31:
416:
516:
560:
1218:
455:
1199:
1141:
1234:
1125:
1187:
1057:. The average weight of fish taken by great cormorants increased with decreasing air and water temperature. Cormorants consume all fish of appropriate size that they are able to catch in summer and noticeably select for larger, mostly torpedo-shaped fish in winter. Thus, the winter elevation of foraging efficiency described for cormorants by various researchers is due to capturing larger fish not due to capturing more fish. In some freshwater systems, the losses of fish due to overwintering great cormorants were estimated to be up to 80 kg per ha each year (e.g.
679:
2520:
1153:
1168:
1265:
1113:
84:
595:
1246:
735:
59:
210:
1348:
1379:
1086:
higher numbers). Increasing populations have once again brought the cormorant into conflict with fisheries. For example, in
Britain, where inland breeding was once uncommon, there are now increasing numbers of birds breeding inland, and many inland fish farms and fisheries now claim to be suffering high losses due to these birds. In the UK each year, some licences are issued to
1290:
1309:
1328:
1350:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1354:
1384:
1383:
1380:
997:
The great cormorant often nests in colonies near wetlands, rivers, and sheltered inshore waters. Pairs will use the same nest site to breed year after year. It builds its nest, which is made from sticks, in trees, on the ledges of cliffs, and on the ground on rocky islands that are free of predators.
1100:
In Norway, the cormorant is a traditional game bird. Each year approximately 10,000 cormorants are shot to be eaten. In North Norway, cormorants are traditionally seen as semi-sacred. It is regarded as good luck to have cormorants gather near your village or settlement. An old legend states that for
1096:
is practised in China, Japan, and elsewhere around the globe. In this practice, fishermen tie a line around the throats of cormorants, tight enough to prevent swallowing the larger fish they catch, and deploy them from small boats. The cormorants catch fish without being able to fully swallow them,
1385:
1352:
1085:
Many fishermen see in the great cormorant a competitor for fish. Because of this, it was hunted nearly to extinction in the past. Due to conservation efforts, its numbers increased. At the moment, there are about 1.2 million birds in Europe (based on winter counts; late summer counts would show
783:
The great cormorant is a large black bird, but there is a wide variation in size in the species' wide range. Weight is reported to vary from 1.5 kg (3 lb 5 oz) to 5.3 kg (11 lb 11 oz). Males are typically larger and heavier than females, with the nominate race
1295:
1294:
1291:
1296:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1330:
1077:, with the rest of the dives being to zones in between the two. Studies suggest that their hearing has evolved for underwater usage, possibly aiding their detection of fish. These adaptations also have a cost on their hearing ability in air which is of lowered sensitivity.
1335:
1333:
1329:
1314:
1382:
1334:
1293:
2539:
1312:
1332:
899:; the latter species also has more yellow on the throat and bill and lacks the white thigh patches frequently seen on great cormorants. Great cormorants are mostly silent, but they make various guttural noises at their breeding colonies.
886:
are scarcely smaller at average. It has a longish tail and yellow throat-patch. Adults have white filoplume patches on the thighs and on the head and upper neck in the breeding season. In
European waters it can be distinguished from the
1101:
people who die far out at sea, whose bodies are never recovered, spend eternity on the island Utrøst – which can only occasionally be found by mortals. The inhabitants of Utrøst can only visit their homes in the shape of cormorants.
1068:
This cormorant forages by diving and capturing its prey in its beak. The duration of its dives is around 28 seconds, with the bird diving to depths of about 5.8 metres (19 ft 0 in). About 60% of dives are to the
1351:
953:, formed in 1980, there is a resident colony of cormorants, who nest there and are present throughout the year, except January–February 1985 and February 2012 when the lake surface was completely frozen.
1381:
1292:
442:
North
Atlantic coasts from NW France, Britain, Ireland, western Norway, west Greenland, and east Canada to Maine (northeast USA), wintering south to north Florida; formerly also the Baltic Sea
1310:
2269:
949:
In Serbia, the cormorant lives in
Vojvodina. However, after 1945 many artificial lakes were formed in Serbia; some of them became potential habitats for cormorants. Currently, on the Lake
1331:
1217:
1124:
2467:
2307:
387:
are accepted. These are listed below with their breeding ranges. Two additional species are very closely related, with genetic evidence suggesting they may be embedded within
1033: in) on average. The eggs are a pale blue or green, and sometimes have a white chalky layer covering them. These eggs are incubated for a period of about 28 to 31 days.
911:
on the head in the breeding season vary with both the age of the bird, and the subspecies; older birds have more white filoplumes than younger birds, while nominate
1630:
2251:
1140:
2277:
3636:
2210:
919:, but there is much overlap. The extent of variation between individuals means it is not a very useful character for subspecies identification.
2256:
on the adoption of a
European Cormorant Management Plan to minimise the increasing impact of cormorants on fish stocks, fishing and aquaculture
1198:
3701:
1562:
1097:
and the fishermen are able to retrieve the fish simply by forcing open the cormorants' mouths, apparently engaging the regurgitation reflex.
2412:
Newson, Stuart; Ekins, Graham; Hughes, Baz; Russell, Ian; Sellers, Robin (2005). "Separation of North
Atlantic and Continental Cormorants".
1558:
3894:
2299:
2328:
1090:
specified numbers of cormorants in order to help reduce predation; it is, however, still illegal to kill a bird without such a licence.
