Kodiak bear - Knowledge

976:, had over 1,100 people come in 2007. Visitor numbers have been increasing at about 10% annually and development of additional bear viewing areas on Kodiak is planned. Also, other bear viewing opportunities exist through air-taxi, charter boat, remote lodge, and trekking operations on the archipelago. Although bear-viewing is often considered a "nonconsumptive" use, it can have serious impacts on bear populations if it is not conducted properly. Most viewing occurs at places where bears congregate because of feeding opportunities that are critical to their survival. If some bears avoid these areas because people are there, those bears may not get the fat and protein they need to make it through the upcoming winter. Consequently, unmanaged bear viewing could affect several bears, especially productive sows with cubs. Often, bear-viewing and bear-hunting are considered incompatible. Even if the bear population is healthy and bear hunting is sustainable, ethical questions arise especially if hunting occurs near viewing areas and either during or soon after the viewing season. Many feel that it is not fair to encourage bears to be close to people during the summer, only to allow them to be shot in the fall. The Kodiak bear plan recognized bear hunting as a legitimate, traditional, and biologically justifiable activity. It recommended that agencies find ways to make bear hunting and bear viewing compatible on the archipelago. 944:

different areas during two seasons (spring: April 1 – May 15, and fall: October 25 – November 30). Each year, about 4,500 people apply for the 496 permits offered for Kodiak bear hunts (two-thirds to Alaska residents, one-third to non-residents). Nonresidents are required to hire a registered guide who is authorized to hunt in a particular area, and this can cost from $ 10,000 to $ 22,000. All hunters must come into the Alaska Department of Fish and Game office in Kodiak before going into the field for a brief orientation and must check out before they leave the island. Every bear that is legally killed on the archipelago must be inspected by an ADF&G wildlife biologist before it can be taken from the islands. Pelts receive a stamp from an ADF&G officer if the hunter and guide provide proper documentation to prove licensing. Pelts cannot be transported or legally preserved or sold without the official stamp. Hunting laws are strictly enforced by the ADF&G officers who often have the full support of the local community. Illegal hunting and fishing is frowned upon by the community which maintains a healthy respect for the island's environmental laws, as well. Stiff penalties accompany illegal hunting and fishing. The island's remote location makes trafficking in illegal pelts difficult for would-be poachers.

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Mating season for Kodiak bears is during May and June. They are serially monogamous (having one partner at a time), staying together from two days to two weeks. As soon as the egg is fertilized and divides a few times, it enters a state of suspended animation until autumn when it finally implants on the uterine wall and begins to grow again. Cubs are born in the den during January or February. Weighing less than 450 g (1 lb) at birth with little hair and closed eyes, they suckle for several months, emerging from the den in May or June, weighing 6.8–9.1 kilograms (15–20 pounds). Typical litter sizes on Kodiak are two or three cubs, with a long-term average of 2.4 cubs per litter. However, Kodiak bears have six functional nipples and can litter up to six cubs have been reported. Sows are sometimes seen with five or six cubs in tow, probably due to adopting cubs from other litters. Most cubs stay with their mothers for three years. Almost half of the cubs die before they leave, with

509:, commonly reaching sizes of 300 to 600 kg (660 to 1,320 lb). The size range for females (sows) is from 181 to 318 kg (399 to 701 lb), and for males (boars), it is 272 to 635 kg (600 to 1,400 lb). Mature males average 477–534 kg (1,052–1,177 lb) over the course of the year, and can weigh up to 680 kg (1,500 lb) at peak times. Females are typically about 20% smaller and 30% lighter than males, and adult sizes are attained when they are six years old. Bears weigh the least when they emerge from their dens in the spring, and can increase their weight by 20–30% during late summer and fall. As with other animals, 836:

the new regulations seemed to restore bear populations on the Kodiak Islands. By the 1930s, ranchers in northeast Kodiak reported an increase in bear problems and demanded action. Bears were wrongly seen as a threat to the expanding commercial salmon-fishing industry. To address the dilemma of conserving bears while protecting cattle, salmon, and people, President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge by executive order in 1941. The 7,700 km (1,900,000 acres) refuge roughly encompasses the southwestern two-thirds of Kodiak Island, Uganik Island, the Red Peaks area on northwestern Afognak Island, and all of Ban Island.

