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1970s when the graduation test began in the United States, for example, a lawsuit claimed that many Black students had not had a fair opportunity on the material they were tested on the graduation test because they had attended schools segregated by law. "The interaction of under-resourced schools and testing most powerfully hits students of color", as Neill argues, "They are disproportionately denied diplomas or grade promotion, and the schools they attend are the ones most likely to fare poorly on the tests and face sanctions such as restructuring."
1373:, Todd Morrison and Melanie Morrison examined two dozen validity studies of the test required to get into just about any Masters or PhD program in America: the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE). This study encompassed more than 5,000 test-takers over the past 30 years. The authors found that GRE scores accounted for just 6 percent of the variation in grades in graduate school. The GRE appears to be "virtually useless from a prediction standpoint," wrote the authors. Repeated studies of the Law School Admissions Test (LSAT) find the same.
1706:" at the expense of creativity and in-depth coverage of subjects not on the test. Critics say that teaching to the test disfavors higher-order learning; it transforms what the teachers are allowed to be teaching and heavily limits the amount of other information students learn throughout the years. While it is possible to use a standardized test without letting its contents determine curriculum and instruction, frequently, what is not tested is not taught, and how the subject is tested often becomes a model for how to teach the subject.
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categories to promote educational evaluations that are proper, useful, feasible, and accurate. In these sets of standards, validity and reliability considerations are covered under the accuracy topic. The tests are aimed at ensuring that student evaluations will provide sound, accurate, and credible information about student learning and performance, however; standardized tests offer narrow information on many forms of intelligence and relying on them harms students because they inaccurately measure a student's potential for success.
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1020:(CRT) is a style of test which uses test scores to show how well test takers performed on a given task, not how well they performed compared to other test takers. Most tests and quizzes that are written by school teachers are criterion-referenced tests. In this case, the objective is simply to see whether the student can answer the questions correctly. The teacher is not usually trying to compare each student's result against other students.
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423:. Inspired by the Chinese use of standardized testing, in the early 19th century, British "company managers hired and promoted employees based on competitive examinations in order to prevent corruption and favoritism." This practice of standardized testing was later adopted in the late 19th century by the British mainland. The parliamentary debates that ensued made many references to the "Chinese mandarin system".
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consistent, uniform method for scoring. This means that all students who answer a test question in the same way will get the same score for that question. The purpose of this standardization is to make sure that the scores reliably indicate the abilities or skills being measured, and not other things, such as different instructions about what to do if the test taker does not know the answer to a question.
1143:, as well as results which are generalizable and replicable. This is often contrasted with grades on a school transcript, which are assigned by individual teachers. When looking at individually assigned grades, it may be difficult to account for differences in educational culture across schools, the difficulty of a given teacher's assignments, differences in teaching style, the pressure for
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152:, in which either significantly different tests are given to different test takers, or the same test is assigned under significantly different conditions (e.g., one group is permitted far less time to complete the test than the next group) or evaluated differently (e.g., the same answer is counted right for one student, but wrong for another student).
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same way) are often focused on concerns unrelated to standardization and apply equally to non-standardized tests. For example, a critic may complain that "the standardized tests are all time-limited tests", but the focus of the criticism is on the time limit, and not on everyone taking the same test and having their answers graded the same way.
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determine what students should know at different ages. In addition, teachers agree that the best test creator and facilitator are themselves. They argue that they are the most aware of students abilities, capacities, and necessities which would allow them to take a longer on subjects or proceed on with the regular curriculum.
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predictors of first-year GPA than high school grade point average." The report continues: scores are also good at predicting total college GPA and the possibility a student will graduate. While the "predictive power of test scores has gone up," the report adds, "the predictive power of high school grades has gone down."
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system on the understanding that they can be used to target specific supports and resources to schools that need them most. Teachers and schools use this information, in conjunction with other information, to determine how well their students are performing and to identify any areas of need requiring assistance.
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have lower scores in tests compared to other represented groups. A 2012 study looked at schools where admissions tests are optional for applicants and compared them to schools that use the tests, and the result shows that "recent research demonstrates that testing-optional schools have been enrolling
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Nathan Kuncel, a scholar of higher education, says that college admission tests and other standardized tests "help overwhelmed admissions officers divide enormous numbers of applicants into pools for further assessment. High scores don't guarantee admission anywhere, and low scores don't rule it out,
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was compared to both the current state standards and the A+ country standards. With the most topics covered on average, the current state standards had the lowest focus. The Common Core
Standards aim to fix this discrepancy by helping educators focus on what students need to learn instead of becoming
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of testing conditions. For example, a test taker with a broken wrist might write more slowly because of the injury, and it would be more equitable, and produce a more reliable understanding of the test taker's actual knowledge, if that person were given a few more minutes to write down the answers to
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proposed educational reform in New Jersey that pressures teachers not only to "teach to the test," but also have their students perform at the potential cost of their salary and job security. The reform called for performance-based pay that depends on students' performances on standardized tests and
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Teaching to the test is a process of deliberately narrowing instruction to focus only on the material that will be measured on the test. For example, if the teacher knows that an upcoming history test will not include any questions about the history of music or art, then the teacher could "teach to
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Opponents claim that standardized tests are misused and uncritical judgments of intelligence and performance, but supporters argue that these aren't negatives of standardized tests, but criticisms of poorly designed testing regimes. They argue that testing should and does focus educational resources
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A longitudinal research in 2007 has demonstrated that major life accomplishments, such as publishing a novel or patenting technology, are also associated with test scores, even after taking into account educational opportunities. There is even a sizable body of evidence that these skills are related
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argues that students submitted to standardized testing are victims of "cognitive decapitation". Kozol comes to this realization after speaking to many children in inner city schools who have no spatial recollection of time, time periods, and historical events. This is especially the case in schools
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exist, schools rarely give standardized tests to measure "initiative, creativity, imagination...curiosity...good will, ethical reflection, or a host of other valuable dispositions and attributes". Instead, the tests given by schools tend to focus less on moral or character development, and more on
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Most tests can be classified on multiple categories. For example, a test can be both standardized and also a high-stakes test, or standardized and also a multiple-choice test. Complaints about "standardized tests" (all test takers take the same test, under reasonably similar conditions, scored the
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Regarding UC schools' intention in dropping standard tests such as the SAT and ACT in college admissions, subjective and customized tests like essays and extra-curriculars can be easily tailored and detrimental to the students who are not familiar with the process. Admissions without testing may be
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The
National Academy of Sciences recommends that major educational decisions not be based solely on a single test score. The use of minimum cut-scores for entrance or graduation does not imply a single standard, since test scores are nearly always combined with other minimal criteria such as number
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Standardized tests also remove grader bias in assessment. Research shows that teachers create a kind of self-fulfilling prophecy in their assessment of students, granting those they anticipate will achieve with higher scores and giving those who they expect to fail lower grades. In non-standardized
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Though the process is more difficult than grading multiple-choice tests electronically, essays can also be graded by computer. In other instances, essays and other open-ended responses are graded according to a pre-determined assessment rubric by trained graders. For example, at
Pearson, all essay
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The program presents students level reports designed to enable parents to see their child's progress over the course of their schooling life, and help teachers to improve individual learning opportunities for their students. Students and school level data are also provided to the appropriate school
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However, some critics object to "standardized tests" not because they object to giving students the same test under the reasonably similar conditions and grading the responses the same way, because they object to the type of material that is typically tested by schools. Although standardized tests
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who are more likely to earn higher grades and to graduate on time." "The original intent of the SAT was to identify students who came from outside relatively privileged circles who might have the potential to succeed in university," the report says. The SAT's maker, the
Educational Testing Service
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Another criticism relating to social class and standardized testing is that only wealthy people receive test preparation and coaching. However, "Researchers have conducted a mix of experimental studies and controlled field studies to test this question. They have generally concluded that the gains
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There is a correlation between test scores and social class, but success on standardized tests and in college is not simply dependent on class. The studies show that "the tests were valid even when controlling for socioeconomic class. Regardless of their family background, students with good tests
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conducted by scientists shows that students with high test scores are more likely to take the challenging route through college. Tests also can indicate the outcomes of students beyond college, including faculty evaluations, research accomplishments, degree attainment, performance on comprehensive
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Monty Neill, the director of the
National Center for Fair and Open Testing, claims that students who speak English as a second language, who have a disability, or who come from low-income families are disproportionately denied a diploma due to a test score, which is unfair and harmful. In the late
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Standardized tests are a way to measure the education level of students and schools on a broad scale. From
Kindergarten to 12th grade, most American students participate in annual standardized tests. The average student takes about 10 of these tests per year (e.g., one or two reading comprehension
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criticizes standardized tests. She describes youth as "assembly line kids on an assembly line model," meaning the use of the standardized test as a part of a one-size-fits-all educational model. She also criticizes the narrowness of skills being tested and labeling children without these skills as
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Another advantage is aggregation. A well-designed standardized test provides an assessment of an individual's mastery of a domain of knowledge or skill which at some level of aggregation will provide useful information. That is, while individual assessments may not be accurate enough for practical
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The concept of testing student achievement is not new, although the current
Australian approach may be said to have its origins in current educational policy structures in both the US and the UK. There are several key differences between the Australian NAPLAN and the UK and USA strategies. Schools
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The
Australian National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) standardized testing was commenced in 2008 by the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority, an independent authority "responsible for the development of a national curriculum, a national assessment program
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Individual states began testing large numbers of children and teenagers through the public school systems in the 1970s. By the 1980s, American schools were assessing nationally. In 2012, 45 states paid an average of $ 27 per student, and $ 669 million overall, on large-scale annual academic tests.
