6506:
6459:
6452:
6424:
6411:
6404:
6386:
6353:
6318:
6283:
6264:(3): 169–187.
6248:
6234:
6214:
6196:
6172:
6155:
6131:
6114:
6094:
6071:
6004:
5985:(1): 196–211.
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5895:
5894:
5893:
5879:
5865:
5849:
5846:
5840:
5837:
5820:Main article:
5817:
5814:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5725:
5718:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5628:Gender studies
5625:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5605:
5595:
5594:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5350:Cisnormativity
5347:
5342:
5337:
5331:
5326:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5278:
5273:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5213:
5208:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5091:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5082:Largest events
5079:
5069:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5052:
5047:
5041:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4972:Gay liberation
4969:
4964:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4936:
4931:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4808:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4791:
4785:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4717:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4681:Main article:
4678:
4675:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4570:Camille Cabral
4552:
4549:
4530:Main article:
4527:
4524:
4516:Warren Farrell
4456:discrimination
4448:men's movement
4423:Main article:
4420:
4417:
4310:Women's rights
4302:Main article:
4299:
4296:
4259:elected office
4254:
4251:
4231:women's rights
4210:, traditional
4208:fundamentalism
4196:women's rights
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4136:
4133:
4124:advertisements
4059:
4058:
4017:
4015:
4008:
4001:
4000:
3959:
3957:
3950:
3944:
3941:
3929:women in media
3896:
3893:
3833:
3830:
3779:
3776:
3760:gender marking
3717:
3714:
3681:women of color
3674:gender pay gap
3606:
3603:
3516:Carol Gilligan
3512:Virginia Woolf
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3410:
3407:
3374:
3371:
3357:
3354:
3323:
3320:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3271:
3270:
3228:
3226:
3219:
3212:Gender Studies
3207:
3204:
3108:
3107:
3098:
3097:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3078:
3077:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:Changing roles
3060:
3050:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3013:
3010:
2982:
2979:
2948:Main article:
2945:
2942:
2864:Main article:
2861:
2858:
2779:Roman Catholic
2739:Main article:
2736:
2733:
2725:Main article:
2722:
2719:
2715:social control
2649:
2646:
2550:Main article:
2547:
2544:
2532:
2529:
2485:
2482:
2458:Geert Hofstede
2438:
2437:Geert Hofstede
2435:
2431:interactionist
2425:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2406:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2341:nuclear family
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2315:Undoing Gender
2309:Gender Trouble
2294:Andrew Cherlin
2234:Main article:
2231:
2228:
2122:
2119:
2100:human behavior
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1944:Reverse racism
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1914:Prisoner abuse
1911:
1906:
1904:Power distance
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1822:Ethnic penalty
1819:
1818:
1817:
1815:Neurodiversity
1812:
1802:
1800:Dehumanization
1797:
1792:
1790:Cisnormativity
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1766:Related topics
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1610:State religion
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1546:Nuremberg Laws
1543:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1488:Ghetto benches
1485:
1483:Gerrymandering
1480:
1475:
1472:
1470:Gender pay gap
1467:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1247:Lavender scare
1244:
1242:Kill Haole Day
1239:
1237:Indian rolling
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1123:Eliminationism
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1058:Cancel culture
1055:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1027:Manifestations
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
907:Middle Eastern
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
873:
872:
862:
857:
852:
847:
846:
845:
840:
835:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
741:
740:
735:
730:
720:
715:
710:
709:
708:
703:
698:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
657:
656:
655:
654:
648:
647:
644:
643:
637:
636:
634:Zoroastrianism
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
610:
609:
599:
598:
597:
596:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
560:
559:
558:
556:Untouchability
553:
543:
538:
537:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
506:
501:
496:
491:
485:
484:
483:
482:
477:
476:
473:
472:
466:
465:
460:
455:
454:
453:
448:
443:
433:
432:
431:
426:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
369:Leprosy stigma
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
235:
234:
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
224:
218:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
186:
185:
180:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
114:
113:
112:
111:
108:
107:
104:
103:
97:
96:
91:
86:
81:
75:
74:
73:
72:
69:
68:
65:
64:
56:
55:
53:Discrimination
49:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
21376:
21365:
21362:
21360:
21357:
21355:
21352:
21350:
21347:
21345:
21342:
21340:
21337:
21335:
21332:
21331:
21329:
21309:
21305:
21299:
21295:
21285:
21277:
21275:
21267:
21266:
21263:
21257:
21254:
21250:
21247:
21246:
21245:
21242:
21240:
21237:
21235:
21234:Social stigma
21232:
21228:
21225:
21223:
21220:
21218:
21215:
21214:
21213:
21210:
21208:
21205:
21203:
21200:
21198:
21195:
21193:
21190:
21188:
21185:
21181:
21178:
21177:
21176:
21173:
21171:
21168:
21166:
21163:
21161:
21158:
21156:
21153:
21151:
21148:
21146:
21143:
21141:
21138:
21136:
21133:
21131:
21128:
21126:
21123:
21121:
21118:
21116:
21113:
21111:
21108:
21104:
21101:
21100:
21099:
21096:
21094:
21091:
21089:
21086:
21084:
21081:
21079:
21076:
21074:
21071:
21069:
21066:
21064:
21061:
21059:
21056:
21052:
21049:
21047:
21044:
21043:
21042:
21039:
21037:
21034:
21032:
21029:
21027:
21024:
21022:
21019:
21017:
21014:
21012:
21009:
21008:
21006:
21002:
20996:
20993:
20991:
20988:
20986:
20983:
20981:
20978:
20976:
20973:
20971:
20968:
20966:
20963:
20961:
20958:
20956:
20953:
20951:
20948:
20946:
20943:
20941:
20938:
20936:
20933:
20931:
20928:
20924:
20921:
20920:
20919:
20916:
20914:
20911:
20909:
20906:
20904:
20901:
20899:
20896:
20894:
20891:
20889:
20886:
20885:
20883:
20879:
20873:
20870:
20868:
20865:
20863:
20860:
20858:
20857:State atheism
20855:
20853:
20850:
20848:
20845:
20841:
20838:
20836:
20833:
20831:
20828:
20826:
20823:
20822:
20821:
20818:
20816:
20813:
20811:
20808:
20806:
20803:
20799:
20796:
20794:
20793:Jim Crow laws
20791:
20790:
20789:
20786:
20784:
20781:
20779:
20778:One-drop rule
20776:
20774:
20772:
20768:
20766:
20763:
20761:
20758:
20756:
20753:
20751:
20748:
20746:
20743:
20741:
20738:
20736:
20733:
20731:
20728:
20726:
20723:
20721:
20718:
20714:
20711:
20709:
20706:
20705:
20704:
20701:
20699:
20696:
20694:
20693:Blood quantum
20691:
20689:
20686:
20684:
20681:
20680:
20678:
20672:
20666:
20663:
20661:
20658:
20656:
20653:
20651:
20648:
20646:
20643:
20641:
20640:Victimisation
20638:
20636:
20635:Trans bashing
20633:
20631:
20628:
20626:
20623:
20621:
20618:
20616:
20613:
20611:
20608:
20606:
20605:Religious war
20603:
20601:
20598:
20596:
20593:
20591:
20588:
20586:
20585:Racialization
20583:
20581:
20578:
20576:
20573:
20571:
20568:
20566:
20563:
20561:
20558:
20556:
20553:
20549:
20546:
20544:
20541:
20539:
20536:
20535:
20534:
20531:
20529:
20526:
20524:
20521:
20519:
20516:
20514:
20511:
20509:
20506:
20504:
20501:
20499:
20496:
20494:
20491:
20489:
20486:
20484:
20481:
20479:
20476:
20474:
20471:
20467:
20464:
20463:
20462:
20459:
20457:
20456:Glass ceiling
20454:
20450:
20447:
20446:
20445:
20442:
20440:
20437:
20435:
20432:
20430:
20427:
20425:
20422:
20420:
20417:
20415:
20412:
20410:
20407:
20405:
20402:
20400:
20399:Ethnic hatred
20397:
20395:
20392:
20390:
20387:
20385:
20382:
20380:
20377:
20375:
20372:
20370:
20367:
20365:
20362:
20360:
20357:
20355:
20352:
20350:
20347:
20345:
20342:
20340:
20337:
20335:
20334:Counter-jihad
20332:
20330:
20327:
20325:
20322:
20320:
20317:
20315:
20312:
20310:
20307:
20305:
20302:
20298:
20295:
20294:
20293:
20290:
20289:
20287:
20283:
20277:
20274:
20272:
20269:
20267:
20264:
20262:
20259:
20257:
20254:
20252:
20249:
20247:
20244:
20242:
20239:
20237:
20234:
20232:
20229:
20227:
20224:
20222:
20219:
20217:
20214:
20212:
20209:
20207:
20204:
20202:
20199:
20197:
20194:
20192:
20189:
20187:
20184:
20182:
20179:
20177:
20174:
20172:
20169:
20167:
20164:
20162:
20159:
20157:
20154:
20152:
20149:
20147:
20144:
20142:
20139:
20135:
20132:
20131:
20130:
20127:
20125:
20122:
20120:
20117:
20115:
20112:
20108:
20107:United States
20105:
20103:
20100:
20098:
20095:
20094:
20092:
20090:
20087:
20085:
20082:
20080:
20077:
20075:
20072:
20070:
20067:
20065:
20062:
20060:
20057:
20055:
20052:
20050:
20047:
20045:
20042:
20040:
20037:
20035:
20032:
20030:
20027:
20025:
20022:
20020:
20017:
20015:
20012:
20010:
20007:
20003:
20000:
19998:
19995:
19993:
19990:
19989:
19988:
19985:
19983:
19980:
19978:
19975:
19971:
19970:United States
19968:
19966:
19963:
19961:
19958:
19957:
19956:
19953:
19951:
19948:
19946:
19943:
19941:
19938:
19936:
19933:
19931:
19928:
19926:
19923:
19922:
19920:
19918:
19913:
19907:
19904:
19902:
19899:
19897:
19894:
19892:
19891:Protestantism
19889:
19887:
19884:
19880:
19877:
19876:
19875:
19872:
19866:
19863:
19861:
19858:
19856:
19853:
19851:
19848:
19846:
19843:
19842:
19841:
19838:
19837:
19836:
19833:
19829:
19826:
19824:
19821:
19820:
19819:
19816:
19814:
19811:
19807:
19804:
19802:
19801:LDS or Mormon
19799:
19797:
19794:
19792:
19789:
19787:
19784:
19783:
19782:
19779:
19777:
19774:
19772:
19769:
19767:
19764:
19762:
19759:
19758:
19756:
19754:
19750:
19744:
19741:
19739:
19736:
19732:
19729:
19727:
19726:Transmisogyny
19724:
19722:
19719:
19718:
19717:
19714:
19710:
19707:
19705:
19702:
19701:
19700:
19697:
19695:
19692:
19690:
19687:
19685:
19682:
19680:
19677:
19675:
19672:
19670:
19667:
19665:
19662:
19660:
19657:
19655:
19652:
19650:
19647:
19645:
19642:
19640:
19637:
19635:
19632:
19630:
19629:Gerontophobia
19627:
19625:
19622:
19620:
19617:
19615:
19612:
19610:
19607:
19605:
19602:
19600:
19597:
19595:
19592:
19590:
19587:
19585:
19582:
19580:
19577:
19575:
19572:
19570:
19567:
19565:
19562:
19560:
19559:Anti-intersex
19557:
19555:
19552:
19550:
19547:
19545:
19542:
19540:
19537:
19535:
19534:Anti-albinism
19532:
19530:
19527:
19525:
19522:
19520:
19517:
19516:
19514:
19510:
19504:
19501:
19499:
19496:
19494:
19491:
19489:
19486:
19484:
19481:
19479:
19476:
19472:
19469:
19467:
19464:
19463:
19462:
19459:
19457:
19454:
19452:
19449:
19447:
19444:
19442:
19439:
19437:
19434:
19432:
19429:
19427:
19424:
19422:
19419:
19417:
19414:
19412:
19409:
19407:
19404:
19403:
19401:
19397:
19391:
19388:
19386:
19383:
19381:
19378:
19376:
19375:Institutional
19373:
19372:
19370:
19366:
19362:
19355:
19350:
19348:
19343:
19341:
19336:
19335:
19332:
19320:
19319:
19313:
19309:
19307:
19306:
19300:
19296:
19294:
19293:
19283:
19281:
19280:
19276:
19275:
19272:
19262:
19259:
19257:
19254:
19252:
19249:
19247:
19246:Neo-Darwinism
19244:
19242:
19239:
19237:
19234:
19232:
19231:Functionalism
19229:
19225:
19222:
19220:
19217:
19215:
19212:
19210:
19207:
19205:
19202:
19200:
19197:
19195:
19192:
19190:
19189:Connectionism
19187:
19185:
19182:
19181:
19180:
19179:indeterminism
19176:
19173:
19171:
19168:
19167:
19165:
19161:
19153:
19150:
19148:
19145:
19143:
19140:
19138:
19135:
19133:
19130:
19128:
19125:
19123:
19120:
19118:
19115:
19113:
19110:
19108:
19105:
19103:
19100:
19098:
19095:
19093:
19090:
19088:
19085:
19084:
19083:
19080:
19078:
19075:
19073:
19070:
19068:
19065:
19063:
19060:
19058:
19055:
19053:
19050:
19049:
19047:
19043:
19037:
19034:
19032:
19029:
19027:
19024:
19022:
19019:
19017:
19014:
19012:
19009:
19007:
19004:
19002:
18999:
18997:
18994:
18992:
18989:
18987:
18984:
18982:
18979:
18977:
18974:
18972:
18968:
18964:
18960:
18957:
18955:
18951:
18948:
18946:
18942:
18939:
18938:
18936:
18932:
18929:
18925:
18915:
18912:
18910:
18907:
18905:
18902:
18900:
18899:Schizophrenia
18897:
18895:
18892:
18890:
18887:
18885:
18884:Mental health
18882:
18880:
18877:
18875:
18872:
18870:
18867:
18865:
18862:
18860:
18857:
18855:
18852:
18850:
18847:
18845:
18842:
18840:
18837:
18835:
18832:
18831:
18829:
18827:
18823:
18817:
18814:
18812:
18809:
18807:
18803:
18799:
18796:
18794:
18790:
18787:
18785:
18782:
18780:
18777:
18775:
18772:
18770:
18767:
18765:
18762:
18760:
18759:Mate guarding
18757:
18755:
18752:
18750:
18747:
18745:
18742:
18740:
18737:
18735:
18732:
18730:
18727:
18725:
18722:
18720:
18719:Age disparity
18717:
18715:
18712:
18710:
18707:
18706:
18704:
18702:
18698:
18690:
18687:
18685:
18682:
18680:
18677:
18675:
18672:
18671:
18670:
18667:
18665:
18662:
18660:
18657:
18655:
18652:
18650:
18649:Schizophrenia
18647:
18645:
18642:
18640:
18637:
18635:
18632:
18630:
18627:
18625:
18622:
18620:
18617:
18615:
18612:
18608:
18605:
18603:
18600:
18598:
18595:
18593:
18590:
18588:
18585:
18584:
18583:
18580:
18579:
18577:
18575:
18574:Mental health
18570:
18569:Human factors
18566:
18560:
18559:Socialization
18557:
18555:
18552:
18550:
18547:
18545:
18542:
18540:
18537:
18535:
18532:
18530:
18527:
18525:
18522:
18520:
18519:paternal bond
18516:
18512:
18509:
18507:
18504:
18502:
18499:
18498:
18496:
18494:
18490:
18484:
18481:
18477:
18474:
18473:
18472:
18469:
18465:
18462:
18461:
18460:
18457:
18453:
18450:
18448:
18445:
18443:
18440:
18439:
18438:
18435:
18433:
18430:
18426:
18423:
18422:
18421:
18418:
18414:
18411:
18409:
18406:
18405:
18404:
18401:
18400:
18398:
18396:
18392:
18384:
18383:Naïve physics
18381:
18379:
18376:
18374:
18371:
18370:
18369:
18366:
18364:
18361:
18359:
18356:
18354:
18350:
18349:Motor control
18347:
18343:
18340:
18338:
18335:
18334:
18333:
18330:
18328:
18324:
18321:
18319:
18315:
18312:
18308:
18307:Ophidiophobia
18305:
18303:
18300:
18298:
18297:Arachnophobia
18295:
18294:
18293:
18290:
18288:
18285:
18283:
18280:
18278:
18275:
18271:
18268:
18266:
18263:
18261:
18258:
18256:
18253:
18251:
18248:
18247:
18246:
18242:
18239:
18237:
18234:
18230:
18227:
18225:
18224:Display rules
18222:
18220:
18217:
18216:
18215:
18212:
18211:
18209:
18207:
18202:
18198:
18195:
18191:
18185:
18182:
18178:
18175:
18173:
18170:
18168:
18164:
18161:
18159:
18156:
18155:
18154:
18151:
18147:
18144:
18143:
18142:
18139:
18137:
18134:
18132:
18129:
18127:
18126:Kin selection
18124:
18120:
18117:
18116:
18115:
18112:
18110:
18107:
18105:
18102:
18100:
18097:
18095:
18092:
18088:
18085:
18083:
18080:
18078:
18075:
18074:
18073:
18070:
18068:
18065:
18064:
18062:
18060:
18054:
18048:
18045:
18041:
18038:
18036:
18033:
18031:
18028:
18026:
18023:
18021:
18020:Adaptationism
18018:
18017:
18016:
18013:
18009:
18006:
18005:
18004:
18001:
18000:
17997:
17993:
17986:
17981:
17979:
17974:
17972:
17967:
17966:
17963:
17951:
17943:
17941:
17933:
17931:
17930:
17919:
17918:
17915:
17905:
17902:
17899:
17898:
17894:
17892:
17889:
17887:
17884:
17880:
17877:
17875:
17872:
17871:
17870:
17867:
17865:
17862:
17861:
17859:
17855:
17850:
17847:
17845:
17842:
17840:
17837:
17835:
17832:
17830:
17827:
17825:
17822:
17820:
17817:
17815:
17812:
17810:
17807:
17805:
17802:
17800:
17798:
17794:
17791:
17787:
17777:
17774:
17773:
17772:
17771:United States
17769:
17767:
17764:
17762:
17759:
17757:
17754:
17752:
17749:
17747:
17744:
17742:
17739:
17737:
17734:
17732:
17729:
17727:
17724:
17722:
17719:
17717:
17714:
17712:
17709:
17707:
17704:
17702:
17699:
17697:
17694:
17692:
17689:
17687:
17684:
17682:
17679:
17677:
17674:
17672:
17669:
17667:
17664:
17660:
17657:
17655:
17652:
17650:
17647:
17645:
17642:
17640:
17637:
17635:
17632:
17630:
17627:
17625:
17622:
17621:
17620:
17619:Latin America
17617:
17615:
17612:
17610:
17607:
17605:
17602:
17600:
17597:
17595:
17592:
17590:
17587:
17585:
17582:
17580:
17577:
17575:
17572:
17570:
17567:
17565:
17562:
17560:
17557:
17555:
17552:
17550:
17547:
17545:
17542:
17540:
17537:
17535:
17532:
17530:
17527:
17525:
17522:
17518:
17515:
17513:
17510:
17508:
17505:
17503:
17500:
17498:
17495:
17493:
17490:
17488:
17485:
17483:
17480:
17479:
17478:
17475:
17474:
17470:
17466:
17460:
17457:
17455:
17452:
17450:
17449:Technoscience
17447:
17445:
17442:
17440:
17437:
17435:
17432:
17430:
17427:
17423:
17420:
17419:
17418:
17415:
17413:
17410:
17406:
17403:
17401:
17398:
17396:
17393:
17389:
17386:
17385:
17384:
17381:
17379:
17376:
17374:
17371:
17369:
17366:
17365:
17364:
17361:
17359:
17356:
17354:
17351:
17347:
17344:
17343:
17342:
17339:
17337:
17334:
17332:
17329:
17327:
17324:
17322:
17319:
17317:
17314:
17310:
17307:
17305:
17302:
17300:
17299:Art criticism
17297:
17296:
17295:
17292:
17290:
17287:
17285:
17282:
17280:
17277:
17275:
17272:
17268:
17265:
17263:
17260:
17259:
17258:
17255:
17253:
17250:
17248:
17245:
17243:
17240:
17238:
17235:
17233:
17230:
17228:
17225:
17223:
17220:
17218:
17215:
17213:
17212:Men's studies
17210:
17208:
17205:
17203:
17200:
17199:
17197:
17194:
17192:
17189:
17187:
17184:
17182:
17179:
17177:
17175:
17171:
17163:
17160:
17158:
17155:
17153:
17148:
17146:
17143:
17141:
17138:
17136:
17133:
17131:
17128:
17126:
17123:
17121:
17120:Transmisogyny
17118:
17116:
17113:
17111:
17108:
17106:
17103:
17101:
17098:
17096:
17093:
17091:
17088:
17086:
17083:
17081:
17080:Purplewashing
17078:
17076:
17075:Protofeminism
17073:
17071:
17068:
17066:
17063:
17061:
17058:
17056:
17053:
17051:
17048:
17046:
17043:
17041:
17038:
17036:
17033:
17031:
17028:
17026:
17023:
17021:
17018:
17016:
17013:
17011:
17007:
17003:
17001:
16998:
16996:
16993:
16991:
16988:
16986:
16985:Honor killing
16983:
16981:
16978:
16976:
16973:
16971:
16968:
16966:
16963:
16961:
16958:
16954:
16951:
16949:
16946:
16944:
16941:
16940:
16939:
16936:
16934:
16931:
16929:
16926:
16924:
16921:
16919:
16916:
16914:
16911:
16909:
16906:
16904:
16901:
16899:
16896:
16894:
16891:
16889:
16886:
16882:
16879:
16878:
16877:
16874:
16872:
16869:
16867:
16864:
16863:
16859:
16855:
16846:
16843:
16841:
16838:
16834:
16831:
16830:
16829:
16826:
16822:
16819:
16817:
16814:
16812:
16809:
16808:
16807:
16804:
16802:
16799:
16797:
16794:
16792:
16788:
16780:
16777:
16773:
16770:
16769:
16768:
16765:
16763:
16760:
16758:
16755:
16751:
16748:
16746:
16743:
16741:
16738:
16737:
16736:
16733:
16729:
16726:
16724:
16721:
16719:
16716:
16714:
16711:
16710:
16709:
16706:
16704:
16701:
16699:
16696:
16695:
16691:
16689:
16685:
16679:
16676:
16672:
16669:
16668:
16667:
16664:
16662:
16659:
16657:
16656:Transnational
16654:
16652:
16649:
16647:
16644:
16642:
16639:
16635:
16632:
16631:
16630:
16627:
16625:
16622:
16620:
16617:
16615:
16612:
16610:
16607:
16605:
16602:
16598:
16595:
16594:
16593:
16590:
16588:
16585:
16583:
16580:
16578:
16575:
16573:
16570:
16568:
16565:
16563:
16560:
16558:
16555:
16553:
16550:
16546:
16543:
16542:
16541:
16538:
16536:
16533:
16531:
16528:
16526:
16525:Individualist
16523:
16519:
16516:
16515:
16514:
16511:
16509:
16506:
16504:
16501:
16499:
16496:
16494:
16491:
16489:
16486:
16482:
16479:
16478:
16477:
16474:
16472:
16469:
16465:
16462:
16461:
16460:
16457:
16455:
16452:
16450:
16447:
16445:
16442:
16440:
16437:
16435:
16432:
16430:
16427:
16425:
16424:Anti-abortion
16422:
16420:
16417:
16415:
16412:
16411:
16409:
16405:
16402:
16400:
16394:
16380:
16377:
16375:
16372:
16370:
16367:
16366:
16365:
16362:
16360:
16357:
16355:
16352:
16351:
16350:
16349:United States
16347:
16343:
16340:
16339:
16338:
16335:
16333:
16330:
16328:
16325:
16323:
16320:
16318:
16315:
16313:
16310:
16308:
16305:
16303:
16300:
16298:
16295:
16294:
16292:
16290:
16286:
16279:
16275:
16273:
16270:
16268:
16265:
16263:
16260:
16259:
16257:
16253:
16247:
16244:
16242:
16239:
16235:
16232:
16231:
16230:
16227:
16225:
16222:
16220:
16217:
16216:
16214:
16210:
16207:
16205:
16201:
16197:
16190:
16185:
16183:
16178:
16176:
16171:
16170:
16167:
16155:
16152:
16150:
16147:
16145:
16142:
16140:
16137:
16135:
16132:
16130:
16127:
16125:
16122:
16120:
16117:
16115:
16112:
16110:
16107:
16105:
16102:
16101:
16099:
16095:
16085:
16082:
16080:
16077:
16075:
16074:Postgenderism
16072:
16070:
16067:
16065:
16064:Monosexuality
16062:
16060:
16057:
16055:
16052:
16050:
16047:
16045:
16042:
16040:
16037:
16035:
16034:Allosexuality
16032:
16031:
16029:
16025:
16019:
16016:
16014:
16013:Homosociality
16011:
16009:
16006:
16004:
16003:Antisexuality
16001:
15999:
15996:
15995:
15993:
15989:
15983:
15980:
15978:
15975:
15973:
15970:
15968:
15965:
15963:
15960:
15958:
15955:
15953:
15950:
15948:
15945:
15943:
15940:
15938:
15935:
15931:
15928:
15927:
15926:
15923:
15921:
15918:
15916:
15913:
15911:
15908:
15906:
15903:
15901:
15898:
15896:
15893:
15892:
15890:
15886:
15880:
15877:
15875:
15872:
15870:
15867:
15865:
15862:
15861:
15859:
15857:
15853:
15850:
15848:
15840:
15830:
15827:
15825:
15822:
15820:
15817:
15815:
15812:
15810:
15807:
15805:
15802:
15800:
15797:
15795:
15792:
15790:
15787:
15785:
15782:
15780:
15777:
15775:
15772:
15770:
15767:
15765:
15762:
15760:
15757:
15755:
15752:
15750:
15747:
15745:
15742:
15740:
15737:
15735:
15732:
15730:
15727:
15725:
15722:
15720:
15717:
15715:
15712:
15708:
15705:
15704:
15703:
15700:
15698:
15695:
15693:
15690:
15685:
15682:
15679:
15678:
15677:
15676:Bugis genders
15674:
15672:
15669:
15667:
15664:
15662:
15659:
15657:
15654:
15653:
15651:
15647:
15646:Third genders
15643:
15637:
15634:
15630:
15627:
15625:
15622:
15620:
15617:
15616:
15615:
15612:
15610:
15607:
15603:
15600:
15599:
15598:
15595:
15593:
15590:
15588:
15585:
15583:
15580:
15578:
15575:
15573:
15570:
15568:
15567:Gender bender
15565:
15563:
15560:
15558:
15557:Cross-dresser
15555:
15553:
15550:
15548:
15545:
15543:
15540:
15538:
15535:
15533:
15530:
15528:
15525:
15523:
15520:
15519:
15517:
15515:
15511:
15508:
15506:
15500:
15495:
15491:
15484:
15479:
15477:
15472:
15470:
15465:
15464:
15461:
15449:
15441:
15439:
15431:
15429:
15421:
15420:
15417:
15411:
15408:
15406:
15403:
15401:
15398:
15397:
15395:
15391:
15381:
15378:
15376:
15373:
15372:
15370:
15366:
15360:
15357:
15355:
15352:
15351:
15349:
15345:
15342:
15338:
15324:
15321:
15319:
15316:
15314:
15311:
15309:
15306:
15305:
15303:
15299:
15293:
15290:
15289:
15287:
15283:
15280:
15276:
15270:
15267:
15265:
15262:
15260:
15257:
15255:
15252:
15250:
15247:
15245:
15242:
15241:
15239:
15235:
15232:
15230:
15224:
15218:
15215:
15213:
15210:
15208:
15205:
15203:
15200:
15198:
15195:
15193:
15190:
15188:
15185:
15183:
15180:
15178:
15175:
15171:
15168:
15166:
15163:
15161:
15158:
15156:
15153:
15151:
15148:
15146:
15143:
15142:
15141:
15138:
15136:
15133:
15131:
15128:
15126:
15125:
15121:
15120:
15118:
15116:
15110:
15104:
15101:
15099:
15096:
15094:
15091:
15089:
15086:
15084:
15083:Gender binary
15081:
15079:
15076:
15074:
15071:
15068:
15065:
15063:
15060:
15058:
15055:
15053:
15050:
15049:
15047:
15043:
15028:
15027:Postgenderism
15025:
15023:
15020:
15018:
15015:
15014:
15012:
15008:
15004:
14997:
14992:
14990:
14985:
14983:
14978:
14977:
14974:
14967:
14966:
14961:
14958:
14955:
14952:
14949:
14946:
14945:
14939:
14932:
14927:
14919:
14913:
14909:
14902:
14893:
14878:
14872:
14868:
14867:
14859:
14857:
14855:
14846:
14842:
14838:
14834:
14827:
14811:
14804:
14796:
14792:
14788:
14784:
14780:
14776:
14769:
14759:
14750:
14741:
14735:
14729:
14720:
14712:
14711:Our Sexuality
14705:
14697:
14690:
14688:
14679:
14673:
14669:
14662:
14654:
14650:
14646:
14642:
14638:
14634:
14627:
14620:
14619:
14614:
14608:
14602:
14601:0-8166-0812-1
14598:
14592:
14583:
14575:
14569:
14550:
14543:
14536:
14529:
14525:
14519:
14512:
14508:
14502:
14486:
14482:
14476:
14468:
14462:
14458:
14457:
14449:
14441:
14435:
14431:
14430:
14422:
14414:
14410:
14405:
14400:
14397:(2): 45–101.
14396:
14392:
14388:
14384:
14377:
14370:
14359:
14353:
14349:
14345:
14344:
14336:
14329:
14318:
14312:
14308:
14304:
14303:
14295:
14288:
14276:
14270:
14266:
14262:
14261:
14253:
14251:
14242:
14238:
14233:
14228:
14224:
14220:
14219:
14214:
14207:
14205:
14203:
14194:
14190:
14186:
14182:
14178:
14174:
14170:
14166:
14159:
14151:
14147:
14142:
14137:
14133:
14129:
14125:
14121:
14117:
14110:
14104:
14098:
14091:
14090:
14085:
14080:
14072:
14060:
14052:
14048:
14044:
14038:
14034:
14033:
14025:
14014:
14007:
14001:
13994:
13988:
13972:
13968:
13964:
13958:
13951:
13947:
13941:
13934:
13933:1-58182-594-3
13930:
13924:
13917:
13913:
13907:
13900:
13899:
13893:
13877:
13873:
13868:
13860:
13844:
13840:
13839:
13834:
13827:
13811:
13807:
13803:
13797:
13782:
13778:
13771:
13769:
13752:
13748:
13742:
13740:
13724:. 17 May 2011
13723:
13719:
13713:
13711:
13703:
13700:
13694:
13690:
13684:
13680:
13679:
13671:
13669:
13658:
13654:
13650:
13646:
13642:
13638:
13633:
13629:
13623:
13619:
13618:
13612:
13608:
13602:
13598:
13594:
13589:
13585:
13579:
13575:
13574:
13568:
13564:
13558:
13554:
13550:
13549:
13544:
13540:
13529:
13528:
13523:
13518:
13514:
13508:
13504:
13500:
13496:
13492:
13488:
13484:
13480:
13474:
13470:
13466:
13462:
13457:
13450:
13446:
13442:
13435:
13430:
13429:
13425:
13418:
13413:
13407:
13403:
13399:
13398:
13390:
13383:
13379:
13373:
13369:
13364:
13363:
13354:
13344:
13338:
13334:
13330:
13325:
13317:
13313:
13309:
13305:
13301:
13297:
13293:
13286:
13271:
13266:
13258:
13242:
13238:
13231:
13222:
13217:
13213:
13209:
13205:
13202:(4): 357–70.
13201:
13197:
13193:
13186:
13177:
13169:
13165:
13161:
13157:
13153:
13149:
13142:
13134:
13130:
13126:
13122:
13118:
13114:
13107:
13099:
13095:
13091:
13087:
13083:
13079:
13072:
13064:
13060:
13053:
13045:
13041:
13037:
13033:
13029:
13025:
13018:
13010:
13006:
13001:
12996:
12992:
12988:
12984:
12980:
12974:
12966:
12962:
12958:
12954:
12950:
12946:
12939:
12931:
12927:
12923:
12919:
12915:
12911:
12907:
12901:
12894:
12882:
12878:
12872:
12864:
12863:
12858:
12852:
12844:
12832:
12824:
12818:
12814:
12813:
12805:
12797:
12791:
12787:
12786:
12778:
12770:
12766:
12762:
12758:
12755:(15): 39–41.