2478:
2043:Čech, M.; Čech, P.; Kubečka, J.; Prchalová, M.; Draštík, V. (2008). "Size selectivity in summer and winter diets of great cormorant (
1502:
Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
1264:
3866:
3587:
3649:
669:
495:
Transcontinental across
Eurasia from inland western Europe to India and Sri Lanka, to northeast Russia, northeast China and the
2354:
Around 10,000 adult
Cormorants (of the 'Atlantic' carbo race) are hunted legally as game in Norway outside the breeding season.
415:
30:
3747:
1981:
1898:
1816:
1570:
1480:
3654:
1233:
3919:
2589:
445:
Described by
Linnaeus from Sweden in 1758, but extinct there soon after; subsequent recolonisation of the area has been by
1152:
3610:
1834:
Breeding parameters of Great Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) at mixed species colonies on Prince Edward Island, Canada
1676:
3804:
1167:
515:
2388:
2000:
Grémillet, D.; Argentin, G.; Schulte, B.; Culik, B. M. (2008). "Flexible foraging techniques in breeding cormorants
1112:
3909:
3812:
3566:
499:, south to Turkey, central Asia and north Mongolia; disjunctly central south Cambodia and south Vietnam, northeast
471:
3706:
3579:
3548:
2509:
559:
332:
199:
1245:
3403:
3615:
828:), where 11 males averaged 3.68 kg (8 lb 2 oz) and 11 females averaged 2.94 kg (6 lb
3688:
3483:
3378:
960:, is found mainly in Atlantic waters and nearby inland areas: on western European coasts and east across the
2234:
1457:
1186:
3387:
655:
83:
3904:
3460:
3398:
1718:
Ribak, Gal; Weihs, Daniel; Arad, Zeev (2005). "Water retention in the plumage of diving great cormorants
3465:
1519:
1438:
2526:
2217:
2094:) on the River Vltava: estimate of size and species composition and potential for fish stock losses".
454:
3817:
3726:
3416:
3032:
564:
3924:
3167:
3062:
2582:
2531:
1930:
926:. Albinos suffer from poor eyesight and/or hearing, thus it rarely manages to survive in the wild.
896:
764:
746:
358:
3680:
1692:
3914:
3791:
2675:
2129:
1858:
Hatch, Jeremy J.; Brown, Kevin M.; Hogan, Geoffrey G.; Morris, Ralph D. (2000). Poole, A. (ed.).
697:
3778:
3899:
3641:
3434:
3340:
3042:
895:
without any green tinge. In eastern North America, it is similarly larger and bulkier than the
610:
483:
3667:
1749:
3773:
3248:
3129:
3103:
3037:
2685:
2680:
2339:
342:
178:
3765:
1505:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 133.
3799:
3602:
3522:
3439:
3217:
3177:
3147:
2567:
2155:"Amphibious hearing in a diving bird, the great cormorant ( Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis )"
1595:
871:
821:
752:
599:
2500:
2211:"Cormorants in the western Palearctic, Distribution and numbers on a wider European scale"
1973:
The Book of Eggs: A Life-Size Guide to the Eggs of Six Hundred of the World's Bird Species
870:
to 63 in). They are tied as the second largest extant species of cormorant after the
8:
3172:
3139:
2938:
2842:
2575:
2427:
1523:
1415:
324:
48:
2557:
1599:
3447:
3315:
3067:
2695:
2519:
2192:
2111:
2072:
2064:
2021:
1453:
1362:
1131:
875:
708:
690:
678:
249:
78:
3452:
1041:
The great cormorant feeds on fish caught through diving. This bird feeds primarily on
3830:
3760:
3496:
3290:
3134:
3088:
3012:
2812:
2769:
2690:
2384:
2196:
2184:
2176:
2025:
1977:
1894:
1812:
1735:
1672:
1611:
1566:
1476:
1366:
1270:
1205:
1093:
2115:
2076:
1586:
Kennedy, M.; Spencer, H.G. (2014). "Classification of the cormorants of the world".
620:
3857:
3501:
3488:
3243:
3093:
3047:
2965:
2869:
2789:
2722:
2620:
2545:
2166:
2103:
2056:
2017:
1871:
1837:
1731:
1603:
1433:
1159:
701:
683:
3716:
1931:"Not everything is black and white. Abundance and head colour of Great Cormorants
1775:
1500:
3734:
3475:
3098:
2928:
2832:
2598:
2153:
Larsen, Ole Næsbye; Wahlberg, Magnus; Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jakob (2020-03-15).
2107:
1971:
1891:
Field Guide to the Birds of East Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi
1050:
651:
639:
337:
3693:
3553:
2329:"Reducing the conflict between Cormorants and fisheries on a pan-European scale"
1607:
3574:
3561:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3108:
3052:
3017:
2933:
2774:
2495:
2060:
1859:
1062:
950:
939:
883:
879:
647:
635:
420:
788:
averaging about 10% larger in linear measurements than the smaller subspecies
3888:
3662:
3284:
3274:
3269:
3197:
3003:
2432:
2414:
2180:
2029:
1527:
1496:
1424:
1002:
969:
739:
659:
575:
432:
365:
353:
328:
195:
155:
68:
63:
1224:
3363:
3264:
3254:
3208:
3027:
2779:
2188:
1615:
1252:
1174:
1074:
1070:
934:
This is a very common and widespread bird species. It feeds on the sea, in
643:
631:
627:
594:
3786:
3675:
3623:
3372:
3295:
3279:
3158:
2837:
2794:
2784:
2666:
2616:
2552:
2047:): Does it reflect season-dependent difference in foraging efficiency?".
