2113:
2141:
prevention of gene flow between subpopulations (for example, Banff
National Park). This, in turn, is creating a decline in genetic diversity, and therefore the overall fitness of the general population is lowered. In light of these issues, conservation plans often include migration corridors by way of long strips of "park forest" to connect less developed areas, or by way of tunnels and overpasses over busy roads. Using GPS collar tracking, scientists can study whether or not these efforts are actually making a positive contribution towards resolving the problem. To date, most corridors are found to be infrequently used, and thus genetic isolation is currently occurring, which can result in inbreeding and therefore an increased frequency of deleterious genes through genetic drift. Current data suggest female grizzly bears are disproportionately less likely than males to use these corridors, which can prevent mate access and decrease the number of offspring.
1641:
1895:
772:
1041:, before going into hibernation. The bear often waits for a substantial snowstorm before it enters its den: such behavior lessens the chances that predators will find the den. The dens are typically at elevations above 1,800 meters (5,900 ft) on north-facing slopes. There is some debate among professionals as to whether grizzly bears technically hibernate: much of this debate revolves around body temperature and the ability of the bears to move around during hibernation on occasion. Grizzly bears can "partially" recycle their body wastes during this period. Although inland or Rocky Mountain grizzlies spend nearly half of their life in dens, coastal grizzlies with better access to food sources spend less time in dens. In some areas where food is very plentiful year round, grizzly bears skip hibernation altogether.
2154:
regulations that protected wildlife living on the land, putting species such as the grizzly bear at risk. Specifically, federal protections on the grizzly bear in
Yellowstone National Parks were removed. Regulations that protected the bears against hunting methods with Park Service rules (specifically in park lands in Alaska) were revisited by the Department of Interior. The National Parks Conservation Association (NPCA) supports common sense opportunities for hunting in national preserves," but the state of Alaska's wildlife management leads for the killing of more bears, which increases the population of moose and caribou. The rise in moose and caribou works in favor of sport hunters. Theresa Pierno, President and CEO of
1933:, is home to the greatest concentration of brown bears in the world. An estimated 144 individual bears have been identified at the falls in a single summer with as many as 74 at one time; 60 or more bears at the falls is a frequent sight, and it is not uncommon to see 100 bears at the falls throughout a single day. The McNeil River State Game Refuge, containing Chenik Lake and a smaller number of grizzly bears, has been closed to grizzly hunting since 1995. All of the Katmai-McNeil area is closed to hunting except for Katmai National Preserve, where regulated legal hunting takes place. In all, the Katmai-McNeil area has an estimated 2,500 grizzly bears.
1926:. At Brooks Camp, a famous site exists where grizzlies can be seen catching salmon from atop a platform–it can be even viewed online from a cam. In coastal areas of the park, such as Hallo Bay, Geographic Harbor, Swikshak Lagoon, American Creek, Big River, Kamishak River, Savonoski River, Moraine Creek, Funnel Creek, Battle Creek, Nantuk Creek, Kukak Bay, and Kaflia Bay bears can be seen fishing alongside wolves, eagles, and river otters. Coastal areas host the highest population densities year round because there is a larger variety of food sources available, but Brooks Camp hosts the highest population (100 bears).
886:
2002:
Selkirk (Idaho and
Washington), and North Cascades (Washington). The grizzly population in these areas is estimated at 1,000 in the Northern Continental Divide, 1,000 in Yellowstone, 40 in the Yaak portion of the Cabinet-Yaak, and 15 in the Cabinet portion (in northwestern Montana), 105 in Selkirk region of Idaho, 10–20 in the North Cascades, and none currently in Selway-Bitterroots, although there have been sightings. These are estimates because bears move in and out of these areas. In the recovery areas that adjoin Canada, bears also move back and forth across the international boundary.
1741:, the expedition was conducted with the same preparation and ceremoniality as intertribal warfare and was never done except with a company of four to ten warriors. The tribe members who dealt the killing blow were highly esteemed among their compatriots. Californian Natives actively avoided prime bear habitat and would not allow their young men to hunt alone for fear of bear attacks. During the Spanish colonial period, some tribes would seek aid from European colonists to deal with problem bears instead of hunting grizzlies themselves. Many authors in the American West wrote of Natives or
1781:
1533:
1801:
1726:
1240:
296:
869:. In British Columbia, grizzly bears inhabit approximately 90% of their original territory. There were approximately 25,000 grizzly bears in British Columbia when the European settlers arrived. However, population size has since significantly decreased due to hunting and habitat loss. In 2008, it was estimated there were 16,000 grizzly bears. A revised Grizzly bear count in 2012 for British Columbia was 15,075. Population estimates for British Columbia are based on hair-snagging, DNA-based inventories,
98:
1361:. Because bison and moose are dangerous prey, grizzlies usually use cover to stalk them and/or pick off weak individuals or calves. Grizzlies in Alaska also regularly prey on moose calves, which in Denali National Park may be their main source of meat. In fact, grizzly bears are such important predators of moose and elk calves in Alaska and Yellowstone that they may kill as many as 51 percent of elk or moose calves born that year. Grizzly bears have also been blamed in the decline of elk in
690:
1061:
1828:
56:
1960:
1050:
735:
2029:
1943:, meaning "fortress of bears," and is home to the densest grizzly population in North America. An estimated 1600 grizzlies live on the island, which itself is only 140 km (90 mi) long. One place to view grizzly bears in the island is probably Pack Creek, in the Stan Price State Wildlife Sanctuary. 20 to 30 grizzlies can be observed at the creek at one time and like Brooks Camp, visitors can watch bears from an above platform.
75:
2097:
1857:, British Columbia, is a community that demonstrates the success of this approach. In the ten years preceding the development of a community education program in Revelstoke, 16 grizzlies were destroyed and a further 107 were relocated away from the town. An education program run by Revelstoke Bear Aware was put in place in 1996. Since the program began just four grizzlies have been eliminated and five have been relocated.
1460:
1144:
2081:
bear population be designated as threatened due to recent estimates of grizzly bear mortality rates that indicated the population was in decline. A recovery plan released by the provincial government in March 2008 indicated the grizzly population is lower than previously believed. In 2010, the provincial government formally listed its population of about 700 grizzlies as "Threatened".
1497:
of quick nips at its hind legs. Thus, the bear will sit down and use its ability to protect itself in a full circle. Rarely do interactions such as these end in death or serious injury to either animal. One carcass simply is not usually worth the risk to the wolves (if the bear has the upper hand due to strength and size) or to the bear (if the wolves are too numerous or persistent).
1570:
2069:. The population has risen from 136 bears in 1975 to an estimated 700 in 2017, and was "delisted" in June 2017. It was argued that the population had sufficiently recovered from the threat of extinction, however numerous conservation and tribal organizations argued that the grizzly population remained genetically vulnerable. They successfully sued the administration (
1287:. In areas where salmon are forced to leap waterfalls, grizzlies gather at the base of the falls to feed on and catch the fish. Salmon are at a disadvantage when they leap waterfalls because they cluster together at their bases and are therefore easier targets for the grizzlies. Grizzly bears are well-documented catching leaping salmon in their mouths at
1103:
on their mother's milk until summer comes, after which they still drink milk but begin to eat solid foods. Cubs gain weight rapidly during their time with the mother—their weight will have increased from 4.5 to 45 kg (9.9 to 99.2 lb) in the two years spent with the mother. Mothers may see their cubs in later years but both avoid each other.
668:. A formal taxonomic revision was not performed, however, and the implied synonymy has not been accepted by taxonomic authorities. Furthermore, a recent whole-genome study suggests that certain Alaskan brown bears, including the Kodiak and Alaskan Peninsula grizzly bears, are members of a Eurasian brown bear lineage, more closely related to the
1513:
its superior agility and its claws to harass the bear, yet stay out of its reach until one of them gives up. Grizzly bears occasionally kill cougars in disputes over kills. There have been several anecdotes, primarily from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, of cougars and grizzly bears killing each other in fights to the death.
1034:
hibernation, grizzlies must prepare a den and consume an immense amount of food because they do not eat during hibernation. Grizzly bears also do not defecate or urinate throughout the entire hibernation period. The male grizzly bear's hibernation ends in early to mid-March, while females emerge in April or early May.
2159:
and
Preserve. The public was right to want to stop sport hunters from crawling into bears' dens and using flashlights to wake and kill mother bears and their cubs. The state's attempt to dismantle the results of this public process jeopardizes the stewardship of federal public lands, which belong to all Americans."
1016:, some areas of Canada, and in all of the United States. However, it is expected that repopulating its former range will be a slow process, due to various reasons, including the bear's slow reproductive habits and the effects of reintroducing such a large animal to areas prized for agriculture and livestock.
2136:
in
Vancouver is an example of a different type of conservation effort for the diminishing grizzly bear population. The refuge is a five-acre terrain which has functioned as a home for two orphaned grizzly bears since 2001. The purpose of this refuge is to provide awareness and education to the public
1561:
Black bears are not strong competition for prey because they have a more herbivorous diet. Confrontations are rare because of the differences in size, habitats, and diets of the bear species. When this happens, it is usually with the grizzly being the aggressor. The black bear will only fight when it
1472:
The relationship between grizzly bears and other predators is mostly one-sided; grizzly bears will approach feeding predators to steal their kill. In general, the other species will leave the carcasses for the bear to avoid competition or predation. Any parts of the carcass left uneaten are scavenged
2158:
stated, "The State of Alaska's lawsuit against the Park
Service and Fish and Wildlife Service seeks to overturn common sense regulations, which underwent a thorough and transparent public process. More than 70,000 Americans said 'no' to baiting bears with grease-soaked donuts in Denali National Park
2144:
In the United States, national efforts have been made since 1982 for the recovery plan of grizzly bears. A lot of the efforts made have been through different organizations efforts to educate the public on grizzly bear safety, habits of grizzly bears and different ways to reduce human-bear conflict.
2128:
located along the north coast of
British Columbia; at 44,300 ha (109,000 acres) in size, it is composed of key habitat for this threatened species. Regulations such as limited public access, as well as a strict no hunting policy, have enabled this location to be a safe haven for local grizzlies
2080:
hair-snagging studies in 2000 showed the grizzly population to be increasing faster than what it was formerly believed to be, and
Alberta Sustainable Resource Development calculated a population of 841 bears. In 2002, the Endangered Species Conservation Committee recommended that the Alberta grizzly
1819:
Grizzlies are considered more aggressive compared to black bears when defending themselves and their offspring. Unlike the smaller black bears, adult grizzlies do not climb trees well, and respond to danger by standing their ground and warding off their attackers. Mothers defending cubs are the most
1756:
is named after an Ojibwe legend, where a female bear and her cubs swam across Lake
Michigan. According to the legend, the two cubs drowned and became the Manitou islands. The mother bear eventually got to shore and slept, waiting patiently for her cubs to arrive. Over the years, the sand covered the
1512:
generally give the bears a wide berth. Grizzlies have less competition with cougars than with other predators, such as coyotes, wolves, and other bears. When a grizzly descends on a cougar feeding on its kill, the cougar usually gives way to the bear. When a cougar does stand its ground, it will use
1007:
Other provinces and the United States may use a combination of methods for population estimates. Therefore, it is difficult to say precisely what methods were used to produce total population estimates for Canada and North
America, as they were likely developed from a variety of studies. The grizzly
2162:
A press release on October 3, 2022, stated that a federal district court, based in Alaska, will be returning to look over a National Park Service rule relating to hunting practices, including baiting bears. The Interior Department and Park Service's decision permits the law to reside in place while
1823:
Grizzly bears normally avoid contact with people. In spite of their obvious physical advantage they rarely actively hunt humans. Most grizzly bear attacks result from a bear that has been surprised at very close range, especially if it has a supply of food to protect, or female grizzlies protecting
1565:
The segregation of black bear and grizzly bear populations is possibly due to competitive exclusion. In certain areas, grizzly bears outcompete black bears for the same resources. For example, many Pacific coastal islands off British Columbia and Alaska support either the black bear or the grizzly,
1496:
The grizzly bear uses its keen sense of smell to locate the kill. As the wolves and grizzly compete for the kill, one wolf may try to distract the bear while the others feed. The bear then may retaliate by chasing the wolves. If the wolves become aggressive with the bear, it is normally in the form
1102:
Litter size varies between one and four cubs, typically comprising twins or triplets. Cubs are always born in the mother's winter den while she is in hibernation. Female grizzlies are fiercely protective of their cubs, being able to fend off predators including larger male bears. Cubs feed entirely
1033:
for five to seven months each year (except where the climate is warm—the California grizzly did not hibernate). During this time, female grizzly bears give birth to their offspring, who then consume milk from their mother and gain strength for the remainder of the hibernation period. To prepare for
2140:
Another factor currently being taken into consideration when designing conservation plans for future generations are anthropogenic barriers in the form of urban development and roads. These elements are acting as obstacles, causing fragmentation of the remaining grizzly bear population habitat and
1577:
In regions where both species coexist, they are divided by landscape gradients such as the age of forest, elevation, and land openness. Grizzly bears tend to favor old forests with high productivity, higher elevations and more open habitats compared with black bears. However, a bear shot in autumn
572:
is required to yield an accurate new taxonomy with different subspecies. Coastal grizzlies, often referred to by the popular but geographically redundant synonym of "brown bear" or "Alaskan brown bear" are larger and darker than inland grizzlies, which is why they, too, were considered a different
2001:
Within the United States, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service concentrates its effort to restore grizzly bears in six recovery areas. These are Northern Continental Divide (Montana), Yellowstone (Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho), Cabinet-Yaak (Montana and Idaho), Selway-Bitterroot (Montana and Idaho),
1692:
showed removal of wolves and grizzly bears caused populations of their herbivorous prey to increase. This, in turn, changed the structure and density of plants in the area, which decreased the population sizes of migratory birds. This provides evidence grizzly bears represent a keystone predator,
1663:
While foraging for tree roots, plant bulbs, or ground squirrels, bears stir up the soil. This process not only helps grizzlies access their food, but also increases species richness in alpine ecosystems. An area that contains both bear digs and undisturbed land has greater plant diversity than an
1274:
moths, and scavenged carcasses. None of these, however, match the fat content of the salmon available in Alaska and British Columbia. With the high fat content of salmon, it is not uncommon to encounter grizzlies in Alaska weighing 540 kg (1,200 lb). Grizzlies in Alaska supplement their
1852:
Bear awareness programs have been developed by communities in grizzly bear territory to help prevent conflicts with both black and grizzly bears. The main premise of these programs is to teach humans to manage foods that attract bears. Keeping garbage securely stored, harvesting fruit when ripe,
1111:
The average lifespan for a male is estimated at 22 years, with that of a female being slightly longer at 26. Females live longer than males due to their less dangerous life; they do not engage in seasonal breeding fights as males do. The oldest known wild inland grizzly was about 34 years old in
2153:
that started in the fall of 2014 to begin the recovery process of grizzly bears to the North Cascades region. A final plan and environmental impact statement was released in the spring of 2017 with a record of decision to follow. In 2017, the Trump administration stripped parklands of previous
2123:
Conservation efforts have become an increasingly vital investment over recent decades, as population numbers have dramatically declined. Establishment of parks and protected areas are one of the main focuses currently being tackled to help reestablish the low grizzly bear population in British
1659:
The grizzly bear has several relationships with its ecosystem. One such relationship is a mutualistic relationship with fleshy-fruit bearing plants. After the grizzly consumes the fruit, the seeds are excreted and thereby dispersed in a germinable condition. Some studies have shown germination
1838:
Increased human–bear interaction has created "problem bears": bears adapted to human activities or habitat. Exacerbating this is the fact that intensive human use of grizzly habitat coincides with the seasonal movement of grizzly bears. Aversive conditioning using rubber bullets, foul-tasting
1622:
are generally regarded merely as pests to grizzlies rather than competition, though they may compete for smaller prey, such as ground squirrels and rabbits. All three will try to scavenge whatever they can from the bears. Wolverines are aggressive enough to occasionally persist until the bear
2629:
Salis, Alexander T; Bray, Sarah C E; Lee, Michael S Y; Heiniger, Holly; Barnett, Ross; Burns, James A; Doronichev, Vladimir; Fedje, Daryl; Golovanova, Liubov; Harington, C Richard; Hockett, Bryan; Kosintsev, Pavel; Lai, Xulong; Mackie, Quentin; Vasiliev, Sergei; Weinstock, Jacobo; Yamaguchi,
1083:
Grizzly bears have one of the lowest reproductive rates of all terrestrial mammals in North America. This is due to numerous ecological factors. Grizzly bears do not reach sexual maturity until they are at least five years old. Once mated with a male in the summer, the female delays embryo
1084:
implantation until hibernation, during which miscarriage can occur if the female does not receive the proper nutrients and caloric intake. On average, females produce two cubs in a litter and the mother cares for the cubs for up to two years, during which the mother will not mate.
1736:
tribes living among brown bears often view them with a mixture of awe and fear. North American brown bears have at times been so feared by the Natives that they were rarely hunted by them, especially when alone. At traditional grizzly hunts in some western tribes such as the
1918:, and the McNeil River State Game Sanctuary and Refuge. Here bears gather in large numbers to feast on concentrated food sources, including sedges in the salt marshes, clams in the nearby tidal flats, salmon in the estuary streams, and berries on the neighboring hillsides.
1149:
1145:
725:
Average total length in this subspecies is between 198 cm (78 in) and 240 cm (94 in), with an average shoulder height of 102 cm (40 in) and hindfoot length of 28 cm (11 in). Newborn bears may weigh less than 500 g (18 oz).
1677:) foliage within 500 m (1,600 ft) of the stream where the salmon have been obtained contains nitrogen originating from salmon on which the bears preyed. These nitrogen influxes to the forest are directly related to the presence of grizzly bears and salmon.