12754:
12750:
12743:
12728:
12724:
12717:
12702:
12698:
12691:
12683:
12679:
12675:
12671:
12667:
12663:
12656:
12648:
12644:
12640:
12636:
12632:
12628:
12621:
12613:
12609:
12605:
12601:
12597:
12593:
12586:
12578:
12574:
12570:
12566:
12562:
12558:
12554:
12550:
12546:
12539:
12531:
12527:
12522:
12517:
12513:
12509:
12504:
12499:
12495:
12491:
12487:
12480:
12465:
12461:
12454:
12446:
12442:
12438:
12434:
12427:
12419:
12415:
12411:
12407:
12403:
12399:
12392:
12384:
12380:
12376:
12372:
12368:
12364:
12360:
12356:
12349:
12341:
12337:
12332:
12327:
12323:
12319:
12315:
12311:
12307:
12300:
12292:
12288:
12284:
12280:
12276:
12272:
12268:
12261:
12253:
12249:
12245:
12241:
12237:
12233:
12229:
12222:
12207:
12203:
12197:
12189:
12182:
12174:
12170:
12166:
12162:
12158:
12154:
12150:
12143:
12132:
12128:
12124:
12120:
12116:
12112:
12108:
12107:
12099:
12095:
12089:
12081:
12077:
12072:
12067:
12062:
12057:
12053:
12049:
12045:
12041:
12040:
12035:
12027:
12019:
12015:
12011:
12007:
12003:
11999:
11992:
11977:
11971:
11967:
11966:
11958:
11950:
11946:
11942:
11938:
11934:
11930:
11925:
11920:
11916:
11912:
11911:
11903:
11895:
11891:
11886:
11881:
11877:
11873:
11869:
11865:
11861:
11857:
11853:
11846:
11838:
11834:
11830:
11826:
11822:
11818:
11814:
11807:
11799:
11795:
11791:
11787:
11783:
11779:
11775:
11768:
11760:
11747:
11736:
11729:
11722:
11720:
11703:
11699:
11693:
11691:
11689:
11680:
11676:
11672:
11668:
11664:
11660:
11656:
11652:
11648:
11644:
11640:
11633:
11622:
11618:
11611:
11605:
11599:
11593:
11585:
11581:
11577:
11573:
11569:
11565:
11561:
11554:
11546:
11542:
11538:
11534:
11530:
11526:
11522:
11518:
11514:
11507:
11492:
11488:
11484:
11480:
11473:
11465:
11461:
11457:
11453:
11449:
11445:
11441:
11434:
11426:
11422:
11415:
11407:
11403:
11399:
11395:
11391:
11387:
11383:
11376:
11368:
11364:
11360:
11356:
11352:
11348:
11344:
11337:
11329:
11325:
11321:
11317:
11313:
11306:
11298:
11294:
11290:
11286:
11282:
11275:
11267:
11263:
11259:
11255:
11251:
11247:
11243:
11236:
11234:
11225:
11221:
11217:
11213:
11209:
11205:
11201:
11194:
11192:
11190:
11188:
11186:
11177:
11173:
11169:
11165:
11161:
11154:
11152:
11143:
11139:
11135:
11131:
11127:
11123:
11119:
11115:
11111:
11104:
11097:(1): 262–266.
11096:
11092:
11085:
11077:
11073:
11069:
11065:
11061:
11057:
11053:
11046:
11038:
11031:
11023:
11019:
11015:
11011:
11007:
11003:
10999:
10992:
10984:
10980:
10976:
10972:
10968:
10961:
10953:
10949:
10945:
10941:
10937:
10930:
10921:
10916:
10913:(21): 11863.
10912:
10908:
10904:
10897:
10895:
10887:(4): 377–393.
10886:
10882:
10875:
10867:
10863:
10859:
10855:
10851:
10844:
10836:
10835:Masculinities
10829:
10821:
10817:
10813:
10809:
10805:
10801:
10797:
10790:
10788:
10786:
10784:
10775:
10771:
10764:
10756:
10752:
10745:
10737:
10733:
10729:
10725:
10721:
10717:
10713:
10706:
10698:
10694:
10690:
10686:
10682:
10678:
10671:
10652:
10645:
10639:
10631:
10627:
10620:
10612:
10608:
10604:
10600:
10596:
10592:
10585:
10577:
10570:
10562:
10555:
10547:
10543:
10539:
10535:
10528:
10520:
10516:
10512:
10508:
10504:
10500:
10493:
10484:
10479:
10475:
10471:
10467:
10460:
10452:
10448:
10444:
10440:
10436:
10432:
10425:
10423:
10421:
10412:
10408:
10404:
10400:
10396:
10389:
10381:
10377:
10370:
10362:
10358:
10351:
10343:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10325:
10321:
10317:
10313:
10306:
10298:
10294:
10290:
10286:
10279:
10271:
10264:
10256:
10252:
10248:
10244:
10240:
10236:
10229:
10221:
10217:
10213:
10209:
10205:
10201:
10194:
10186:
10182:
10178:
10174:
10170:
10166:
10159:
10144:
10140:
10139:
10138:Campus Reform
10134:
10127:
10119:
10115:
10111:
10107:
10103:
10099:
10095:
10091:
10090:
10082:
10075:
10067:
10063:
10059:
10055:
10052:(1): 93–102.
10051:
10047:
10046:
10038:
10032:
10028:
10025:
10020:
10016:
10012:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9994:
9990:
9989:
9984:
9977:
9971:
9966:
9962:
9958:
9954:
9950:
9946:
9942:
9938:
9937:
9932:
9926:
9918:
9914:
9910:
9906:
9905:
9897:
9889:
9885:
9881:
9877:
9876:
9868:
9860:
9856:
9852:
9848:
9844:
9837:
9829:
9825:
9821:
9817:
9813:
9809:
9808:
9800:
9792:
9788:
9784:
9780:
9775:
9770:
9766:
9762:
9761:
9753:
9751:
9742:
9738:
9734:
9730:
9726:
9722:
9721:
9713:
9705:
9701:
9695:
9687:
9680:
9669:
9665:
9661:
9657:
9653:
9649:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9631:
9627:
9626:
9618:
9614:
9608:
9600:
9594:
9590:
9589:
9584:
9578:
9570:
9566:
9562:
9561:
9556:
9550:
9542:
9538:
9534:
9530:
9529:
9521:
9519:
9517:
9515:
9513:
9504:
9500:
9496:
9492:
9485:
9477:
9473:
9470:(1): 85–106.
9469:
9465:
9458:
9450:
9446:
9442:
9438:
9434:
9430:
9423:
9415:
9411:
9407:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9389:
9385:
9378:
9368:
9359:
9350:
9341:
9333:
9329:
9322:
9313:
9304:
9289:
9285:
9278:
9270:
9266:
9262:
9258:
9254:
9250:
9246:
9242:
9238:
9234:
9230:
9223:
9214:
9207:
9201:
9193:
9187:
9183:
9177:
9169:
9165:
9162:(6): 641–72.
9161:
9157:
9150:
9148:
9138:
9130:
9126:
9122:
9118:
9115:(6): 722–41.
9114:
9110:
9103:
9095:
9091:
9087:
9083:
9079:
9072:
9070:
9068:
9059:
9055:
9051:
9047:
9043:
9039:
9038:Urban Studies
9032:
9030:
9028:
9026:
9017:
9013:
9009:
9005:
9001:
8997:
8993:
8989:
8985:
8978:
8976:
8974:
8964:
8956:
8952:
8948:
8944:
8940:
8936:
8929:
8914:. 29 May 2013
8913:
8909:
8903:
8888:
8884:
8878:
8862:
8858:
8852:
8836:
8832:
8827:
8819:
8804:. 5 June 2014
8803:
8799:
8793:
8785:
8781:
8777:
8773:
8769:
8765:
8764:Gender Issues
8758:
8750:
8746:
8739:
8731:
8727:
8720:
8712:
8708:
8704:
8700:
8696:
8692:
8685:
8677:
8673:
8669:
8665:
8661:
8657:
8650:
8642:
8638:
8634:
8630:
8623:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8588:
8580:
8576:
8572:
8568:
8564:
8560:
8553:
8545:
8541:
8537:
8533:
8529:
8525:
8518:
8510:
8506:
8502:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8483:
8476:
8470:
8462:
8456:
8451:
8450:
8441:
8439:
8437:
8435:
8433:
8424:
8420:
8414:
8406:
8401:
8393:
8384:
8376:
8372:
8368:
8361:
8353:
8349:
8345:
8341:
8337:
8333:
8326:
8324:
8316:
8310:
8308:
8306:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8281:
8277:
8270:
8268:
8266:
8264:
8254:
8245:
8230:
8226:
8220:
8205:
8201:
8195:
8184:
8180:
8179:
8171:
8164:
8156:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8115:
8107:
8101:
8097:
8093:
8089:
8088:
8083:
8076:
8068:
8064:
8060:
8056:
8052:
8048:
8044:
8037:
8022:
8018:
8011:
8001:
7982:
7978:
7971:
7964:
7955:
7946:
7937:
7929:
7923:
7919:
7912:
7905:
7900:
7894:
7890:
7883:
7875:
7869:
7865:
7860:
7859:
7850:
7848:
7839:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7823:
7817:
7809:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7776:
7768:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7753:
7745:
7737:
7731:
7727:
7723:
7722:
7714:
7706:
7699:
7684:
7683:
7675:
7667:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7640:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7608:
7601:
7593:
7587:
7572:
7568:
7561:
7553:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7538:
7530:
7528:
7519:
7513:
7509:
7505:
7504:
7496:
7494:
7485:
7479:
7475:
7474:
7466:
7464:
7462:
7460:
7451:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7417:
7410:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7390:
7383:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7348:
7346:
7330:
7326:
7319:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7284:
7277:
7271:
7263:
7259:
7255:
7249:
7242:
7237:
7233:
7230:(4): 301–19.
7229:
7225:
7221:
7215:
7208:
7207:0-465-07714-5
7204:
7198:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7176:
7172:
7171:
7166:
7160:
7158:
7149:
7145:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7122:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7102:
7095:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7068:
7059:
7057:
7047:
7038:
7019:
7015:
7008:
7001:
6992:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6945:
6938:
6933:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6908:
6899:
6892:
6886:
6880:
6876:
6869:
6861:
6855:
6851:
6844:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6801:
6793:
6787:
6783:
6776:
6767:
6759:
6753:
6749:
6748:
6740:
6731:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6708:
6700:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6649:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6614:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6579:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6541:
6534:
6523:
6522:
6517:
6510:
6502:
6496:
6477:
6470:
6463:
6455:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6440:
6435:
6428:
6421:
6415:
6407:
6401:
6397:
6390:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6371:
6370:0-312-22479-6
6367:
6363:
6357:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6322:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6287:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6252:
6237:
6231:
6227:
6226:
6218:
6211:
6199:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6184:
6176:
6169:
6158:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6143:
6135:
6128:
6117:
6111:
6107:
6106:
6098:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6082:
6075:
6067:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6008:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5969:
5965:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5914:Gender bender
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5891:
5880:
5877:
5871:
5866:
5863:
5852:
5845:
5836:
5829:
5823:
5813:
5809:
5806:
5801:
5797:
5794:
5788:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5761:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5742:
5731:
5726:
5724:
5719:
5717:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5696:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5678:Transfeminism
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5658:Queer studies
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5555:
5554:Vulnerability
5552:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5376:homosexuality
5374:Religion and
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5329:
5324:
5323:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5310:Youth suicide
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5271:
5270:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5206:
5205:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5165:Socialization
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5116:LGBTQ culture
5114:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5034:
5033:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4989:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4962:Homosexuality
4960:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4928:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4853:Homosexuality
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4774:
4773:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4684:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4624:cross-dresser
4621:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4548:
4546:
4543:, the end of
4542:
4538:
4533:
4523:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4426:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4391:20 percent."
4389:
4385:
4384:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4352:Betty Friedan
4348:
4344:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4316:
4311:
4305:
4295:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4260:
4250:
4248:
4247:progressivism
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4212:family values
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4174:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4159:
4156:
4155:online gaming
4150:
4147:
4146:self-efficacy
4141:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4055:
4052:
4044:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4018:This section
4016:
4007:
4006:
3997:
3994:
3986:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3960:This section
3958:
3954:
3949:
3948:
3940:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3909:
3905:
3903:
3892:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3868:
3863:
3861:
3854:as the model.