1209:
1054:
888:
3426:
2444:
Murray, T and Cabot, D. (2015). The Breeding Status of Great Cormorant (
2068:
734:
3871:
3825:
3592:
3259:
3228:
3079:
2602:
2561:
2430:(2005). "Identification of North Atlantic and Continental Cormorants".
2235:"Workshop on a European Cormorant management Plan, 20–21 November 2007"
2171:
2154:
1046:
961:
384:
135:
3739:
2615:
1841:
878:
averaging at a similar size. In bulk if not in linear dimensions, the
3535:
3237:
3022:
2961:
977:
908:
891:
by its larger size, heavier build, thicker bill, lack of a crest and
312:
304:
209:
145:
95:
3628:
3334:
1875:
3851:
3540:
3514:
3357:
2496:
Great cormorant Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
2152:
923:
714:
539:
115:
3527:
3411:
3188:
2989:
2923:
2900:
2746:
2718:
2652:
1087:
973:
965:
935:
892:
665:
308:
3752:
2864:
2216:. Wetland International Cormorant Research Group. Archived from
2914:
2865:
2823:
1178:
1058:
1042:
980:; and on the eastern seaboard of North America. The subspecies
718:
543:
500:
105:
2090:Čech, M.; Vejřík, L. (2011). "Winter diet of great cormorant (
1916:
The Birds of the Western Palearctic Volume 1. Ostrich to Ducks
1629:
Ericson, Per G. P.; Carrasquilla, Francisco Hernandez (1997).
1227:, Lithuania, and damage to the trees in which they are nesting
3509:
3120:
2978:
2889:
2873:
2760:
2735:
2641:
2624:
1999:
1392:
1370:
1274:
1256:
520:
496:
459:
362:
349:
348:. The great cormorant is now one of 12 species placed in the
300:
2597:
942:
south and winter along any coast that is well-supplied with
1780:: possible implications for differences in structural size"
1407:
943:
125:
2960:
2300:"The History Behind the Cormorant Fishermen of Erhai Lake"
2270:"Anglers urge cull of cormorants for eating too many fish"
922:
A very rare variation of the great cormorant is caused by
806: oz) and 17 females averaged 1.94 kg (4 lb
2717:
1836:(Master's Thesis). St. Catharines, ON: Brock University.
1302:
Resting on a post in a port in Den Oever, the Netherlands
1005:
of three to five eggs that measure 63 by 41 millimetres (
2411:
2042:
1995:
1993:
1456:}}: |volume= / |doi= mismatch, |date= / |doi= mismatch (
315:, Australasia, and the Atlantic coast of North America.
2379:
Sinclair, Ian; Hockey, Phil; Tarboton, Warwick (2002).
2240:. EIFAC, European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission.
1631:"Subspecific identity of prehistoric Baltic cormorants
2378:
1413:
1990:
1976:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 132.
1857:
1146:
Great cormorant at Ponnani, Malappuram, Kerala, India
938:, and on freshwater lakes and rivers. Northern birds
856:
to 40 in) and wingspan from 121 to 160 cm (
792:. The lightest average weights cited are in Germany (
391:; they are shown in the list below for completeness.
3144:
1773:
1742:
1528:"Storks, frigatebirds, boobies, darters, cormorants"
1518:
357:
that was introduced in 1760 by the French zoologist
1628:
842: oz). Length can vary from 70 to 102 cm (
796:), where 36 males averaged 2.28 kg (5 lb
1439:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696792A155523636.en
1929:Sommer, Nicolás Ordax; Dierschke, Jochen (2021).
1888:
3886:
2321:
1666:
2465:
2372:Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world
1928:
585:coastal northwest Africa: Morocco to Mauretania
1767:
1717:
1693:"Phalacrocorax carbo novaehollandiae; syntype"
1585:
1361:Great cormorant, drying wings at Lake Juniko (
619:black shag (New Zealand), kawau (New Zealand,
2583:
2466:Blasco-Zumeta, Javier; Heinze, Gerd-Michael.
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
2369:
1913:
1555:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1080:
2297:
1806:
1669:The Field guide to the Birds of New Zealand
1391:Adult great cormorant in breeding plumage,
626:inland and coastal Australasia: Australia,
287:in New Zealand, formerly also known as the
2590:
2576:
2518:
2426:
2130:"Surprising hearing talents in cormorants"
2089:
1956:
1579:
1475:. Bombay: Bombay Natural History Society.
1134:at Keoladeo Ghana National Park, Bharatpur
208:
57:
29:
2170:
1889:Stevenson, Terry; Fanshawe, John (2001).
1882:
1825:
1774:Koffijberg, K.; Van Eerden, M.R. (1995).
1711:
1699:. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
1667:Heather, Barrie; Robertson, Hugh (2005).
1437:
2244:
1853:
1851:
1495:
1321:Stretching wings while sitting on a pole
1662:
1660:
1552:
670:Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
3887:
2475:Identification Atlas of Aragon's Birds
2374:. New Haven CT: Yale University Press.
1969:
1922:
1918:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
1870:. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
1802:
1800:
1464:
728:, more strictly marine, rarely inland
3339:
3338:
2959:
2863:
2716:
2614:
2571:
2338:. REDCAFE. p. 12. Archived from
2267:
2203:
1907:
1848:
1831:
1685:
1588:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1557:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
1534:. International Ornithologists' Union
1514:
1512:
553:, less strictly marine, often inland
3727:c1885493-7dfe-4205-ada0-8b0e212eb1e9
3580:4d193ea0-b68c-495d-911b-f34fc8c79143
3287:(imperial cormorant, blue-eyed shag)
1914:Cramp, S; Simmons, K. E. L. (1977).