1396:
Although the diets of grizzly bears vary extensively based on seasonal and regional changes, plants make up a large portion of them, with some estimates as high as 80–90%. Various berries constitute an important food source when they are available. These can include
1146:
1623:
finishes eating, leaving more scraps than normal for the smaller animal. Packs of coyotes have also displaced grizzly bears in disputes over kills. However, the removal of wolves and grizzlies in California may have greatly reduced the abundance of the endangered
3178:
6519:
1489:, the grizzly bear, and its historic rival, the gray wolf. The interactions of grizzly bears with the wolves of Yellowstone have been under considerable study. Typically, the conflict will be in the defence of young or over a carcass, which is commonly an
1921:
Katmai National Park and Preserve is one of the best spots to view brown bears. As of 2012, the bear population in Katmai is estimated to be 2,100. The park is located on the Alaskan Peninsula about 480 km (300 mi) southwest of the city of
1848:
kills approximately 50 problem bears each year and overall spends more than one million dollars annually to address bear complaints, relocate bears or kill them. A bear killing a human in a national park may be killed to prevent its attacking again.
1562:
is a smaller grizzly such as a yearling or when the black bear has no other choice but to defend itself. There is at least one confirmed observation of a grizzly bear digging out, killing, and eating a black bear when the latter was in hibernation.
1843:
attempt to condition bears to associate humans with unpleasantness, but is ineffective when the bears have already learned to positively associate humans with food. Such bears are translocated or killed because they pose a threat to humans. The
1148:
655:
One study based on mitochondrial DNA recovered no distinct genetic groupings of North American brown bears, implying that previous grizzly bear subspecies designations are unwarranted and these bears should all be considered populations of
1558:, but grizzlies may occasionally enter black bear terrain to obtain food sources both bears enjoy, such as pine nuts, acorns, mushrooms, and berries. When a black bear sees a grizzly coming, it either turns tail and runs or climbs a tree.
1524:; however, both species have been extirpated in the regions of the Southwest where their former habitats overlapped, and grizzlies remain so far absent from the regions along the U.S.-Mexico border, where jaguars appear to be returning.
7439:
6987:
1649:
520:, and first migrated to North America between 177,000 BP ~ 111,000 BP. Most grizzly bears belong to this initial population of North American brown bear (clade 4), which continues to be the dominant mitochondrial grouping south of
2145:
The Interagency Grizzly Bear Recovery Committee is one of many organizations committed to the recovery of grizzly bears in the lower 48 states. There are five recovery zones for grizzly bears in the lower 48 states including the
1909:
has boomed. While many people come to Alaska to bear-hunt, the majority come to watch the bears and observe their habits. Some of the best bear viewing in the world occurs on coastal areas of the Alaska Peninsula, including in
905:. and up to 29,000 live in Canada. The Alaskan population of 30,000 individuals is the highest population of any province / state in North America. Populations in Alaska are densest along the coast, where food supplies such as
1080:. Females (sows) produce one to four young (usually two) that are small and weigh only about 450 g (16 oz) at birth. A sow is protective of her offspring and will attack if she thinks she or her cubs are threatened.
2088:, the species is considered to be at risk. In 2008, it was estimated there were 16,014 grizzly bears in the British Columbia population, which was lower than previously estimated due to refinements in the population model.
1373:, mostly taking sick or old individuals or calves. Several studies show that grizzly bears may follow the caribou herds year-round in order to maintain their food supply. In northern Alaska, grizzly bears often encounter
7035:
3717:
1445:
that congregate on mountain slopes. When food is abundant, grizzly bears will feed in groups. For example, many grizzly bears will visit meadows right after an avalanche or glacier slide. This is due to an influx of
6523:
5025:
1500:
While wolves usually dominate grizzly bears during interactions at wolf dens, both grizzly and black bears have been reported killing wolves and their cubs at wolf dens even when the wolves were acting in defence.
1380:
Grizzlies along the Alaskan coast also scavenge on dead or washed up whales. Usually such incidents involve only one or two grizzlies at a carcass, but up to ten large males have been seen at a time eating a dead
2064:
tree, whose nuts are an important source of food for the bears. In early March 2016, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed to withdraw Endangered Species Act protections from grizzly bears in and around
1310:. The relationship with cutthroat trout and grizzlies is unique because it is the only example where Rocky Mountain grizzlies feed on spawning salmonid fish. However, grizzly bears themselves and invasive
1668:
to be dug up from lower soil layers, and makes nitrogen more readily available in the environment. An area that has been dug by the grizzly bear has significantly more nitrogen than an undisturbed area.
552:). Biologist R.L. Rausch found that North America has but one species of grizzly. Therefore, everywhere it is the "brown bear"; in North America, it is the "grizzly", but these are all the same species,
536:
have an endemic lineage, which first appears around 20,000 BP. After a local extinction in Beringia ~33,000 BP, two closely related lineages repopulated Alaska and northern Canada from Eurasia after the
1672:
Nitrogen cycling is not only facilitated by grizzlies digging for food, it is also accomplished via their habit of carrying salmon carcasses into surrounding forests. It has been found that spruce tree
2630:
Nobuyuki; Meachen, Julie; Cooper, Alan; Mitchell, Kieren J (3 September 2020). "Lions and brown bears colonized North America in multiple synchronous waves of dispersal across the Bering Land Bridge".
672:
than to other North American brown bears. Until the systematics of North American brown bears is studied in more depth, other North American subspecies have been provisionally considered separate from
7144:
1867:, hanging food between trees at a height unreachable to bears is a common procedure, although some grizzlies can climb and reach hanging food in other ways. An alternative to hanging food is to use a
985:
before the state of California's admission to the Union in 1850, the subspecies or population is currently extinct. The last known grizzlies in California were killed in the Sierra foothills east of
756:
Aside from the distinguishing hump a grizzly bear can be identified by a "dished in" profile of their face with short, rounded ears, whereas a black bear has a straight face profile and longer ears.
1752:
mythology, American black and brown bears became enemies when Grizzly Bear Woman killed Black Bear Woman for being lazy. Black Bear Woman's children, in turn, killed Grizzly Bear Woman's own cubs.
3011:
Cahill, James A.; Green, Richard E.; Fulton, Tara L.; Stiller, Mathias; Jay, Flora; Ovsyanikov, Nikita; Salamzade, Rauf; St. John, John; Stirling, Ian; Slatkin, Montgomery; Shapiro, Beth (2013).
1303:, and frequently dig into the sand to seek them. During the spring and fall, directly before and after the salmon runs, berries and grass make up the mainstay of the diets of coastal grizzlies.
3773:
3177:
Mychajliw, Alexis M.; Adams, Andrea J.; Brown, Kevin C.; Campbell, Beau T.; Hardesty-Moore, Molly; Welch, Zoë S.; Page, Henry M.; Southon, John R.; Cooper, Scott D.; Alagona, Peter S. (2024).
7447:
6995:
718:
The populations in northern interior Canada are much smaller, with males weighing 139 kilograms (306 lb) and females weighing 95 kilograms (209 lb). This is actually similar to the
1589:, due to its unusually large size and its proportionately larger braincase and skull, but DNA testing was unable to determine whether it was a large American black bear or a grizzly bear.
2898:
Steffen, Martina L.; Fulton, Tara L. (1 February 2018). "On the association of giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simus) and brown bear (Ursus arctos) in late Pleistocene North America".
4551:
2056:
area. Several environmental organizations, including the NRDC, brought a lawsuit against the federal government to relist the grizzly bear. On 22 September 2009, U.S. District Judge
544:
In the 19th century, the grizzly was classified as 86 distinct species. By 1928 only seven grizzly species remained, and by 1953, only one species remained globally. However, modern
6158:
1377:. Despite the fact that muskox do not usually occur in grizzly habitat and that they are bigger and more powerful than caribou, predation on muskox by grizzlies has been recorded.
4172:
3118:
de Jong, Menno J.; Niamir, Aidin; Wolf, Magnus; Kitchener, Andrew C.; Lecomte, Nicolas; Seryodkin, Ivan V.; Fain, Steven F.; Hagen, Snorre B.; Saarma, Urmas; Janke, Axel (2023).
2129:
in the area. When choosing the location of a park focused on grizzly bear conservation, factors such as habitat quality and connectivity to other habitat patches are considered.
1147:
445:, is sometimes referred to as the "black grizzly", although it is no more closely related to North American brown bears than other subspecies of the brown bear around the world.
2498:
7043:
4998:
4801:
4034:
1680:
Grizzlies directly regulate prey populations and also help prevent overgrazing in forests by controlling the populations of other species in the food chain. An experiment in
1441:, ants, and bees are eaten if they are available in large quantities. In Yellowstone National Park, grizzly bears may obtain half of their yearly caloric needs by feeding on
715:
The largest populations are the coastal grizzlies in the Alaskan peninsula, with males weighing 389 kilograms (858 lb) and females weighing 207 kilograms (456 lb).
6126:
5033:
6921:"Public Meetings for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Proposal to Remove Yellowstone Area Population of Grizzly Bears from List of Threatened and Endangered Wildlife"
3774:"National Park Service, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service to evaluate options for restoring grizzly bears to the North Cascades National Park (U.S. National Park Service)"
746:
Although variable in color from blond to nearly black, grizzly bear fur is typically brown with darker legs and commonly white or blond tipped fur on the flank and back.
498:
Several studies have been conducted on the genetic history of the grizzly bear. Classification has been revised along genetic lines. There are two morphological forms of
7092:
5834:
Berger, J.; Stacey, P.; Bellis, L. & Johnson, M. (2001). "A Mammalian Predator-Prey Imbalance: Grizzly Bear and Wolf Extinction Affect Avian Neo-Tropical Migrants".
1087:
Once the young leave or are killed, females may not produce another litter for three or more years, depending on environmental conditions. Male grizzly bears have large
2761:
Cronin, M. A.; Armstrup, S. C.; Garner, and E. R. Vyse, G. W.; Vyse, E.R. (1991). "Interspecific and intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation in North American bears (
1660:
success is indeed increased as a result of seeds being deposited along with nutrients in feces. This makes grizzly bears important seed distributors in their habitats.
528:(~92,000 - 83,000 BP) upon the opening of the ice-free corridor, with the first fossils being near Edmonton (26,000 BP). Other mitochondrial lineages appear later- the
7907:
A Selection of Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Bears: Their Biology and Management
577:
were also at one time considered distinct. Therefore, at one time the thought was there were five different "species" of brown bear, including three in North America.
4896:
Boertje, R. D.; Gasaway, W. C.; Grangaard, D. V.; Kelleyhouse, D. G. (1988). "Predation on moose and caribou by radio-collared grizzly bears in east central Alaska".
2084:
Environment Canada consider the grizzly bear to a "special concern" species, as it is particularly sensitive to human activities and natural threats. In Alberta and
7219:
6288:
6960:
4129:
3906:
3230:
4094:
1600:. In encounters the grizzly is usually the more aggressive one and often dominate in fight. However, healthy polar bears seem to be dominant over the grizzly.
2005:
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service claims the Cabinet-Yaak and Selkirk areas are linked through British Columbia, a claim that is disputed. U.S. and Canadian
1124:) can run at 56 km/h (35 mph), the maximum speed reliably recorded at Yellowstone is 48 km/h (30 mph). In addition, they can climb trees.
7769:
7151:
7391:
762:
A grizzly bear's front claws measure about 51–102 mm (2–4 in) in length; a black bear's claws measure about 25–51 mm (1–2 in) in length.
7675:
4579:
3580:
3353:
4657:
3314:
874:
7320:
Clevenger, A. P.; Waltho, N (2005). "Performance indices to identify attributes of highway crossing structures facilitating movement of large mammals".
5298:
Apps, C. D.; McLellan, B. N. & Woods, J. G. (2006). "Landscape partitioning and spatial inferences of competition between black and grizzly bears".
2112:
7066:
6345:
4435:
8648:
4626:
3857:
7017:
1112:
Alaska; the oldest known coastal bear was 39, but most grizzlies die in their first year of life. Captive grizzlies have lived as long as 44 years.
8693:
4712:
3262:
7175:
6853:
350:), other morphological forms of brown bear in North America are sometimes identified as grizzly bears. These include three living populations—the
5333:
Mattson, T.; Herrero, D. J. & Merrill, S. (2005). "Are black bears a factor in the restoration of North American grizzly bear populations?".
5198:
4018:
3739:
7188:
6749:
5674:
Rich, T.; Carlson, S.; Gende, S. & Rich, H. (2009). "Transportation of Pacific Salmon Carcasses from Streams to Riparian Forests by Bears".
5058:
4738:
506:
lineages. The genome of the grizzly bear was sequenced in 2018 and found to be 2,328.64Mb (mega-basepairs) in length, and contain 30,387 genes.
8618:
5281:
1295:
in Alaska. They are also very experienced in chasing the fish around and pinning them with their claws. At such sites such as Brooks Falls and
6422:
6232:
5526:
Meyer, G. & Witmer, M. (1998). "Influence of Seed Processing by Frugivorous Birds on Germination Success of Three North American Shrubs".
913:
protects the densest population: 1,600 bears on a 1,600 square-mile island. The majority of Canada's grizzlies live in British Columbia.
8643:
8564:
6705:
5502:"Hypothetical Relationships Between The San Joaquin Kit Fox, California Grizzly Bear, and Gray Wolf on the Pre-European California Landscape"
974:
in most of those areas. Combining Canada and the United States, grizzly bears inhabit approximately half the area of their historical range.
6800:
7565:
7117:
6155:
7742:
Waits, L. P.; et al. (1998). "Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of the North American brown bear and implications for conservation".
7269:
5084:
Gunther, K. A. & Smith, D. W. (2004). "Interactions between wolves and female grizzly bears with cubs in Yellowstone National Park".
4774:
3798:
1770:
6255:
4203:
4153:
2853:"Dietary niche separation of three Late Pleistocene bear species from Vancouver Island, on the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America"
950:, grizzly bear populations are estimated to be fewer than 20 bears, but there is a longterm management plan to reintroduce the bears to
6566:
759:
A grizzly bear can also be identified by its rump, which is lower than its shoulders; a black bear's rump is higher than its shoulders.
5137:
5119:
2509:
1640:
928:
in the tri-state area of Wyoming, Idaho and Montana. There are an estimated 70–100 grizzly bears living in northern and eastern
5002:
4832:
3843:
2341:
1947:, hence its name, is another place to view bears. An estimated 3,500 Kodiak grizzly bears inhabit the island, 2,300 of these in the
1204:, though they are more likely to take calves and injured individuals rather than healthy adults. Grizzly bears feed on fish such as
8499:
6637:
6178:
5397:
4475:
4042:
3430:
3397:
2295:
6827:
4381:
3673:
COSEWIC Assessment and Update Status Report on the Grizzly Bear Ursus arctos in Canada: Prairie population Northwestern population
8538:
7640:
6731:
6134:
3097:
2851:
Kubiak, Cara; Grimes, Vaughan; Van Biesen, Geert; Keddie, Grant; Buckley, Mike; Macdonald, Reba; Richards, M. P. (27 June 2022).
2155:
7825:
Wielgus, R. B. (2002). "Minimum viable population and reserve sizes for naturally regulated grizzly bears in British Columbia".
7355:
Edwards, M. A.; Nagy, J. A.; Derocher, A. E. (2008). "Using Subpopulation structure for barren-ground grizzly bear management".
1729:
Gorgonia, a Native American (Mescalero Apache) man. He holds a bear pelt and wears moccasin boots, a breechcloth, kilt, and vest
7534:
5891:
Kellert, S. R.; Black, M.; Rush, C. R.; Bath, A. J. (1996). "Human Culture and Large Carnivore Conservation in North America".
1894:
1753:
771:
7506:
5225:
4760:
1878:
in bear country. Grizzly bears are especially dangerous because of the force of their bite, which has been measured at over 8
1853:
securing livestock behind electric fences, and storing pet food indoors are all measures promoted by bear awareness programs.
8708:
8698:
8688:
8556:
7895:
7876:
7786:
7732:
7304:
6907:
6886:
6435:
6037:
5381:
5182:
4365:
4137:
2440:
2409:
1911:
1786:
8543:
7664:
Committee On The Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) Assessment and Update Status Report on the Grizzly Bear (
7636:
6920:
5965:
4060:
3690:
3089:
1696:
When grizzly bears fish for salmon along the coasts of Alaska and British Columbia, they often only eat the skin, brain and
8678:
6198:
MacHutchon, A. Grant & Wellwood, Debbie W. (2002). "Reducing bear-human conflict through river recreation management".
2597:
2125:
248:
7226:
6938:
6296:
4924:
1172:: their diets consist of both plants and animals. They have been known to prey on large mammals, when available, such as
1091:, up to 4,000 km (1,500 sq mi), making finding a female scent difficult in such low population densities.
4968:
3284:
1299:
in Alaska, big male grizzlies fight regularly for the best fishing spots. Grizzly bears along the coast also forage for
8653:
5644:
3490:
2117:
1733:
1456:, which the grizzlies consume in massive amounts. When food sources become scarcer, however, they separate once again.
917:
910:
3946:
3921:
3237:
1228:
and their eggs, and gather in large numbers at fishing sites to feed on spawning salmon. They frequently prey on baby
8718:
8431:
6076:
5984:
5265:
4613:
4102:
2553:
1915:
1334:
1292:
779:
1994:
range) of grizzly bears as extirpated in Canada. As of 2002, grizzly bears were listed as special concern under the
873:, and a refined multiple regression model. In 2003, researchers from the University of Alberta spotted a grizzly on
8569:
7991:
4461:
2022:
477:" ("fear-inspiring", now usually "gruesome"). The modern spelling supposes the former meaning; even so, naturalist
3968:
3672:
8628:
7964:
7663:
7414:
5424:"The State of Knowledge about Grizzly Bears (Kakenokuskwe osow Muskwa (Cree), Ursus arctos) in Northern Manitoba"
1948:
82:
7710:
5660:
5621:
5539:
5346:
5097:
4583:
3615:
3361:
3326:
2149:
ecosystem in Washington state. The National Park Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife initiated the process of an
749:
Grizzly bears overlap with Black Bears in range, but there are numerous factors that can differentiate the two:
8703:
8668:
7796:
Mattson, J.; Merrill, Troy (2001). "Extirpations of Grizzly Bears in the Contiguous United States, 1850–2000".