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There is criticism from students themselves that tests, while standardized, are unfair to the individual student. Some students claim they are "bad test takers", meaning they get nervous and unfocused on tests. Therefore, while the test is standard and should provide fair results, the test takers
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Heavy reliance on high-stakes standardized tests for decision-making is often controversial. A common concern with high-stakes tests is that they measure performance during a single event, when critics believe that a more holistic assessment would be appropriate. Critics often propose emphasizing
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is meant to increase fairness when the student's performance is evaluated. In standardized testing, measurement error (a consistent pattern of errors and biases in scoring the test) is easy to determine in standardized testing. When the score depends upon the graders' individual preferences, then
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of 2001 further tied some types of public school funding to the results of standardized testing. Under these federal laws, the school curriculum was still set by each state, but the federal government required states to assess how well schools and teachers were teaching the state-chosen material
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Because everyone gets the same test and the same grading system, standardized tests are often perceived as being fairer than non-standardized tests. Such tests are often thought of as fairer and more objective than a system in which some students get an easier test and others get a more difficult
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Many critics of standardized testing object to the multiple-choice format, which is commonly used for inexpensive, large-scale testing and which is not suitable for some purposes, such as seeing whether the test taker can write a paragraph. However, standardized testing can use any test format,
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writes "Educational standardization harms teaching and learning and, over the long term, re-stratifies education by race and class." McNeil believes that test-based education reform places higher standards for students of color. According to Miner, McNeil "shows how test-based reform centralizes
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Standardized tests are expensive to administer. It has been reported that the United States spends about US$ 1.7 billion annually on these tests. In 2001, it was also reported that only three companies (Harcourt
Educational Measurement, CTB McGraw-Hill and Riverside Publishing) design 96% of the
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There are three metrics by which the best performing countries in the TIMMS (the "A+ countries") are measured: focus, coherence, and rigor. Focus is defined as the number of topics covered in each grade; the idea is that the fewer topics covered in each grade, the more focus can be given to each
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Some teachers would argue that a single standardized test only measures a student's current knowledge and it does not reflect the students progress from the beginning of the year. A result created by individuals that are not a part of the student's regular instruction, but by professionals that
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Furthermore, student's success is being tracked to a teacher's relative performance, making teacher advancement contingent upon a teacher's success with a student's academic performance. Ethical and economical questions arise for teachers when faced with clearly underperforming or under-skilled
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The validity, quality, or use of tests, particularly annual standardized tests common in education have continued to be widely both supported or criticized. Like the tests themselves, supports and criticisms of tests are often varied and may come from a variety of sources such as parents, test
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Comparing against others makes norm-referenced standardized tests useful for admissions purposes in higher education, where a school is trying to compare students from across the nation or across the world. The standardization ensures that all of the students are being tested equally, and the
658:, or nearly any other form of assessment. Multiple-choice and true-false items are often chosen for tests that are taken by thousands of people because they can be given and scored inexpensively, quickly, and reliably through using special answer sheets that can be read by a computer or via
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recommended that the UC system keep standardized tests as admissions requirements. The report says standardized math and reading tests are useful for predicting college performance. Based on data from the students in the UC system, the report concludes that "test scores are currently better
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Feedback or diagnosis of test taker's performance: Standardized tests allow teachers to see how their students are performing compared to others in the country. This will help them revise their teaching methods if necessary to help their students meet the standards. Students are given the
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Each publication presents and elaborates a set of standards for use in a variety of educational settings. The standards provide guidelines for designing, implementing, assessing and improving the identified form of evaluation. Each of the standards has been placed in one of four fundamental
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The definition of a standardized test has changed somewhat over time. In 1960, standardized tests were defined as those in which the conditions and content were equal for everyone taking the test, regardless of when, where, or by whom the test was given or graded. Standardized tests have a
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Most everyday quizzes and tests taken by students during school meet the definition of a standardized test: everyone in the class takes the same test, at the same time, under the same circumstances, and all of the students are graded by their teacher in the same way. However, the term
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for the community, demonstrating how well local schools are performing. Critics of the movement, however, point to various discrepancies that result from current state standardized testing practices, including problems with test validity and reliability and false correlations (see
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WWII was caused by multiple factors, including the Great
Depression and the general economic situation, the rise of national socialism, fascism, and imperialist expansionism, and unresolved resentments related to WWI. The war in Europe began with the German invasion of Poland.
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A norm-referenced test is one that is designed and scored so that some test takers rank better or worse than others. The ranking provides information about the relative ranking, which is helpful when the goal is to determine who is best (e.g., in elite university admissions).
1740:, when standardized tests are the primary factor in accountability, schools use the tests to narrowly define curriculum and focus instruction. Accountability creates an immense pressure to perform and this can lead to the misuse and misinterpretation of standardized tests.
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movement. Criterion-referenced score interpretations are concerned solely with whether or not this particular student's answer is correct and complete. Under criterion-referenced systems, it is possible for all students to pass the test, or for all students to fail the
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power in the hands of the corporate and political elite—a particularly frightening development during this time of increasing corporate and conservative influence over education reform." Such test-based reform has dumbed down learning, especially for students of color.
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Evidence shows that black and Hispanic students score lower than whites and Asians on average. Therefore, the math and reading standard tests such as SAT have faced escalating attacks from progressives. However, an exhaustive UC faculty senate report, commissioned by
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In 1968 the Colombian Institute for the Evaluation of Education (ICFES) was born to regulate higher education. The previous public evaluation system for the authorization of operation and legal recognition for institutions and university programs was implemented.
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replaced the NCLB at the end of 2015. By that point, these large-scale standardized tests had become controversial in the United States not necessarily because all the students were taking the same tests and being scored the same way, but because they had become
1185:. The idea behind the standardized testing policy movement is that testing is the first step to improving schools, teaching practice, and educational methods through data collection. Proponents argue that the data generated by the standardized tests act like a
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can vary between 60 and 85 percent, depending on the test and the scoring session. For large-scale tests in schools, some test-givers pay to have two or more scorers read each paper; if their scores do not agree, then the paper is passed to additional scorers.
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Since the latter part of the 20th century, large-scale standardized testing has been shaped in part, by the ease and low cost of grading of multiple-choice tests by computer. Most national and international assessments are not fully evaluated by people.
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The testing includes all students in Years 3, 5, 7 and 9 in Australian schools to be assessed using national tests. The subjects covered in these tests include Reading, Writing, Language Conventions (Spelling, Grammar and Punctuation) and Numeracy.
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of credits, prerequisite courses, attendance, etc. Test scores are often perceived as the "sole criteria" simply because they are the most difficult, or the fulfillment of other criteria is automatically assumed. One exception to this rule is the
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Either of these systems can be used in standardized testing. What is important to standardized testing is whether all students are asked the equivalent questions, under reasonably equal circumstances, and graded according to the same standards.
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is most commonly used to refer to tests that are given to larger groups, such as a test taken by all adults who wish to acquire a license to have a particular kind of job, or by all students of a certain age. Most standardized tests are forms of
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cumulative or even non-numerical measures, such as classroom grades or brief individual assessments (written in prose) from teachers. Supporters argue that test scores provide a clear-cut, objective standard that serves as a valuable check on
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Upon leaving high school students present the "Saber 11" that allows them to enter different universities in the country. Students studying at home can take this exam to graduate from high school and get their degree certificate and diploma.
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that is administered and scored in a consistent, or "standard", manner. Standardized tests are designed in such a way that the questions and interpretations are consistent and are administered and scored in a predetermined, standard manner.
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and other tasks. The tests looked at soldiers' mental abilities, mechanical skills, ability to work with others, and other qualities. Previous methods had suffered from bias and resulted in choosing the wrong soldiers for officer training.
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British soldiers took standardized tests during the Second World War. This new recruit is sorting mechanical parts to test his understanding of machinery. His uniform shows no name, rank, or other sign that might bias the scoring of his
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is the idea that teachers should be paid more if the students perform well on the tests, and less if they perform poorly. When teachers or schools are rewarded for better performance on tests, then those rewards encourage teachers to
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No grading standards. Each teacher grades however he or she wants to, considering whatever factors the teacher chooses, such as the answer, the amount of effort, the student's academic background, language ability, or attitude.
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typically are viewed as essential elements for determining the quality of any standardized test. However, professional and practitioner associations frequently have placed these concerns within broader contexts when developing
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a ball for a certain distance. Healthcare professionals must pass tests proving that they can perform medical procedures. Candidates for driver's licenses must pass a standardized test showing that they can drive a car. The
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leaves education, and standardized testing as result, under the jurisdiction of the provinces. Each province has its own province-wide standardized testing regime, ranging from no required standardized tests for students in
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examined students who scored in the top 1% at the age of 13. Twenty years later, they were, on average, very highly accomplished, with high incomes, major awards and career accomplishments that would make any parent proud.
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Barbara Miner explicates the drawbacks of standardized testing by analyzing three different books. As the co-director of the Center for Education at Rice University and a professor of education, Linda M. McNeil in her book
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Immigration in the mid-19th century contributed to the growth of standardized tests in the United States. Standardized tests were used when people first entered the US to test social roles and find social power and status.
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1653:. Between ten and forty percent of students experience this type of anxiety. Children living in poverty are struck most with testing anxiety. Testing anxiety applies to both standardized and non-standardized tests.
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Todd Morrison and Melanie Morrison. "A Meta-Analytic Assessment of the Predictive Validity..." Journal of Educational and Psychological Measurement. 1995. Componentshttp://epm.sagepub.com/content/55/2/309.abstract.
1724:" instead of providing a rich and broad curriculum. In 2007 a qualitative study done by Au Wayne demonstrated that standardized testing narrows the curriculum and encourages teacher-centered instruction instead of
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which included music, archery, horsemanship, arithmetic, writing, and knowledge of the rituals and ceremonies of both public and private parts. These exams were used to select employees for the state bureaucracy.
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Hedges, Larry V.; Laine, Richard D.; Greenwald, Rob (1994). "Hedges LV (1994) An Exchange: Part I*: Does Money Matter? A Meta-Analysis of Studies of the Effects of Differential School Inputs on Student Outcomes".
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There is debate whether the test will indicate the long-term success in work and life since there are many other factors, but fundamental skills such as reading, writing, and math are related to job performance.
540:(American College Testing) for the first time. As of 2020, the ACT includes four main sections with multiple-choice questions to test English, mathematics, reading, and science, plus an optional writing section.
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in 1901, covering nine subjects. This test was implemented with the idea of creating standardized admissions for the United States in northeastern elite universities. Originally, the test was also meant for top
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Later, sections on military strategies, civil law, revenue and taxation, agriculture and geography were added to the testing. In this form, the examinations were institutionalized for more than a millennium.
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Miner, Barbara (August 2000). "Standardized Minds: The High Price of America's Testing Culture and what we can do to Change it / Contradictions of School Reform: Educational Costs of Standardized Testing.".
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claim that they are at a disadvantage and have no way to prove their knowledge otherwise, as there is no other testing alternative that allows students to prove their knowledge and problem-solving skills.
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a time-limited test. Changing the testing conditions in a way that improves fairness with respect to a permanent or temporary disability, but without undermining the main point of the assessment, is called
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The need for the federal government to make meaningful comparisons across a highly de-centralized (locally controlled) public education system encouraged the use of large-scale standardized testing. The
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where due to shortages in funding and strict accountability policies, schools have done away with subjects like the arts, history and geography; in order to focus on the content of the mandated tests.
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purposes, the mean scores of classes, schools, branches of a company, or other groups may well provide useful information because of the reduction of error accomplished by increasing the sample size.