1776:"Sexual dimorphism in the cormorant
1657:
1118:Diving in Dambovita River, Bucharest
291:across the Northern Hemisphere, the
3895:IUCN Red List least concern species
3616:great-cormorant-phalacrocorax-carbo
3404:Phalacrocorax_(Phalacrocorax)_carbo
2558:Audio recordings of Great cormorant
2370:Sibley, C.G.; Monroe, B.L. (1990).
2298:Larson-Wang, Jessica (7 May 2017).
2227:
2159:The Journal of Experimental Biology
1797:
1470:
1425:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1036:
721:, Sakhalin, southeast Russia, Korea
13:
2363:
2022:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1998.tb04547.x
1807:Dunning Jr., John B., ed. (1992).
1509:
1130:Great cormorant trying to swallow
327:in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist
14:
3936:
2459:
1970:Hauber, Mark E. (1 August 2014).
1868:The Birds of North America Online
1809:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
1341:Great cormorant hunting in Odessa
820: oz). The highest come from
376:, "raven"); the specific epithet
2252:"European Parliament resolution"
2008:: benthic or pelagic feeding?".
1736:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2005.03499.x
1532:IOC World Bird List Version 14.1
1377:
1346:
1326:
1307:
1288:
1263:
1244:
1232:
1216:
1197:
1185:
1166:
1151:
1139:
1123:
1111:
733:
677:
593:
558:
514:
453:
414:
303:, is a widespread member of the
82:
2501:BirdLife species factsheet for
2310:from the original on 2020-08-16
2291:
2261:
2146:
2122:
2083:
2036:
1414:BirdLife International (2019).
984:is found in Australian waters.
929:
2381:SASOL Birds of Southern Africa
1622:
1546:
1489:
778:
1:
2540:Great cormorant photo gallery
1400:
902:
2686:Christmas Island frigatebird
2542:at VIREO (Drexel University)
2108:10.25225/fozo.v60.i2.a7.2011
1778:Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis
1720:Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis
1671:(revised ed.). Viking.
987:
724:Ecologically separated from
588:white neck and upper breast
549:Ecologically separated from
509:in SE England and elsewhere
462:, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
7:
3920:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2987:
2898:
2744:
2650:
2268:Woolf, Marie (2004-07-28).
1608:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.020
1273:in Wuzhen Xizha, Zhejiang,
992:
617:black cormorant (Australia)
318:
311:. It breeds in much of the
10:
3941:
2061:10.1675/1524-4695-31.3.438
1553:Jobling, James A. (2010).
1104:
538:coastal and inland Japan,
3841:
3347:
3226:
3206:
3186:
3156:
3118:
3077:
3001:
2986:
2977:
2973:
2955:
2912:
2897:
2888:
2884:
2859:
2821:
2803:
2758:
2743:
2734:
2730:
2712:
2664:
2649:
2640:
2636:
2610:
2546:Interactive range map of
2446:Phalacrocorax carbo carbo
2006:Phalacrocorax aristotelis
1754:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1432:: e.T22696792A155523636.
1281:
1081:Relationships with humans
1073:and about 10% are to the
968:and to North Africa, the
915:tends to have fewer than
668:in the collection of the
565:Souss-Massa National Park
380:is Latin for "charcoal".
255:
248:
216:
207:
184:
177:
79:Scientific classification
77:
55:
46:
37:
28:
23:
3168:Double-crested cormorant
3063:White-breasted cormorant
2532:Internet Bird Collection
1724:Journal of Avian Biology
1526:, eds. (December 2023).
1473:The Book of Indian Birds
897:double-crested cormorant
765:White-breasted cormorant
535:Japanese great cormorant
359:Mathurin Jacques Brisson
323:The great cormorant was
3910:Birds described in 1758
3111:(long-tailed cormorant)
2676:Magnificent frigatebird
2527:"Great cormorant media"
1939:on Heligoland, Germany"
882:species complex of the
492:large cormorant (India)
3240:(Magellanic cormorant)
3070:(Temminck's cormorant)
3043:Little black cormorant
2605:(Phalacrocoraciformes)
1933:Phalacrocorax c. carbo
1001:This cormorant lays a
772:white neck and breast
546:(north to south Japan)
295:in Australia, and the
3774:Paleobiology Database
3249:New Zealand king shag
3104:Little pied cormorant
3038:Black-faced cormorant
2681:Ascension frigatebird
2510:"Phalacrocorax carbo"
982:P. c. novaehollandiae
956:The type subspecies,
753:M. H. C. Lichtenstein
606:P. c. novaehollandiae
531:Kuroda & Nm, 1925
490:Continental cormorant
372:, "bald") and κόραξ (
289:great black cormorant
42:, Northumberland, UK
3575:Fauna Europaea (new)
3218:Red-legged cormorant
3178:Flightless cormorant
3148:Spectacled cormorant
2968:: Phalacrocoracidae)
2872:: Anhingidae ·
2623:: Fregatidae ·
2280:on December 31, 2014
1893:. Elsevier Science.
1395:, Netherlands (2010)
1045:, but it also takes
872:flightless cormorant
822:Prince Edward Island
361:. The genus name is
3831:Phalacrocorax-carbo
3379:Phalacrocorax carbo
3349:Phalacrocorax carbo
3173:Neotropic cormorant
3140:Red-faced cormorant
2939:Australasian darter
2843:Australasian gannet
2719:Gannets and boobies
2548:Phalacrocorax carbo
2503:Phalacrocorax carbo
2428:Millington, Richard
2254:. 4 December 2008.