5501:
4672:
3496:. Ministry of Forests, Lands. British Columbia Ministry of Environment. Natural Resource Operations. April 2012
2463:
Elson, C. S. (1954). "Further Evidence about the Barren-Ground Grizzly Bear in Northeast Labrador and Quebec".
2401:
2360:
2150:
5869:
5756:
Helfield, J. & Naiman, R. (2006). "Keystone Interactions: Salmon and Bear in Riparian Forests of Alaska".
2223:
1314:
threaten the survival of the trout population and there is a slight chance that the trout will be eliminated.
4697:
3759:
2197:
2192:
2036:
Park warns campers to hang food, garbage, and toiletries out of reach of bears, or to use a secure bear cache
1604:
1583:
1120:
They have a tendency to chase fleeing animals, and although it has been said anecdotally that grizzly bears (
925:
20:
6352:
4943:
4439:
3455:
Elton, C. (1954). "Further evidence about the barren-ground grizzly bear in northeast Labrador and Quebec".
1220:-enriched diet in coastal areas potentially grow larger than inland individuals. Grizzly bears also readily
8623:
7916:"Genetic analysis reveals demographic fragmentation of grizzly bears yielding vulnerably small populations"
2041:
1971:
1854:
1845:
951:
933:
890:
4634:
2045:
1664:
area that contains just undisturbed land. Along with increasing species richness, soil disturbance causes
390:†). On average, grizzly bears near the coast tend to be larger while inland grizzlies tend to be smaller.
8673:
8551:
8525:
8291:
5438:
5174:
3861:
3013:"Genomic Evidence for Island Population COnversion Resolves Conflicting Theories of Polar Bear Evolution"
2954:
2137:
about grizzly bears, as well as providing an area for research and observation of this secluded species.
1307:
613:
367:
255:
4716:
4497:
3270:
8658:
5645:"Grizzly Bear Digging: Effects on Subalpine Meadow Plants in Relation to Mineral Nitrogen Availability"
2241:
1840:
807:
8491:
6779:
5602:
5202:
3179:"Coupled social and ecological change drove the historical extinction of the California grizzly bear (
3071:
2535:
1874:
Traveling in groups of six or more can significantly reduce the chance of bear-related injuries while
1037:
In preparation for winter, bears can gain approximately 180 kg (400 lb), during a period of
7196:
6757:
5062:
3431:"Grizzly bears are expanding their roaming grounds meaning they need more protection, new study says"
2101:
2066:
2053:
2048:. In March 2007, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service "de-listed" the population, effectively removing
2018:
2014:
1975:
1681:
1362:
1358:
1252:
831:
827:
7093:"Rep. Cheney Accuses Tribes of "Destroying Our Western Way of Life" Over Sacred Grizzly Protections"
6133:. State College, Pennsylvania: Collegian (Students at Pennsylvania State University). Archived from
901:
Around 60,000 wild grizzly bears are located throughout North America, 30,000 of which are found in
753:
A pronounced muscular hump appears on adult grizzlies' shoulders; black bears do not have this hump.
8633:
8130:
8003:
6709:
6225:
6056:
4326:
4005:
3651:
3120:"Range-wide whole-genome resequencing of the brown bear reveals drivers of intraspecies divergence"
2542:
Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)
2177:
1092:
27:
6780:"Species Profile: Grizzly Bear Northwestern Population. In: Species at Risk Public Registry. 2009"
6475:
5257:
5251:
97:
8683:
8251:
7251:
6015:
5935:
3718:
Reassessment of Chao2 Estimates for Monitoring Grizzly Bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
1982:
in parts of Canada. In May 2002, the Canadian Species at Risk Act listed the Prairie population (
1181:
947:
597:
375:
7618:
7121:
6804:
6592:
8638:
8393:
5804:"Management of Grizzly Bears in British Columbia: A Review by and Independent Scientific Panel"
2995:
2049:
1883:
1338:
885:
605:
525:
206:
7273:
4778:
4284:
4116:
2572:
The Grizzly Bear: The Narrative of a Hunter-naturalist, Historical, Scientific and Adventurous
2073:) and on 30 July 2019, the Yellowstone grizzly was officially returned to federal protection.
502:: the grizzly and the coastal brown bears, but these morphological forms do not have distinct
8204:
7763:
6545:
6262:
6092:
1509:
1433:
1427:
1096:
529:
8595:
7145:"Alberta Grizzly Bear Recovery Plan 2008–2013, Alberta Species at Risk Recovery Plan No. 15"
6735:
6570:
5803:
3883:
1831:
977:
Although the once-abundant California grizzly bear appears prominently on the state flag of
8463:
8261:
8148:
8121:
7984:
7834:
7586:
7329:
6669:
5900:
5765:
5714:
5307:
5141:
4385:
3543:
3024:
2907:
2715:
2631:
2393:
2257:
1964:
1780:
1532:
705:
694:
669:
629:
538:
383:
359:
269:
7220:"Grizzly Bear Population Estimate for British Columbia. In: Ministry of Environment. 2008"
6497:
6453:
6396:
Herrero, S.; Higgins, A. (2000). "Human Injuries inflicted by bears in Alberta: 1960–98".
5701:
Hilderbrand, G.; Hanley, T.; Robbins, C. & Schwartz, C. (1999). "Role of Brown Bears (
3716:
van Manen, Frank T.; Ebinger, Michael R.; Haroldson, Mark A.; et al. (6 April 2021).
3403:. Province of British Columbia: Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. Archived from
1951:. The O'Malley River is considered the best place on Kodiak Island to view grizzly bears.
1712:, all of which eat salmon as well; this benefits both the bear and the smaller predators.
584:
are present in North America. Traditionally, the following have been recognized alongside
8:
8663:
8329:
8195:
8099:
6319:
2364:
2010:
1810:
1624:
1551:
1537:
1421:
1415:
1201:
1001:
783:
739:
719:
704:
Grizzly bears are some of the largest subspecies of brown bear, only being beaten by the
645:
284:
64:
7838:
7590:
7440:"North Cascades Ecosystem Grizzly Bear Restoration Plan /Environmental Impact Statement"
7333:
7120:. Fish and Wildlife Division of Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. Archived from
6641:
6175:
6093:"Probable Grizzly Bear Predation On An American Black Bear in Yellowstone National Park"
5912:
5904:
5769:
5718:
5401:
5311:
4511:
4483:
4267:
3715:
3547:
3404:
3028:
2911:
2719:
2570:
2261:
1834:
being attacked by a grizzly bear, from an early newspaper illustration of unknown origin
1607:(called grolar bears or pizzly bears depending on the sex of the parents) are produced.
8713:
7969:
7940:
7915:
7865:
7813:
7702:
7610:
7406:
7372:
7192:
6988:"North Cascades Ecosystem Grizzly Bear Restoration Plan/Environmental Impact Statement"
6753:
6405:
6207:
6107:
6061:
5851:
5781:
5738:
5625:
5543:
5350:
5275:
5155:
5101:
4878:
4824:
4228:
4195:
3607:
3585:) in Canada: Photographic and DNA Evidence from Melville Island, Northwest Territories"
3472:
3154:
3119:
3047:
3012:
2880:
2852:
2828:
2793:
2480:
2432:
1979:
1555:
1088:
1054:
1013:
993:
982:
967:
870:
811:
589:
240:
92:
7913:
7846:
6520:"Katmai National Park and Preserve Webcams Make Katmai Bears Accessible to the Public"
5437:
Pongracz, Jodie D.; Paetkau, David; Branigan, Marsha; Richardson, Evan (31 May 2017).
4565:
4528:
4399:
1345:, overturning rocks to reach them, and in some cases preying on them when they are in
8590:
8440:
8339:
8175:
8166:
8157:
8085:
7945:
7891:
7872:
7809:
7782:
7755:
7728:
7722:
7602:
7598:
7577:
7300:
6965:
6939:"Successful Recovery Efforts bring Yellowstone Grizzly Bears off the Endangered List"
6903:
6882:
6655:
6072:
6033:
5980:
5802:
Peek, J.; Beecham, J.; Garshelis, D.; Messier, F.; Miller, S. & Dale, S. (2003).
5730:
5460:
5423:
5377:
5319:
5261:
5178:
4609:
4361:
4133:
3753:
3561:
3209:
3159:
3052:
2884:
2872:
2833:
2743:
2738:
2703:
2684:
2679:
2652:
2549:
2436:
2405:
2317:
2273:
2269:
2202:
1800:
1603:
However, conflict is not the only result of the two bears meeting; in some instances
1409:
1370:
1185:
394:
7867:
Grizzlies and Grizzled Old Men: A Tribute to Those Who Fought to Save the Great Bear
7817:
7706:
7392:"Population Fragmentation of Grizzly Bears in Southeastern British Columbia, Canada"
7376:
6683:
6614:
5785:
5742:
5629:
5547:
5478:
5439:"Recent Hybridization between a Polar Bear and Grizzly Bears in the Canadian Arctic"
5354:
5105:
3982:
3611:
1239:
8445:
8309:
7935:
7927:
7842:
7805:
7751:
7694:
7614:
7594:
7364:
7337:
5944:
5908:
5843:
5773:
5722:
5683:
5656:
5617:
5578:
5535:
5450:
5342:
5315:
5093:
4905:
4870:
4816:
4187:
4154:"Bear Wars: Rare Photos of a Mamma Grizzly Battling a Huge Male to Protect Her Cub"
3599:
3551:
3464:
3205:
3197:
3149:
3139:
3131:
3042:
3032:
2963:
2948:
Rausch, R. L. (1963). "Geographic variation in size in North American brown bears,
2915:
2864:
2823:
2813:
2774:
2733:
2723:
2674:
2664:
2545:
2472:
2307:
2265:
2085:
2057:
2033:
1936:
1725:
1586:
1486:
1403:
971:
858:
835:
661:
637:
524:
North America. Genetic divergences suggest brown bears first migrated south during
458:
295:
277:
6439:
6012:
Giving voice to bear: North American Indian rituals, myths, and images of the bear
5949:
5930:
5398:"adn.com | front : Polar bears, grizzlies increasingly gather on North Slope"
4799:
4268:"Grizzly Bear Population Ecology and Monitoring Denali National Park and Preserve"
2919:
1069:
8577:
7977:
7676:"Interspecific and specific mitochondrial DNA variation in North American bears (
7341:
6236:
6182:
6162:
6052:
5990:
5373:
4090:
4068:
3802:
3037:
2426:
2133:
1541:
1322:
1248:
698:
545:
422:
414:
7904:
6239:(pdf). BC Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
4858:
4312:
4164:
3633:
1306:
Inland grizzlies may eat fish too, most notably in Yellowstone grizzlies eating
1247:
Coastal Canadian and Alaskan grizzlies are larger than those that reside in the
8046:
4739:"As calving season gets into full swing, so does the food source for predators"
3135:
2181:
2146:
2061:
2006:
1879:
1820:
prone to attacking, and are responsible for 70% of humans killed by grizzlies.
1745:
with lacerated faces and missing noses or eyes, due to attacks from grizzlies.
1597:
1382:
1256:
1197:
943:
169:
7368:
7036:"Secretary Zinke Announces Recovery and Delisting of Yellowstone Grizzly Bear"
5777:
2636:
2100:
Drum or barrel trap, used to safely relocate bears, adjacent to a building in
1886:). It has been estimated that a bite from a grizzly can crush a bowling ball.
1485:
to Yellowstone, many visitors have witnessed a once common struggle between a
8612:
8416:
8098:
5464:
3292:
2876:
2321:
1998:
registry and considered threatened under the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
1944:
1868:
1790:
1689:
1652:
1193:
1138:
462:
418:
340:
223:
8530:
6090:
4800:
Reynolds, Harry V.; Garner, Gerald W.; Reynolds, H. V. (16 September 1987).
4059:
MacDonald, Jason; MacDonald, Paula; MacPhee, Mitchell & Nicolle, Paige.
1076:
areas, grizzlies gather around streams, lakes, rivers, and ponds during the
1004:. There has been no confirmed sighting of a grizzly in Colorado since 1979.
689:
7965:
Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History species account-Grizzly Bear
7949:
7931:
7606:
5734:
5583:
5562:
4400:"Food Habits of Grizzly Bears and Black Bears in the Yellowstone Ecosystem"
3565:
3213:
3201:
3163:
3056:
2837:
2747:
2728:
2688:
2669:
2277:
2172:
1987:
1930:
1899:
1861:
1827:
1442:
1342:
1296:
1288:
1271:
1232:
left in the grass, and occasionally they raid the nests of raptors such as
1154:
1060:
997:
963:
569:
183:
8582:
8234:
7914:
Proctor, M.F.; McLellan, B.N.; Strobeck, C. & Barclay, R.M.R. (2005).
6425:. National Geographic Channel – UK (2010-04-20). Retrieved 29 August 2013.
5726:
4421:
3825:
2997:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed)
1224:
food or carrion left behind by other animals. Grizzly bears will also eat
877:
in the high Arctic, which is the most northerly sighting ever documented.
470:
55:
8512:
8425:
8300:
8281:
5976:
5973:
The Walking larder: patterns of domestication, pastoralism, and predation
3678:(Report). Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. 2002.
3144:
2980:
Chadwick, Douglas H. (February 1986) "Grizz: Of Men and the Great Bear".
2818:
2187:
1766:
1366:
1346:
1300:
1280:
1213:
1038:
1030:
709:
621:
574:
533:
434:
410:
402:
351:
262:
42:
8455:
6378:
5455:
2760:
2312:
1738:
1099:. The gestation period for grizzly bears is approximately 180–250 days.
564:
In 1963, Rausch reduced the number of North American subspecies to one,
474:
438:
8504:
8372:
8371:
Genetic tests demonstrate this population to have mixed brown bear and
8075:
8054:
8000:
7410:
7067:"Court restores federal protections for Yellowstone-area grizzly bears"
6409:
6211:
6111:
5855:
4882:
4859:"Grizzly bear predation rates on caribou calves in northeastern Alaska"
4828:
4552:"Grizzlies may be link between drops in cutthroat trout and elk calves"
4199:
4171:
Jonkel, Charles; Husby, Peter; Russell, Richard; Beecham, John (1980).
3744:
3603:
3476:
2484:
2397:
1906:
1593:
1520:
present in the United States which might pose a threat to bears is the
1311:
1233:
1077:
978:
795:
665:
478:
336:
332:
328:
8517:
7566:"Phylogeography and mitochondrial diversity of extirpated brown bear (
4523:
4521:
3556:
3531:
2242:"Phylogeography and mitochondrial diversity of extirpated brown bear (
1959:
916:
In the lower 48 United States, around 1,000 are found in the Northern
790:
In North America, grizzly bears previously ranged from Alaska down to
8476:
8226:
8139:
8066:
8034:
6068:
5603:"Effects of Grizzly Bear Digging on Alpine Plant Community Structure"
4658:"Grizzly bear predation on a bull bison in Yellowstone National Park"
2868:
2352:
1923:
1748:
Many Native American tribes both respect and fear the brown bear. In
1742:
1619:
1482:
1452:
1398:
1189:
1165:
1049:
936:
734:
521:
149:
109:
8387:
7905:
McCory, W.P.; Herrero, S.M.; Jones, G.W. & Mallam, E.D. (1990).
7698:
5847:
5687:
4909:
4874:
4820:
4191:
3468:
2967:
2778:
2476:
2349:
Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation
2028:
834:. In Canada, there are approximately 25,000 grizzly bears occupying
8481:
8410:
8022:
6656:"Bear Viewing on Admiralty Island near Juneau, Alaska | Juneau CVB"
4976:
4518:
3748:. 12 September 2007. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007.
2356:
2025:
are subject to laws and regulations designed to protect the bears.
1991:
1749:
1665:
1579:
1390:
1386:
1259:
1221:
1169:
932:. In September 2007, a hunter produced evidence of one bear in the
862:
847:
406:
129:
46:
7564:
Miller, Craig R.; Waits, Lisette P.; Joyce, Paul (December 2006),
7018:"U.S. Proposes Lifting Protections for Yellowstone-area Grizzlies"
4895:
4802:"Patterns of Grizzly Bear Predation on Caribou in Northern Alaska"
2096:
853:
An article published in 1954 suggested they may be present in the
712:. Grizzly bears vary in size depending on timing and populations.
7389:
5436:
3325:. Species Profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from
2105:
1995:
1983:
1864:
1685:
1615:
1517:
1438:
1326:
1284:
1255:
in the United States, the grizzly bear's diet consists mostly of
1217:
921:
894:
843:
839:
823:
819:
517:
426:
8468:
7871:. Guilford, CT/Helena, MT: Globe Pequot Press – Falcon Imprint.
7446:. National Park Service and US Fish and Wildlife. Archived from
7297:
Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance
6027:
5705:) in the Flow of Marine Nitrogen into a Terrestrial Ecosystem".
5700:
4173:"The Reintroduction of Orphaned Grizzly Bear Cubs into the Wild"
8028:
8016:
7853:
6961:"Judge renews protected status for Yellowstone's grizzly bears"
6801:"Grizzly Bear Recovery. In: US Fish and Wildlife Service. 2009"
6261:. BC Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. Archived from
3801:. History and Culture. California State Library. Archived from
2704:"Of bears, conservation genetics, and the value of time travel"
2347:. In Feldhamer, G. A.; Thompson, B. C.; Chapman, J. A. (eds.).