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Standardized testing has been a part of United States education since the 19th century, but the widespread reliance on standardized testing in schools in the US is largely a 20th-century phenomenon.
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Human scoring is relatively expensive and often variable, which is why computer scoring is preferred when feasible. For example, some critics say that poorly paid employees will score tests badly.
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FairTest says that negative consequences of test misuse include pushing students out of school, driving teachers out of the profession, and undermining student engagement and school climate.
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Enlisted members of the military take a paper-based, multiple-choice standardized test, in the hope of earning a promotion. All of them answer the same questions and get graded the same way.
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on the most important aspects of education—imparting a pre-defined set of knowledge and skills—and that other aspects are either less important, or should be added to the testing scheme.
125:. The questions can be simple or complex. The subject matter among school-age students is frequently academic skills, but a standardized test can be given on nearly any topic, including
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when taking a test. This phenomenon is more common for high-stakes tests than for low-stakes tests. High-stakes tests (whether standardized or non-standardized) can cause anxiety.
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opportunity to reflect on their scores and see where their strengths as well as weaknesses are. The scores can allow parents to get an idea about how their child is doing academically.
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Any test in which the same test is given in the same manner to all test takers, and graded in the same manner for everyone, is a standardized test. Standardized tests do not need to be
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One of the main advantages of larger-scale standardized testing is that the results can be empirically documented; therefore, the test scores can be shown to have a relative degree of
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which yields an estimate of the position of the tested individual in a predefined population. The estimate is derived from the analysis of test scores and other relevant data from a
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with standardized tests. Students' results on large-scale standardized tests were used to allocate funds and other resources to schools, and to close poorly performing schools. The
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tests, one or two math tests, a writing test, a science test, etc.). The average amount of testing takes about 2.3% of total class time (equal to about four school days per year).
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Harris, Smith and Harris The Myths of Standardized Tests: Why They Don't Tell You What You Think They Do, Rowman & Littlefield 2011* Huddleston, Mark W. Boyer, William W.
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tests were developed to help place new recruits in appropriate assignments based upon their assessed intelligence levels. The first edition of a modern standardized test for
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Kuczynski-Brown, Alex. "Standardized Testing Costs States $ 1.7 Billion A Year, Study Finds." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 29 November 2012. Web. 7 April 2014.
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Since grading varies across schools, and even for two students in the same school, the common measure provided by the test score is more useful as a way to compare students.
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uses criterion-referenced testing, because it is more important to determine whether the local water is safe to drink than to compare it against water from a different place.
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Grading rubric: Answers must be marked correct if they mention at least one of the following: Germany's invasion of Poland, Japan's invasion of China, or economic issues.
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norm-referencing identifies which are better or worse. Examples of such international benchmark tests include the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (
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The teacher gives different questions to different students: an easy test for poor students, another test for most students, and a difficult test for the best students.
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Park, Gregory; Lubinski, David; Benbow, Camilla P. (October 1, 2008). "Ability Differences Among People Who Have Commensurate Degrees Matter for Scientific Creativity".
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distracted by extraneous topics. They encourage educational materials to go from covering a vast array of topics in a shallow manner to a few topics in much more depth.
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548:, such as paying teachers to prepare students for the tests and for class time spent administering the tests, significantly exceed the direct cost of the test itself.
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Canadian Association of Sports Sciences; Fitness Appraisal Certification and Accreditation Program; Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology; Fitness Canada (1987).
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Each musician chooses a different piece of music to play. Judges choose the musician they like best. One judge gives extra points to musicians who wear a costume.
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Kuncel, Nathan; Sackett, Paul; Beatty, Adam S. (August 2, 2012). "The Role of Socioeconomic Status in SAT-Grade Relationships and in College Admissions Decisions".
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Students in third grade, fifth grade and ninth grade take the "Saber 3°5°9°" exam. This test is currently presented on a computer in controlled and census samples.
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Connelly, Brian S.; Kuncel, Nathan (November 3, 2012). "Balancing Treatment and Control Groups in Quasi-Experiments: An Introduction to Propensity Scoring".
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topic. The definition of coherence is adhering to a sequence of topics covered that follows the natural progression or logical structure of mathematics. The
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Some driving students have to drive on a highway, but others only have to drive slowly around the block. One employee takes points off for "bad attitude".
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1232:, is not being tested, they may not choose to spend instruction time on that subject. This is true regardless of whether the test is standardized or not.
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laws, decreased the use of open-ended assessment, which was harder to mass-produce and assess objectively due to its intrinsically subjective nature.
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and creative achievements at work. Being able to read texts and make sense of them and having strong quantitative reasoning are crucial in the modern
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497:, in order to align the curriculum between schools. Originally the standardized test was made of essays and was not intended for widespread testing.
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drawn from the population. This type of test identifies whether the test taker performed better or worse than other students taking this test.
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that are found to be under-performing in the Australian context will be offered financial assistance under the current federal government policy.
419:
written by students. It is because of this, that the first European implementation of standardized testing did not occur in Europe proper, but in
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test. Standardized tests are designed to permit reliable comparison of outcomes across all test takers, because everyone is taking the same test.
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compare test-takers to a criterion (a formal definition of content), regardless of the scores of other examinees. These may also be described as
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472:
331:
All musicians play the same piece of music. The judges agreed in advance how much factors such as timing, expression, and musicality count for.
524:(Scholar Aptitude Test) in 1926. The first SAT test was based on the Army IQ tests, with the goal of determining the test taker's intelligence,
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2941:
931:. The goal is to rank students as being better or worse than other students. Norm-referenced test score interpretations are associated with
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6848:
2354:
218:. However, if the purpose of the test were to see how quickly the student could write, then giving the test taker extra time would become a
2390:
Horowitz, M. R.; Montgomery, D. L. (January 1993). "Physiological profile of fire fighters compared to norms for the Canadian population".
2275:
666:(rules or guidelines) and benchmark papers (examples of papers for each possible score) to determine the grade to be given to a response.
3681:"Rethinking Standardized Testing From An Access, Equity And Achievement Perspective: Has Anything Changed For African American Students?"
2109:
Garrison, Mark J. A Measure of Failure: The Political Origins of Standardized Testing. Albany: State University of New York, 2009. Print.
1204:
Critics of standardized tests in education often provide the following reasons for revising or removing standardized tests in education:
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Some standardized testing uses multiple-choice tests, which are relatively inexpensive to score, but any form of assessment can be used.
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Critics contend that overuse and misuse of these tests harms teaching and learning by narrowing the curriculum. According to the group
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1988:
408:. Meadows warned of the collapse of the British Empire if standardized testing was not implemented throughout the empire immediately.
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5645:
4228:
2515:
1675:
A multiple-choice test provides the test taker with questions paired with a pre-determined list of possible answers. It is a type of
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2300:
Claiborn, Charles. "High Stakes Testing". Encyclopedia of Giftedness, Creativity, and Talent. SAGE Publications, 2009. 9 April 2014.
662:. Some standardized tests have short-answer or essay writing components that are assigned a score by independent evaluators who use
4341:
606:
Colombia has several standardized tests that assess the level of education in the country. These exams are performed by the ICFES.
117:, academic tests, or tests given to large numbers of test takers. A standardized test may be any type of test: a written test, an
17:
3767:
1166:
Supporters of large-scale standardized tests in education often provide the following reasons for promoting testing in education:
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6249:
2858:
2100:
Johnson, Robert. "Standardized Tests." Encyclopedia of Educational Reform and Dissent. SAGE Publications, INC. 2010. 853–856.Web.
1358:
Research shows that the tests predict more than just first-year grades and the level of courses a student is likely to take. The
1702:
the test" by skipping the material in the textbook about music and art. Critics also charge that standardized tests encourage "
896:
This answer is wrong, but this student tried hard and the sentence is grammatically correct, so I'll give one point for effort.
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4515:
1254:
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553:
4176:
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examinations, through the advocacy of British colonial administrators, the most "persistent" of which was Britain's consul in
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2895:
2803:
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2000:
1410:
due to test prep are more on the order of 5 to 20 points and not the 100 to 200 points claimed by some test prep companies."
573:
In recent years, many US universities and colleges have abandoned the requirement of standardized test scores by applicants.
1539:
around the world, are high-stakes tests. Most standardized tests, such as ordinary classroom quizzes, are low-stakes tests.
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and released in 2020, found the tests are not discriminatory and play an important role in protecting educational quality.
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Standardized tests are reviewed by universities as part of the application, along with other supporting evidence such as
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is more common and more practical when the goal is to know whether the test takers have learned the required material.
1576:. The point of the race is to see who runs the fastest, rather than to see whether everyone can run at a certain speed.
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Standardized testing is a very common way of determining a student's past academic achievement and future potential.
827:
This answer is correct, but this good student should be able to do better than that, so I'll only give partial credit.
582:
and a national data collection and reporting program that supports 21st century learning for all Australian students".
485:
54:
4024:
3635:"Does socioeconomic status explain the relationship between admissions tests and post-secondary academic performance?"
3168:
Schmidt, William H.; Houang, Richard T. (2012). "Curricular Coherence and the Common Core Standards for Mathematics".
1687:, so long as all test takers take the same test, under reasonably similar conditions, and get evaluated the same way.
93:. The Matura is standardized so that universities can easily compare results from students across the entire country.
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is a test with a desired reward for good performance. Some standardized tests, including many of the tests used for
72:
4129:
4017:
1284:, which has allowed many people to have their skills recognized even though they did not meet traditional criteria.
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assessment, graders have more individual discretion and therefore are more likely to produce unfair results through
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People are used to score items that are not able to be scored easily by computer (such as essays). For example, the
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935:. Students who perform better than others pass the test, and students who perform worse than others fail the test.
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4147:
4025:"Goswami U (1991) Put to the Test: The Effects of External Testing on Teachers. Educational Researcher 20: 8-11"
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3203:
Porter, A.; McMaken, J.; Hwang, J.; Yang, R. (2011). "Common Core Standards: The New U.S. Intended Curriculum".
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6457:
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4445:
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2684:
Morgan, Hani (2016). "Relying on High-Stakes Standardized Tests to Evaluate Schools and Teachers: A Bad Idea".
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3265:
2592:
2427:
Canadian Standardized Test of Fitness (CSTF): for 15 to 69 years of age: interpretation and counselling manual
411:
Prior to their adoption, standardized testing was not traditionally a part of Western pedagogy. Based on the
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scores and high-school grades do better in college than students with lower scores and weaker transcripts."