3853:
3849:
3848:Beauty Parade
3844:
3839:
3829:
3827:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3789:
3784:
3775:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3764:infantilizing
3761:
3755:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3722:
3713:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3665:glass ceiling
3660:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3602:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3551:
3545:
3543:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3479:United States
3471:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3443:
3439:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3416:
3415:sexual desire
3406:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3379:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3322:Communication
3319:
3316:
3315:socialization
3311:
3310:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3267:
3264:
3256:
3246:
3245:the talk page
3242:
3236:
3234:
3229:This section
3227:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3093:
3082:
3073:
3059:
3055:
3046:
3037:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3009:
3001:
2993:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2925:collections (
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2765:The roles of
2760:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2692:Vern Bullough
2689:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2645:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2607:Anke Ehrhardt
2604:
2600:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2543:
2538:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2434:
2432:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2333:United States
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2310:
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2287:Gilbert Herdt
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2018:
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1998:Social stigma
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1541:Jim Crow laws
1539:
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1526:One-drop rule
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1443:Blood quantum
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1400:
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1384:Victimisation
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1379:Trans bashing
1377:
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1349:Religious war
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1329:Racialization
1327:
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1200:Glass ceiling
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1143:Ethnic hatred
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1078:Counter-jihad
1076:
1074:
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843:United States
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721:
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707:
706:United States
704:
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664:
662:
659:
658:
652:
646:
645:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
619:Protestantism
617:
615:
612:
608:
605:
604:
603:
600:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
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579:
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564:
561:
557:
554:
552:
549:
548:
547:
544:
542:
539:
535:
532:
530:
529:LDS or Mormon
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
480:
475:
474:
464:
461:
459:
456:
452:
449:
447:
446:Transmisogyny
444:
442:
439:
438:
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434:
430:
427:
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421:
420:
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412:
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385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
349:Gerontophobia
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
279:Anti-intersex
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
254:Anti-albinism
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
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236:
227:
226:
216:
213:
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159:
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149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
115:
106:
105:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
79:Institutional
77:
76:
67:
66:
62:
58:
57:
54:
51:
50:
46:
42:
41:
36:
34:
19:
21344:Gender roles
21311:. Retrieved
21307:
21298:
21068:Gender-blind
20955:Human rights
20783:Racial quota
20770:
20750:Jewish quota
20730:Gerontocracy
20725:Gender roles
20724:
20703:Disabilities
20688:Blood purity
20660:Wife selling
20650:White flight
20630:Slut-shaming
20610:Scapegoating
20528:Murder music
20191:Palestinians
20134:Anti-Zionism
20002:South Africa
19987:Black people
19965:South Africa
19781:Christianity
19771:Baháʼí Faith
19694:Sectarianism
19634:Heterosexism
19599:Ephebiphobia
19569:Anti-Masonry
19436:Hair texture
19316:
19303:
19290:
19277:
19036:Sociobiology
18894:Neuroscience
18874:Intelligence
18868:
18420:Anthropology
18373:Color vision
18358:Multitasking
18337:Flynn effect
18332:Intelligence
18314:Folk biology
18057:Evolutionary
17920:
17895:
17839:Rhetoricians
17829:Philosophers
17721:Saudi Arabia
17517:South Africa
17378:Epistemology
17331:Anthropology
17326:Architecture
17289:Legal theory
17196:Gynocentrism
17135:War on women
17070:Pro-feminism
17025:Gender-blind
16975:Gender quota
16948:Art movement
16740:Dianic Wicca
16619:Sex-positive
16582:Postcolonial
16449:Conservative
16429:Anti-fascist
16114:Gender roles
16113:
16059:Kinsey scale
16049:Aromanticism
15925:Gray asexual
15874:Heterosexual
15799:Sworn virgin
15769:Mukhannathun
15671:Binabinaaine
15212:Male as norm
15139:
15122:
15092:
14963:
14938:
14926:
14907:
14901:
14892:
14880:. Retrieved
14865:
14836:
14832:
14826:
14814:. Retrieved
14803:
14778:
14774:
14768:
14758:
14749:
14740:
14728:
14719:
14710:
14704:
14695:
14667:
14661:
14639:(1): 32–48.
14636:
14632:
14626:
14616:
14607:
14591:
14582:
14556:. Retrieved
14549:the original
14535:
14518:
14501:
14489:. Retrieved
14475:
14455:
14448:
14428:
14421:
14394:
14390:
14383:Breedlove SM
14376:
14368:
14361:. Retrieved
14342:
14335:
14327:
14320:. Retrieved
14301:
14294:
14285:
14278:. Retrieved
14259:
14222:
14216:
14168:
14164:
14158:
14123:
14119:
14109:
14097:
14087:
14079:
14031:
14024:
14013:the original
14000:
13987:
13975:. Retrieved
13971:the original
13966:
13957:
13940:
13923:
13906:
13897:
13892:
13880:. Retrieved
13871:
13859:
13847:. Retrieved
13843:the original
13836:
13826:
13814:. Retrieved
13810:the original
13805:
13796:
13784:. Retrieved
13780:
13755:. Retrieved
13750:
13726:. Retrieved
13721:
13702:degradation.
13698:
13696:
13693:the original
13677:
13643:(1): 57–73.
13640:
13636:
13616:
13596:
13572:
13547:
13531:. Retrieved
13525:
13498:
13463:. New York:
13460:
13449:the original
13444:
13440:
13424:
13415:
13396:
13389:
13381:
13361:
13353:
13343:
13328:
13324:
13302:(1): 1–105.
13299:
13295:
13285:
13273:. Retrieved
13269:
13257:
13245:. Retrieved
13241:the original
13230:
13221:the original
13199:
13195:
13185:
13176:
13151:
13147:
13141:
13116:
13112:
13106:
13081:
13077:
13071:
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13052:
13027:
13023:
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12990:
12986:
12973:
12951:(1): 20–34.
12948:
12944:
12938:
12913:
12909:
12900:
12892:
12885:. Retrieved
12880:
12871:
12860:
12851:
12811:
12804:
12784:
12777:
12752:
12742:
12730:. Retrieved
12727:The Guardian
12726:
12716:
12704:. Retrieved
12701:The Guardian
12700:
12690:
12665:
12661:
12655:
12630:
12626:
12620:
12595:
12591:
12585:
12552:
12548:
12538:
12496:(10): 5770.
12493:
12489:
12479:
12467:. Retrieved
12463:
12453:
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12432:
12426:
12401:
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12391:
12358:
12354:
12348:
12313:
12309:
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12270:
12260:
12235:
12231:
12221:
12209:. Retrieved
12205:
12196:
12181:
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12152:
12142:
12110:
12104:
12088:
12043:
12037:
12026:
12001:
11997:
11991:
11979:. Retrieved
11964:
11957:
11917:(1): 44–59.
11914:
11908:
11902:
11859:
11855:
11845:
11820:
11816:
11806:
11781:
11777:
11767:
11746:cite journal
11706:. Retrieved
11701:
11646:
11642:
11632:
11619:. May 2021.
11616:
11604:
11592:
11567:
11563:
11553:
11520:
11516:
11506:
11494:. Retrieved
11482:
11472:
11447:
11443:
11433:
11427:(1): 95–111.
11424:
11420:
11414:
11392:(1): 16–32.
11389:
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11346:
11336:
11319:
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11305:
11291:(2): 38–51.
11288:
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11008:(1): 48–65.
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10769:
10763:
10754:
10750:
10744:
10719:
10715:
10705:
10680:
10676:
10670:
10658:. Retrieved
10651:the original
10638:
10629:
10626:Vand. L. Rev
10625:
10619:
10597:(2): 65–93.
10594:
10590:
10584:
10575:
10569:
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10554:
10537:
10533:
10527:
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10498:
10492:
10476:(4): 75–99.
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10278:
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10234:
10228:
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10199:
10193:
10168:
10164:
10158:
10146:. Retrieved
10136:
10126:
10093:
10087:
10074:
10049:
10043:
10037:
9992:
9986:
9981:Spencer SJ,
9976:
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9934:
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9867:
9850:
9846:
9836:
9814:(1): 34–42.
9811:
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9340:
9331:
9327:
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9312:
9303:
9291:. Retrieved
9288:The Guardian
9287:
9277:
9236:
9232:
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9213:
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9200:
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9176:
9159:
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9081:
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9037:
8991:
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8983:
8963:
8938:
8934:
8928:
8916:. Retrieved
8911:
8902:
8890:. Retrieved
8886:
8877:
8865:. Retrieved
8860:
8851:
8839:. Retrieved
8830:
8818:
8806:. Retrieved
8801:
8792:
8767:
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8738:
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8562:
8558:
8552:
8527:
8523:
8517:
8495:(1): 31–42.
8492:
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8477:. Routledge.
8474:
8469:
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8422:
8413:
8405:The Guardian
8404:
8392:
8383:
8375:the original
8370:
8360:
8335:
8331:
8317:. Routledge.
8314:
8279:
8275:
8253:
8244:
8232:. Retrieved
8228:
8219:
8207:. Retrieved
8203:
8194:
8176:
8163:
8128:
8124:
8114:
8086:
8075:
8053:(1): 69–79.
8050:
8046:
8036:
8024:. Retrieved
8020:
8010:
8000:
7988:. Retrieved
7963:
7954:
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7936:
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7911:
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7744:
7720:
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7686:. Retrieved
7681:
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7645:
7639:
7614:
7610:
7600:
7574:. Retrieved
7570:
7560:
7536:
7502:
7472:
7441:10547/622118
7423:
7419:
7409:
7392:
7388:
7382:
7357:
7353:
7332:. Retrieved
7328:
7318:
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7289:
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7270:
7261:
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7077:
7073:
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7046:
7037:
7025:. Retrieved
7013:
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6890:
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6868:
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6775:
6766:
6746:
6739:
6730:
6722:the original
6717:
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6658:
6648:
6623:
6619:
6613:
6588:
6584:
6578:
6566:. Retrieved
6554:
6550:
6540:
6532:
6525:. Retrieved
6519:
6509:
6483:. Retrieved
6476:the original
6462:
6438:
6427:
6414:
6395:
6389:
6374:
6361:
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6327:
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6224:
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6182:
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6141:
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6126:
6119:. Retrieved
6104:
6097:
6079:
6074:
6021:
6017:
6007:
5982:
5978:
5968:
5842:
5825:
5810:
5802:
5798:
5789:
5785:
5777:queer theory
5773:heterosexism
5769:heterosexual
5762:
5743:
5739:
5704:LGBTQ portal
5663:Queer theory
5603:Trans people
5519:Heterosexism
5380:trans people
5378: /
5315:Detransition
5300:Reproduction
5288: /
4842:
4823:Demographics
4816:Pansexuality
4789:Aromanticism
4714:LGBTQ topics
4659:
4617:
4601:
4590:heterosexual
4582:assigned sex
4575:
4535:
4520:
4492:
4484:
4468:reproduction
4445:
4419:Men's rights
4411:
4405:
4400:
4393:
4381:
4379:
4374:suffragettes
4370:Louise Weiss
4360:
4347:middle-class
4340:
4321:
4292:
4280:
4264:
4256:
4220:
4185:
4171:
4163:mobile games
4160:
4151:
4142:
4138:
4110:
4100:beliefs and
4077:
4064:Social media
4062:
4047:
4038:
4019:
3989:
3980:
3969:Please help
3964:verification
3961:
3937:
3922:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3898:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3847:
3822:
3818:
3809:
3803:
3793:
3788:West Germany
3772:
3756:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3727:
3723:
3719:
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3661:
3641:
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3626:
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3591:
3584:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3550:second grade
3546:
3539:
3520:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3440:
3431:social norms
3428:
3424:
3412:
3395:
3384:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3308:
3307:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3277:
3274:
3259:
3250:
3239:Please help
3230:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3133:playing the
3123:kindergarten
3115:Oslo, Norway
3056:
3052:
3043:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3006:
2968:
2953:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2913:
2897:
2885:Saudi Arabia
2882:
2875:
2849:
2815:
2776:
2764:
2755:
2735:Christianity
2730:
2708:
2700:
2696:Adam's apple
2690:
2679:
2672:
2670:
2656:
2639:
2627:
2622:
2596:
2571:
2567:
2540:
2537:Doing Gender
2525:David Reimer
2521:
2517:gender role,
2516:
2502:
2498:psychosexual
2487:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2456:
2453:masculinity.