1875:
1693:
having a major influence on the entire ecosystem they inhabit.
1545:
1521:
1447:
1374:
1318:
1267:
1205:
1168:
and have the digestive system of carnivores, they are normally
1158:
1009:
986:
906:
902:
866:
854:
803:
799:
791:
775:
139:
119:
7272:. Grouse Mountain: The Peak of Vancouver. 2009. Archived from
7142:
6379:"How to Outrun a Grizzly [and other really bad ideas]"
1459:
1369:. In northern Alaska, grizzlies are a significant predator of
7469:
7118:"Wildlife Status – Grizzly bear – Population size and trends"
6127:"Why are grizzly bears more aggressive than our black bears?"
5201:. Everything about the Cougar / Mountain Lion. Archived from
1705:
1354:
1350:
1276:
1263:
1209:
1173:
1073:
929:
815:
503:
442:
430:
7535:"UnBearable: Alaska Aims to Weaken Bear Hunting Regulations"
4999:"Yellowstone Grizzly Bears Eat 40,000 Moths a Day In August"
4422:"Brown Bear: facts, diet, habitat, baby cubs, claws, kodiak"
4058:
3844:"Wildlife officials hope grizzly bears stay out of Colorado"
3491:"British Columbia Grizzly Bear Population Estimate for 2012"
2850:
8040:
7507:"One Year Later: 5 Major Issues for National Parks in 2018"
6091:
Gunther, K.A.; Biel, M.J.; Anderson, N.; Waits, L. (2002).
5801:
5661:
10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2219:GBDEOS]2.0.CO;2
5622:
10.1657/1523-0430(2003)035[0421:EOGBDO]2.0.CO;2
5540:
10.1674/0003-0031(1998)140[0129:IOSPBF]2.0.CO;2
5347:
10.2192/1537-6176(2005)016[0011:ABBAFI]2.0.CO;2
5098:
10.2192/1537-6176(2004)015<0232:IBWAFG>2.0.CO;2
3579:
Doupe, J.P.; England, J.H.; Furze, M.; Paetkau, D. (2007).
3176:
2533:
1701:
1330:
1251:. This is due, in part, to the richness of their diets. In
1229:
1225:
992:
The killing of the last grizzly bear in Arizona in 1936 at
159:
7034:
Region, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Mountain-Prairie.
6638:"10,000 Visitors Meet 2,500 Bears at Katmai National Park"
4606:
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mammals.
3231:"Size and Growth Patterns of the Yellowstone Grizzly Bear"
3117:
1807:
A rough and tumble with a grizzly
1317:
Grizzly bears occasionally prey on small mammals, such as
548:
reveals the grizzly to be a subspecies of the brown bear (
7570:) populations in the contiguous United States and Mexico"
5833:
5001:. Yellowstone International. 21 June 2011. Archived from
4170:
2935:
A review of the fossil and extinct bears of the old world
2794:"The Genome of the North American Brown Bear or Grizzly:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2340:
Schwartz, C. C.; Miller, S. D.; Haroldson, M. A. (2003).
2246:) populations in the contiguous United States and Mexico"
2077:
1929:
The McNeil River State Game Sanctuary and Refuge, on the
1709:
1700:
of the fish. In doing so, they provide a food source for
1697:
1569:
1490:
1177:
693:
A grizzly roams in a wooded area near Jasper Townsite in
7999:
7270:"Wildlife and Education: Refuge for Endangered Wildlife"
7189:"Species at Risk – Grizzly Bear Northwestern population"
6593:"McNeil River – State Game Sanctuary and Refuge Permits"
6230:): Mortality Data for British Columbia from 1978 to 2003
4627:"Moose Moms Prefer Traffic to Grizzly Bears, Study Says"
4130:
Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada
4118:
Assessment and Update Status Report on the Grizzly Bear
4019:
Grizzly Bears, Grizzly Bear Pictures, Grizzly Bear Facts
4006:"When Are Grizzly Bears Awake & When Do They Sleep?"
3578:
3010:
2537:
Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola
2240:
Miller, C.R.; Waits, L.P.; Joyce, P. (18 October 2006).
473:" (i.e., "grizzled"—that is, with grey-tipped hair) or "
7673:
6854:"Drunk Grizzlies Keep Getting Hit By Trains In Montana"
6436:"Plan Your Visit - Katmai National Park & Preserve"
6253:
5966:"Did Large Predators keep Humans out of North America?"
2339:
962:
The grizzly bear's original range included much of the
7741:
6982:
6980:
6978:
6976:
6828:"Court decision saves Northwest Montana grizzly bears"
4763:. Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit.
4580:"Encounters Explorer – Grizzly Bear – Natural History"
3348:
3346:
3344:
2374:
957:
7176:
Alberta designates grizzly bears a threatened species
6254:
Ciarniello, L.; Davis, H. & Wellwood, D. (2002).
5332:
3517:
Grizzly Bear Population Estimate for British Columbia
3074:. In Wilson, Don E.; Mittermeier, Russell A. (eds.).
1939:, in southeast Alaska, was known to early natives as
1720:
1068:
Except for females with cubs, grizzlies are normally
7795:
7181:
6902:, Eastern Washington University Press, pp. 202–204,
6881:, Eastern Washington University Press, pp. 164–213,
6498:"Bear Watching in Katmai National Park and Preserve"
5890:
5673:
5120:"Yellowstone wolves' return means more grizzly food"
2628:
7858:(3rd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
7854:Groom, M. J.; Meffe, G. K.; Carroll, C. R. (2006).
7390:Michael, F.P.; Bruce, N.M. & Curtis S. (2002).
7354:
7178:. Alberta.ca (2010-06-03). Retrieved 5 August 2013.
6973:
6750:"Species at Risk – Grizzly Bear Prairie population"
6615:"Sport Hunting – Katmai National Park and Preserve"
6249:
6247:
6245:
5829:
5827:
5811:
Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy
5156:"Potential Interactions Between Bears & Wolves"
4549:
3720:(Report). Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, USGS
3341:
2644:
580:It remains an open question how many subspecies of
7864:
7299:(6th ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.
6900:Grizzly Wars: The Public Fight Over the Great Bear
6879:Grizzly Wars: The Public Fight Over the Great Bear
6256:""Bear Smart" Community Program Background Report"
6197:
6060:
4710:
4512:"Grizzly Bear – Denali National Park and Preserve"
2754:
2650:
2044:proposed to remove Yellowstone grizzlies from the
1333:. The most famous example of such predation is in
1243:Grizzly fishing for salmon at Brooks Falls, Alaska
782:with partially eaten salmon – the heads, skin and
660:. The only genetically anomalous grouping was the
7768:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
6289:"What Do You Do With a Bear That Kills a Person?"
6030:Folklore and Legends of the North American Indian
5596:
5594:
5297:
5293:
5291:
3572:
1437:), depending on the environment. Insects such as
1095:of grizzlies may destabilize the population from
453:
8610:
7563:
6708:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from
6546:"McNeil River – State Game Sanctuary and Refuge"
6242:
6218:
6051:
5928:
5824:
4857:Young, Donald D. Jr.; McCabe, Thomas R. (1997).
4777:. forwolves.org. 31 October 2004. Archived from
4775:"Grizzlies, not wolves, major elk calf predator"
4462:"Image of the Month – Brown bear chasing salmon"
4374:
2239:
7319:
7110:
6742:
6193:
6191:
5931:"Bear Ceremonialism in the Northern Hemisphere"
5797:
5795:
5642:
5368:Smith, Richard P. (2007). "Hybrid Black Bear".
4713:"Study show grizzlies are killing moose calves"
4260:
3947:""Hibernation-Migration-Fascination" Narrative"
3581:"Most Northerly Observation of a Grizzly Bear (
3523:
3076:Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1
3000:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 2142.
2657:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2651:Leonard, J.A.; Wayne, R.K.; Cooper, A. (2000).
2598:"Grisly indeed, Grizzly Island was aptly named"
1337:, where grizzlies chase, pounce on, and dig up
7529:
7527:
7136:
6395:
6311:
5755:
5591:
5288:
5168:
3860:. National Wildlife Federation. Archived from
3791:
3682:
3514:
3225:
3223:
2132:The Refuge for Endangered Wildlife located on
2124:Columbia. One example of these efforts is the
559:
26:"Grizzly" redirects here. For other uses, see
7985:
6635:
6423:Facts: Casey & Brutus: Grizzly Encounters
5924:
5922:
5223:
5217:
4109:
3969:"Grizzly Bear Information, Photos, and Facts"
3422:
3170:
2926:
2897:
2289:
2287:
1789:fighting two grizzly bears, 1844 painting by
1365:when the actual predators were thought to be
1341:to eat. In some areas, grizzly bears prey on
664:, which bears genetic introgression from the
7781:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
7727:. Piscataway, NJ: New Centuries Publishers.
6346:"Revelstoke Bear Aware Annual Report – 2015"
6188:
6005:
6003:
5792:
5560:
5083:
5053:
5051:
4325:Kearns, William E. (January–February 1937).
3519:. Ministry of Environment, British Columbia.
2993:
2653:"Population genetics of ice age brown bears"
2534:Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P., eds. (1998).
2235:
2233:
2060:reinstated protection due to the decline of
1467:
7890:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
7524:
5525:
5493:
4856:
4003:
3220:
2941:
2785:
2562:
2387:
1771:List of fatal bear attacks in North America
1757:mother bear up, creating a huge sand dune.
7992:
7978:
7500:
7498:
7496:
7494:
7492:
7490:
7217:
6734:. Kodiak Brown Bear Center. Archived from
5919:
5280:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5138:"How wolves interact with other predators"
4221:
4054:
4052:
3652:"Tongass National Forest – Nature Viewing"
3448:
2994:Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M. (2005).
2952:L., as indicated by condylobasal length".
2695:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2284:
1715:
1610:
294:
73:
54:
7939:
6569:. Friends of McNeil River. Archived from
6286:
6028:compiled by Joshua B. Lippincott (2009),
6000:
5948:
5582:
5454:
5226:"The return of the great American jaguar"
5048:
3823:
3555:
3529:
3153:
3143:
3069:
3046:
3036:
2827:
2817:
2737:
2727:
2678:
2668:
2635:
2311:
2230:
794:and as far east as the western shores of
488:
8649:Least concern biota of the United States
8131:East Siberian brown bear (provisionally
7862:
7654:
7288:
7090:
7029:
7027:
6009:
5600:
5017:
4358:Bear Attacks: Their Causes and Avoidance
3904:
3824:Czaplicki, Christopher (3 August 2017).
3631:
3532:"The evolution of Arctic marine mammals"
3428:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
2932:
2456:
2111:
2095:
2046:list of threatened and protected species
2027:
1958:
1893:
1826:
1760:
1724:
1568:
1531:
1458:
1357:, which are sometimes taken by bears in
1238:
1142:
1059:
1048:
939:, by killing a male grizzly bear there.
884:
842:, the Yukon, the Northwest Territories,
770:
733:
688:
469:, which could be interpreted as either "
8694:Fauna of the Northwestern United States
7824:
7720:
7659:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
7641:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
7539:National Parks Conservation Association
7511:National Parks Conservation Association
7487:
6958:
6825:
6670:"Stan Price – State Wildlife Sanctuary"
6567:"Friends of McNeil River Bears – About"
5643:Tardiff, S. & Stanford, J. (1998).
5361:
5169:Hornocker, M.; Negri, S., eds. (2009).
4942:Michael, Scott W. (16 September 2008).
4941:
4922:
4869:(4). United States Global Service: 11.
4655:
4355:
4049:
3688:
3098:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
2328:
2156:National Parks Conservation Association
2091:
1008:bear currently has legal protection in
8611:
7776:
7252:"Khutzeymateen Grizzly Bear Sanctuary"
6959:Barnett, Lindsay (22 September 2009).
6952:
6377:Batin, Christopher (31 January 2006).
6343:
6226:An Analysis of Reported Grizzly Bear (
6124:
5957:
5610:Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research
5023:
4961:
4464:. Expeditions Alaska. 31 October 2010.
4324:
2947:
2791:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2568:
2296:"On the status of some arctic animals"
2293:
1596:have increased in recent times due to
8619:NatureServe apparently secure species
8392:
8391:
8292:Peninsular giant bear (provisionally
8122:Kamchatkan brown bear (provisionally
7973:
7885:
7294:
7064:
7024:
6851:
6672:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
6376:
6317:
6224:Austin, M. A., Wrenshall, C. (2004).
6165:. Bear.org. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
5963:
5872:. The Grizzly Bear Blog. 21 July 2010
5499:
5367:
5249:
4700:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
4608:Chanticleer Press, New York, p. 388.
4529:"Grizzly Bears & Cutthroat Trout"
4476:"All About Bears – WildCam Grizzlies"
4438:. shadowofthebear.com. Archived from
4307:
4305:
4029:
4027:
3454:
3395:
3376:
2701:
2527:
2462:
2424:
1912:Lake Clark National Park and Preserve
1592:Encounters between grizzly bears and
346:In addition to the mainland grizzly (
8644:Least concern biota of North America
8149:Himalayan brown bear (provisionally
7779:Bear in Mind: the California Grizzly
7470:"Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee"
7143:Alberta Grizzly Bear Recovery Team.
6595:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game
6454:"Be a guest of Katmai's brown bears"
6125:Yahner, Richard H. (27 April 2011).
5561:Willson, M. & Gende, S. (2004).
4384:. Shadow of the Bear. Archived from
4035:"Trophy Hunting of BC Grizzly Bears"
3907:"Physiology of hibernation in bears"
3886:. Animal Fact Guide. 18 January 2013
3634:"Grizzly Attack – Timothy Treadwell"
2891:
2792:Taylor, Gregory (30 November 2018).
2418:
2388:Storer, T. I.; Tevis, L. P. (1996).
2126:Khutzeymateen Grizzly Bear Sanctuary
1164:Although grizzlies are of the order
8330:Stickeen brown bear (provisionally
8196:Marsican brown bear (provisionally
7674:Cronin, M. A.; et al. (1991).
6640:. articles.ktuu.com. Archived from
5913:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10040977.x
4809:Bears: Their Biology and Management
4715:. Peninsula Clarion. Archived from
4711:Manning, Elizabeth (25 June 2001).
4550:Peterson, Christine (14 May 2013).
4180:Bears: Their Biology and Management
4089:
4061:"Endangered Wildlife: Grizzly Bear"
3740:"Grizzly shot in Selway-Bitterroot"
3644:
3398:"Grizzly Bears in British Columbia"
3269:. 10 September 2010. Archived from
2844:
2615:
2491:
958:Extirpated populations and recovery
13:
8252:California grizzly bear (formerly
7920:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
7856:Principles of Conservation Biology
7556:
7504:
7474:Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee
7033:
6522:. Sierra Sun Times. Archived from
6287:Wilkinson, Todd (20 August 2015).
5971:, in Clutton-Brock, Juliet (ed.),
5061:. Montana Outdoors. Archived from
4925:"Grizzly Bear Predation On Muskox"
4923:Michael, Scott W. (27 July 2008).
4302:
4024:
3983:"Denning and Hibernation Behavior"
3689:Santoro, Helen (3 November 2019).
3190:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
3078:. Lynx Edicions. pp. 448–497.
2702:Paabo, Svante (15 February 2000).
2363:. pp. 556–586. Archived from
2118:American Museum of Natural History
1721:Relationship with Native Americans
1630:
1216:, and those with access to a more
911:Admiralty Island National Monument
729:
481:formally classified it in 1815 as
14:
8730:
8176:Tibetan blue bear (provisionally
8167:Syrian brown bear (provisionally
8158:Ussuri brown bear (provisionally
7958:
6176:Grizzly Bears in British Columbia
4761:"Shiras Moose Demography Project"
4285:"The Life Cycle of Grizzly Bears"
3358:Western Wildlife Outreach Project
3291:(Online ed.). Archived from
2052:protections for grizzlies in the
1916:Katmai National Park and Preserve
1335:Denali National Park and Preserve
1293:Katmai National Park and Preserve
738:Grizzly claws are longer than an
448:
8365:
8205:Cantabrian brown bear (formerly
7810:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00414.x
7756:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96351.x
7599:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03097.x
7462:
7432:
7383:
7348:
7313:
7262:
7244:
7211:
7169:
7084:
7058:
7010:
6946:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
6931:
6925:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
6913:
6892:
6871:
6845:
6819:
6793:
6772:
6724:
6698:
6676:
6662:
6648:
6629:
6607:
6585:
6559:
6538:
6512:
6490:
6468:
6446:
6428:
6416:
6389:
6370:
6344:Davies, Sue (31 December 2015).
6337:
6318:Scott, Tristan (17 March 2021).
6280:
6168:
6149:
6118:
6084:
6045:
6021:
5884:
5862:
5749:
5694:
5667:
5636:
5601:Doak, D. & Loso, M. (2003).
5563:"Seed Dispersal by Brown Bears,
5554:
5519:
5471:
5430:
5416:
5390:
5326:
5320:10.1111/j.0906-7590.2006.04564.x
5243:
5191:
5171:Cougar: Ecology and Conservation
5162:
5148:
5130:
5112:
5077:
4360:. Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press.
2270:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03097.x
2023:Theodore Roosevelt National Park
1905:In the past 20 years in Alaska,
1889:
1799:
1779:
1639:
1463:White-grey cub in Western Canada
802:, south through much of western
786:are eaten to obtain the most fat
493:
96:
8262:Mexican grizzly bear (formerly
7888:The grizzlies of Mount McKinley
6852:Heinz, Mark (4 November 2023).
6174:Ministry of Environment. 2002.