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6544:
6539:
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6169:
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3915:"Test Anxiety and a High-Stakes Standardized Reading Comprehension Test: A Behavioral Genetics Perspective"
3785:
2744:
Kuncel, N. R.; Hezlett, S. A. (2007). "ASSESSMENT: Standardized Tests Predict Graduate Students' Success".
1838:
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and making overall judgments about the quality of any standardized test as a whole within a given context.
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in Taiwan. Every person who wants a driver's license takes the same test and gets scored in the same way.
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By the beginning of the 21st century, the focus shifted away from a strict sameness of conditions towards
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2574:
2274:"History and Background of No Child Left Behind". Bright Hub Education9 June 2015. Web. 12 October 2015.
2016:
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failures or as students with disabilities. Widespread and organized cheating has been a growing culture.
1224:
654:
A standardized test can be composed of multiple-choice questions, true-false questions, essay questions,
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46:
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http://www.brighthubeducation.com/student-assessment-tools/3140-history-of-the-no-child-left-behind-act/
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Lee, Jussim (1989). "Teacher expectations: Self-fulfilling prophecies, perceptual bias, and accuracy".
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1457:(ETS), now claims the SAT is not an "aptitude" test but rather an assessment of "developed abilities".
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1116:
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434:. The increase in number of school students during and after the Industrial Revolution, as a result of
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Each driving student is asked to do the same things, and they are all evaluated by the same standards.
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for students in their area, encourage teachers to narrow the curricular format and teach to the test.
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5295:
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2122:
Moller, Stephanie; Potochnick, Stephanie (2008). "Standardized Tests". In Darity, William Jr. (ed.).
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is a computer-adaptive assessment that requires no scoring by people except for the writing portion.
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graders have four-year university degrees, and a majority are current or former classroom teachers.
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Au, Wayne (2007-06-01). "High-Stakes Testing and Curricular Control: A Qualitative Metasynthesis".
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Now You See It: How the Brain Science of Attention Will Transform the Way We Live, Work, and Learn
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2481:"Temps spend just minutes to score state test A WASL math problem may take 20 seconds; an essay, 2
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165:(assessments that measure the learning of the participants at the end of an instructional unit).
3453:"The Predictive Power of Personal Statements in Admissions: A Meta-Analysis and Cautionary Tale"
2985:"They can't read, can't write, keep time or be tidy: Tesco director's verdict on school-leavers"
2573:
Where We Stand: Standards-Based Assessment and Accountability (American Federation of Teachers)
1413:
More importantly, many people hold the opinion that tests prevent diversity in admissions since
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2312:"It looks like the beginning of the end of America's obsession with student standardized tests"
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Most commonly, a major academic test includes both human-scored and computer-scored sections.
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Behavior, Technology, and Organizational Development: Eric Trist and the Tavistock Institute
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increasingly diverse student bodies. But the same is true of schools that require testing."
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The teacher asks each student a different question. Some questions are harder than others.
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inherited from Ancient Greece, Western academia favored non-standardized assessments using
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3086:"Standardized Tests Not A Good Indication of Fluid Intelligence According to New Research"
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Fletcher, Dan. "Standardized Testing." Time. Time Inc., 11 Dec. 2009. Web. 09 Mar. 2014.
1437:, especially at wealthy high schools, makes a standard assessment especially important.
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Each student is given the same questions, and their answers are scored in the same way.
264:
Each student is given the same questions, and their answers are scored in the same way.
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3144:"Cheating scandal: Feds say teachers hired stand-in to take their certification tests"
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The Role and Importance of Standardized Testing in the World of Teaching and Training
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1115:. The third and final major topic covers standards related to testing applications,
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110:
102:
3862:
To teach: the journey of a teacher, by William Ayers, Teachers College Press, 1993,
3739:
3680:
3224:
3024:
1518:
The teacher asks each student to share something they remember from their homework.
686:
Not all standardized tests involve answering questions. An authentic assessment for
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The Personnel Evaluation Standards: How to Assess Systems for Evaluating Educators.
2619:
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2219:
1934:
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1427:
1229:
1029:
761:
704:
459:
138:
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2504:"In a matter of minutes, a $ 10-an-hour temp assigns a score to your child's test"
962:
A norm-referenced test may be designed to find where the test taker falls along a
5140:
5135:
5017:
5012:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4904:
4864:
4326:
4285:
4216:
Definition of Standardized Test from National Council on Measurement in Education
4180:
4160:
Phelps, Richard P., Standardized Testing Primer. (New York, NY: Peter Lang, 2007)
4133:
4028:
3451:
Murphy, Sara C; Klieger, David M; Borneman, Matthew J; Kuncel, Nathan R. (2009).
2670:
2648:
2626:
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2497:
2464:
2075:
1876:
Popham, W.J. (1999). "Why standardized tests don't measure educational quality".
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Many arguments suggest that skills from tests are useful—but only up to a point.
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130:
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715:
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Confirmed: Standardized testing has taken over our schools. But who’s to blame?
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takers, instructors, business groups, universities, or governmental watchdogs.
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687:
545:
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1938:
426:
It was from Britain that standardized testing spread, not only throughout the
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4275:
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4126:
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3938:
3840:
The Case Against Standardized Testing: Rising the Scores, Ruining the Schools
3723:
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3679:
Couch, Michael; Frost, Marquisha; Santiago, J.; Hilton, Adriel (2021-09-09).
3216:
3181:
2527:
2403:
2144:
1782:
1774: – Systematic determination of a subject's merit, worth and significance
1094:
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638:
to exams worth 40% of final high school grades in Newfoundland and Labrador.
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3114:"Observations: Standardized test scores do not reflect students' abilities"
2765:
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1856:
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1633:
963:
857:
I feel like this answer is correct and complete, so I'll give full credit.
769:
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635:
455:
256:
134:
126:
5258:
3890:
The Shame of the Nation: The Restoration of Apartheid Schooling in America
2411:
2356:
TESTING CANADIAN K-12 STUDENTS: Regional Variability, Room for Improvement
1395:
However, a remarkable longitudinal study published in 2008 in the journal
1307:
Contradictions of School Reform: Educational Costs of Standardized Testing
6348:
5115:
4305:
4295:
3765:
3746:
3373:. Detroit: Farmington Hills, MI : Greenhaven Press. pp. 28–35.
3266:"Obama plan limits standardized testing to no more than 2% of class time"
3240:"Study says standardized testing is overwhelming nation's public schools"
2686:
The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas
2664:
The Student Evaluation Standards: How to Improve Evaluations of Students.
1186:
501:
361:
85:
3815:
Measuring Success: Testing, Grades, and the Future of College Admissions
3328:
1841: – electromechanical test scoring machine introduced by IBM in 1937
5088:
4430:
3665:
2288:"Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) | U.S. Department of Education"
1771:
1607:
1382:
1112:
1050:
983:
909:
537:
505:
380:
Today, standardized testing remains widely used, most famously in the
90:
49:
for Writing becomes slightly informal and essay-like in some sections.
5326:
4889:
4632:
1667:
1316:
1182:
695:
509:
401:
250:
118:
3432:
Holloway, J. H. (2001). "The Use and Misuse of Standardized Tests".
2966:"Fears for state pupils as top universities insist on A* at A-level"
1671:
Multiple-choice tests can be standardized or non-standardized tests.
871:
WWII was caused by the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand in 1914.
4764:
3768:"Report of the UC Academic Council Standardized Testing Task Force"
2596:
2193:"What's on the ACT." ACT Test Sections. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 May 2014
1737:
1566:
1522:
369:
319:
1181:
strategy to establish stronger accountability measures for public
878:
This answer does not mention any of the required items. No points.
844:
This answer mentions one of the required items, so it is correct.
4959:
4560:
4555:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2639:
Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation. (1994).
2617:
Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation. (1988).
2429:. Gloucester, Ontario: Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology.
1639:
1460:
822:
I feel like this answer is good enough, so I'll mark it correct.
809:
This answer mentions one of the required items, so it is correct.
691:
4155:
Correcting Fallacies about Educational and Psychological Testing
2287:
768:
Sample scoring for the open-ended history question: What caused
27:
Test administered and scored in a predetermined, standard manner
4141:
The higher civil service in the United States: quest for reform
1791: – Paradigm for the design, analysis, and scoring of tests
1344:
630:
430:, but to Europe and then America. Its spread was fueled by the
393:
381:
2780:
201:
with the correct speed and pressure, they will pass this exam.
1679:. The test taker chooses the correct answer from the list.
1452:
Test scores enable UC schools "to select those students from
416:
357:
4601:
4157:. (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2008)
2661:
Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation. (2003).
1177:
Promotes accountability: Standardized testing is used as a
998:) and the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (
616:
Students leaving university must take the "Saber Pro" exam.
3450:
2205:"Assessment Crisis: The Absence Of Assessment FOR Learning"
1369:
However, in an April 1995 "meta-analysis" published in the
1103:
place standards about validity and reliability, along with
3818:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 344,
3766:
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, ACADEMIC SENATE (January 2020).
3100:"Standardized Tests Don't Measure Intelligence or Ability"
2516:"Grading the Common Core: No Teaching Experience Required"
1993:
Pedagogy and Content in Middle and High School Mathematics
1785: – Theory and technique of psychological measurement
1584:
556:
required some standardized testing in public schools. The
3538:
3536:
3043:
2926:"Standardized tests not always best indicator of success"
2720:"The Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing"
2593:"Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation"
2250:"Five Reasons Standardized Testing Isn't Going to Let Up"
1656:
1340:
1332:
1281:
521:
3678:
1339:. Different countries have different tests, such as the
520:, appeared in 1916. The College Board then designed the
4211:
The Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing
4201:
Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation
4148:
The Effect of Testing on Student Achievement, 1910–2010
4136:
Fact Sheet. (New York: Basic Books, 1985), pp. 172–181.
3811:
3545:"Standardized Tests Predict Graduate Students' Success"
3495:"Standardized Tests Predict Graduate Students' Success"
1852:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1834:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1807:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1147:, and other techniques and biases that affect grading.
1061:
has published three sets of standards for evaluations.
1059:
Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation
802:
WWII was caused by Hitler and Germany invading Poland.
3912:
3533:
3202:
1228:
If a teacher knows that a particular subject, such as
1154:
974:
compares each test-taker against other test-takers. A
3812:
Buckley, Jack; Letukas, Lynn; Wildavsky, Ben (2017),
1850: – Educational system based on the desired goals
1709:
Externally imposed tests, such as tests created by a
356:
The earliest evidence of standardized testing was in
4250:
3001:
1843:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1371:
Journal of Educational and Psychological Measurement
1323:
List of admission tests to colleges and universities
1291:
756:students' grades depend upon who grades the test.