2092:Phalacrocorax carbo
2045:Phalacrocorax carbo
2002:Phalacrocorax carbo
1862:Phalacrocorax carbo
1633:Phalacrocorax carbo
1600:2014MolPE..79..249K
1418:Phalacrocorax carbo
1251:Great Cormorant in
479:P. c. subcormoranus
276:Phalacrocorax carbo
261:Linnaeus, 1758
188:Phalacrocorax carbo
49:Conservation status
3905:Cosmopolitan birds
3448:BirdLife-Australia
3316:South Georgia shag
3251:(rough-faced shag)
3130:Brandt's cormorant
3068:Japanese cormorant
2696:Lesser frigatebird
2553:IUCN Red List maps
2448:) in Co. Wexford.
2172:10.1242/jeb.217265
1860:"Great Cormorant (
1832:Hogan, G. (1979).
1697:Collections Online
1522:; Donsker, David;
1132:bronze featherback
876:Japanese cormorant
769:sub-Saharan Africa
709:Japanese cormorant
582:Moroccan cormorant
505:Now overlaps with
439:Atlantic cormorant
325:formally described
243: Non-breeding
3882:
3881:
3761:Open Tree of Life
3341:Taxon identifiers
3332:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3291:Heard Island shag
3135:Pelagic cormorant
3089:Crowned cormorant
3013:Socotra cormorant
2997:
2996:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2908:
2907:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2770:Blue-footed booby
2754:
2753:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2691:Great frigatebird
2660:
2659:
2468:"Great cormorant"
1983:978-0-226-05781-1
1900:978-0-85661-079-0
1818:978-0-8493-4258-5
1572:978-1-4081-2501-4
1524:Rasmussen, Pamela
1482:978-0-19-563731-1
1386:
1356:
1336:
1316:
1297:
1271:Cormorant fishing
1239:Colony in Finland
1206:Farmoor Reservoir
1094:Cormorant fishing
776:
775:
756:
705:
614:
579:
532:
487:
475:
436:
368:, from φαλακρός (
267:
266:
146:Phalacrocoracidae
72:
3932:
3875:
3874:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3834:
3833:
3821:
3820:
3808:
3807:
3795:
3794:
3782:
3781:
3769:
3768:
3756:
3755:
3743:
3742:
3730:
3729:
3720:
3719:
3710:
3709:
3697:
3696:
3694:NBNSYS0000000004
3684:
3683:
3671:
3670:
3658:
3657:
3645:
3644:
3632:
3631:
3619:
3618:
3606:
3605:
3596:
3595:
3583:
3582:
3570:
3569:
3557:
3556:
3544:
3543:
3531:
3530:
3518:
3517:
3505:
3504:
3492:
3491:
3479:
3478:
3469:
3468:
3456:
3455:
3443:
3442:
3430:
3429:
3420:
3419:
3417:ACD40E8C3CC720BF
3407:
3406:
3394:
3393:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3336:
3335:
3244:Guanay cormorant
3146:
3094:Little cormorant
3048:Indian cormorant
2984:
2983:
2975:
2974:
2957:
2956:
2895:
2894:
2886:
2885:
2861:
2860:
2790:Red-footed booby
2741:
2740:
2732:
2731:
2714:
2713:
2647:
2646:
2638:
2637:
2612:
2611:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2536:
2522:
2517:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2477:. Archived from
2472:
2441:
2423:
2394:
2375:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2344:
2333:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2276:. Archived from
2265:
2259:
2258:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2215:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2174:
2165:(6): jeb217265.
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2040:
2034:
2033:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1967:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1784:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1516:
1507:
1506:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1471:Ali, S. (1993).
1468:
1462:
1461:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1441:
1411:
1388:
1387:
1358:
1357:
1338:
1337:
1318:
1317:
1299:
1298:
1267:
1248:
1236:
1220:
1201:
1189:
1170:
1160:Museum Wiesbaden
1158:Egg, Collection
1155:
1143:
1127:
1115:
1037:Food and feeding
1032:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1010:
869:
868:
864:
861:
855:
854:
850:
847:
841:
840:
836:
833:
819:
818:
814:
811:
805:
804:
800:
760:P. carbo lucidus
751:
737:
695:
684:Aichi prefecture
681:
646:; New Zealand),
609:
597:
574:
571:P. c. maroccanus
562:
530:
518:
497:Korean Peninsula
481:
469:
457:
430:
418:
394:
393:
279:), known as the
262:
242:
236:
230:
224:
212:
190:
87:
86:
66:
61:
60:
33:
24:Great cormorant
21:
20:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3925:Holarctic birds
3885:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3870:
3865:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3843:Pelecanus carbo
3837:
3829:
3824:
3816:
3811:
3803:
3798:
3790:
3785:
3777:
3772:
3764:
3759:
3751:
3746:
3738:
3735:Observation.org
3733:
3725:
3723:
3715:
3713:
3705:
3700:
3692:
3687:
3679:
3674:
3666:
3661:
3653:
3648:
3640:
3635:
3627:
3622:
3614:
3609:
3603:great-cormorant
3601:
3599:
3591:
3586:
3578:
3573:
3565:
3560:
3552:
3547:
3539:
3534:
3526:
3521:
3513:
3508:
3500:
3495:
3487:
3482:
3474:
3472:
3464:
3459:
3453:great-cormorant
3451:
3446:
3438:
3433:
3425:
3423:
3415:
3410:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3386:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3343:
3333:
3320:
3222:
3202:
3182:
3152:
3114:
3099:Pygmy cormorant
3073:
3058:Great cormorant
2993:
2969:
2943:
2929:Oriental darter
2904:
2880:
2847:
2833:Northern gannet
2817:
2799:
2750:
2726:
2700:
2656:
2632:
2606:
2596:
2525:
2508:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2470:
2462:
2391:
2366:
2364:Further reading
2361:
2360:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2313:
2311:
2296:
2292:
2283:
2281:
2274:The Independent
2266:
2262:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2223:on 7 June 2011.