2428:
2330:
2313:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2263:
2224:externalized
2220:internalized
2213:
2209:
2208:
2201:
2185:third gender
2166:
2159:
2153:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2104:
2097:
2089:
2068:
2064:
2062:
1832:Gender-blind
1711:Human rights
1531:Racial quota
1518:
1498:Jewish quota
1478:Gerontocracy
1474:Gender roles
1453:Disabilities
1438:Blood purity
1404:Wife selling
1394:White flight
1374:Slut-shaming
1354:Scapegoating
1272:Murder music
927:Palestinians
870:Anti-Zionism
738:South Africa
723:Black people
701:South Africa
509:Christianity
499:Baháʼí Faith
414:Sectarianism
354:Heterosexism
319:Ephebiphobia
289:Anti-Masonry
148:Hair texture
32:
21354:Role status
21349:Role theory
20970:Nonviolence
20965:LGBT rights
20930:Empowerment
20898:Anti-racism
20820:Segregation
20765:No kid zone
20565:Persecution
20478:Hate speech
20429:Gay bashing
20404:Ethnic joke
20359:Dog whistle
20304:Blood libel
19982:Azerbaijani
19886:Neopaganism
19879:Persecution
19840:Persecution
19823:Persecution
19786:Catholicism
19766:Exclusivism
19716:Transphobia
19699:Supremacism
19654:Lesbophobia
19574:Aporophobia
19539:Anti-autism
19390:Taste-based
19385:Statistical
19175:Determinism
19087:Coevolution
19031:Primatology
18869:Gender role
18774:Orientation
18654:Screen time
18511:Affectional
18493:Development
18172:Mate choice
18099:By-products
18067:Adaptations
18030:Cognitivism
17879:Comic books
17804:Art critics
17726:South Korea
17706:Philippines
17686:New Zealand
17681:Netherlands
17412:Pornography
17400:Metaphysics
17341:Criminology
17336:Archaeology
17309:Film theory
17010:Women's Day
16750:Ecofeminist
16609:Reactionary
16557:Materialist
16332:Switzerland
16327:New Zealand
16246:Fourth-wave
16229:Second-wave
15972:Questioning
15845:orientation
15764:Mudoko dako
15724:Femminiello
15636:Transsexual
15614:Trans woman
15597:Transgender
15301:Development
15254:Gender bias
15093:Gender role
15062:Transgender
14816:22 November
14363:10 February
14322:11 February
14280:11 February
13849:22 December
13816:22 December
13786:22 December
13757:22 December
13728:22 December
13467:. pp.
13275:30 November
12839:|work=
12732:10 December
11252:(3): 1–28.
10376:Tex. L. Rev
9995:(1): 4–28.
9334:(4): 54–64.
8994:(1): 2–11.
8229:www.pbs.org
8209:15 November
7792:: 275–298.
7576:26 February
7254:Colapinto J
6557:(1): 3–13.
6121:19 December
5828:stereotypes
5591:Trans women
5576:Transphobia
5545:LGBT youth
5541:Lesbophobia
5504:Gay bashing
5418:AIDS stigma
5390:Stereotypes
5222:Civil union
5170:Subcultures
5150:QPR and QPP
5133:Pride Month
5109:Periodicals
5089:Gay village
5015:Transgender
5010:Bisexuality
4915:Transsexual
4910:Transgender
4905:Trans woman
4885:Questioning
4843:Gender role
4828:Environment
4811:Bisexuality
4761:Transgender
4652:drag queens
4628:genderqueer
4620:transsexual
4602:transgender
4557:Transgender
4504:David Amess
4204:familialist
4113:influencers
4093:stereotypes
4073:meritocracy
3852:Bettie Page
3651:or further
3465:Stereotypes
3278:instruments
3125:teacher in
2900:Islamic law
2850:Haustafelen
2816:Christian "
2811:Pentecostal
2807:Charismatic
2682:witch-hunts
2513:chromosomes
2463:Hofstede's
2345:ideal types
2283:role theory
2210:Gender role
2204:trans women
2197:androgynous
2141:social role
2133:gender role
2073:masculinity
2065:gender role
1726:Nonviolence
1721:LGBT rights
1686:Empowerment
1654:Anti-racism
1568:Segregation
1513:No kid zone
1309:Persecution
1222:Hate speech
1173:Gay bashing
1148:Ethnic joke
1103:Dog whistle
1048:Blood libel
718:Azerbaijani
614:Neopaganism
607:Persecution
568:Persecution
551:Persecution
514:Catholicism
494:Exclusivism
436:Transphobia
419:Supremacism
374:Lesbophobia
294:Aporophobia
259:Anti-autism
94:Taste-based
89:Statistical
21328:Categories
21313:22 October
21244:Stereotype
21239:Speciesism
21120:Oppression
21115:Oikophobia
21011:Allophilia
20995:Toleration
20852:Sodomy law
20745:Internment
20665:Witch-hunt
20543:Blackhawks
20473:Hate group
20461:Hate crime
20434:Gendercide
20424:Freak show
20414:Excellence
20374:Employment
20344:Defamation
20271:Vietnamese
20266:Venezuelan
20151:Lithuanian
19813:Falun Gong
19743:Xenophobia
19738:Vegaphobia
19721:Non-binary
19679:Pedophobia
19644:Homophobia
19466:Skin color
19426:Disability
19399:Attributes
19380:Structural
19122:Population
19117:Lamarckism
18963:behavioral
18941:Behavioral
18889:Narcissism
18834:Aggression
18624:Hypophobia
18614:Depression
18501:Attachment
18483:Universals
18447:Psychology
18425:Biological
18413:Musicology
18403:Aesthetics
18302:Basophobia
18109:Exaptation
18087:Reciprocal
17869:Literature
17814:Economists
17534:Bangladesh
17468:By country
17417:Psychology
17373:Empiricism
17368:Aesthetics
17363:Philosophy
17222:Patriarchy
17202:Matriarchy
17006:Girl's Day
16980:Girl power
16953:In hip hop
16876:Literature
16806:Indigenous
16745:Reclaiming
16641:Standpoint
16614:Separatism
16587:Postmodern
16481:Vegetarian
16471:Difference
16414:Analytical
16241:Third-wave
16224:First-wave
16008:Asociality
15962:Polysexual
15930:Demisexual
15900:Bi-curious
15879:Homosexual
15847:identities
15814:Two-spirit
15719:Fakafifine
15714:Fa'afafine
15656:Androgynos
15505:identities
15496:identities
15229:inequality
14528:1452265917
14511:1135928509
14218:Pediatrics
13874:. London.
13775:Cheryl W.
13551:. Lanham:
13247:23 October
13154:(1): 2–7.
12979:Carroll SJ
12887:6 February
12094:Messner MA
11981:22 October
11708:26 October
11496:26 October
10405:(3): 504.
10393:Kalysh K,
10291:(7): 778.
9583:Gilligan C
8833:. London.
8282:(1): 1–9.
8234:5 February
8125:West J Med
7360:(2): 129.
7080:(3): 308.
6485:18 October
5961:References
5909:Dominatrix
5524:Homophobia
5445:Censorship
5192:Moe aikāne
5067:Dyke March
5050:Coming out
4991:Identities
4920:Two-spirit
4794:Asexuality
4687:See also:
4648:drag kings
4644:paraphilia
4604:includes:
4594:homosexual
4512:Tony Blair
4460:family law
4429:See also:
4308:See also:
4239:secularism
4192:Right wing
4128:Algorithms
4102:sexualized
4084:Body image
4041:March 2024
3983:March 2024
3836:See also:
3796:caregivers
3735:gymnastics
3598:subliminal
3576:inherently
3542:Heuristics
3455:See also:
3387:Julia Wood
3326:See also:
3253:April 2015
3235:to readers
3210:See also:
3034:David Buss
2985:See also:
2909:prostitute
2870:See also:
2803:Protestant
2745:See also:
2603:John Money
2490:John Money
2484:John Money
2451:Apollonian
2410:status quo
2389:Housework
2377:Profession
2254:unbreeched
2125:See also:
2121:Background
2111:oppressive
2085:variations
2081:exceptions
2077:femininity
2008:Stereotype
2003:Speciesism
1884:Oppression
1879:Oikophobia
1775:Allophilia
1751:Toleration
1600:Sodomy law
1493:Internment
1409:Witch-hunt
1287:Blackhawks
1217:Hate group
1205:Hate crime
1178:Gendercide
1168:Freak show
1158:Excellence
1118:Employment
1088:Defamation
1007:Vietnamese
1002:Venezuelan
887:Lithuanian
541:Falun Gong
463:Xenophobia
458:Vegaphobia
441:Non-binary
399:Pedophobia
364:Homophobia
178:Skin color
138:Disability
109:Attributes
84:Structural
21217:Christian
21145:Prejudice
21093:Masculism
21041:Diversity
20835:religious
20810:Redlining
20409:Ethnocide
20369:Education
20256:Ukrainian
20186:Pakistani
20176:Mongolian
20097:Australia
20079:Hungarian
20034:Colombian
20014:Bulgarian
19896:Rastafari
19845:Ahmadiyya
19753:Religious
19731:Trans men
19689:Pregnancy
19624:Gayphobia
19619:Fatphobia
19524:Acephobia
19519:Arophobia
19503:Viewpoint
18967:cognitive
18959:Affective
18844:Cognition
18798:Sexuality
18784:Pair bond
18544:Education
18201:Cognition
18119:Inclusive
18059:processes
18047:Criticism
17624:Argentina
17584:Indonesia
17574:Hong Kong
17529:Australia
17429:Seriality
17353:Geography
17279:Sociology
17232:Economics
17217:Kyriarchy
16708:Christian
16688:Religious
16629:Socialist
16419:Anarchist
16364:States of
16302:Australia
15982:Takatāpui
15957:Pansexual
15910:Ex-ex-gay
15749:Koekchuch
15729:Güevedoce
15649:and sexes
15619:Fakaleitī
15609:Trans man
15602:Akava'ine
15552:Cisgender
15542:Androgyne
15347:Academics
15278:Financial
15113:Gender in
15057:Cisgender
14795:146288256
14633:SubStance
14069:ignored (
14059:cite book
13657:144875158
13543:Messner M
13495:Kimmel MS
13133:145576707
13098:144560550
13044:145107322
13009:143560740
12841:ignored (
12831:cite book
12761:0094-7571
12682:145697214
12647:146385940
12627:Sex Roles
12612:1540-6237
12577:149814259
12569:2167-6968
12512:1661-7827
12418:144754474
12310:Sex Roles
12291:0269-994X
12252:1573-2762
12232:Sex Roles
12190:(Report).
12173:1573-2762
12153:Sex Roles
12004:: 73–91.
11949:204321795
11919:CiteSeerX
11876:1874-6365
11837:0016-7185
11798:0730-8884
11663:0733-4648
11584:0968-6673
11537:0022-2445
11491:0362-4331
11464:145149193
11406:147567869
11367:147567869
11224:144825977
11142:142736031
11076:220416715
11022:145378359
10820:144198198
10800:Sex Roles
10697:143583752
10611:143213609
10519:145707764
10255:143990135
10220:144504496
10185:143766494
10066:145724069
9997:CiteSeerX
9983:Steele CM
9931:Steele CM
9769:CiteSeerX
9634:CiteSeerX
9449:144924015
9392:CiteSeerX
9269:146720126
9261:1090-5138
9129:145646892
8955:144577635
8935:Sex Roles
8784:143305053
8676:149096803
8656:Sex Roles
8614:146362115
8544:146939829
8407:. London.