703:
has been used in medical research, to determine how
226:
Examples of standardized and non-standardized tests
3783:
3709:
2160:"International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences"
1859: – Term for a critique of standardized testing
1100:
Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing
862:This answer is correct, so I'll give full points.
626:
List of Canadian primary and secondary examinations
222:of the content, and no longer a standardized test.
4000:"Standardized Testing Is Harming Student Learning"
3589:
3325:"Browse All Topics – The National Academies Press"
3047:, October 16, 2013. Retrieved on October 17, 2013.
2940:
2389:
1317:Use of standardized tests in university admissions
396:in the early 19th century, modeled on the Chinese
2125:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
1602:individual identifiable academic skills, such as
1441:even more tilted in favor of the well-connected.
7348:
4150:, International Journal of Testing, 10(1), 2012.
2352:
2121:
4511:List of standardized tests in the United States
4456:Principles and Standards for School Mathematics
3474:Kuncel, Nathan; Sackett, Paul (March 8, 2018).
2942:"Universities criticise exam 'grade inflation'"
2888:The Schools We Need: And Why We Don't Have Them
1925:Olson, Amy M.; Sabers, Darrell (October 2008).
1799: – Assessment based on specified standards
1778:List of standardized tests in the United States
903:
473:List of standardized tests in the United States
7180:
6735:
3651:
3072:"Standardized Tests Don't Show What Kids Know"
3058:"The Neuroscience of Standardized Test-Taking"
2642:The Program Evaluation Standards, 2nd Edition.
1461:Testing issues not specific to standardization
746:
554:Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
4617:
4236:
3632:
3542:
3492:
3473:
3167:
3031:
2743:
1987:Allen, G. Donald; Ross, Amanda (2017-11-10).
7285:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2549:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1931:21st Century Education: A Reference Handbook
710:
413:skeptical and open-ended tradition of debate
299:
255:
3993:
3991:
3427:
3425:
1924:
1525:to determine who will get a starring role.
1444:In January 2020, the faculty senate at the
454:were developed for the British Army during
4624:
4610:
4243:
4229:
3543:Kuncel, Nathan; Hezlett, Sarah A. (2007).
3493:Kuncel, Nathan; Hezlett, Sarah A. (2007).
2243:
2241:
1220:Poor indicator of intelligence or ability.
939:Criterion-referenced score interpretations
324:
278:
3946:
3892:. Print: Random House. pp. 118–119.
3370:Standardized Tests Are Unfair and Harmful
3264:Doering, Christopher (October 25, 2015).
3141:
2817:
2815:
2353:Cowley, Peter; MacPherson, Paige (2022).
2069:
2067:
1986:
1211:Grade inflation of test scores or grades.
1069:(2nd edition) was published in 1994, and
678:Poster showing the standards for passing
392:Standardized testing was introduced into
73:Learn how and when to remove this message
6987:
4143:. (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996)
3997:
3988:
3431:
3422:
3356:. Columbia University. 21 November 2017.
3126:
2475:
2473:
2202:
2164:Encyclopedias for Background Information
2061:Kazin, Edwards, and Rothman (2010), 142.
1666:
1597:for non-academic attributes such as the
1560:
1550:
1274:
1223:
1084:
1004:
957:
714:
673:
488:began offering standardized testing for
440:
176:
148:The opposite of standardized testing is
84:
6362:
5590:
5579:
4127:"What's Wrong With Standardized Tests,"
3351:"Pros and Cons of Standardized Testing"
3263:
2963:
2848:"Pros and Cons of Standardized Testing"
2823:"Pros & Cons of Standardized Tests"
2330:"Home – The Australian Curriculum v8.1"
2309:
2247:
2238:
2073:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1933:. SAGE Publications. pp. 423–430.
1920:
1918:
1916:
1832: – High school leaving examination
1826: – Adage about perverse incentives
1690:
1585:Disagreement with educational standards
1355:but schools take the tests seriously."
1214:Culturally or socioeconomically biased.
1130:
1044:
14:
7349:
4516:Standardized testing and public policy
3237:
2885:
2812:
2793:
2683:
2064:
1875:
1657:Multiple-choice tests and test formats
7179:
6986:
6734:
6361:
5982:
5981:
5589:
5578:
5280:
4643:
4605:
4224:
3913:Wood; Hart; Little; Phillips (2016).
3887:
3400:
3366:
2982:
2938:
2470:
2117:
2115:
2057:
2055:
1888:
1869:
1768: – Educational evaluation method
925:Norm-referenced score interpretations
701:Canadian Standardized Test of Fitness
669:
641:
570:for the school systems and teachers.
89:Young adults in Poland sit for their
4441:National Science Education Standards
4347:Developmentally appropriate practice
4084:
3975:Harvard Graduate School of Education
3837:
3784:The Editorial Board (May 17, 2020).
3238:Layton, Lyndsey (October 24, 2015).
2677:
2652:Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
2630:Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
2513:
2142:Gould, S. J., "A Nation of Morons",
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
1963:
1913:
1469:
1433:The report suggested that worsening
1080:
29:
7331:
4087:"Christie Education Speech in Iowa"
3931:10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.62.3.0233
3039:Bright poor 'held back for decades'
2546:
2248:Strauss, Valerie (March 11, 2015).
1599:Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking
1155:Annual standardized tests at school
193:standardized test. If they perform
24:
4493:High school graduation examination
4119:
4041:
2964:Vasagar, Jeevan (August 2, 2010).
2310:Valerie, Strauss (June 21, 2020).
2157:
2112:
2052:
1897:"Role & Importance of Testing"
1894:
1510:to determine university admission
1363:exams and professional licensure.
1237:students and a standardized test.
1063:The Personnel Evaluation Standards
486:College Entrance Examination Board
25:
7378:
4194:
3786:"California Defines Testing Down"
3476:"The Truth About the SAT and ACT"
3300:"The Testing Industry's Big Four"
2479:Houtz, Jolayne (August 27, 2000)
2392:Canadian Journal of Public Health
2034:
1762: – Knowledge assessment tool
1292:Effects on disadvantaged students
1261:
891:This answer is wrong. No points.
883:This answer is wrong. No credit.
7330:
7321:
7320:
7308:
6849:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
6343:
6334:
6333:
5891:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
5661:Democratic Republic of the Congo
5555:
4252:Standards-based education reform
3633:Kuncel, Nathan; Arneson (2009).
3604:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02182.x
2953:from the original on 2022-01-12.
1848:Standards-based education reform
1508:educational entrance examination
1271:tests taken at the state level.
1071:The Student Evaluation Standards
1067:The Program Evaluation Standards
947:standards-based education reform
518:Stanford–Binet Intelligence Test
490:university and college admission
466:
34:
4174:"The Uses and Misuses of Tests"
4078:
4035:
3963:
3906:
3881:
3856:
3831:
3805:
3796:
3777:
3703:
3685:Journal of Research Initiatives
3672:
3645:
3626:
3583:
3486:
3467:
3444:
3394:
3360:
3343:
3317:
3292:
3283:
3257:
3231:
3196:
3161:
3135:
3120:
3106:
3092:
3078:
3064:
3050:
2995:
2983:Finch, Julia (March 10, 2010).
2976:
2957:
2932:
2918:
2914:. fairtest.org. 20 August 2007.
2912:"FairTest criticism of the SAT"
2904:
2840:
2737:
2712:
2674:Newbury Park, CA: Corwin Press.
2655:
2633:
2611:
2585:
2567:
2540:
2507:
2451:
2418:
2383:
2346:
2334:www.australiancurriculum.edu.au
2322:
2303:
2294:
2280:
2268:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2151:
2136:
2103:
2074:Trahair, Richard (2015-06-01).
1812:
1748:
1627:
945:, as they are aligned with the
450:Standardized tests such as the
7006:Federated States of Micronesia
6301:British Indian Ocean Territory
4446:National Skill Standards Board
4426:Certificate of Initial Mastery
4206:Standardized Testing in School
2939:Paton, Graeme (July 6, 2010).
2796:Defending standardized testing
2094:
2009:
1805: – Educational assessment
13:
1:
4631:
3842:. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
2857:. Spring 2013. Archived from
2698:10.1080/00098655.2016.1156628
1989:"Low-stakes Tests and Labels"
1863:
195:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
172:
6974:United States Virgin Islands
4644:
4085:Arco, Matt (June 12, 2015).
2798:. London: Psychology Press.
2049:Mark and Boyer (1996), 9–10.
1929:. In Good, Thomas L. (ed.).
1839:IBM 805 Test Scoring Machine
1023:
904:Using scores for comparisons
694:for a set amount of time or
576:
7:
6736:Education in North America
2514:Rich, Motoko (2015-06-22).
1830:High school graduation exam
1743:
1335:, previous coursework, and
943:standards-based assessments
747:Use of rubrics for fairness
597:
452:War Office Selection Boards
10:
7383:
7181:Education in South America
5281:
3367:Neill, Monty (Fall 2009).
2561:10.1037/0022-3514.57.3.469
2224:10.1177/003172170208301010
2203:Stiggins, Richard (2002).
2080:. Transaction Publishers.
1797:Standards-based assessment
1694:
1660:
1631:
1554:
1473:
1349:Joint Entrance Examination
1320:
1107:and issues related to the
916:score interpretation or a
623:
563:Every Student Succeeds Act
470:
349:
340:
7362:Standards-based education
7302:
7259:
7186:
7097:
7074:
6993:
6949:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
6867:
6741:
6714:
6666:
6628:
6370:
6329:
6288:
6248:
5990:
5904:
5879:
5598:
5585:
5574:
5550:
5504:
5470:
5429:
5411:
5372:
5354:
5320:
5296:Early childhood education
5289:
5276:
5226:
5056:
5003:
4825:
4678:
4650:
4639:
4524:
4501:
4483:Criterion-referenced test
4464:
4411:
4390:
4319:
4258:
3017:10.3102/0013189X023003005
2886:Hirsch, Eric Jr. (1999).
1939:10.4135/9781412964012.n46
1733:their educational gains.
1726:student-centered learning
1591:criterion-referenced test
1337:letters of recommendation
1217:Psychologically damaging.
1018:criterion-referenced test
978:(NRT) is a type of test,
927:compare test-takers to a
814:This answer is correct.
783:Non-standardized grading
736:Agreement between scorers
711:Machine and human scoring
660:computer-adaptive testing
646:
619:
458:to choose candidates for
7152:Northern Mariana Islands
6969:Turks and Caicos Islands
6050:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
5646:Central African Republic
4451:No Child Left Behind Act
4421:Adequate Yearly Progress
4153:Phelps, Richard P., Ed.