2220:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2151:
2147:
2138:
2136:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2096:Folia Zoologica
2088:
2084:
2041:
2037:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1968:
1957:
1941:
1927:
1923:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1887:
1883:
1876:10.2173/bna.553
1856:
1849:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1805:
1798:
1782:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1665:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1627:
1623:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1517:
1510:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1469:
1465:
1451:
1444:
1442:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1378:
1373:
1359:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1249:
1240:
1237:
1228:
1221:
1212:
1202:
1193:
1190:
1181:
1171:
1162:
1156:
1147:
1144:
1135:
1128:
1119:
1116:
1107:
1083:
1039:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1006:
995:
990:
932:
905:
884:Southern Oceans
866:
862:
859:
857:
852:
848:
845:
843:
838:
834:
831:
829:
816:
812:
809:
807:
802:
798:
797:
781:
757:
750:
738:
694:
682:
652:Solomon Islands
640:Chatham Islands
618:
608:
598:
573:
563:
529:
519:
491:
476:
468:
458:
429:
419:
400:Scientific name
346:Pelecanus carbo
338:Systema Naturae
321:
297:large cormorant
293:black cormorant
271:great cormorant
260:
258:Pelecanus carbo
244:
240:
238:
234:
232:
228:
226:
222:
203:
192:
186:
173:
81:
73:
62:
58:
51:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
3938:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3915:Birds of Nepal
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3863:
3847:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3822:
3809:
3796:
3783:
3770:
3757:
3744:
3731:
3721:
3711:
3698:
3685:
3672:
3659:
3646:
3633:
3620:
3607:
3597:
3584:
3571:
3562:Fauna Europaea
3558:
3545:
3532:
3519:
3506:
3493:
3480:
3470:
3457:
3444:
3431:
3421:
3408:
3395:
3384:
3369:
3353:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3311:Macquarie shag
3308:
3306:Kerguelen shag
3303:
3301:Antarctic shag
3298:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3241:
3234:
3232:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3109:Reed cormorant
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3053:Cape cormorant
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3033:Pied cormorant
3030:
3025:
3020:
3018:Bank cormorant
3015:
3009:
3007:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2981:
2971:
2970:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2934:African darter
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2892:
2882:
2881:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2813:Abbott's booby
2809:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2775:Peruvian booby
2772:
2766:
2764:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2738:
2728:
2727:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2644:
2634:
2633:
2608:
2607:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2543:
2537:
2523:
2506:
2498:
2493:
2461:
2460:External links
2458:
2457:
2456:
2442:
2424:
2408:
2407:
2399:Separation of
2396:
2395:
2389:
2376:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2320:
2290:
2260:
2243:
2226:
2202:
2145:
2121:
2102:(2): 129–142.
2082:
2055:(3): 438–447.
2035:
2016:(1): 113–119.
1989:
1982:
1955:
1937:P. c. sinensis
1921:
1906:
1899:
1881:
1847:
1824:
1817:
1796:
1766:
1741:
1710:
1684:
1678:978-0143020400
1677:
1656:
1621:
1578:
1571:
1545:
1508:
1497:Linnaeus, Carl
1488:
1481:
1463:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1376:
1374:
1360:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1250:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1203:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1184:
1182:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1082:
1079:
1063:Czech Republic
1038:
1035:
994:
991:
989:
986:
931:
928:
917:P. c. sinensis
904:
901:
880:blue-eyed shag
794:P. c. sinensis
790:P. c. sinensis
780:
777:
774:
773:
770:
767:
762:
743:
730:
729:
722:
713:coastal Japan
711:
706:
687:
674:
673:
663:
648:Rennell Island
636:Stewart Island
624:
615:
603:
590:
589:
586:
583:
580:
568:
555:
554:
547:
536:
533:
524:
511:
510:
503:
493:
488:
466:P. c. sinensis
463:
450:
449:
447:P. c. sinensis
443:
440:
437:
424:
421:Northumberland
411:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
320:
317:
265:
264:
253:
252:
246:
245:
239:
233:
231: Resident
227:
225: Breeding
221:
214:
213:
205:
204:
193:
182:
181:
175:
174:
167:
165:
161:
160:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
75:
74:
56:
53:
52:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3937:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3900:Phalacrocorax
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3285:Imperial shag
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3275:Campbell shag
3273:
3271:
3270:Auckland shag
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3198:European shag
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
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3044:
3041:
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3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3004:Phalacrocorax
3000:
2992:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2940:
2937:
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2922:
2921:
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2917:
2916:
2911:
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2896:
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2887:
2883:
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2867:
2862:
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2844:
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2826:
2825:
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2796:
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2783:
2781:
2778:
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2771:
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2573:
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2559:
2556:
2554:
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2549:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2484:on 2019-03-19
2480:
2476:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2440:(3): 112–123.
2439:
2435:
2434:
2433:Birding World
2429:
2425:
2422:(3): 107–111.
2421:
2417:
2416:
2415:Birding World
2410:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2390:1-86872-721-1
2386:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2355:
2345:on 2012-02-27
2341:
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2301:
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2046:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1994:
1985:
1979:
1975:
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1966:
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1951:
1947:
1940:
1938:
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1925:
1917:
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1902:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1854:
1852:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1820:
1814:
1811:. CRC Press.