5479:"Yellowstone Wildlife – Coyote"
4991:
4935:
4916:
4889:
4850:
4793:
4767:
4753:
4731:
4704:
4690:
4649:
4619:
4598:
4582:. Wild Explorer. Archived from
4572:
4558:
4543:
4504:
4490:
4468:
4454:
4436:"Brown, Grizzly or Kodiak Bear"
4428:
4414:
4392:
4349:
4318:
4277:
4247:
4146:
4083:
4012:
3997:
3975:
3961:
3939:
3898:
3876:
3850:
3836:
3817:
3766:
3732:
3709:
3665:
3625:
3508:
3483:
3429:Spocchia, Gino (1 April 2021).
3307:
3277:
3255:
3111:
3082:
3063:
3004:
2987:
2974:
2590:
1949:Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge
1573:A grizzly and polar bear hybrid
1044:
924:. About 1,000 more live in the
509:
232:Possibly synonymous subspecies
7909:. Vol. 8. pp. 11–16.
6826:Garrity, Mike (16 July 2023).
6636:Fiorucci, Dan (17 July 2012).
5400:. 1 April 2008. Archived from
5224:Richard Grant (October 2016).
5140:. wolfbehavior. Archived from
4863:Journal of Wildlife Management
4315:". U.S. National Park Service.
3858:"Hibernation in grizzly bears"
2569:Wright, William Henry (1909).
2544:]. Vol. II, Part 1a.
2402:University of California Press
2361:Johns Hopkins University Press
2216:
2151:environmental impact statement
1554:generally stay out of grizzly
1527:
1024:
880:
798:; the species is now found in
1:
7847:10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00265-8
7758:(inactive 18 September 2024).
6684:"Island Of The Big Grizzlies"
6156:How Dangerous are Black Bears
5950:10.1525/aa.1926.28.1.02a00020
5500:Clark, Howard O. Jr. (2007).
5481:. yellowstonenationalpark.com
4698:"Predator/Prey Relationships"
4566:"Grizzly bear feeding habits"
3354:"Grizzly Bear Identification"
2920:10.1016/j.geobios.2017.12.001
2857:Journal of Quaternary Science
2209:
2193:Grizzly Peak (Berkeley Hills)
2116:Taxidermied specimens at the
1954:
926:Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
826:), extending as far south as
679:
21:Grizzly bear (disambiguation)
8709:Mammals of the United States
8699:Fauna of the Rocky Mountains
8689:Carnivorans of North America
8340:Ungava brown bear (formerly
7342:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.04.025
7195:. 8 May 2006. Archived from
6756:. 8 May 2006. Archived from
6185:. Retrieved 12 October 2009.
5870:"Grizzly Bear Eating Salmon"
5026:"Brown / Grizzly Bear Facts"
4944:"Marine Mammals on the Menu"
4741:. newsminer.com. 23 May 2010
4337:(1–2). National Park Service
4327:"The Speed of Grizzly Bears"
3070:Garshelis, David L. (2009).
3038:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003345
2076:In Alberta, Canada, intense
2042:US Fish and Wildlife Service
1582:was thought by some to be a
952:North Cascades National Park
934:Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness
7:
8679:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
8310:Sitka brown bear (formerly
7687:Canadian Journal of Zoology
7655:Banfield, A. W. F. (1987).
5676:Canadian Journal of Zoology
5528:American Midland Naturalist
5175:University of Chicago Press
4898:Canadian Journal of Zoology
4257:Guilford, CT, 1993, pg. 91.
2955:Canadian Journal of Zoology
2767:Canadian Journal of Zoology
2548:: Science Publishers, Inc.
2166:
1504:
1481:With the reintroduction of
1308:Yellowstone cutthroat trout
1115:
1106:
846:, and the northern part of
806:, and into portions of the
614:Alaska Peninsula brown bear
560:Subspecies in North America
303:Historic and present range
10:
8735:
5199:"Cougar vs. bear accounts"
5030:North American Bear Center
3846:. CBS Denver. 23 May 2012.
3691:"The Grizzlies Are Coming"
3136:10.1038/s42003-023-04514-w
1841:acoustic deterrent devices
1764:
1605:grizzly–polar bear hybrids
1136:
1127:
1019:
981:and was the symbol of the
832:Grand Teton National Parks
808:northwestern United States
742:'s and adapted for digging
516:Brown bears originated in
25:
18:
8654:Mammals described in 1758
8400:
8360:
8322:
8274:
8225:
8188:
8140:Gobi bear (provisionally
8114:
8065:
8011:
7721:Herrero, Stephen (1985).
7637:"Ursus arctos horribilis"
7369:10.2192/1537-6176-19.2.91
6181:24 September 2015 at the
6032:, Abela Publishing Ltd.,
5929:Hallowell, A. I. (1926).
5778:10.1007/s10021-004-0063-5
5571:Canadian Field-Naturalist
5567:, in Southeastern Alaska"
5509:Endangered Species Update
5250:Busch, Robert H. (2000).
4604:Whitaker, John O. (1980)
4356:Herrero, Stephen (2002).
4313:Staying Safe Around Bears
4099:The Canadian Encyclopedia
3830:The Mountains Are Calling
3758:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3181:Ursus arctos californicus
2637:10.1101/2020.09.03.279117
2198:Grizzly–polar bear hybrid
2180:(Grizzly Bear Standing),
2102:Grand Teton National Park
2071:Crow Tribe et al v. Zinke
2067:Yellowstone National Park
2054:Yellowstone National Park
1898:Bear catches a salmon at
1682:Grand Teton National Park
1476:
1468:Interspecific competition
1363:Yellowstone National Park
1359:Yellowstone National Park
1253:Yellowstone National Park
1072:, active animals, but in
1064:Mother grizzly with a cub
566:Ursus arctos middendorffi
534:Haida Gwaii archipelagoes
374:)—as well as the extinct
321:North American brown bear
302:
293:
236:
231:
212:
205:
93:Scientific classification
91:
71:
62:
53:
37:
8719:Subspecies of brown bear
6293:National Geographic News
6161:16 December 2013 at the
6016:Rowman & Littlefield
5964:Geist, Valerius (1989),
5158:. National Park Service.
4568:. National Park Service.
4514:. National Park Service.
4500:. The Grizzly Bear Blog.
4498:"Grizzly Bears Clamming"
4331:Yellowstone Nature Notes
4273:. National Park Service.
3530:Harington, C.R. (2008).
3072:"Family Ursidae (Bears)"
3023:(3) e1003345: e1003345.
2178:Etsowish-simmegee-itshin
1976:contiguous United States
1093:Population fragmentation
861:and the northern tip of
766:
722:population of the area.
573:species from grizzlies.
28:Grizzly (disambiguation)
16:Subspecies of brown bear
8432:Ursus arctos horribilis
8402:Ursus arctos horribilis
7863:Lapinski, Mike (2006).
7827:Biological Conservation
7322:Biological Conservation
6617:. National Park Service
6500:. National Park Service
6478:. National Park Service
6476:"Brown Bears of Katmai"
6063:Kwakiutl String Figures
5936:American Anthropologist
5836:Ecological Applications
4531:. National Park Service
4402:. National Park Service
4255:The Great Bear Almanac.
4235:. National Park Service
3985:. National Park Service
3949:. National Park Service
3905:Hellgren, Eric (1998).
3536:Ecological Applications
3515:Hamilton, A.N. (2008).
3317:Ursus arctos horribilis
3285:"Grizzly or Brown Bear"
2933:Erdbrink, D.P. (1953).
2294:Rausch, Robert (1953).
2040:On 9 January 2006, the
1809:by H. Bullock Webster,
1716:Interaction with humans
1611:Various small predators
1349:. Larger prey includes
1339:Arctic ground squirrels
1132:
1122:Ursus arctos horribilis
909:are more abundant. The
889:Family of grizzlies in
684:
598:California grizzly bear
348:Ursus arctos horribilis
316:Ursus arctos horribilis
216:Ursus arctos horribilis
8629:ESA threatened species
8301:Kodiak bear (formerly
7932:10.1098/rspb.2005.3246
7886:Murie, Adolph (1985).
7777:Snyder, Susan (2003).
7444:Conservation Northwest
6992:Conservation Northwest
5584:10.22621/cfn.v118i4.53
4021:. National Geographic.
3971:. American Expedition.
3267:nationalgeographic.com
3202:10.1098/rspb.2023.0921
3124:Communications Biology
2729:10.1073/pnas.97.4.1320
2670:10.1073/pnas.040453097
2425:Busch, Robert (2004).
2163:conducting revisions.
2120:
2109:
2050:Endangered Species Act
2037:
1967:
1902:
1835:
1730:
1574:
1548:
1464:
1431:), and huckleberries (
1244:
1161:
1153:Wild grizzly bears at
1065:
1057:
946:ecosystem of northern
898:
787:
743:
701:
606:Dall Island brown bear
489:Evolution and genetics
465:first described it as
8704:Mammals of the Arctic
8669:Symbols of California
8284:brown bear (formerly
7657:The Mammals of Canada
7295:Krebs, C. J. (2009).
6010:Rockwell, D. (1991),
5727:10.1007/s004420050961
5024:Derych, John (2001).
4671:: 375. Archived from
3920:: 467. Archived from
3396:Blood, D. A. (2002).
2115:
2099:
2031:
1974:as threatened in the
1962:
1897:
1830:
1761:Conflicts with humans
1728:
1572:
1535:
1462:
1434:Vaccinium parvifolium
1428:Shepherdia canadensis
1242:
1152:
1097:inbreeding depression
1063:
1053:Sow with two cubs in
1052:
891:Glacier National Park
888:
774:
737:
706:Kamchatka brown bears
692:
568:. Further testing of
319:), also known as the
198:U. a. horribilis
7798:Conservation Biology
7744:Conservation Biology
7716:on 28 February 2019.
6898:Knibb, David (2008)
6877:Knibb, David (2008)
5979:, pp. 282–294,
5893:Conservation Biology
5256:. New York. p.
5230:Smithsonian Magazine
5144:on 28 December 2012.
5065:on 28 September 2013
4973:Hinterland Who's Who
4486:on 30 December 2013.
4388:on 29 December 2013.
3864:on 28 September 2017
3826:"Escudilla Mountain"
3457:Journal of Mammalogy
3410:on 24 September 2015
3289:The Mammals of Texas
3273:on 25 February 2021.
2819:10.3390/genes9120598
2575:. C. Scribner's sons
2515:on 30 September 2011
2465:Journal of Mammalogy
2205:, a.k.a. Grizzly Man
2092:Conservation efforts
1970:The grizzly bear is
1965:Denali National Park
1473:by smaller animals.
1419:), buffalo berries (
989:in the early 1920s.
780:Katmai National Park
695:Jasper National Park
670:Kamchatka brown bear
630:Mexican grizzly bear
575:Kodiak Grizzly Bears
539:Last Glacial Maximum
454:Meaning of "grizzly"
19:For other uses, see
8624:Arctic land animals
8100:Eurasian brown bear
8086:Steppe brown bear (
7926:(1579): 2409–2416.
7839:2002BCons.106..381W
7591:2006MolEc..15.4477M
7334:2005BCons.121..453C
7124:on 26 December 2008
7071:The Washington Post
6927:. 29 December 2005.
6706:"Kodiak Brown Bear"
6442:on 2 November 2012.
6235:6 July 2011 at the
6131:The Daily Collegian
6053:Averkieva, Julia P.
5996:on 16 December 2008
5905:1996ConBi..10..977K
5770:2006Ecosy...9..167H
5719:1999Oecol.121..546H
5456:10.14430/arctic4643
5312:2006Ecogr..29..561A
5253:The Grizzly Almanac
5205:on 27 February 2014
4948:Gobies to Grizzlies
4929:Gobies to Grizzlies
4781:on 26 December 2011
4631:National Geographic
4586:on 30 December 2013
4480:National Geographic
3927:on 8 September 2016
3697:. High Country News
3548:2008EcoAp..18S..23H
3542:(2 Suppl): S23–40.
3295:on 23 November 2019
3029:2013PLOSG...9.3345C
2982:National Geographic
2912:2018Geobi..51...61S
2720:2000PNAS...97.1320P
2428:The Grizzly Almanac
2313:10.14430/arctic3870
2262:2006MolEc..15.4477M
2011:Banff National Park
1754:Sleeping Bear Dunes
1625:San Joaquin Kit Fox
1422:Shepherdia argentea
1416:Vaccinium oxycoccos
1407:), salmon berries (
1393:are also consumed.
1275:diet of salmon and
1266:, grasses, various
1002:Sand County Almanac
968:southwestern states
784:subcutaneous tissue
740:American black bear
720:American black bear
646:Stickeen brown bear
485:for its character.
65:Conservation status
8674:Symbols of Montana
8332:U. a. stikeenensis
8303:U. a. middendorffi
8254:U. a. californicus
7420:on 3 December 2010
7276:on 6 February 2010
7193:Environment Canada
7097:Native News Online
7065:Brulliard, Karin.
6858:Cowboy State Daily
6754:Environment Canada
6358:on 23 October 2020
6320:"The Grizzly Guru"
5370:Black Bear Hunting
4838:on 3 December 2010
4719:on 5 November 2013
4678:on 11 October 2017
4637:on 13 October 2007
4382:"Food For Thought"
4209:on 3 December 2010
3604:10.14430/arctic219
3329:on 15 October 2011
2435:. pp. 11–14.
2433:Globe Pequot Press
2390:California Grizzly
2370:on 7 January 2014.
2121:
2110:
2038:
1968:
1903:
1836:
1731:
1584:grizzlyĂ—black bear
1575:
1549:
1493:killed by wolves.
1465:
1245:
1162:
1066:
1058:
1055:Kananaskis Country
1014:European countries
994:Escudilla Mountain
983:Bear Flag Republic
970:, but it has been
918:Continental Divide
899:
871:mark-and-recapture
788:
744:
702:
650:U. a. stikeenensis
626:U. a. middendorffi
602:U. a. californicus
590:Alaskan brown bear
401:), inhabiting the
380:U. a. californicus
376:California grizzly
368:peninsular grizzly
356:U. a. middendorffi
285:U. a. stikeenensis
263:U. a. middendorffi
241:U. a. californicus
79:Apparently Secure
8659:Mammals of Canada
8606:
8605:
8591:Open Tree of Life
8394:Taxon identifiers
8385:
8384:
8356:
8355:
8352:
8351:
8221:
8220:
8217:
8216:
8151:U. a. isabellinus
8124:U. a. beringianus
7897:978-0-295-96204-7
7878:978-0-7627-3653-9
7788:978-1-890771-70-6
7734:978-0-8329-0377-9
7693:(12): 2985–2992.
7668:) in Canada, 2002
7585:(14): 4477–4485,
7578:Molecular Ecology
7505:Pierno, Theresa.
7306:978-0-321-50743-3
6966:Los Angeles Times
6908:978-1-59766-037-2
6887:978-1-59766-037-2
6807:on 17 August 2009
6738:on 5 August 2013.
6686:. Outdoor Channel
6526:on 7 January 2014
6299:on 21 August 2015
6039:978-0-9560584-6-1
5383:978-0-8117-0269-0
5184:978-0-2263-5344-9
5124:Los Angeles Times
5005:on 2 October 2011
4979:on 3 January 2011
4904:(11): 2492–2499.
4367:978-1-58574-557-9
4139:978-0-662-32568-0
4045:on 31 March 2009.
4004:Di Jensen, Elle.
3805:on 5 January 2019
3557:10.1890/06-0624.1
3196:(2014) 20230921.
2773:(12): 2985–2992.
2585:great naked bear.
2442:978-1-5922-8320-0
2411:978-0-5202-0520-8
2256:(14): 4477–4485.
2250:Molecular Ecology
2203:Timothy Treadwell
1824:their offspring.
1566:but rarely both.
1536:Possible grizzly-
1410:Rubus spectabilis
1186:white-tailed deer
1150:
541:(>25,000 BP).
395:Ussuri brown bear
364:U. a. beringianus
307:
306:
86:
8726:
8599:
8598:
8586:
8585:
8573:
8572:
8560:
8559:
8547:
8546:
8534:
8533:
8521:
8520:
8508:
8507:
8495:
8494:
8485:
8484:
8472:
8471:
8459:
8458:
8449:
8448:
8436:
8435:
8434:
8421:
8420:
8419:
8389:
8388:
8376:
8369:
8342:U. a. ungavaesis
8272:
8271:
8241:U. a. horribilis
8232:
8231:
8207:U. a. pyrenaicus
8198:U. a. marsicanus
8112:
8111:
8096:
8095:
7994:
7987:
7980:
7971:
7970:
7953:
7943:
7910:
7901:
7882:
7870:
7859:
7850:
7821:
7804:(4): 1123–1136.
7792:
7773:
7767:
7759:
7738:
7717:
7715:
7709:. Archived from
7684:
7670:2.1 MB PDF file.
7660:
7651:
7649:
7647:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7624:on 24 March 2012
7623:
7617:, archived from
7574:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7545:
7531:
7522:
7521:
7519:
7517:
7502:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7480:
7466:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7455:
7436:
7430:
7429:
7427:
7425:
7419:
7413:. Archived from
7396:
7387:
7381:
7380:
7352:
7346:
7345:
7317:
7311:
7310:
7292:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7281:
7266:
7260:
7259:
7248:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7237:
7231:
7225:. Archived from
7224:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7204:
7185:
7179:
7173:
7167:
7166:
7164:
7162:
7156:
7150:. Archived from
7149:
7140:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7114:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7103:
7088:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7077:
7062:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7051:
7042:. Archived from
7031:
7022:
7021:
7014:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7003:
6994:. Archived from
6984:
6971:
6970:
6956:
6950:
6949:
6943:
6935:
6929:
6928:
6917:
6911:
6896:
6890:
6875:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6849:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6838:
6832:Daily Inter Lake
6823:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6812:
6803:. Archived from
6797:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6786:
6776:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6765:
6746:
6740:
6739:
6732:"O'Malley River"
6728:
6722:
6721:
6719:
6717:
6712:on 18 April 2015
6702:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6691:
6680:
6674:
6673:
6666:
6660:
6659:
6658:. Travel Juneau.