642:(active at night) lifestyle. This behavior is especially evident in the bears that live near and within Kodiak City. Kodiak bears do not defend territories, but they do have traditional areas that they use each year (home ranges). Because of the rich variety of foods available on Kodiak, the bears on the archipelago have some of the smallest home ranges of any brown bear populations in North America and a great deal of overlap occurs among the ranges of individual bears. Home ranges of adult sows on Kodiak Island average 130 km (50 sq mi), while boar home ranges average 250 km (97 sq mi). 715: 785:

hunter being killed by the bear, and occurred on Uganik Island (November 3, 1999), which is part of the Kodiak archipelago. In the other incident, after being attacked by the bear, the hunter stabbed it with a knife, then recovered their rifle and killed the attacking bear. This occurred on Raspberry Island, home to two full-service wilderness lodges. Prior to that, the last fatality was in 1921. About once every other year, a bear injures a person on Kodiak. In October 2021, a father and son hunting duo survived an attack from a Kodiak bear during an elk registration hunt on Afognak Island.

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impacts of the oil spill and the subsequent cleanup and settlement proved to be beneficial to bears on Kodiak. Bear-safety training exposed thousands of workers to factual information about bears, and money from the settlement fund was used for funding land acquisitions. By the close of the 20th century, over 80% of the refuge lands that had been lost as a result of ANCSA and ANILCA were reinstated into the refuge, either through direct purchase or utilizing conservation easements. Lands were also purchased in America, Westtown, and

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grass/sedge flats, berry patches, a dead whale, or even an open garbage dump, they often occur in large groups. Along a few streams on Kodiak, up to 60 bears can be seen simultaneously in a 2.6 km (1.0 sq mi) area. To maximize food intake at these ecologically important areas, bears have learned to minimize fighting and fatal interactions by developing a complex communication (both verbal and body posturing) and social structure.

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Archipelago Bear Conservation and Management Plan was crafted over several months by representatives from 12 diverse user groups, which, after hearing from a variety of experts from agencies and receiving extensive public input, developed more than 270 recommendations for managing and conserving Kodiak bears. Despite the diversity of viewpoints expressed by members of the group, all of the recommendations were by consensus.

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additional nine bears were reported killed annually in defense of life or property during the same time. The number of large, trophy-sized bears (total skull size at least 70 cm ) killed by hunters in recent years has been increasing. In the 1970s, only 2.5% of the bears killed on Kodiak were trophy-sized; in the 1990s and 2000s, the proportion increased to almost 9%.

748:, or cattle, internal organs are eaten first for their high-fat content, however even though there is an abundance of the animals found on the archipelago, few Kodiak bears actively prey on them as other methods of finding food are more energy efficient. Another food source available year-round is the garbage made by the human population of Kodiak Island. 651:

longer denning periods than bears in the southern areas. Most Kodiak bears dig their dens in hill or mountain sides and they use a wide variety of denning habitats depending on which part of the archipelago they live. Almost a quarter of the adult bears forgo denning, staying somewhat active throughout the winter.

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not compatible on the same ranges and potential solutions included poisons, fences to isolate cattle ranges, and aerial shooting of bears. Again, sport hunters voiced their support for Kodiak bears. Despite public pressure, the state continued actively pursuing and dispatching problem bears until 1970.

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In 2001, a citizens advisory committee was established to work closely with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G), with the cooperation of Kodiak NWR, to develop a management plan addressing several problems that affect bears, including hunting, habitat, and viewing. The resulting Kodiak

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and Raspberry Islands and on the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, but liberalized bear seasons on nonrefuge lands on Kodiak. During the 1960s, state biologists worked with ranchers along the Kodiak road system to examine and reduce the predation problem. Biologists reported that cattle and bears were

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return. Salmon runs extend from May through September on most of the archipelago and bears consume the five species of Pacific salmon that spawn in local streams and lakes. Bears often prioritize the brain, flesh, and eggs of salmon for their high nutritional value. In the late summer and early fall,

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Kodiak bears that have recently left their mothers, at ages 3–5 years, have high mortality rates with only 56% of males and 89% of females surviving. Most young female bears stay within or near their mother's home range, while most males move farther away. Most adult sows die of natural causes (56%),