8352:143607687
8332:Sex Roles
8296:144978684
8067:0966-7350
7757:Routledge
7666:145689071
7646:Sex Roles
7450:0968-6673
7374:220519301
7189:818855499
7134:(1): 89.
6975:0891-2432
6712:Pate Js.
6681:1664-1078
6328:Sex Roles
6293:Sex Roles
6203:3 January
6162:3 January
6048:1932-6203
5999:0038-4941
5586:Trans men
5571:Sexualism
5561:Migration
5509:Gayphobia
5413:Arophobia
5408:Acephobia
5247:Parenting
5187:Takatāpui
5145:Queer art
5055:Community
4967:Movements
4900:Trans man
4632:androgyne
4506:, MP and
4476:education
4464:parenting
4227:Left wing
3716:In sports
3645:masculine
3564:nurturant
3398:masculine
3121:; a male
2962:Image of
2834:Theotokos
2791:patriarch
2615:androgens
2574:evolution
2364:Education
2335:in 1955,
2193:Androgyny
2093:ethnicity
1981:Christian
1909:Prejudice
1857:Masculism
1805:Diversity
1583:religious
1558:Redlining
1153:Ethnocide
1113:Education
992:Ukrainian
922:Pakistani
912:Mongolian
833:Australia
815:Hungarian
770:Colombian
750:Bulgarian
624:Rastafari
573:Ahmadiyya
479:Religious
451:Trans men
409:Pregnancy
344:Gayphobia
339:Fatphobia
244:Acephobia
239:Arophobia
215:Viewpoint
35:(journal)
33:Sex Roles
21274:Category
21256:The talk
21192:Snobbery
21110:Net bias
20940:Feminism
20867:Ugly law
20708:Catholic
20676:policies
20523:Mortgage
20518:Lynching
20449:examples
20444:Genocide
20364:Economic
20349:Democide
20309:Bullying
20221:Scottish
20216:Romanian
20181:Nigerian
20124:Japanese
20059:Georgian
20044:Filipino
19977:Assyrian
19950:Armenian
19940:American
19935:Albanian
19917:National
19901:Yazidism
19818:Hinduism
19776:Buddhism
19674:Nepotism
19669:Misogyny
19664:Misandry
19589:Clannism
19584:Biphobia
19529:Adultism
19446:Language
19236:Memetics
18996:Ethology
18954:genetics
18789:Physical
18754:Jealousy
18709:Activity
18515:maternal
18471:Religion
18459:Morality
18437:Language
18318:taxonomy
18131:Mismatch
18077:Cheating
18072:Altruism
17940:Category
17874:American
17746:Thailand
17701:Pakistan
17671:Malaysia
17654:Paraguay
17644:Honduras
17492:Ethiopia
17358:Pedagogy
17284:Rhetoric
17274:Sexology
17267:Womanist
17262:Thealogy
17257:Theology
17055:Misogyny
16923:Femicide
16908:Equality
16857:Concepts
16772:Orthodox
16735:Neopagan
16723:Womanist
16703:Buddhist
16671:Africana
16666:Womanism
16562:Maternal
16552:Lipstick
16518:Activism
16488:Equality
16454:Cultural
16439:Carceral
16374:Virginia
16354:Timeline
16297:Timeline
16234:timeline
16219:Timeline
16196:Feminism
16119:Intersex
16097:See also
16084:Sapphism
15869:Bisexual
15829:X-gender
15804:Travesti
15779:Nádleehi
15692:Chibados
15624:Mak nyah
15438:Feminism
15393:Religion
15368:Journals
15340:Academia
15170:Pronouns
15155:Language
15124:Binnen-I
15115:language
15045:Identity
15010:Overview
14763:Pandora.
14568:cite web
14485:Archived
14413:27113562
14241:15173519
14193:37966088
14185:23153024
14150:22021310
14089:Wikinews
14051:10360017
13876:Archived
13751:BBC News
13545:(2000).
13533:10 March
13489:(2005).
12993:: 1–20.
12981:(2009).
12769:29766113
12530:37239498
12521:10218532
12383:40904909
12375:23484346
12340:27688526
12131:Archived
12127:52253024
12080:19549876
12018:24141205
11941:12088131
11894:36569186
11817:Geoforum
11735:Archived
11679:20984380
11671:24652908
11621:Archived
11266:53321725
11039:: 43–56.
10451:20350016
10395:Kulik CT
10342:54219902
10118:29170275
10110:29781373
10027:Archived
10019:12556019
9791:21410915
9668:Archived
9664:17057403
9656:12051578
9613:Fiske ST
9585:(2009).
9569:31499943
9557:(1929).
9414:13336463
9141:Hofstede
9016:30292858
9008:22955955
8887:ABC News
8835:Archived
8423:BBC News
8183:Archived
8155:11069879
8026:30 March
8005:234–245.
7990:23 March
7981:Archived
7822:Fortin N
7808:28961059
7586:cite web
7334:30 March
7236:13260820
7148:17561016
7107:: 1–16.
7018:Archived
7014:ieet.org
6827:12206191
6699:36874846
6495:cite web
6348:56032975
6313:55706950
6066:26800454
6018:PLOS ONE
5944:Misogyny
5939:Misandry
5848:See also
5750:hormonal
5688:Travesti
5598:Violence
5487:Bisexual
5450:Closeted
5440:Bullying
5435:Biphobia
5237:Marriage
5217:Adoption
5045:Business
5020:Intersex
4950:Timeline
4858:Intersex
4756:Bisexual
4706:a series
4704:Part of
4669:and the
4636:bigender
4598:bisexual
4487:backlash
4343:Suburbia
4304:Feminism
4243:feminism
4202:. These
4117:cosmetic
4106:hashtags
3481:. Fagot
3402:feminine
2987:Marriage
2971:Hinduism
2944:Hinduism
2919:Muhammad
2917:prophet
2893:modestly
2799:abbesses
2761:, Russia
2721:Religion
2623:in utero
2599:hormones
2509:hormones
2494:intersex
2467:states:
2447:Heracles
2250:Louis XV
2137:sex role
2107:feminist
2069:sex role
2020:The talk
1956:Snobbery
1874:Net bias
1696:Feminism
1615:Ugly law
1458:Catholic
1424:Policies
1267:Mortgage
1262:Lynching
1193:examples
1188:Genocide
1108:Economic
1093:Democide
1053:Bullying
957:Scottish
952:Romanian
917:Nigerian
860:Japanese
795:Georgian
780:Filipino
713:Assyrian
686:Armenian
676:American
671:Albanian
651:national
629:Yazidism
546:Hinduism
504:Buddhism
394:Nepotism
389:Misogyny
384:Misandry
309:Clannism
304:Biphobia
249:Adultism
158:Language
45:a series
43:Part of
21284:Commons
21063:Figleaf
20488:Housing
20251:Turkish
20196:Pashtun
20166:Mexican
20146:Kurdish
20119:Italian
20069:Haitian
20054:Finnish
20029:Chinese
20024:Chechen
20019:Catalan
20009:Bengali
19930:African
19915:Ethnic/
19874:Judaism
19860:Sunnism
19850:Shi'ism
19761:Atheism
19594:Elitism
19493:Species
19431:Genetic
19421:Dialect
19137:Species
18909:Suicide
18744:Fantasy
18724:Arousal
18506:Bonding
18395:Culture
18219:Display
18206:Emotion
18114:Fitness
18003:History
17886:Parties
17761:Ukraine
17756:Vietnam
17666:Lebanon
17564:Germany
17554:Finland
17549:Denmark
17524:Albania
17512:Senegal
17507:Nigeria
17422:Therapy
17405:Science
17316:Biology
16833:Mizrahi
16801:Chicana
16762:Islamic
16698:Atheist
16634:Marxist
16604:Radical
16540:Liberal
16535:Lesbian
16513:Hip hop
16493:Eugenic
16434:Atheist
16407:General
16379:Wyoming
16212:General
16204:History
15947:Lesbian
15942:Khanith
15920:Gay men
15864:Asexual
15794:Sipiniq
15754:Lhamana
15739:Kathoey
15686:Calalai
15683:Calabai
15629:Rae-rae
15514:Genders
15285:General
15237:General
15145:English
14653:3684953
14491:13 June
14141:3483939
13977:18 June
13806:Reuters
13487:Flood M
13216:8756271
13168:2264228
12965:3088412
12930:2111526
12906:Huddy L
12706:20 June
12469:5 March
12331:5023740
12071:2705538
12048:Bibcode
11885:9763793
11122:Bibcode
10591:Hypatia
10148:11 June
9965:4665022
9957:7473032
9859:2628984
9853:: 289.
9816:Bibcode
9741:1129498
9555:Woolf V
9241:Bibcode
9046:Bibcode
8918:14 June
8867:14 June
8841:14 June
8808:14 June
8711:1973487
8579:6912666
8146:1071164
7688:22 July
7619:Bibcode
7310:9080940
7220:Money J
6835:6751650
6690:9978710
6640:2075528
6605:2112807
6568:31 July
6527:31 July
6278:2112807
6241:6 March
6057:4723260
6026:Bibcode
5746:genetic
5549:Suicide
5529:Liberal
5492:Lesbian
5477:Erasure
5462:Comphet
5197:Tourism
5175:Symbols
5038:Culture
5005:Gay men
5000:Lesbian
4941:General
4933:History
4806:Biology
4746:Lesbian
4268:poverty
4221:Modern
4186:Modern
4167:console
4121:fashion
4027:Please
3869:(IAT).
3451:General
3231:may be
3141:in the
3135:ukulele
3111:midwife
2927:Bukhari
2915:Islamic
2665:sceptre
2648:Culture
2587:hunting
2582:fitness
2562:Dahomey
2154:In the
2139:, is a
1827:Figleaf
1232:Housing
987:Turkish
932:Pashtun
902:Mexican
882:Kurdish
855:Italian
805:Haitian
790:Finnish
765:Chinese
760:Chechen
755:Catalan
745:Bengali
666:African
649:Ethnic/
602:Judaism
588:Sunnism
578:Shi'ism
489:Atheism
314:Elitism
205:Species
143:Genetic
133:Dialect
21249:threat
21103:autism
20840:sexual
20830:racial
20713:Jewish
20570:Pogrom
20548:Chiefs
20538:Braves
20261:Uyghur
20236:Somali
20231:Slavic
20211:Romani
20206:Quebec
20201:Polish
20141:Korean
20102:Canada
20089:Indian
20074:Hazara
20049:Fulani
19960:France
19925:Afghan
19855:Sufism
19579:Audism
19512:Social
19441:Height
19315:
19302:
19289:
18879:Memory
18839:Autism
18806:female
18739:Desire
18476:Origin
18452:Speech
18442:Origin
18214:Affect
17900:(1967)
17824:Muslim
17819:Jewish
17797:People
17751:Turkey
17741:Taiwan
17731:Sweden
17716:Russia
17711:Poland
17696:Norway
17649:Mexico
17629:Brazil
17604:Israel
17569:Greece
17559:France
17539:Canada
17477:Africa
17383:Ethics
17242:Method
17174:Theory
17085:Racism
16840:Romani
16828:Jewish
16767:Jewish
16713:Mormon
16661:Victim
16624:Social
16597:French
16545:Equity
16508:Global
16444:Choice
16317:Kuwait
16307:Canada
16255:Social
15905:Ex-gay
15895:Banjee
15843:Sexual
15824:Winkte
15809:Tumtum
15789:Palopa
15702:Eunuch
15697:Enaree
15661:Apwint
15562:Femboy
15537:Female
15503:Gender
15494:sexual
15490:Gender
15259:Sexism
15227:Gender
15052:Gender
14914:
14882:1 June
14873:
14793:
14674:
14651:
14599:
14558:12 May
14526:
14509:
14463:
14436:
14411:
14354:
14313:
14271:
14239:
14191:
14183:
14148:
14138:
14049:
14039:
13931:
13914:
13685:
13655:
13624:
13603:
13580:
13559:
13509:
13475:
13408:
13374:
13335:
13316:797140
13314:
13214:
13166:
13131:
13096:
13042:
13007:
12963:
12928:
12819:
12792:
12767:
12759:
12680:
12645:
12610:
12575:
12567:
12528:
12518:
12510:
12416:
12381:
12373:
12338:
12328:
12289:
12250:
12211:2 July
12171:
12125:
12078:
12068:
12016:
11972:
11947:
11939:
11921:
11892:
11882:
11874:
11835:
11796:
11677:
11669:
11661:
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11545:353719
11543:
11535:
11489:
11462:
11404:
11365:
11264:
11222:
11140:
11074:
11020:
10818:
10736:795228
10734:
10695:
10609:
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10449:
10363:: 104.