1810:
1803:
1801:
1792:
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1779:
1770:
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1737:
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1188:
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1154:
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1142:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1004:
999:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
970:Faroe Islands
967:
963:
959:
954:
952:
947:
945:
941:
937:
927:
925:
920:
918:
914:
910:
900:
898:
894:
890:
885:
881:
877:
873:
827:
823:
795:
791:
787:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
754:
749:
748:
744:
741:
740:Lake Naivasha
736:
732:
731:
727:
726:P. c. hanedae
723:
720:
716:
712:
710:
707:
703:
699:
693:
692:
691:P. capillatus
688:
685:
680:
676:
675:
671:
667:
664:
661:
660:New Caledonia
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
622:
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596:
592:
591:
587:
584:
581:
577:
572:
569:
566:
561:
557:
556:
552:
551:P. capillatus
548:
545:
541:
537:
534:
528:
527:P. c. hanedae
525:
522:
517:
513:
512:
508:
504:
502:
498:
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489:
485:
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408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
395:
392:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:Ancient Greek
364:
360:
356:
355:
354:Phalacrocorax
351:
347:
344:
343:binomial name
340:
339:
334:
333:tenth edition
330:
329:Carl Linnaeus
326:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
277:
272:
263:
259:
254:
251:
247:
237: Passage
220:
215:
211:
206:
201:
197:
191:
189:
183:
180:
179:Binomial name
176:
172:
171:
170:P. carbo
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:
157:Phalacrocorax
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
85:
80:
76:
70:
65:
64:Least Concern
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3842:
3348:
3265:Chatham shag
3255:Foveaux shag
3227:
3209:Poikilocarbo
3207:
3187:
3157:
3119:
3078:
3057:
3028:Spotted shag
3002:
2988:
2913:
2899:
2876:
2822:
2804:
2780:Masked booby
2759:
2745:
2665:
2651:
2628:
2617:Frigatebirds
2547:
2530:
2513:
2502:
2486:. Retrieved
2479:the original
2474:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2431:
2419:
2413:
2404:
2400:
2380:
2371:
2353:
2347:. Retrieved
2340:the original
2336:Final Report
2335:
2323:
2312:. Retrieved
2304:Culture Trip
2303:
2293:
2282:. Retrieved
2278:the original
2273:
2263:
2255:
2246:
2229:
2218:the original
2205:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2137:. Retrieved
2134:ScienceDaily
2133:
2124:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1972:
1949:
1945:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1915:
1909:
1890:
1884:
1867:
1861:
1833:
1827:
1808:
1790:
1786:
1777:
1769:
1757:. Retrieved
1753:
1744:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1701:. Retrieved
1696:
1687:
1668:
1647:. Retrieved
1642:
1638:
1632:
1624:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1554:
1548:
1536:. Retrieved
1531:
1501:
1491:
1472:
1466:
1443:. Retrieved
1429:
1423:
1417:
1409:
1253:Taudaha Lake
1175:Lake Kerkini
1099:
1092:
1084:
1075:pelagic zone
1071:benthic zone
1067:
1055:common soles
1040:
1000:
996:
981:
957:
955:
948:
933:
930:Distribution
921:
916:
912:
906:
825:
793:
789:
785:
782:
759:
745:
725:
689:
656:Grande Terre
644:South Island
632:South Island
628:North Island
605:
576:Hartert, EJO
570:
550:
526:
506:
478:
465:
446:
426:
406:Distribution
388:
382:
377:
373:
369:
352:
345:
336:
322:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
274:
270:
268:
257:
256:
218:
187:
185:
169:
168:
156:
39:
18:
3787:SeaLifeBase
3676:NatureServe
3624:iNaturalist
3373:Wikispecies
3296:Crozet shag
3280:Bounty shag
3159:Nannopterum
2838:Cape gannet
2795:Brown booby
2785:Nazca booby
2450:Ir. Nat. J.
1750:"Cormorant"
1594:: 249–257.
1520:Gill, Frank
1445:13 November
1210:Oxfordshire
958:P. c. carbo
913:P. c. carbo
889:common shag
874:, with the
826:P. c. carbo
824:in Canada (
786:P. c. carbo
779:Description
602:, Australia
507:P. c. carbo
484:C. L. Brehm
427:P. c. carbo
403:Common name
40:P. c. carbo
3889:Categories
3858:Q109578315
3826:Xeno-canto
3717:black-shag
3260:Otago shag
3229:Leucocarbo
3080:Microcarbo
2962:Cormorants
2725:: Sulidae)
2603:Suliformes
2562:Xeno-canto
2488:2018-06-01
2383:. Struik.
2349:2009-09-19
2314:2019-08-17
2284:2014-12-30
2139:2020-10-08
2049:Waterbirds
2004:and shags
1842:10464/1789
1401:References
1225:Juodkrantė
1223:Colony in
1173:Albino in
1047:sand smelt
962:Palearctic
909:filoplumes
907:The white
903:Variations
747:P. lucidus
385:subspecies
341:under the
307:family of
281:black shag
136:Suliformes
3238:Rock shag
3023:Pitt shag
2197:211524892
2181:0022-0949
2030:0019-1019
1759:21 August
1730:(2): 89.