4056:10.3102/0013189X07306523
3919:Merrill-Palmer Quarterly
3888:Kozol, Jonathan (2005).
3724:10.1177/0956797612438732
3217:10.3102/0013189x11405038
3182:10.3102/0013189x12464517
3142:U.S. News (2 May 2015).
3127:Davidson, Cathy (2011).
2794:Phelps, Richard (2005).
2579:August 24, 2006, at the
1901:nonpartisaneducation.org
1446:University of California
1208:Poor predictive quality.
1197:Prediction and selection
849:This answer is correct.
558:No Child Left Behind Act
345:
150:non-standardized testing
121:, or a practical skills
18:General Learning Ability
7367:Statistics of education
7117:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
6311:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
4586:Traditional mathematics
4372:Outcome-based education
3998:Williams, Mary (2015).
3971:"Tests and Stress Bias"
3790:The Wall Street Journal
3561:10.1126/science.1136618
3511:10.1126/science.1136618
3480:The Wall Street Journal
2758:10.1126/science.1136618
2166:. Gale Cengage Learning
2021:Encyclopædia Britannica
2017:"Chinese civil service"
1711:department of education
1616:The Shame of the Nation
1454:underrepresented groups
1073:was published in 2003.
1065:was published in 1988,
908:There are two types of
690:could take the form of
145:, or other attributes.
6899:British Virgin Islands
6413:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4436:National Reading Panel
4382:Small schools movement
4377:Problem-based learning
4362:Inquiry-based learning
4185:The Schools We Deserve
4044:Educational Researcher
3639:Psychological Bulletin
3457:College and University
3434:Educational Leadership
3205:Educational Researcher
3170:Educational Researcher
3005:Educational Researcher
2467:about scoring the GRE.
2148:(6 May 1982), 349–352.
1878:Educational Leadership
1819:Alternative assessment
1766:Educational assessment
1728:. New Jersey Governor
1672:
1577:
1515:Non-standardized test
1233:
1090:
1055:educational evaluation
1028:The considerations of
1013:
967:
920:score interpretation.
720:
683:
447:
304:
260:
242:Non-standardized test
202:
113:, time-limited tests,
94:
7100:and other territories
6839:Saint Kitts and Nevis
5806:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
5666:Republic of the Congo
4581:Traditional education
3712:Psychological Science
3592:Psychological Science
2256:. The Washington Post
2130:Gale Cengage Learning
1717:Performance-based pay
1677:closed-ended question
1670:
1604:reading comprehension
1564:
1551:Norm-referenced tests
1537:university admissions
1521:The theater holds an
1398:Psychological Science
1360:longitudinal research
1275:Educational decisions
1227:
1105:errors of measurement
1088:
1008:
961:
933:traditional education
780:Standardized grading
718:
707:the test takers are.
677:
656:authentic assessments
471:Further information:
444:
432:Industrial Revolution
406:Thomas Taylor Meadows
387:
366:imperial examinations
303:
259:
180:
163:summative assessments
115:multiple-choice tests
88:
6988:Education in Oceania
6364:Education in Europe
6225:United Arab Emirates
5592:Education in Africa
4815:Instructional design
4576:Tracking (education)
4488:Norm-referenced test
4478:Authentic assessment
4187:* Strauss, Valerie.
3838:Kohn, Alfie (2000).
3654:Personnel Psychology
3102:. 27 September 2016.
2890:. New York: Anchor.
2362:. Fraser Institute.
2158:Darity, William Jr.
1927:"Standardized Tests"
1789:Item response theory
1704:teaching to the test
1697:Teaching to the test
1691:Teaching to the test
1685:open-ended questions
1663:Multiple choice test
1574:norm-referenced test
1557:Norm-referenced test
1200:Improves performance
1131:Statistical validity
1111:of individuals with
1053:, and in particular
1045:Evaluation standards
976:norm-referenced test
972:normative assessment
918:criterion-referenced
912:interpretations: a
729:Graduate Record Exam
436:compulsory education
428:British Commonwealth
352:Imperial examination
191:criterion-referenced
6854:Trinidad and Tobago
6749:Antigua and Barbuda
6629:States with limited
6252:limited recognition
5881:States with limited
5580:Education by region
5306:Secondary education
5218:Teaching philosophy
5121:Pedagogical pattern
5064:21st century skills
5043:Religious education
4686:Aims and objectives
4571:Standard algorithms
4163:Phelps, Richard P.
4146:Phelps, Richard P.
3555:(5815): 1080–1081.
3244:The Washington Post
3131:. New York: Viking.
2947:The Daily Telegraph
2855:Columbia University
2316:The Washington Post
2254:The Washington Post
1895:Phelps, Richard P.
1649:Some students have
1638:Some people become
1482:
1476:High-stakes testing
1387:information economy
1329:personal statements
773:
227:
143:professional ethics
7357:Standardized tests
7315:Schools portal
6789:Dominican Republic
5984:Education in Asia
5311:Tertiary education
5249:Learning resources
4740:Education sciences
4541:Direct instruction
4503:Standardized tests
4413:Learning standards
4403:Educational equity
4352:Discovery learning
4179:2017-10-18 at the
4132:2019-10-18 at the
3977:. 12 February 2019
3666:10.1111/peps.12020
3088:. 11 January 2014.
2669:2006-05-24 at the
2647:2006-02-22 at the
2625:2005-12-12 at the
2599:on 15 October 2009
2520:The New York Times
2496:2007-03-10 at the
2463:2009-06-18 at the
1673:
1578:
1496:Standardized test
1480:
1347:in China, and the
1333:high school grades
1234:
1174:Fair and efficient
1121:program evaluation
1119:, plus testing in
1091:
1014:
968:
767:
721:
684:
670:Any subject matter
642:Design and scoring
448:
305:
261:
239:Standardized test
225:
203:
95:
53:You can assist by
7344:
7343:
7298:
7297:
7294:
7293:
7266:other territories
7175:
7174:
7167:Wallis and Futuna
7075:Associated states
6982:
6981:
6871:other territories
6730:
6729:
6357:
6356:
6294:other territories
5977:
5976:
5908:other territories
5681:Equatorial Guinea
5570:
5569:
5545:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5526:
5464:
5463:
5459:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5450:
5449:
5405:
5404:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5390:
5348:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5301:Primary education
5272:
5271:
5161:Dialogic learning
5131:Teacher retention
5084:Critical thinking
5079:Class arrangement
5048:Special education
4723:Standardized test
4706:Course evaluation
4599:
4598:
4367:Open-space school
3876:978-0-8077-3985-3
2928:. 20 August 2007.
2897:978-0-385-49524-0
2805:978-0-8058-4912-7
2752:(5815): 1080–81.
2369:978-0-88975-694-6
2002:978-94-6351-137-7
1803:Test (assessment)
1760:Concept inventory
1722:teach to the test
1529:
1528:
1491:High-stakes test
1470:High-stakes tests
1192:Simpson's paradox
1081:Testing standards
901:
900:
568:high-stakes tests
534:Everett Lindquist
530:critical thinking
338:
337:
275:Practical skills
158:standardized test
111:high-stakes tests
99:standardized test
83:
82:
75:
16:(Redirected from
7374:
7334:
7333:
7324:
7323:
7313:
7312:
7311:
7286:
7274:Falkland Islands
7188:Sovereign states
7177:
7176:
7157:Pitcairn Islands
7127:French Polynesia
7112:Christmas Island
7041:Papua New Guinea
7021:Marshall Islands
6994:Sovereign states
6984:
6983:
6939:Saint Barthélemy
6869:Dependencies and
6742:Sovereign states
6732:
6731:
6667:Dependencies and
6371:Sovereign states
6359:
6358:
6347:
6337:
6336:
6306:Christmas Island
5992:Sovereign states
5979:
5978:
5969:
5968:(United Kingdom)
5964:Tristan da Cunha
5960:Ascension Island
5952:
5939:
5930:
5906:Dependencies and
5599:Sovereign states
5587:
5586:
5576:
5575:
5559:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5477:Higher education
5473:
5472:
5468:
5467:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5426:
5418:Secondary school
5414:
5413:
5409:
5408:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5369:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5351:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5317:
5292:
5291:
5278:
5277:
5206:Student-centered
5191:Phenomenon-based
5181:Peer instruction
5146:Blended learning
5069:Bloom's taxonomy
5033:Gifted education
5028:Education reform
4860:Computer science
4641:
4640:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4603:
4602:
4332:Block scheduling
4291:Maria Montessori
4245:
4238:
4231:
4222:
4221:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4027:. Archived from
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4004:go.galegroup.com
3995:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3950:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3885:
3879:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3763:
3744:
3743:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3540:
3531:
3530:
3505:(5815): 1080–1.
3490:
3484:
3483:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3429:
3420:
3419:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3327:. Archived from
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3054:
3048:
3037:Coughlan, Sean.
3035:
3029:
3028:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2944:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2883:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2863:
2852:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2819:
2810:
2809:
2791:
2778:
2777:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2681:
2675:
2659:
2653:
2637:
2631:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2595:. Archived from
2589:
2583:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2511:
2505:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2468:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2361:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2212:Phi Delta Kappan
2209:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2155:
2149:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2119:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2071:
2062:
2059:
2050:
2047:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1984:
1961:
1960:
1922:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1873:
1853:
1844:
1835:
1808:
1755:Achievement test
1533:high-stakes test
1501:personality quiz
1488:Low-stakes test
1483:
1479:
1428:Janet Napolitano
1302:The Progressive,
1230:parallel parking
1093:In the field of
1049:In the field of
777:Student answers
774:
766:
762:unconscious bias
495:boarding schools
460:officer training
402:Guangzhou, China
328:
282:
228:
224:
181:Two men take an
123:performance test
78:
71:
67:
64:
58:
38:
37:
30:
21:
7382:
7381:
7377:
7376:
7375:
7373:
7372:
7371:
7347:
7346:
7345:
7340:
7309:
7307:
7290:
7284:
7267:
7265:
7255:
7182:
7171:
7099:
7093:
7076:
7070:
7051:Solomon Islands
6989:
6978:
6872:
6870:
6863:
6737:
6726:
6710:
6668:
6662:
6648:Northern Cyprus
6630:
6624:
6545:North Macedonia
6366:
6353:
6325:
6293:
6284:
6265:Northern Cyprus
6251:
6244:
5986:
5973:
5972:
5967:
5950:
5937:
5928:
5909:
5907:
5900:
5884:
5882:
5875:
5594:
5581:
5566:
5565:
5546:
5537:
5528:
5520:
5513:
5491:
5479:
5460:
5451:
5443:
5438:
5420:
5401:
5392:
5384:
5379:
5363:
5344:
5336:
5329:
5285:
5268:
5222:
5141:Active learning
5136:Teaching method
5111:Learning theory
5052:
5018:Autodidacticism
5013:Adult education
4999:
4940:Performing arts
4821:
4728:Teacher quality
4718:Standards-based
4674:
4646:
4635:
4630:
4600:
4595:
4529:
4527:
4520:
4497:
4471:
4468:
4467:Standards-based
4460:
4407:
4398:Achievement gap
4386:
4327:Active learning
4315:
4286:Constance Kamii
4254:
4249:
4197:
4181:Wayback Machine
4134:Wayback Machine
4122:
4120:Further reading
4105:
4095:
4093:
4083:
4079:
4040:
4036:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4008:
4006:
3996:
3989:
3980:
3978:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3886:
3882:
3861:
3857:
3850:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3782:
3778:
3770:
3764:
3747:
3708:
3704:
3677:
3673:
3650:
3646:
3631:
3627:
3598:(10): 957–961.