6652:
6646:
6645:
6633:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6622:
6611:
6605:
6604:
6602:
6600:
6589:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6563:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6531:
6516:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6505:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6472:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6461:
6450:
6444:
6443:
6438:. Archived from
6432:
6426:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6393:
6387:
6386:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6363:
6357:
6351:. Archived from
6350:
6341:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6330:
6315:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6295:. Archived from
6284:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6267:
6260:
6251:
6240:
6222:
6216:
6215:
6195:
6186:
6172:
6166:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6137:on 25 April 2012
6122:
6116:
6115:
6097:
6088:
6082:
6081:
6066:
6057:Sherman, Mark A.
6049:
6043:
6042:
6025:
6019:
6018:
6007:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5989:, archived from
5970:
5961:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5926:
5917:
5916:
5888:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5831:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5808:
5799:
5790:
5789:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5698:
5692:
5691:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5655:(7): 2219–2228.
5640:
5634:
5633:
5607:
5598:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5506:
5497:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5458:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5365:
5359:
5358:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5295:
5286:
5285:
5279:
5271:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5166:
5160:
5159:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5126:. 1 August 2013.
5116:
5110:
5109:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5055:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5032:. Archived from
5021:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5010:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4975:. Archived from
4965:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4837:
4831:. Archived from
4806:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4677:
4662:
4656:Wyman T (2002).
4653:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4633:. Archived from
4623:
4617:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4525:
4516:
4515:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4482:. Archived from
4472:
4466:
4465:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4322:
4316:
4309:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4264:
4258:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4208:
4202:. Archived from
4177:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4160:. 31 March 2011.
4158:Field and Stream
4150:
4144:
4143:
4127:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4101:. Archived from
4091:Herrero, Stephen
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4067:. Archived from
4056:
4047:
4046:
4041:. Archived from
4031:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3926:
3911:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3757:
3749:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3621:on 3 March 2019.
3620:
3614:. Archived from
3589:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3559:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3495:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3409:
3402:
3393:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3360:. Archived from
3350:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3236:. Archived from
3235:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3208: 10777157.
3187:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3157:
3147:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3050:
3040:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2985:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2869:10.1002/jqs.3451
2848:
2842:
2841:
2831:
2821:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2741:
2731:
2714:(4): 1320–1321.
2699:
2693:
2692:
2682:
2672:
2663:(4): 1651–1654.
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2626:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2546:Washington, D.C.
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2508:. Archived from
2503:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2385:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2346:
2337:
2326:
2325:
2315:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2086:British Columbia
2058:Donald W. Molloy
1937:Admiralty Island
1803:
1787:Native Americans
1783:
1643:
1487:keystone species
1425:), soapberries (
1413:), cranberries (
1404:Rubus fruticosus
1401:, blackberries (
1323:ground squirrels
1151:
920:in northwestern
859:Ungava Peninsula
836:British Columbia
674:U. a. horribilis
662:ABC Islands bear
658:U. a. horribilis
638:ABC Islands bear
594:U. a. alascensis
586:U. a. horribilis
459:Meriwether Lewis
298:
218:
101:
100:
80:
77:
76:
58:
41:Temporal range:
35:
34:
8734:
8733:
8729:
8728:
8727:
8725:
8724:
8723:
8634:Fauna of Alaska
8609:
8608:
8607:
8602:
8594:
8589:
8581:
8578:Observation.org
8576:
8568:
8563:
8555:
8550:
8542:
8537:
8529:
8524:
8516:
8511:
8503:
8498:
8490:
8488:
8480:
8475:
8467:
8462:
8454:
8452:
8444:
8439:
8430:
8429:
8424:
8415:
8414:
8409:
8396:
8386:
8381:
8380:
8379:
8370:
8366:
8348:
8318:
8312:U. a. sitkensis
8270:
8239:
8237:
8213:
8184:
8178:U. a. pruinosus
8142:U. a. gobiensis
8103:
8101:
8094:
8078:U. a. crowtheri
8061:
8007:
7998:
7961:
7956:
7898:
7879:
7789:
7761:
7760:
7735:
7713:
7699:10.1139/z91-421
7682:
7645:
7643:
7635:
7627:
7625:
7621:
7572:
7559:
7557:Further reading
7554:
7553:
7543:
7541:
7533:
7532:
7525:
7515:
7513:
7503:
7488:
7478:
7476:
7468:
7467:
7463:
7453:
7451:
7450:on 2 April 2015
7438:
7437:
7433:
7423:
7421:
7417:
7394:
7388:
7384:
7353:
7349:
7318:
7314:
7307:
7293:
7289:
7279:
7277:
7268:
7267:
7263:
7250:
7249:
7245:
7235:
7233:
7232:on 29 June 2011
7229:
7222:
7218:Hamilton, A.N.
7216:
7212:
7202:
7200:
7199:on 12 June 2013
7187:
7186:
7182:
7174:
7170:
7160:
7158:
7154:
7147:
7141:
7137:
7127:
7125:
7116:
7115:
7111:
7101:
7099:
7089:
7085:
7075:
7073:
7063:
7059:
7049:
7047:
7046:on 29 June 2017
7032:
7025:
7020:. 4 March 2016.
7016:
7015:
7011:
7001:
6999:
6998:on 2 April 2015
6986:
6985:
6974:
6957:
6953:
6941:
6937:
6936:
6932:
6919:
6918:
6914:
6897:
6893:
6876:
6872:
6862:
6860:
6850:
6846:
6836:
6834:
6824:
6820:
6810:
6808:
6799:
6798:
6794:
6784:
6782:
6778:
6777:
6773:
6763:
6761:
6760:on 10 June 2013
6748:
6747:
6743:
6730:
6729:
6725:
6715:
6713:
6704:
6703:
6699:
6689:
6687:
6682:
6681:
6677:
6668:
6667:
6663:
6654:
6653:
6649:
6644:on 10 May 2013.
6634:
6630:
6620:
6618:
6613:
6612:
6608:
6598:
6596:
6591:
6590:
6586:
6576:
6574:
6565:
6564:
6560:
6550:
6548:
6544:
6543:
6539:
6529:
6527:
6518:
6517:
6513:
6503:
6501:
6496:
6495:
6491:
6481:
6479:
6474:
6473:
6469:
6459:
6457:
6452:
6451:
6447:
6434:
6433:
6429:
6421:
6417:
6394:
6390:
6375:
6371:
6361:
6359:
6355:
6348:
6342:
6338:
6328:
6326:
6324:Flathead Beacon
6316:
6312:
6302:
6300:
6285:
6281:
6271:
6269:
6268:on 29 June 2011
6265:
6258:
6252:
6243:
6237:Wayback Machine
6223:
6219:
6196:
6189:
6183:Wayback Machine
6173:
6169:
6163:Wayback Machine
6154:
6150:
6140:
6138:
6123:
6119:
6095:
6089:
6085:
6079:
6050:
6046:
6040:
6026:
6022:
6008:
6001:
5993:
5987:
5968:
5962:
5958:
5927:
5920:
5889:
5885:
5875:
5873:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5848:10.2307/3061004
5832:
5825:
5815:
5813:
5806:
5800:
5793:
5754:
5750:
5699:
5695:
5688:10.1139/Z09-004
5672:
5668:
5641:
5637:
5605:
5599:
5592:
5559:
5555:
5524:
5520:
5504:
5498:
5494:
5484:
5482:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5435:
5431:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5407:
5405:
5404:on 1 April 2008
5396:
5395:
5391:
5384:
5374:Stackpole Books
5366:
5362:
5331:
5327:
5296:
5289:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5248:
5244:
5234:
5232:
5222:
5218:
5208:
5206:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5185:
5167:
5163:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5136:
5135:
5131:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5082:
5078:
5068:
5066:
5057:
5056:
5049:
5039:
5037:
5036:on 20 July 2011
5022:
5018:
5008:
5006:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4982:
4980:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4952:
4950:
4940:
4936:
4921:
4917:
4910:10.1139/z88-369
4894:
4890:
4875:10.2307/3802102
4855:
4851:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4821:10.2307/3872608
4804:
4798:
4794:
4784:
4782:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4744:
4742:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4722:
4720:
4709:
4705:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4660:
4654:
4650:
4640:
4638:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4603:
4599:
4589:
4587:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4548:
4544:
4534:
4532:
4527:
4526:
4519:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4445:
4443:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4405:
4403:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4368:
4354:
4350:
4340:
4338:
4323:
4319:
4310:
4303:
4293:
4291:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4252:
4248:
4238:
4236:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4192:10.2307/3872892
4175:
4169:
4165:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4125:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4105:on 15 May 2005.
4088:
4084:
4074:
4072:
4057:
4050:
4033:
4032:
4025:
4017:
4013:
4008:. Demand Media.
4002:
3998:
3988:
3986:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3952:
3950:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3909:
3903:
3899:
3889:
3887:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3867:
3865:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3822:
3818:
3808:
3806:
3799:"State Symbols"
3797:
3796:
3792:
3782:
3780:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3751:
3750:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3723:
3721:
3714:
3710:
3700:
3698:
3687:
3683:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3638:katmaibears.com
3630:
3626:
3618:
3587:
3577:
3573:
3528:
3524:
3513:
3509:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3469:10.2307/1375959
3453:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3435:The Independent
3427:
3423:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3394:
3377:
3367:
3365:
3364:on 6 March 2015
3352:
3351:
3342:
3332:
3330:
3315:"Grizzly bear (
3313:
3312:
3308:
3298:
3296:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3243:on 19 July 2023
3240:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3221:
3185:
3175:
3171:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3100:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3068:
3064:
3009:
3005:
2992:
2988:
2979:
2975:
2968:10.1139/z63-005
2946:
2942:
2931:
2927:
2896:
2892:
2849:
2845:
2790:
2786:
2779:10.1139/z91-421
2759:
2755:
2700:
2696:
2649:
2645:
2627:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2578:
2576:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2477:10.2307/1375959
2461:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2404:. p. 335.
2386:
2375:
2367:
2344:
2338:
2329:
2292:
2285:
2238:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2169:
2134:Grouse Mountain
2108:, United States
2094:
1957:
1892:
1846:B.C. government
1817:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1784:
1773:
1763:
1734:Native American
1723:
1718:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1633:
1631:Ecological role
1613:
1542:Yukon Territory
1530:
1507:
1479:
1470:
1249:Rocky Mountains
1143:
1141:
1135:
1130:
1118:
1109:
1047:
1027:
1022:
996:is included in
960:
897:, United States
883:
875:Melville Island
769:
732:
730:Characteristics
699:Alberta, Canada
687:
682:
642:U. a. sitkensis
562:
546:genetic testing
514:
496:
491:
456:
451:
429:, northeastern
423:Kunashir Island
415:Shantar Islands
384:Mexican grizzly
278:U. a. sitkensis
227:
220:
214:
201:
187:
95:
87:
78:
74:
67:
49:
39:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8732:
8722:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8684:Apex predators
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8604:
8603:
8601:
8600:
8587:
8574:
8561:
8548:
8535:
8522:
8509:
8496:
8486:
8473:
8460:
8450:
8437:
8422:
8406:
8404:
8398:
8397:
8383:
8382:
8378:
8377:
8363:
8362:
8361:
8358:
8357:
8354:
8353:
8350:
8349:
8347:
8346:
8336:
8326:
8324:
8320:
8319:
8317:
8316:
8307:
8298:
8289:
8278:
8276:
8269:
8268:
8258:
8247:
8245:
8238:(provisionally
8229:
8223:
8222:
8219:
8218:
8215:
8214:
8212:
8211:
8202:
8192:
8190:
8186:
8185:
8183:
8182:
8173:
8169:U. a. syriacus
8164:
8160:U. a. lasiotus
8155:
8146:
8137:
8133:U. a. collaris
8128:
8118:
8116:
8109:
8102:(provisionally
8093:
8092:
8082:
8071:
8069:
8063:
8062:
8060:
8059:
8051:
8043:
8037:
8031:
8025:
8019:
8012:
8009:
8008:
8006:or populations
7997:
7996:
7989:
7982:
7974:
7968:
7967:
7960:
7959:External links
7957:
7955:
7954:
7911:
7902:
7896:
7883:
7877:
7860:
7851:
7833:(3): 381–388.
7822:
7793:
7787:
7774:
7750:(2): 408–417.
7739:
7733:
7718:
7671:
7661:
7652:
7633:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7523:
7486:
7461:
7431:
7382:
7347:
7328:(3): 453–464.
7312:
7305:
7287:
7261:
7243:
7210:
7180:
7168:
7157:on 29 May 2008
7135:
7109:
7091:Online staff.
7083:
7057:
7023:
7009:
6972:
6951:
6930:
6912:
6891:
6870:
6844:
6818:
6792:
6771:
6741:
6723:
6697:
6675:
6661:
6647:
6628:
6606:
6584:
6558:
6537:
6511:
6489:
6467:
6445:
6427:
6415:
6388:
6369:
6336:
6310:
6279:
6241:
6217:
6187:
6167:
6148:
6117:
6083:
6077:
6044:
6038:
6020:
5999:
5985:
5956:
5918:
5883:
5861:
5842:(4): 947–960.
5823:
5791:
5764:(2): 167–180.
5748:
5713:(4): 546–550.
5693:
5682:(3): 195–203.
5666:
5635:
5616:(4): 499–503.
5590:
5577:(4): 499–503.
5553:
5534:(1): 129–139.
5518:
5492:
5470:
5449:(2): 151–160.
5429:
5415:
5389:
5382:
5360:
5325:
5306:(4): 561–572.
5287:
5266:
5242:
5216:
5190:
5183:
5161:
5147:
5129:
5111:
5092:(2): 232–238.
5076:
5047:
5016:
4990:
4960:
4934:
4915:
4888:
4849:
4792:
4766:
4752:
4730:
4703:
4689:
4648:
4618:
4597:
4571:
4557:
4542:
4517:
4503:
4489:
4467:
4453:
4442:on 24 May 2013
4427:
4413:
4391:
4373:
4366:
4348:
4317:
4301:
4276:
4259:
4246:
4229:"Brown Bear –
4220:
4163:
4145:
4138:
4108:
4095:"Grizzly Bear"
4082:
4071:on 25 May 2011
4048:
4023:
4011:
3996:
3974:
3960:
3938:
3897:
3884:"Grizzly Bear"
3875:
3849:
3835:
3816:
3790:
3765:
3731:
3708:
3681:
3664:
3643:
3632:Rogers, Lynn.
3624:
3598:(3): 271–276.
3571:
3522:
3507:
3482:
3463:(3): 345–357.
3447:
3421:
3375:
3340:
3306:
3276:
3263:"Grizzly bear"
3254:
3219:
3169:
3110:
3081:
3062:
3003:
2986:
2973:
2940:
2925:
2890:
2843:
2784:
2753:
2694:
2643:
2614:
2602:Daily Republic
2589:
2561:
2554:
2526:
2490:
2471:(3): 345–357.
2455:
2441:
2417:
2410:
2373:
2342:"Grizzly bear"
2327:
2283:
2229:
2224:"Ursus arctos"
2214:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2147:North Cascades
2093:
2090:
2062:whitebark pine
2007:national parks
1956:
1953:
1891:
1888:
1839:chemicals, or
1805:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1785:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1762:
1759:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1648:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1612:
1609:
1598:global warming
1529:
1526:
1506:
1503:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1383:humpback whale
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1046:
1043:
1029:Grizzly bears
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
959:
956:
944:North Cascades
882:
879:
768:
765:
764:
763:
760:
757:
754:
731:
728:
686:
683:
681:
678:
561:
558:
513:
508:
495:
492:
490:
487:
455:
452:
450:
449:Classification
447:
399:U. a. lasiotus
360:Kamchatka bear
305:
304:
300:
299:
291:
290:
289:
288:
281:
274:
266:
259:
252:
245:
234:
233:
229:
228:
221:
210:
209:
207:Trinomial name
203:
202:
195:
193:
189:
188:
184:U. arctos
181:
179:
175:
174:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
89:
88:
72:
69:
68:
63:
60:
59:
51:
50:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8731:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8639:Grizzly bears
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8616:
8614:
8597:
8592:
8588:
8584:
8579:
8575:
8571:
8566:
8562:
8558:
8553:
8549:
8545:
8540:
8536:
8532:
8527:
8523:
8519:
8514:
8510:
8506:
8501:
8497:
8493:
8487:
8483:
8478:
8474:
8470:
8465:
8461:
8457:
8451:
8447:
8442:
8438:
8433:
8427:
8423:
8418:
8412:
8408:
8407:
8405:
8403:
8399:
8395:
8390:
8374:
8368:
8364:
8359:
8345:
8343:
8337:
8335:
8333:
8328:
8327:
8325:
8321:
8314:
8313:
8308:
8306:
8304:
8299:
8297:
8295:
8290:
8287:
8283:
8280:
8279:
8277:
8273:
8267:
8265:
8264:U. a. nelsoni
8259:
8257:
8255:
8249:
8248:
8246:
8244:
8242:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8224:
8210:
8208:
8203:
8201:
8199:
8194:
8193:
8191:
8187:
8181:
8179:
8174:
8172:
8170:
8165:
8163:
8161:
8156:
8154:
8152:
8147:
8145:
8143:
8138:
8136:
8134:
8129:
8127:
8125:
8120:
8119:
8117:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8106:
8097:
8091:
8089:
8088:U. a. priscus
8083:
8081:
8079:
8073:
8072:
8070:
8068:
8064:
8058:
8057:
8052:
8050:
8049:
8044:
8042:
8038:
8036:
8032:
8030:
8026:
8024:
8020:
8018:
8014:
8013:
8010:
8005:
8002:
7995:
7990:
7988:
7983:
7981:
7976:
7975:
7972:
7966:
7963:
7962:
7951:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7912:
7908:
7903:
7899:
7893:
7889:
7884:
7880:
7874:
7869:
7868:
7861:
7857:
7852:
7848:
7844:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7823:
7819:
7815:
7811:
7807:
7803:
7799:
7794:
7790:
7784:
7780:
7775:
7771:
7765:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7740:
7736:
7730:
7726:
7725:
7719:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7681:
7679:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7662:
7658:
7653:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7584:
7580:
7579:
7571:
7569:
7562:
7561:
7540:
7536:
7530:
7528:
7512:
7508:
7501:
7499:
7497:
7495:
7493:
7491:
7475:
7471:
7465:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7435:
7416:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7400:
7393:
7386:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7363:(2): 91–104.