10340:
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10108:
10064:
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9963:
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9789:
9771:
9739:
9662:
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9636:
9595:
9567:
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9394:
9372:Press.
9293:8 June
9267:
9259:
9188:
9127:
9014:
9006:
8953:
8892:6 June
8782:
8709:
8674:
8612:
8577:
8542:
8509:353814
8507:
8457:
8350:
8294:
8153:
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8102:
8065:
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7895:
7870:
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7664:
7548:
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7205:
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7177:
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6983:189945
6981:
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6833:
6825:
6788:
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6679:
6638:
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6381:
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6232:
6194:
6153:
6112:
6088:
6064:
6054:
6046:
5997:
5805:asylum
5775:or in
5752:, and
5566:Racism
5455:Outing
5402:Issues
5275:Health
5210:Rights
5138:Parade
5072:Events
4782:gender
4736:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4695:, and
4656:RuPaul
4634:; and
4245:, and
4214:, and
4098:sexist
3790:, 1966
3566:, but
3483:et al.
3463:, and
3334:, and
3156:Quaker
2975:hijras
2923:hadith
2905:modest
2878:Muslim
2826:heaven
2818:saints
2795:bishop
2793:, and
2619:tomboy
2576:. The
2511:, and
2505:gonads
2115:sexist
2013:threat
1867:autism
1588:sexual
1578:racial
1463:Jewish
1314:Pogrom
1292:Chiefs
1282:Braves
997:Uyghur
972:Somali
967:Slavic
947:Romani
942:Quebec
937:Polish
877:Korean
838:Canada
825:Indian
810:Hazara
785:Fulani
696:France
661:Afghan
583:Sufism
299:Audism
230:Social
153:Height
21227:white
20580:Purge
20276:Welsh
20241:Tatar
20161:Māori
20156:Malay
20114:Irish
20064:Greek
20039:Croat
19997:China
19955:Asian
19835:Islam
19704:White
19451:Looks
19416:Class
19411:Caste
19368:Forms
18849:Crime
18432:Crime
18363:Sleep
18353:skill
18193:Areas
17950:Index
17857:Other
17834:Poets
17789:Lists
17736:Syria
17676:Nepal
17639:Haiti
17634:Chile
17614:Japan
17609:Italy
17579:India
17544:China
17497:Ghana
17487:Egypt
17045:Media
16845:White
16796:Black
16757:Hindu
16728:Asian
16651:Trans
16646:State
16577:Post-
16530:Labor
16459:Cyber
16342:Wales
16312:Japan
16027:Other
15967:Queer
15784:Nullo
15744:Köçek
15734:Hijra
15707:Galli
15680:Bissu
15666:Bakla
15527:Woman
14791:S2CID
14649:JSTOR
14618:GLAAD
14552:(PDF)
14545:(PDF)
14189:S2CID
14016:(PDF)
14009:(PDF)
13950:GLAAD
13882:5 May
13653:S2CID
13527:Salon
13493:. In
13469:61–62
13452:(PDF)
13437:(PDF)
13348:47–70
13312:JSTOR
13164:JSTOR
13129:S2CID
13094:S2CID
13040:S2CID
13005:S2CID
12961:JSTOR
12926:JSTOR
12765:JSTOR
12678:S2CID
12643:S2CID
12573:S2CID
12414:S2CID
12379:S2CID
12134:(PDF)
12123:S2CID
12101:(PDF)
11945:S2CID
11738:(PDF)
11731:(PDF)
11675:S2CID
11624:(PDF)
11613:(PDF)
11541:JSTOR
11460:S2CID
11402:S2CID
11363:S2CID
11262:S2CID
11220:S2CID
11138:S2CID
11072:S2CID
11018:S2CID
10816:S2CID
10732:JSTOR
10693:S2CID
10660:3 May
10654:(PDF)
10647:(PDF)
10607:S2CID
10515:S2CID
10338:S2CID
10251:S2CID
10216:S2CID
10181:S2CID
10114:S2CID
10084:(PDF)
10062:S2CID
10015:S2CID
9961:S2CID
9737:JSTOR
9671:(PDF)
9660:S2CID
9620:(PDF)
9445:S2CID
9410:S2CID
9265:S2CID
9125:S2CID
9012:S2CID
8951:S2CID
8780:S2CID
8730:ESSAI
8707:JSTOR
8672:S2CID
8610:S2CID
8575:S2CID
8540:S2CID
8505:JSTOR
8348:S2CID
8292:S2CID
8186:(PDF)
8173:(PDF)
7984:(PDF)
7973:(PDF)
7864:44–87
7662:S2CID
7617:(4).
7370:S2CID
7144:S2CID
7027:3 May
7021:(PDF)
7010:(PDF)
6979:JSTOR
6831:S2CID
6636:JSTOR
6601:JSTOR
6479:(PDF)
6472:(PDF)
6444:25–55
6344:S2CID
6309:S2CID
6274:JSTOR
5497:Trans
5180:Flags
5160:Slang
5128:Pride
5099:Films
5094:Media
4873:Queer
4766:Queer
4661:Oprah
4272:crime
3895:Media
3889:TIMSS
3534:Fiske
3309:inter
3305:'
3162:1723.
2860:Islam
2852:, of
2659:, by
2181:woman
2067:, or
1991:white
1324:Purge
1012:Welsh
977:Tatar
897:Māori
892:Malay
850:Irish
800:Greek
775:Croat
733:China
691:Asian
563:Islam
424:White
163:Looks
128:Class
123:Caste
70:Forms
21315:2023
21222:male
21021:Bias
20466:LGBT
20246:Thai
20226:Serb
20084:Igbo
19945:Arab
19709:Male
19498:Size
19478:Rank
18802:male
18163:Male
17594:Iraq
17589:Iran
17502:Mali
17008:and
16821:Sámi
16779:Sikh
16567:Neo-
16369:Utah
15774:Muxe
15759:Māhū
15532:Male
15492:and
14912:ISBN
14884:2017
14871:ISBN
14818:2013
14672:ISBN
14597:ISBN
14574:link
14560:2016
14524:ISBN
14507:ISBN
14493:2013
14461:ISBN
14434:ISBN
14409:PMID
14365:2016
14352:ISBN
14324:2016
14311:ISBN
14282:2016
14269:ISBN
14237:PMID
14181:PMID
14146:PMID
14071:help
14047:PMID
14037:ISBN
13979:2018
13929:ISBN
13912:ISBN
13884:2010
13851:2011
13818:2011
13788:2011
13759:2011
13730:2011
13683:ISBN
13622:ISBN
13601:ISBN
13578:ISBN
13557:ISBN
13535:2013
13507:ISBN
13473:ISBN
13406:ISBN
13372:ISBN
13333:ISBN
13277:2012
13249:2009
13212:PMID
12889:2017
12843:help
12817:ISBN
12790:ISBN
12757:ISSN
12734:2015
12708:2024
12608:ISSN
12565:ISSN
12526:PMID
12508:ISSN
12471:2024
12464:EAVI
12371:PMID
12336:PMID
12287:ISSN
12248:ISSN
12213:2024
12169:ISSN
12076:PMID
12014:PMID
11983:2017
11970:ISBN
11937:PMID
11890:PMID
11872:ISSN
11833:ISSN
11794:ISSN
11759:help
11710:2022
11667:PMID
11659:ISSN
11580:ISSN
11533:ISSN
11498:2022
11487:ISSN
10757:(9).
10662:2018
10447:PMID
10150:2018
10106:PMID
10024:Pdf.
9970:Pdf.
9953:PMID
9855:SSRN
9787:PMID
9652:PMID
9593:ISBN
9565:OCLC
9295:2021
9257:ISSN
9186:ISBN
9004:PMID
8920:2015
8894:2021
8869:2015
8843:2015
8810:2015
8455:ISBN
8236:2016
8211:2018
8151:PMID
8100:ISBN
8063:ISSN
8028:2024
7992:2022
7922:ISBN
7904:man.
7893:ISBN
7868:ISBN
7804:PMID
7761:ISBN
7730:ISBN
7690:2024
7592:link
7578:2024
7546:ISBN
7512:ISBN
7478:ISBN
7446:ISSN
7336:2024
7306:PMID
7232:PMID
7203:ISBN
7185:OCLC
7175:ISBN
7029:2019
6971:ISSN
6854:ISBN
6823:PMID
6786:ISBN
6752:ISBN
6695:PMID
6677:ISSN
6570:2016
6529:2016
6501:link
6487:2014
6448:ISBN
6400:ISBN
6379:ISBN
6366:ISBN
6243:2023
6230:ISBN
6205:2018
6192:ISBN
6164:2018
6151:ISBN
6123:2022
6110:ISBN
6086:ISBN
6062:PMID
6044:ISSN
5995:ISSN
5284:and
4780:and
4650:and
4559:and
4336:WWII
4334:and
4274:and
4233:and
4198:and
4119:and
3813:OECD
3811:The
3572:role
3561:more
3400:and
3131:U.S.
2809:and
2787:pope
2781:and
2605:and
2312:and
2177:girl
2175:and
2083:and
2075:and
1986:male
1785:Bias
1210:LGBT
982:Thai
962:Serb
820:Igbo
681:Arab
429:Male
210:Size
190:Rank
20825:age
19483:Sex
19406:Age
18701:Sex
18378:Eye
17294:Art
16718:New
16572:New
16498:Fat
16476:Eco
16464:HCI
15915:Gay
15547:Boi
15522:Man
14841:doi
14783:doi
14641:doi
14399:doi
14227:doi
14223:113
14173:doi
14136:PMC
14128:doi
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13948:, "
13699:not
13645:doi
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13300:105
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12635:doi
12600:doi
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12516:PMC
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12326:PMC
12318:doi
12279:doi
12240:doi
12161:doi
12115:doi
12066:PMC
12056:doi
12044:106
12006:doi
12002:117
11929:doi
11880:PMC
11864:doi
11825:doi
11786:doi
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10724:doi
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10439:doi
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10328:hdl
10320:doi
10293:doi
10243:doi
10208:doi
10173:doi
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10007:doi
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5290:HIV
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4751:Gay
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3113:in
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2145:sex
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118:Age
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