3588:
3584:
3541:
3534:
3491:
3487:
3472:
3468:
3449:
3445:
3430:
3423:
3404:The Progressive
3399:
3395:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3365:
3361:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3334:
3332:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3309:
3307:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3274:
3272:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3246:
3236:
3232:
3201:
3197:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3150:
3140:
3136:
3125:
3121:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3074:. 10 July 2017.
3070:
3069:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3036:
3032:
3000:
2996:
2981:
2977:
2962:
2958:
2937:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2884:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2832:
2830:
2827:Oxford Learning
2821:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2792:
2781:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2682:
2678:
2671:Wayback Machine
2660:
2656:
2649:Wayback Machine
2638:
2634:
2627:Wayback Machine
2616:
2612:
2602:
2600:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2581:Wayback Machine
2572:
2568:
2545:
2541:
2532:
2530:
2512:
2508:
2498:Wayback Machine
2487:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2465:Wayback Machine
2456:
2452:
2437:
2423:
2419:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2336:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2246:
2239:
2218:(10): 758–765.
2207:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2156:
2152:
2141:
2137:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1985:
1964:
1949:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1903:
1893:
1889:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1851:
1842:
1833:
1815:
1806:
1751:
1746:
1699:
1693:
1665:
1659:
1636:
1630:
1587:
1559:
1553:
1545:grade inflation
1481:Types of tests
1478:
1472:
1463:
1435:grade inflation
1343:in the US, the
1325:
1319:
1300:In the journal
1294:
1277:
1264:
1157:
1145:grade inflation
1133:
1083:
1047:
1026:
929:sample of peers
914:norm-referenced
906:
892:
879:
858:
845:
823:
810:
749:
713:
688:athletic skills
672:
649:
644:
628:
622:
600:
579:
526:problem-solving
475:
469:
390:
354:
348:
343:
175:
79:
68:
62:
59:
52:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7380:
7370:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7342:
7341:
7339:
7338:
7328:
7318:
7303:
7300:
7299:
7296:
7295:
7292:
7291:
7289:
7288:
7281:
7276:
7270:
7268:
7260:
7257:
7256:
7254:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7192:
7190:
7184:
7183:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7147:Norfolk Island
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7107:American Samoa
7103:
7101:
7095:
7094:
7092:
7091:
7086:
7080:
7078:
7077:of New Zealand
7072:
7071:
7069:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6997:
6995:
6991:
6990:
6980:
6979:
6977:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6959:Sint Eustatius
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6904:Cayman Islands
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6875:
6873:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6745:
6743:
6739:
6738:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6724:
6722:European Union
6718:
6716:
6715:Other entities
6712:
6711:
6709:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6672:
6670:
6669:other entities
6664:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6634:
6632:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6622:
6620:United Kingdom
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6433:Czech Republic
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6374:
6372:
6368:
6367:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6341:
6330:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6297:
6295:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6256:
6254:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5996:
5994:
5988:
5987:
5975:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5953:
5940:
5931:
5917:Canary Islands
5913:
5912:
5910:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5887:
5885:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5583:
5582:
5572:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5552:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5543:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5515:
5505:
5498:
5497:
5486:
5481:
5471:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5430:
5423:
5422:
5412:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5373:
5366:
5365:
5361:Primary school
5355:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5331:
5321:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5074:Cognitive load
5071:
5066:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5009:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4831:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4745:Evidence-based
4742:
4737:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4693:
4688:
4682:
4680:
4679:By perspective
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4656:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4637:
4636:
4629:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4606:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4591:Whole language
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4551:Guided reading
4548:
4543:
4538:
4536:Decodable text
4532:
4530:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4507:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4474:
4472:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4417:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4342:Constructivism
4339:
4337:Cognitive load
4334:
4329:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4281:Caleb Gattegno
4278:
4273:
4268:
4266:Benjamin Bloom
4262:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4248:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4196:
4195:External links
4193:
4192:
4191:
4170:Ravitch, Diane
4167:
4161:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4121:
4118:
4104:
4103:
4077:
4050:(5): 258–267.
4034:
4031:on 2013-02-02.
4016:
3987:
3962:
3925:(3): 233–251.
3905:
3898:
3880:
3855:
3849:978-0325003252
3848:
3830:
3824:
3804:
3795:
3776:
3745:
3702:
3671:
3660:(2): 407–442.
3644:
3625:
3582:
3532:
3485:
3466:
3443:
3421:
3393:
3379:
3359:
3342:
3316:
3291:
3282:
3256:
3230:
3211:(7): 103–116.
3195:
3176:(8): 294–308.
3160:
3134:
3119:
3105:
3091:
3077:
3063:
3049:
3030:
2994:
2975:
2956:
2931:
2917:
2903:
2896:
2875:
2839:
2811:
2804:
2779:
2736:
2711:
2676:
2654:
2632:
2610:
2584:
2566:
2555:(3): 469–480.
2539:
2506:
2469:
2450:
2435:
2417:
2382:
2368:
2345:
2321:
2302:
2293:
2279:
2267:
2237:
2195:
2186:
2177:
2150:
2135:
2111:
2102:
2093:
2086:
2063:
2051:
2033:
2008:
2001:
1962:
1947:
1912:
1887:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1824:Campbell's law
1821:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1730:Chris Christie
1695:Main article:
1692:
1689:
1661:Main article:
1658:
1655:
1632:Main article:
1629:
1626:
1621:Jonathan Kozol
1586:
1583:
1555:Main article:
1552:
1549:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1474:Main article:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1318:
1315:
1293:
1290:
1276:
1273:
1263:
1262:Time and money
1260:
1246:Cathy Davidson
1242:Now You See It
1222:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1175:
1172:
1156:
1153:
1132:
1129:
1082:
1079:
1046:
1043:
1025:
1022:
952:
951:
936:
905:
902:
899:
898:
885:
872:
865:
864:
851:
838:
830:
829:
816:
803:
796:
795:
791:
788:
785:
784:
781:
778:
748:
745:
712:
709:
705:physically fit
671:
668:
648:
645:
643:
640:
624:Main article:
621:
618:
599:
596:
578:
575:
546:indirect costs
468:
465:
389:
386:
350:Main article:
347:
344:
342:
339:
336:
335:
332:
329:
322:
317:
313:
312:
309:
306:
297:
294:
290:
289:
286:
283:
276:
273:
269:
268:
265:
262:
253:
248:
244:
243:
240:
237:
235:
232:
211:equal fairness
174:
171:
81:
80:
63:September 2023
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7379:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7354:
7352:
7337:
7329:
7327:
7319:
7317:
7316:
7305:
7304:
7301:
7287:
7282:
7280:
7279:French Guiana
7277:
7275:
7272:
7271:
7269:
7263:
7258:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7193:
7191:
7189:
7185:
7178:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7142:New Caledonia
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7122:Easter Island
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7104:
7102:
7096:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7073:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6998:
6996:
6992:
6985:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6866:
6860:
6859:United States
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6740:
6733:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6713:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6681:Faroe Islands
6679:
6677:
6674:
6673:
6671:
6665:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6653:South Ossetia
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6627:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6505:Liechtenstein
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6360:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6340:
6332:
6331:
6328:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6291:
6287:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6275:South Ossetia
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6247:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5980:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5954:
5948:
5944:
5941:
5935:
5932:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5911:
5903:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5878:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5721:Guinea-Bissau
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5588:
5584:
5577:
5573:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5553:
5549:
5524:
5519:
5516:
5512:
5511:Undergraduate
5509:
5508:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5495:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5469:
5466:
5447:
5441:
5437:
5436:Middle school
5434:
5433:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5407:
5388:
5382:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5350:
5340:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5284:
5279:
5275:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5219:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5201:Project-based
5199:
5197:
5196:Problem-based
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5156:Demonstration
5154:
5152:
5151:Contemplative
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5038:Homeschooling
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4885:Environmental
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4810:Instructional
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4713:Psychometrics
4711:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4627:
4622:
4620:
4615:
4613:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4566:Rote learning
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4523:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4301:William Spady
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4276:Rheta DeVries
4274:
4272:
4271:Jerome Bruner
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4241:
4239:
4234:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4115:Test Takers 2
4111:
4110:
4109:Test Takers 1
4092:
4088:
4081:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3992:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3909:
3901:
3899:9781415924167
3895:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3868:0-8077-3985-5
3865:
3859:
3851:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3825:9781421424965
3821:
3817:
3816:
3808:
3799:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3769:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3718:(9): 1000–7.
3717:
3713:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3675:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3640:
3636:
3629:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3539:
3537:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3426:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3397:
3382:
3380:9780737747812
3376:
3372:
3371:
3363:
3352:
3346:
3331:on 2008-04-18
3330:
3326:
3320:
3305:
3304:PBS Frontline
3301:
3295:
3286:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3109:
3101:
3095:
3087:
3081:
3073:
3067:
3059:
3053:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2971:
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43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
7306:
7262:Dependencies
7098:Dependencies
7084:Cook Islands
6964:Sint Maarten
6944:Saint Martin
6658:Transnistria
6290:Dependencies
6220:Turkmenistan
6185:Saudi Arabia
5956:Saint Helena
5927:
5831:South Africa
5821:Sierra Leone
5626:Burkina Faso
5518:Postgraduate
5334:Kindergarten
5186:Personalized
5166:Experiential
5126:Teacher look
4835:Agricultural
4722:
4691:Anthropology
4526:Standardized
4502:
4311:Lev Vygotsky
4184:
4140:
4112:
4106:
4094:. Retrieved
4090:
4080:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4029:the original
4019:
4007:. Retrieved
4003:
3979:. Retrieved
3974:
3965:
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3469:
3463:: 83–86, 88.