7362:
7358:
7351:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7316:
7308:
7302:
7298:
7291:
7275:
7271:
7265:
7257:
7256:env.gov.bc.ca
7253:
7247:
7228:
7221:
7214:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7184:
7177:
7172:
7153:
7146:
7139:
7123:
7119:
7113:
7098:
7094:
7087:
7072:
7068:
7061:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7030:
7028:
7019:
7013:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6983:
6981:
6979:
6977:
6968:
6967:
6962:
6955:
6947:
6940:
6934:
6926:
6922:
6916:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6895:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6874:
6859:
6855:
6848:
6833:
6829:
6822:
6806:
6802:
6796:
6781:
6775:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6745:
6737:
6733:
6727:
6711:
6707:
6701:
6685:
6679:
6671:
6665:
6657:
6651:
6643:
6639:
6632:
6616:
6610:
6594:
6588:
6573:on 2 May 2012
6572:
6568:
6562:
6547:
6541:
6525:
6521:
6515:
6499:
6493:
6477:
6471:
6455:
6449:
6441:
6437:
6431:
6424:
6419:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6392:
6384:
6380:
6373:
6354:
6347:
6340:
6325:
6321:
6314:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6283:
6264:
6257:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6238:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6221:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6194:
6192:
6184:
6180:
6177:
6171:
6164:
6160:
6157:
6152:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6121:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6094:
6087:
6080:
6078:0-7748-0432-7
6074:
6070:
6065:
6064:
6058:
6054:
6048:
6041:
6035:
6031:
6024:
6017:
6013:
6006:
6004:
5992:
5988:
5986:0-0444-5013-3
5982:
5978:
5974:
5967:
5960:
5951:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5937:
5932:
5925:
5923:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5887:
5871:
5865:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5830:
5828:
5812:
5805:
5798:
5796:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5752:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5697:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5670:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5639:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5604:
5597:
5595:
5585:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5566:
5557:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5522:
5514:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5480:
5474:
5466:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5433:
5425:
5419:
5403:
5399:
5393:
5385:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5364:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5329:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5294:
5292:
5283:
5277:
5269:
5267:1-58574-143-4
5263:
5259:
5255:
5254:
5246:
5231:
5227:
5220:
5204:
5200:
5194:
5186:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5165:
5157:
5151:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5125:
5121:
5115:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5080:
5064:
5060:
5054:
5052:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5020:
5004:
5000:
4994:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4949:
4945:
4938:
4930:
4926:
4919:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4853:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4762:
4756:
4740:
4734:
4718:
4714:
4707:
4699:
4693:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4622:
4615:
4614:0-394-50762-2
4611:
4607:
4601:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4567:
4561:
4553:
4546:
4530:
4524:
4522:
4513:
4507:
4499:
4493:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4463:
4457:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4423:
4417:
4401:
4395:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4369:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4269:
4263:
4256:
4253:Brown, Gary.
4250:
4234:
4232:
4224:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4141:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4112:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4053:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4028:
4020:
4015:
4007:
4000:
3984:
3978:
3970:
3964:
3948:
3942:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3885:
3879:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3845:
3839:
3831:
3827:
3820:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3761:
3755:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3735:
3719:
3712:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3674:
3668:
3653:
3647:
3639:
3635:
3628:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3584:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3518:
3511:
3492:
3486:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3310:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3239:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3182:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3145:11250/3092374
3141:
3137:
3133:
3130:(1) 15: 153.
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3017:PLOS Genetics
3014:
3007:
2999:
2998:
2990:
2983:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2944:
2936:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2788:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2638:
2633:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2586:
2574:
2573:
2565:
2557:
2555:1-886106-81-9
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2530:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2494:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2444:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2421:
2413:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2306:(2): 91–148.
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2288:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2236:
2234:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2119:
2114:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1963:A grizzly in
1961:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1945:Kodiak Island
1942:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1901:
1896:
1890:Bear-watching
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1869:bear canister
1866:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1792:
1791:George Catlin
1788:
1782:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1727:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1690:United States
1687:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1654:
1653:Scent rubbing
1650:
1642:
1628:
1626:
1621:
1618:, foxes, and
1617:
1608:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1343:hoary marmots
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:bighorn sheep
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1156:
1140:
1139:Hypocarnivore
1125:
1123:
1113:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1056:
1051:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1032:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
988:
984:
980:
975:
973:
969:
965:
955:
953:
949:
945:
940:
938:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
914:
912:
908:
904:
896:
892:
887:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
857:areas of the
856:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
785:
781:
777:
773:
761:
758:
755:
752:
751:
750:
747:
741:
736:
727:
723:
721:
716:
713:
711:
707:
700:
696:
691:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
634:U. a. nelsoni
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
576:
571:
570:Y-chromosomes
567:
557:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
512:
507:
505:
501:
494:Phylogenetics
486:
484:
483:U. horribilis
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:William Clark
460:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:Iturup Island
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
388:U. a. nelsoni
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
341:North America
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:
312:
301:
297:
292:
287:
286:
282:
280:
279:
275:
272:
271:
270:U. a. nelsoni
267:
265:
264:
260:
258:
257:
253:
251:
250:
246:
243:
242:
238:
237:
235:
230:
225:
219:
217:
211:
208:
204:
200:
199:
194:
191:
190:
186:
185:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
99:
94:
90:
84:
70:
66:
61:
57:
52:
48:
44:
36:
33:
29:
22:
8401:
8367:
8341:
8331:
8311:
8302:
8293:
8285:
8263:
8253:
8240:
8236:Grizzly bear
8235:
8206:
8197:
8177:
8168:
8159:
8150:
8141:
8132:
8123:
8105:U. a. arctos
8104:
8087:
8077:
8076:Atlas bear (
8055:
8047:
7923:
7919:
7906:
7887:
7866:
7855:
7830:
7826:
7801:
7797:
7778:
7764:cite journal
7747:
7743:
7724:Bear Attacks
7723:
7711:the original
7690:
7686:
7677:
7666:Ursus arctos
7665:
7656:
7644:. Retrieved
7628:24 September
7626:, retrieved
7619:the original
7582:
7576:
7568:Ursus arctos
7567:
7542:. Retrieved
7538:
7514:. Retrieved
7510:
7477:. Retrieved
7473:
7464:
7452:. Retrieved
7448:the original
7443:
7434:
7422:. Retrieved
7415:the original
7402:
7398:
7385:
7360:
7356:
7350:
7325:
7321:
7315:
7296:
7290:
7278:. Retrieved
7274:the original
7264:
7255:
7246:
7234:. Retrieved
7227:the original
7213:
7201:. Retrieved
7197:the original
7183:
7171:
7159:. Retrieved
7152:the original
7138:
7126:. Retrieved
7122:the original
7112:
7100:. Retrieved
7096:
7086:
7074:. Retrieved
7070:
7060:
7048:. Retrieved
7044:the original
7039:
7012:
7000:. Retrieved
6996:the original
6991:
6964:
6954:
6945:
6933:
6924:
6915:
6899:
6894:
6878:
6873:
6861:. Retrieved
6857:
6847:
6835:. Retrieved
6831:
6821:
6809:. Retrieved
6805:the original
6795:
6783:. Retrieved
6774:
6762:. Retrieved
6758:the original
6744:
6736:the original
6726:
6714:. Retrieved
6710:the original
6700:
6688:. Retrieved
6678:
6664:
6650:
6642:the original
6631:
6619:. Retrieved
6609:
6597:. Retrieved
6587:
6575:. Retrieved
6571:the original
6561:
6549:. Retrieved
6540:
6528:. Retrieved
6524:the original
6514:
6502:. Retrieved
6492:
6480:. Retrieved
6470:
6458:. Retrieved
6448:
6440:the original
6430:
6418:
6404:(1): 44–54.
6401:
6397:
6391:
6383:Outdoor Life
6382:
6372:
6360:. Retrieved
6353:the original
6339:
6327:. Retrieved
6323:
6313:
6301:. Retrieved
6297:the original
6292:
6282:
6270:. Retrieved
6263:the original
6228:Ursus arctos
6227:
6220:
6203:
6199:
6170:
6151:
6139:. Retrieved
6135:the original
6130:
6120:
6103:
6099:
6086:
6062:
6047:
6029:
6023:
6011:
5991:the original
5972:
5959:
5940:
5934:
5896:
5892:
5886:
5874:. Retrieved
5864:
5839:
5835:
5814:. Retrieved
5810:
5761:
5757:
5751:
5710:
5706:
5703:Ursus arctos
5702:
5696:
5679:
5675:
5669:
5652:
5648:
5638:
5613:
5609:
5574:
5570:
5565:Ursus arctos
5564:
5556:
5531:
5527:
5521:
5512:
5508:
5495:
5483:. Retrieved
5473:
5446:
5442:
5432:
5418:
5406:. Retrieved
5402:the original
5392:
5369:
5363:
5341:(1): 11–30.
5338:
5334:
5328:
5303:
5299:
5252:
5245:
5233:. Retrieved
5229:
5219:
5207:. Retrieved
5203:the original
5193:
5170:
5164:
5150:
5142:the original
5132:
5123:
5114:
5089:
5085:
5079:
5067:. Retrieved
5063:the original
5038:. Retrieved
5034:the original
5029:
5019:
5009:10 September
5007:. Retrieved
5003:the original
4993:
4981:. Retrieved
4977:the original
4972:
4963:
4953:16 September
4951:. Retrieved
4947:
4937:
4928:
4918:
4901:
4897:
4891:
4866:
4862:
4852:
4840:. Retrieved
4833:the original
4812:
4808:
4795:
4783:. Retrieved
4779:the original
4769:
4755:
4743:. Retrieved
4733:
4721:. Retrieved
4717:the original
4706:
4692:
4680:. Retrieved
4673:the original
4668:
4664:
4651:
4639:. Retrieved
4635:the original
4630:
4621:
4605:
4600:
4588:. Retrieved
4584:the original
4574:
4560:
4545:
4533:. Retrieved
4506:
4492:
4484:the original
4479:
4470:
4456:
4444:. Retrieved
4440:the original
4430:
4424:. Bear Life.
4416:
4404:. Retrieved
4394:
4386:the original
4376:
4357:
4351:
4339:. Retrieved
4334:
4330:
4320:
4292:. Retrieved
4288:
4279:
4262:
4254:
4249:
4237:. Retrieved
4231:Ursus arctos
4230:
4223:
4211:. Retrieved
4204:the original
4183:
4179:
4166:
4157:
4148:
4121:
4120:Ursus arctos
4117:
4111:
4103:the original
4098:
4085:
4073:. Retrieved
4069:the original
4064:
4043:the original
4039:Pacific Wild
4038:
4014:
3999:
3987:. Retrieved
3977:
3963:
3951:. Retrieved
3941:
3929:. Retrieved
3922:the original
3917:
3913:
3900:
3890:26 September
3888:. Retrieved
3878:
3866:. Retrieved
3862:the original
3852:
3838:
3829:
3819:
3807:. Retrieved
3803:the original
3793:
3781:. Retrieved
3777:
3768:
3743:
3734:
3722:. Retrieved
3711:
3699:. Retrieved
3695:The Atlantic
3694:
3684:
3667:
3655:. Retrieved
3646:
3637:
3627:
3616:the original
3595:
3591:
3583:Ursus arctos
3582:
3574:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3516:
3510:
3498:. Retrieved
3485:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3438:. Retrieved
3434:
3424:
3412:. Retrieved
3405:the original
3366:. Retrieved
3362:the original
3357:
3331:. Retrieved
3327:the original
3323:Ecos.fws.gov
3322:
3316:
3309:
3297:. Retrieved
3293:the original
3288:
3279:
3271:the original
3266:
3257:
3245:. Retrieved
3238:the original
3193:
3189:
3180:
3172:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3101:. Retrieved
3092:Ursus arctos
3091:
3084:
3075:
3065:
3020:
3016:
3006:
2996:
2989:
2981:
2976:
2959:
2953:
2950:Ursus arctos
2949:
2943:
2934:
2928:
2906:(1): 61–74.
2903:
2899:
2893:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2796:Ursus arctos
2795:
2787:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2711:
2707:
2697:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2605:. Retrieved
2601:
2592:
2584:
2577:. Retrieved
2571:
2564:
2541:
2536:
2529:
2517:. Retrieved
2510:the original
2505:
2493:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2446:. Retrieved
2427:
2420:
2389:
2365:the original
2348:
2303:
2299:
2253:
2249:
2244:Ursus arctos
2243:
2218:
2173:Bear-baiting
2161:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2122:
2083:
2075:
2070:
2039:
2032:A sign at a
2004:
2000:
1988:Saskatchewan
1969:
1940:
1935:
1931:McNeil River
1928:
1920:
1904:
1900:Brooks Falls
1873:
1862:back-country
1859:
1851:
1837:
1822:
1818:
1806:
1747:
1732:
1695:
1679:
1675:Picea glauca
1674:
1671:
1662:
1658:
1614:
1602:
1591:
1576:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1515:
1508:
1499:
1495:
1480:
1471:
1451:
1443:miller moths
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1395:
1379:
1316:
1305:
1297:McNeil Falls
1289:Brooks Falls
1272:army cutworm
1246:
1163:
1155:Brooks Falls
1121:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1086:
1082:
1078:salmon spawn
1067:
1045:Reproduction
1036:
1028:
1006:
998:Aldo Leopold
991:
976:
964:Great Plains
961:
941:
915:
900:
852:
789:
748:
745:
724:
717:
714:
710:Kodiak bears
703:
673:
657:
654:
649:
641:
633:
625:
617:
609:
601:
593:
585:
582:Ursus arctos
581:
579:
565:
563:
554:Ursus arctos
553:
550:Ursus arctos
549:
543:
515:
511:Ursus arctos
510:
500:Ursus arctos
499:
497:
482:
466:
457:
398:
392:
387:
379:
371:
363:
355:
347:
345:
324:
320:
315:
314:
311:grizzly bear
310:
308:
283:
276:
268:
261:
254:
247:
239:
215:
213:
197:
196:
192:Subspecies:
182:
170:
38:Grizzly bear
32:
8513:iNaturalist
8426:Wikispecies
8286:U. a. dalli
8282:Dall Island
7405:: 153–160.
7280:11 November
7040:www.fws.gov
6785:11 November
6206:: 357–360.
6106:: 372–374.
5977:Unwin Hyman
5059:"Wolverine"
4745:26 December
4554:. trib.com.
4535:29 December
4239:29 December
4213:30 December
4186:: 369–372.
3931:30 December
3868:12 December
3783:18 November
3778:www.nps.gov
2812:(12): 598.
2188:Grizzly 399
2019:Grand Teton
2015:Yellowstone
1880:megapascals
1767:Bear attack
1594:polar bears
1552:Black bears
1528:Other bears
1483:gray wolves
1399:blueberries
1367:gray wolves
1347:hibernation
1301:razor clams
1281:sedge grass
1234:bald eagles
1202:black bears
1200:, and even
1089:territories
1039:hyperphagia
1025:Hibernation
881:Populations
828:Yellowstone
810:(including
778:grizzly in
622:Kodiak bear
610:U. a. dalli
435:North Korea
411:Amur Oblast
403:Ussuri Krai
366:), and the
352:Kodiak bear
339:inhabiting
249:U. a. dalli
83:NatureServe
43:Pleistocene
8664:Scavengers
8613:Categories
8373:polar bear
8294:U. a. gyas
8004:subspecies
8001:Brown bear
7544:12 October
7516:12 October
7236:7 December
6863:5 November
6811:8 February
6690:22 October
6362:9 December
6272:30 October
6141:16 October
5899:(4): 977.
5816:28 October
5758:Ecosystems
5040:25 October
4641:12 October
4294:20 January
4075:7 December
3745:Missoulian
3414:7 December
2800:horribilis
2579:25 January
2499:"Homepage"
2448:21 October
2210:References
2009:, such as
1980:endangered
1955:Protection
1941:XootsnoowĂş
1907:ecotourism
1855:Revelstoke
1832:Hugh Glass
1811:watercolor
1765:See also:
1620:wolverines
1540:hybrid in
1538:black bear
1516:The other
1450:, such as
1312:lake trout
1137:See also:
979:California
972:extirpated
948:Washington
812:Washington
796:Hudson Bay
680:Appearance
666:polar bear
618:U. a. gyas
479:George Ord
386:(formerly
372:U. a. gyas
337:brown bear
333:subspecies
329:population
323:or simply
256:U. a. gyas
8714:Fur trade
8375:ancestry.
8323:In Canada
8315:; hybrid)
8275:In Alaska
8227:New World
8189:In Europe
8067:Old World
8053:Species:
8035:Carnivora
8015:Kingdom:
6303:21 August
6069:UBC Press
5707:Oecologia
5465:1923-1245
5300:Ecography
5276:cite book
5235:2 October
5209:5 October
4969:"Grizzly"
4815:: 59–67.
4289:Sciencing
4122:in Canada
4065:Edu.pe.ca
3809:26 August
3333:17 August
3299:31 August
2962:: 33–45.