1649:29 August
1454:cite iucn
988:Behaviour
978:Greenland
936:estuaries
642:(east of
567:, Morocco
370:phalakros
363:Latinised
313:Old World
305:cormorant
217:Range of
164:Species:
102:Kingdom:
96:Eukaryota
38:Nominate
3852:Wikidata
3681:2.102054
3668:22696792
3642:10190429
3528:45511373
3440:22696792
3435:BirdLife
3424:BioLib:
3358:Wikidata
2805:Papasula
2455:: 89–94.
2405:sinensis
2308:Archived
2189:32098879
2116:90464667
2077:84199917
2069:25148353
1793:: 37–46.
1616:24994028
1499:(1758).
1051:flathead
993:Breeding
924:albinism
715:Hokkaido
702:Schlegel
698:Temminck
611:Stephens
600:Victoria
540:Hokkaido
472:Staunton
433:Linnaeus
389:P. carbo
319:Taxonomy
309:seabirds
250:Synonyms
219:P. carbo
196:Linnaeus
142:Family:
116:Chordata
112:Phylum:
106:Animalia
92:Domain:
69:IUCN 3.1
3872:7388664
3593:2481890
3412:Avibase
3189:Gulosus
2990:Species
2924:Anhinga
2915:Anhinga
2901:Species
2877:Anhinga
2866:Darters
2747:Species
2667:Fregata
2653:Species
2629:Fregata
2514:Avibase
1952:: 1–11.
1703:18 July
1596:Bibcode
1538:19 July
1192:Cranium
1105:Gallery
1061:River,
1043:wrasses
1028:⁄
1014:⁄
974:Iceland
966:Siberia
940:migrate
893:plumage
865:⁄
851:⁄
837:⁄
815:⁄
801:⁄
742:, Kenya
704:, 1850)
686:, Japan
666:Syntype
650:(south
523:, Japan
486:, 1824)
474:, 1796)
435:, 1758)
335:of his
331:in the
152:Genus:
132:Order:
122:Class:
67: (
3818:137179
3779:336370
3766:969841
3753:137179
3724:NZOR:
3714:NZBO:
3655:174715
3600:GNAB:
3549:EURING
3541:PHLKCA
3515:grecor
3489:bob720
3476:grecor
3392:grecor
3364:Q25440
2966:family
2870:family
2723:family
2621:family
2387:
2195:
2187:
2179:
2114:
2075:
2067:
2028:
1980:
1897:
1815:
1675:
1614:
1569:
1479:
1367:Aomori
1282:Videos
1204:Above
1179:Greece
1059:Vltava
1003:clutch
951:Ćelije
755:, 1823
719:Kyushu
700:&
654:) and
613:, 1826
578:, 1906
544:Kyushu
501:Borneo
409:Notes
241:
235:
229:
223:
3813:WoRMS
3805:13409
3792:73559
3637:IRMNG
3567:96618
3510:eBird
3502:4FQQC
3473:BOW:
3466:10018
3121:Urile
2979:Genus
2890:Genus
2874:genus
2824:Morus
2736:Genus
2642:Genus
2625:genus
2599:Order
2482:(PDF)
2471:(PDF)
2401:carbo
2343:(PDF)
2332:(PDF)
2238:(PDF)
2221:(PDF)
2214:(PDF)
2193:S2CID
2112:S2CID
2073:S2CID
2065:JSTOR
1942:(PDF)
1787:Ardea
1783:(PDF)
1645:: 1–7
1639:Ardea
1393:Texel
1371:Japan
1365:) in
1275:China
1257:Nepal
758:syn.
623:name)
621:Māori
521:Osaka
477:syn.
460:Gojal
397:Image
383:Five
378:carbo
374:korax
350:genus
301:India
285:kawau
3867:GBIF
3748:OBIS
3707:9209
3702:NCBI
3663:IUCN
3650:ITIS
3629:4270
3588:GBIF
3536:EPPO
3461:BOLD
3427:8384
2761:Sula
2403:and
2385:ISBN
2185:PMID
2177:ISSN
2026:ISSN
2010:Ibis
1978:ISBN
1946:Sula
1935:and
1895:ISBN
1813:ISBN
1761:2012
1705:2010
1673:ISBN
1651:2024
1612:PMID
1567:ISBN
1540:2024
1477:ISBN
1458:help
1447:2021
1430:2019
1088:cull
1053:and
976:and
944:fish
638:and
423:, UK
269:The
200:1758
126:Aves
3800:TSA
3689:NBN
3611:IBC
3554:720
3523:EoL
3497:CoL
3484:BTO
3399:AFD
3388:ABA
2560:on
2551:at
2167:doi
2163:223
2104:doi
2057:doi
2018:doi
2014:140
1872:doi
1838:hdl
1732:doi
1722:".
1604:doi
1563:301
1434:doi
1363:十二湖
1065:).
1019:by
964:to
717:to
542:to
299:in
283:or
3891::
3869::
3854::
3828::
3815::
3802::
3789::
3776::
3763::
3750::
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3737::
3704::
3691::
3678::
3665::
3652::
3639::
3626::
3613::
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3538::
3525::
3512::
3499::
3486::
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3450::
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3390::
3375::
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2601::
2529:.
2512:.
2473:.
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2418:.
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2110:.
2100:60
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2063:.
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2051:.
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1992:^
1958:^
1950:29
1948:.
1944:.
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1789:.
1785:.
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1840::
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1030:8
1026:5
1023:+
1021:1
1016:2
1012:1
1009:+
1007:2
867:2
863:1
860:+
853:2
849:1
846:+
839:2
835:1
832:+
830:7
817:2
813:1
810:+
808:4
803:2
799:1
696:(
662:)
658:(
482:(
470:(
431:(
273:(
202:)
194:(
71:)
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