3460:
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3446:
3437:
3433:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3384:. Retrieved
3369:
3362:
3345:
3333:. Retrieved
3329:the original
3319:
3308:. Retrieved
3303:
3294:
3285:
3273:. Retrieved
3269:
3259:
3247:. Retrieved
3243:
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3208:
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3151:. Retrieved
3147:
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3008:
3004:
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2989:The Guardian
2988:
2978:
2970:The Guardian
2969:
2959:
2946:
2934:
2920:
2906:
2887:
2868:February 19,
2866:. Retrieved
2859:the original
2854:
2842:
2831:. Retrieved
2829:. 2014-10-29
2826:
2795:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2727:. Retrieved
2723:
2714:
2692:(2): 67–72.
2689:
2685:
2679:
2662:
2657:
2640:
2635:
2618:
2613:
2601:. Retrieved
2597:the original
2587:
2569:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2531:. Retrieved
2519:
2509:
2501:
2453:
2426:
2420:
2398:(1): 50–52.
2395:
2391:
2385:
2375:December 19,
2373:. Retrieved
2355:
2348:
2337:. Retrieved
2333:
2324:
2315:
2305:
2296:
2282:
2270:
2258:. Retrieved
2253:
2215:
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2198:
2189:
2180:
2168:. Retrieved
2163:
2153:
2143:
2138:
2123:
2105:
2096:
2076:
2024:. Retrieved
2020:
2011:
1995:. Springer.
1992:
1930:
1904:. Retrieved
1900:
1890:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1857:Volvo effect
1813:Other topics
1749:Major topics
1735:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1681:
1674:
1651:test anxiety
1648:
1644:
1637:
1634:Test anxiety
1628:Test anxiety
1614:
1612:
1595:
1588:
1579:
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1165:
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1134:
1113:disabilities
1098:
1092:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1048:
1027:
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992:
971:
969:
964:normal curve
953:
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799:
770:World War II
758:
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741:
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722:
685:
653:
650:
636:Saskatchewan
629:
615:
611:
608:
605:
601:
592:
588:
584:
580:
572:
550:
542:
536:offered the
528:skills, and
499:
483:
479:
476:
456:World War II
449:
425:
410:
391:
379:
375:
368:covered the
364:, where the
355:
293:Mathematics
220:modification
208:
204:
167:
157:
154:
149:
147:
108:
98:
96:
91:Matura exams
69:
60:
47:copy editing
45:may require
44:
7336:WikiProject
7031:New Zealand
6934:Puerto Rico
6844:Saint Lucia
6794:El Salvador
6696:Isle of Man
6631:recognition
6605:Switzerland
6540:Netherlands
6349:Asia portal
6250:States with
6170:Philippines
6110:South Korea
6105:North Korea
6000:Afghanistan
5883:recognition
5836:South Sudan
5726:Ivory Coast
5442:High school
5239:Definitions
5116:Lesson plan
5005:Alternative
4910:Mathematics
4880:Engineering
4306:Marc Tucker
4296:Jean Piaget
4259:Individuals
3306:. PBS. 2001
3011:(3): 5–14.
2724:www.apa.org
1187:report card
1141:reliability
1034:reliability
894:Teacher #2:
889:Teacher #1:
881:Teacher #2:
876:Teacher #1:
869:Student #3:
860:Teacher #2:
855:Teacher #1:
847:Teacher #2:
842:Teacher #1:
834:Student #2:
825:Teacher #2:
820:Teacher #1:
812:Teacher #2:
807:Teacher #1:
800:Student #1:
532:. In 1959,
502:World War I
362:Han dynasty
187:non-written
139:personality
135:athleticism
7351:Categories
6929:Montserrat
6924:Martinique
6919:Guadeloupe
6774:Costa Rica
6575:San Marino
6535:Montenegro
6515:Luxembourg
6495:Kazakhstan
6398:Azerbaijan
6230:Uzbekistan
6205:Tajikistan
6120:Kyrgyzstan
6100:Kazakhstan
6020:Bangladesh
6010:Azerbaijan
5938:(Portugal)
5896:Somaliland
5816:Seychelles
5781:Mozambique
5766:Mauritania
5751:Madagascar
5706:The Gambia
5641:Cape Verde
5494:Continuing
5484:Vocational
5089:Curriculum
5023:Democratic
4995:Vocational
4985:Technology
4945:Philosophy
4827:By subject
4805:Technology
4785:Psychology
4770:Philosophy
4760:Leadership
4701:Evaluation
4696:Assessment
4528:curriculum
4469:assessment
4431:Goals 2000
4125:FairTest,
3981:2022-10-27
3386:4 December
3310:2015-01-21
2949:. London.
2833:2018-02-19
2533:2015-10-06
2458:ETS webage
2339:2016-05-17
2260:26 January
2170:25 January
1906:2016-05-17
1884:(6): 8–15.
1864:References
1772:Evaluation
1683:including
1608:arithmetic
1415:minorities
1383:leadership
1351:in India.
1321:See also:
1051:evaluation
984:evaluation
980:assessment
910:test score
506:Army Alpha
173:Definition
131:creativity
55:editing it
7251:Venezuela
7196:Argentina
7001:Australia
6914:Greenland
6829:Nicaragua
6804:Guatemala
6686:Gibraltar
6510:Lithuania
6316:Hong Kong
6270:Palestine
6195:Sri Lanka
6190:Singapore
6070:Indonesia
5771:Mauritius
5327:Preschool
5227:Wikimedia
4965:Religious
4890:Euthenics
4875:Economics
4855:Chemistry
4845:Bilingual
4800:Sociology
4755:Inclusion
4735:Economics
4633:Education
4357:Inclusion
4064:0013-189X
4009:March 28,
3939:0272-930X
3878:, pg. 116
3697:2168-9083
3577:143260128
3527:143260128
3416:231959849
3410:: 40–43.
3270:USA Today
3190:121779439
2991:. London.
2972:. London.
2774:143260128
2706:148015644
2528:0362-4331
2404:0008-4263
2232:145683785
1957:241229809
1571:authentic
1183:education
1039:standards
1024:Standards
696:dribbling
577:Australia
544:However,
199:mannequin
183:authentic
119:oral test
7326:Category
7241:Suriname
7231:Paraguay
7216:Colombia
7016:Kiribati
6879:Anguilla
6814:Honduras
6784:Dominica
6759:Barbados
6706:Svalbard
6691:Guernsey
6638:Abkhazia
6590:Slovenia
6585:Slovakia
6560:Portugal
6418:Bulgaria
6339:Category
6260:Abkhazia
6210:Thailand
6165:Pakistan
6145:Mongolia
6140:Maldives
6135:Malaysia
6035:Cambodia
5962: /
5958: /
5951:(France)
5945: /
5923: /
5919: /
5871:Zimbabwe
5846:Tanzania
5696:Ethiopia
5691:Eswatini
5671:Djibouti
5636:Cameroon
5621:Botswana
5211:Socratic
5171:Feedback
5057:Concepts
4950:Physical
4920:Military
4900:Language
4850:Business
4790:Research
4780:Politics
4765:Pedagogy
4660:Glossary
4645:Overview
4320:Theories
4177:Archived
4130:Archived
4096:July 25,
3957:28674461
3740:22703783
3732:22858524
3612:19000201
3569:17322046
3519:17322046
3440:(1): 77.
3412:ProQuest
3275:July 26,
3249:July 26,
3225:51453603
3148:NBC News
3025:36771659
2951:Archived
2766:17322046
2667:Archived
2645:Archived
2623:Archived
2577:Archived
2494:Archived
2491:minutes"
2461:Archived
2445:16048356
1744:See also
1738:FairTest
1567:footrace
1523:audition
1137:validity
1030:validity
751:Using a
598:Colombia
398:mandarin
384:system.
370:Six Arts
320:Audition
296:Written
272:Driving
247:History
231:Subject
7246:Uruguay
7221:Ecuador
7201:Bolivia
7162:Tokelau
7066:Vanuatu
6909:Curaçao
6894:Bonaire
6889:Bermuda
6819:Jamaica
6799:Grenada
6754:Bahamas
6615:Ukraine
6565:Romania
6525:Moldova
6483:Ireland
6478:Iceland
6473:Hungary
6463:Germany
6458:Georgia
6448:Finland
6443:Estonia
6438:Denmark
6423:Croatia
6408:Belgium
6403:Belarus
6393:Austria
6388:Armenia
6383:Andorra
6378:Albania
6235:Vietnam
6150:Myanmar
6130:Lebanon
6060:Georgia
6015:Bahrain
6005:Armenia
5947:RĂ©union
5943:Mayotte
5934:Madeira
5929:(Spain)
5925:Melilla
5856:Tunisia
5826:Somalia
5811:Senegal
5796:Nigeria
5786:Namibia
5776:Morocco
5741:Liberia
5736:Lesotho
5686:Eritrea
5656:Comoros
5631:Burundi
5606:Algeria
5514:→
5489:Further
5444:→
5439:→
5421:→
5385:→
5380:→
5364:→
5337:→
5330:→
5176:Passive
5099:Studies
4980:Teacher
4970:Science
4960:Reading
4955:Physics
4930:Nursing
4915:Medical
4750:History
4670:Outline
4652:General
4561:Phonics
4556:Lecture
3948:5487000
3641:: 1–22.
3620:6443429
3549:Science
3499:Science
2746:Science
2486:⁄
2412:8500058
1640:anxious
692:running
664:rubrics
500:During
341:History
234:Format
197:on the
7226:Guyana
7206:Brazil
7137:Hawaii
7061:Tuvalu
6834:Panama
6824:Mexico
6769:Canada
6764:Belize
6701:Jersey
6643:Kosovo
6610:Turkey
6600:Sweden
6580:Serbia
6570:Russia
6555:Poland
6550:Norway
6530:Monaco
6500:Latvia
6468:Greece
6453:France
6428:Cyprus
6280:Taiwan
6215:Turkey
6180:Russia
6115:Kuwait
6095:Jordan
6085:Israel
6045:Cyprus
6030:Brunei
6025:Bhutan
5966:
5949:
5936:
5866:Zambia
5861:Uganda
5801:Rwanda
5756:Malawi
5716:Guinea
5611:Angola
5561:Portal
5521:
5480:
5383:Junior
5378:Infant
5283:Stages
5259:Quotes
5244:Images
5104:Theory
5094:Hidden
4990:Values
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