2885:250134103
2877:0267-8179
2353:Baltimore
2322:0004-0843
1924:Anchorage
1743:voyageurs
1556:territory
1453:Hedysarum
1391:sea lions
1260:pine nuts
1257:whitebark
1190:mule deer
1170:omnivores
1166:Carnivora
1031:hibernate
937:ecosystem
530:Alexander
522:subarctic
178:Species:
150:Carnivora
116:Kingdom:
110:Eukaryota
8557:14000979
8411:Wikidata
8039:Family:
8029:Mammalia
8023:Chordata
8021:Phylum:
8017:Animalia
7950:16243699
7818:84050297
7707:54763647
7646:18 March
7607:17107477
7479:15 March
7454:15 March
7424:5 August
7377:59062736
7102:2 August
7076:2 August
7002:15 March
6599:12 March
6551:12 March
6233:Archived
6179:Archived
6159:Archived
6059:(1992),
5786:28989920
5743:12028991
5735:28308364
5630:54768941
5548:85807685
5515:: 14–19.
5408:15 April
5355:56333267
5106:55121363
5069:5 August
4842:7 August
4785:7 August
4723:7 August
4682:7 August
4590:7 August
4446:7 August
4132:. 2002.
3754:cite web
3612:54757802
3566:18494361
3368:15 March
3247:15 April
3214:38196370
3164:36746982
3103:18 April
3057:23516372
2863:: 8–20.
2838:30513700
2748:10677456
2689:10677513
2394:Berkeley
2278:17107477
2182:Kalispel
2167:See also
1992:Manitoba
1750:Kwakiutl
1739:GwichĘĽin
1666:nitrogen
1580:Michigan
1578:1986 in
1505:Big cats
1439:ladybugs
1327:lemmings
1222:scavenge
1116:Movement
1107:Lifespan
1070:solitary
966:and the
863:Labrador
848:Manitoba
708:and the
588:proper:
439:HokkaidĹŤ
407:Sakhalin
224:Linnaeus
156:Family:
140:Mammalia
130:Chordata
126:Phylum:
120:Animalia
106:Domain:
8505:6163845
8469:1241477
8417:Q171004
8115:In Asia
8045:Genus:
8041:Ursidae
8033:Order:
8027:Class:
7941:1559960
7835:Bibcode
7615:7336900
7587:Bibcode
7411:3873196
7330:Bibcode
7203:6 April
7161:6 April
7128:6 April
6837:16 July
6764:8 April
6716:7 April
6530:30 July
6460:27 June
6410:3872956
6329:1 April
6212:3873216
6112:3873219
5901:Bibcode
5876:21 July
5856:3061004
5766:Bibcode
5715:Bibcode
5649:Ecology
5308:Bibcode
4983:4 March
4883:3802102
4829:3872608
4341:21 June
4200:3872892
3701:29 June
3544:Bibcode
3477:1375959
3440:2 April
3155:9902616
3048:3597504
3025:Bibcode
2908:Bibcode
2900:Geobios
2829:6315469
2716:Bibcode
2632:bioRxiv
2506:Wildpro
2485:1375959
2258:Bibcode
2106:Wyoming
1996:COSEWIC
1984:Alberta
1865:campers
1688:in the
1686:Wyoming
1616:Coyotes
1518:big cat
1510:Cougars
1448:legumes
1385:. Dead
1371:caribou
1319:marmots
1285:berries
1268:rodents
1218:protein
1182:caribou
1128:Ecology
1074:coastal
1020:Biology
942:In the
922:Montana
895:Montana
844:Nunavut
840:Alberta
824:Wyoming
820:Montana
776:Alaskan
644:), and
612:), the
518:Eurasia
471:grizzly
467:grisley
427:Siberia
382:†) and
358:), the
335:of the
327:, is a
325:grizzly
226:, 1758)
166:Genus:
160:Ursidae
146:Order:
136:Class:
81: (
47:Present
8596:350099
8583:195551
8570:116960
8544:202385
8531:122680
8518:125461
8489:FEIS:
8482:URSUAH
8453:ECOS:
8056:arctos
7948:
7938:
7894:
7875:
7816:
7785:
7731:
7705:
7613:
7605:
7409:
7375:
7303:
7050:6 July
6906:
6885:
6621:6 July
6577:4 July
6504:6 July
6482:6 July
6408:
6210:
6110:
6075:
6036:
5983:
5854:
5784:
5741:
5733:
5628:
5546:
5485:10 May
5463:
5443:Arctic
5380:
5353:
5264:
5181:
5104:
4881:
4827:
4612:
4406:6 July
4364:
4198:
4136:
3989:6 July
3953:6 July
3724:24 May
3657:26 May
3610:
3592:Arctic
3564:
3500:26 May
3475:
3212:
3162:
3152:
3055:
3045:
2883:
2875:
2836:
2826:
2746:
2736:
2687:
2677:
2634:
2552:
2519:6 July
2483:
2439:
2408:
2320:
2300:Arctic
2276:
2021:, and
1972:listed
1882:(1160
1876:hiking
1708:, and
1706:ravens
1587:hybrid
1546:Canada
1522:jaguar
1477:Wolves
1375:muskox
1329:, and
1264:tubers
1212:, and
1206:salmon
1159:Alaska
1010:Mexico
987:Fresno
907:salmon
903:Alaska
867:Quebec
855:tundra
822:, and
804:Canada
800:Alaska
792:Mexico
475:grisly
437:, and
421:, and
413:, the
409:, the
8492:urarh
8446:5LPWV
8048:Ursus
7814:S2CID
7714:(PDF)
7703:S2CID
7683:(PDF)
7678:Ursus
7622:(PDF)
7611:S2CID
7573:(PDF)
7418:(PDF)
7407:JSTOR
7399:Ursus
7395:(PDF)
7373:S2CID
7357:Ursus
7230:(PDF)
7223:(PDF)
7155:(PDF)
7148:(PDF)
6942:(PDF)
6456:. CNN
6406:JSTOR
6398:Ursus
6356:(PDF)
6349:(PDF)
6266:(PDF)
6259:(PDF)
6208:JSTOR
6200:Ursus
6108:JSTOR
6100:Ursus
6096:(PDF)
5994:(PDF)
5969:(PDF)
5943:: 1.
5852:JSTOR
5807:(PDF)
5782:S2CID
5739:S2CID
5626:S2CID
5606:(PDF)
5544:S2CID
5505:(PDF)
5351:S2CID
5335:Ursus
5102:S2CID
5086:Ursus
4879:JSTOR
4836:(PDF)
4825:JSTOR
4805:(PDF)
4676:(PDF)
4665:Ursus
4661:(PDF)
4271:(PDF)
4207:(PDF)
4196:JSTOR
4176:(PDF)
4126:(PDF)
3925:(PDF)
3914:Ursus
3910:(PDF)
3676:(PDF)
3619:(PDF)
3608:S2CID
3588:(PDF)
3494:(PDF)
3473:JSTOR
3408:(PDF)
3401:(PDF)
3241:(PDF)
3234:(PDF)
3186:(PDF)
2881:S2CID
2806:Genes
2798:ssp.
2763:Ursus
2739:34293
2680:26490
2607:5 May
2540:[
2513:(PDF)
2502:(PDF)
2481:JSTOR
2368:(PDF)
2345:(PDF)
2184:chief
1710:foxes
1702:gulls
1387:seals
1355:moose
1351:bison
1331:voles
1279:with
1277:clams
1226:birds
1210:trout
1198:bison
1174:moose
930:Idaho
816:Idaho
767:Range
526:MIS-5
504:mtDNA
443:Japan
431:China
171:Ursus
8565:NCBI
8539:ITIS
8500:GBIF
8477:EPPO
8456:7642
7946:PMID
7892:ISBN
7873:ISBN
7783:ISBN
7770:link
7729:ISBN
7648:2006
7630:2011
7603:PMID
7546:2022
7518:2022
7481:2015
7456:2015
7426:2013
7301:ISBN
7282:2009
7238:2009
7205:2008
7163:2008
7130:2008
7104:2019
7078:2019
7052:2017
7004:2015
6904:ISBN
6883:ISBN
6865:2023
6839:2023
6813:2008
6787:2009
6766:2008
6718:2012
6692:2012
6623:2013
6601:2013
6579:2013
6553:2013
6532:2012
6506:2013
6484:2013
6462:2013
6364:2020
6331:2021
6305:2015
6274:2009
6143:2011
6073:ISBN
6034:ISBN
5981:ISBN
5878:2010
5818:2009
5731:PMID
5487:2011
5461:ISSN
5410:2023
5378:ISBN
5282:link
5262:ISBN
5237:2016
5211:2016
5179:ISBN
5071:2013
5042:2010
5011:2011
4985:2010
4955:2008
4844:2013
4787:2013
4747:2012
4725:2013
4684:2013
4643:2007
4610:ISBN
4592:2013
4537:2013
4448:2013
4408:2013
4362:ISBN
4343:2021
4296:2022
4241:2013
4215:2013
4134:ISBN
4077:2009
3991:2013
3955:2013
3933:2013
3892:2013
3870:2014
3811:2010
3785:2022
3760:link
3726:2022
3703:2021
3659:2016
3562:PMID
3502:2016
3442:2021
3416:2009
3370:2015
3335:2012
3301:2011
3249:2023
3210:PMID
3160:PMID
3105:2024
3053:PMID
2873:ISSN
2834:PMID
2765:)".
2744:PMID
2708:PNAS
2685:PMID
2609:2011
2581:2016
2550:ISBN
2521:2017
2450:2014
2437:ISBN
2406:ISBN
2318:ISSN
2274:PMID
2017:and
1990:and
1978:and
1860:For
1769:and
1389:and
1353:and
1283:and
1230:deer
1214:bass
1133:Diet
830:and
685:Size
532:and
461:and
393:The
309:The
8552:MSW
8526:ISC
8464:EoL
8441:CoL
7936:PMC
7928:doi
7924:272
7843:doi
7831:106
7806:doi
7752:doi
7695:doi
7595:doi
7365:doi
7338:doi
7326:121
5945:doi
5909:doi
5844:doi
5774:doi
5723:doi
5711:121
5684:doi
5657:doi
5618:doi
5579:doi
5575:118
5536:doi
5532:140
5451:doi
5343:doi
5316:doi
5094:doi
4906:doi
4871:doi
4817:doi
4335:XIV
4188:doi
3600:doi
3552:doi
3465:doi
3206:PMC
3198:doi
3194:290
3150:PMC
3140:hdl
3132:doi
3043:PMC
3033:doi
2964:doi
2916:doi
2865:doi
2824:PMC
2814:doi
2775:doi
2734:PMC
2724:doi
2675:PMC
2665:doi
2473:doi
2357:MD.
2308:doi
2266:doi
2104:in
2078:DNA
1884:psi
1698:roe
1684:in
1491:elk
1291:in
1178:elk
1000:'s
652:).
636:),
628:),
620:),
604:),
596:),
441:in
425:in
331:or
8615::
8593::
8580::
8567::
8554::
8541::
8528::
8515::
8502::
8479::
8466::
8443::
8428::
8413::
7944:.
7934:.
7922:.
7918:.
7841:.
7829:.
7812:.
7802:16
7800:.
7766:}}
7762:{{
7748:12
7746:.
7701:.
7691:69
7689:.
7685:.
7680:)"
7639:.
7609:,
7601:,
7593:,
7583:15
7581:,
7575:,
7537:.
7526:^
7509:.
7489:^
7472:.
7442:.
7401:.
7397:.
7371:.
7361:19
7359:.
7336:.
7324:.
7254:.
7191:.
7095:.
7069:.
7038:.
7026:^
6990:.
6975:^
6963:.
6944:.
6923:.
6856:.
6830:.
6752:.
6402:14
6400:.
6381:.
6322:.
6291:.
6244:^
6204:13
6202:.
6190:^
6129:.
6104:13
6102:.
6098:.
6071:,
6067:,
6055:;
6014:,
6002:^
5975:,
5941:28
5939:.
5933:.
5921:^
5907:.
5897:10
5895:.
5850:.
5840:11
5838:.
5826:^
5809:.
5794:^
5780:.
5772:.
5760:.
5737:.
5729:.
5721:.
5709:.
5680:87
5678:.
5653:79
5651:.
5647:.
5624:.
5614:35
5612:.
5608:.
5593:^
5573:.
5569:.
5542:.
5530:.
5513:24
5511:.
5507:.
5459:.
5447:70
5445:.
5441:.
5376:.
5372:.
5349:.
5339:16
5337:.
5314:.
5304:29
5302:.
5290:^
5278:}}
5274:{{
5260:.
5258:94
5228:.
5177:.
5173:.
5122:.
5100:.
5090:15
5088:.
5050:^
5028:.
4971:.
4946:.
4927:.
4902:66
4900:.
4877:.
4867:61
4865:.
4861:.
4823:.
4811:.
4807:.
4669:13
4667:.
4663:.
4629:.
4520:^
4478:.
4333:.
4329:.
4304:^
4287:.
4194:.
4182:.
4178:.
4156:.
4128:.
4097:.
4093:.
4063:.
4051:^
4037:.
4026:^
3918:10
3916:.
3912:.
3828:.
3776:.
3756:}}
3752:{{
3742:.
3693:.
3636:.
3606:.
3596:60
3594:.
3590:.
3560:.
3550:.
3540:18
3538:.
3534:.
3471:.
3461:35
3459:.
3433:.
3378:^
3356:.
3343:^
3321:.
3319:)"
3287:.
3265:.
3222:^
3204:.
3192:.
3188:.
3183:)"
3158:.
3148:.
3138:.
3126:.
3122:.
3096:.
3051:.
3041:.
3031:.
3019:.
3015:.
2960:41
2958:.
2914:.
2904:51
2902:.
2879:.
2871:.
2861:38
2859:.
2855:.
2832:.
2822:.
2808:.
2804:.
2771:69
2769:.
2742:.
2732:.
2722:.
2712:97
2710:.
2706:.
2683:.
2673:.
2661:97
2659:.
2655:.
2617:^
2600:.
2583:.
2504:.
2479:.
2469:35
2467:.
2431:.
2400::
2398:CA
2396:,
2392:.
2376:^
2359::
2355:,
2351:.
2330:^
2316:.
2302:.
2298:.
2286:^
2272:.
2264:.
2254:15
2252:.
2248:.
2232:^
2034:BC
2013:,
1986:,
1914:,
1871:.
1704:,
1627:.
1544:,
1325:,
1321:,
1270:,
1262:,
1236:.
1208:,
1196:,
1192:,
1188:,
1184:,
1180:,
1176:,
1157:,
1012:,
954:.
893:,
850:.
838:,
818:,
814:,
697:,
676:.
556:.
433:,
417:,
405:,
343:.
45:–
8344:)
8338:â€
8334:)
8305:)
8296:)
8288:)
8266:)
8260:â€
8256:)
8250:â€
8243:)
8209:)
8200:)
8180:)
8171:)
8162:)
8153:)
8144:)
8135:)
8126:)
8107:)
8090:)
8084:â€
8080:)
8074:â€
7993:e
7986:t
7979:v
7952:.
7930::
7900:.
7881:.
7849:.
7845::
7837::
7820:.
7808::
7791:.
7772:)
7754::
7737:.
7697::
7650:.
7597::
7589::
7548:.
7520:.
7483:.
7458:.
7428:.
7403:8
7379:.
7367::
7344:.
7340::
7332::
7309:.
7284:.
7258:.
7240:.
7207:.
7165:.
7132:.
7106:.
7080:.
7054:.
7006:.
6969:.
6948:.
6910:.
6889:.
6867:.
6841:.
6815:.
6789:.
6768:.
6720:.
6694:.
6625:.
6603:.
6581:.
6555:.
6534:.
6508:.
6486:.
6464:.
6412:.
6385:.
6366:.
6333:.
6307:.
6276:.
6214:.
6145:.
6114:.
5953:.
5947::
5915:.
5911::
5903::
5880:.
5858:.
5846::
5820:.
5788:.
5776::
5768::
5762:9
5745:.
5725::
5717::
5690:.
5686::
5663:.
5659::
5632:.
5620::
5587:.
5581::
5550:.
5538::
5489:.
5467:.
5453::
5426:.
5412:.
5386:.
5357:.
5345::
5322:.
5318::
5310::
5284:)
5270:.
5239:.
5213:.
5187:.
5108:.
5096::
5073:.
5044:.
5013:.
4987:.
4957:.
4931:.
4912:.
4908::
4885:.
4873::
4846:.
4819::
4813:7
4789:.
4749:.
4727:.
4686:.
4645:.
4616:.
4594:.
4539:.
4450:.
4410:.
4370:.
4345:.
4311:"
4298:.
4243:.
4233:"
4217:.
4190::
4184:4
4142:.
4079:.
3993:.
3957:.
3935:.
3894:.
3872:.
3832:.
3813:.
3787:.
3762:)
3728:.
3705:.
3661:.
3640:.
3602::
3568:.
3554::
3546::
3504:.
3479:.
3467::
3444:.
3418:.
3372:.
3337:.
3303:.
3251:.
3216:.
3200::
3166:.
3142::
3134::
3128:6
3107:.
3094:"
3090:"
3059:.
3035::
3027::
3021:9
2984:.
2970:.
2966::
2937:.
2922:.
2918::
2910::
2887:.
2867::
2840:.
2816::
2810:9
2802:"
2781:.
2777::
2750:.
2726::
2718::
2691:.
2667::
2640:.
2611:.
2558:.
2523:.
2487:.
2475::
2452:.
2414:.
2324:.
2310::
2304:6
2280:.
2268::
2260::
2226:.
1673:(
865:-
648:(
640:(
632:(
624:(
616:(
608:(
600:(
592:(
397:(
378:(
370:(
362:(
354:(
313:(
273:â€
244:â€
222:(
85:)
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.