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Kodiak bears have interacted with humans for centuries, especially hunters and other people in the rural coastal regions of the archipelago. The bears are hunted for sport and are encountered by hunters pursuing other species. Less frequently, Kodiak bears are killed by people whose property (such as

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Kodiak bear research and habitat protection is done cooperatively by the ADF&G and Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge. Bear hunting is managed by the ADF&G, and hunting regulations are established by the Alaska Board of Game. Currently, a finely tuned management system distributes hunters in 32

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The underlying themes of the recommendations were continued conservation of the bear population at its current level, increased education programs to teach people how to live with bears on Kodiak, and protection of bear habitat with allowances for continued human use of the archipelago. Although the

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and transferred into state ownership. The Kodiak Brown Bear Trust coordinated a coalition of sportsmen and other wildlife conservation groups from around the nation to lobby for the use of settlement funds to acquire Kodiak lands. The groups also directly contributed funding to protect small parcels

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drainage. The hydro project was the first significant invasion of inland bear habitat on Kodiak Island. To address the opposition encountered from the public and agencies, a mitigation settlement was negotiated in 1981 which included brown bear research and the establishment of the Kodiak Brown Bear

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Professional interest in guided Kodiak bear hunts and concern for unregulated resource use in frontier lands such as Alaska prompted the territorial government's newly established Alaska Game Commission to abolish commercial bear hunting (selling the hides) on the archipelago in 1925. The impacts of

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looked to the sea for their sustenance. At that time, Kodiak Natives (Alutiiqs) occasionally hunted bears, using their meat for food, hides for clothing and bedding, and teeth for adornment. Traditional stories often revolved around the similarity between bears and humans, and the mystical nature of

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filmed a television program about brown bears, which included a segment on two brown bear attacks. Both incidents involved hunters who were hunting by themselves and were returning to game they had killed previously, and left alone in order to continue hunting. One of the attacks was fatal, with the

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Usually, Kodiak bears attempt to avoid encounters with people. The most notable exceptions to this behavior pattern occur when bears are surprised, threatened, or attracted by human food, garbage, or hunter-killed game. However, there has been an increase in Kodiak encounters due to increases in the

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on the northern islands, to steep, glaciated mountains rising to Koniag Peak's 1,360 m (4,470 ft) along the central spine of Kodiak Island, to rolling hills and flat tundra on the south end of the archipelago. About 14,000 people live on the archipelago, primarily in and around the city of

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In 1971, the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) resolved many long-standing land issues with Aboriginal Alaskans statewide. The impacts were felt strongly on the archipelago as large areas were conveyed to the Native corporations. Federal management of the National Forest lands on Afognak

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pelts. The number of bears harvested increased substantially when sea otter populations declined and after the United States acquired Alaska in 1867, bear harvests on Kodiak increased, peaking at as many as 250 bears per year. Commercial fishing activities increased in the late 1880s and canneries

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Kodiak bears reach sexual maturity at age five, but most sows are over nine years old when they successfully wean their first litter. The average time between litters is four years. Sows continue to produce cubs throughout their lives, but their productivity diminishes after they are 20 years old.

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Kodiak bears begin entering their dens in late October. Pregnant sows are usually the first to go to dens; males are the last. Males begin emerging from their dens in early April, while sows with new cubs may stay in dens until late June. Bears living on the north end of Kodiak Island tend to have

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male weighed 751 kg (1,656 lb), and had a hind foot measurement of 46 cm (18 in). A large male Kodiak bear stands up to 1.5 m (4.9 ft) tall at the shoulder when it is standing on all four legs. When standing fully upright on its hind legs, a large male could reach a

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Since statehood, the reported number of Kodiak bears killed by hunters has ranged from 77 (1968–1969) to 206 (1965–1966). From 2000 to 2006, an average of 173 Kodiak bears were killed by hunters each year (118 during the fall season and 55 in the spring season). Over 75% of those were males. An

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in 1989, although some were displaced from traditional feeding and traveling areas by cleanup crews. No one was injured by a bear, and no Kodiak bears were killed. To mitigate the adverse impacts of the spill, Exxon reached a settlement with the state and federal governments. Paradoxically, the

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Bears live throughout the archipelago, adapting to local resources and retaining relatively small home ranges and comparable densities in most habitats. With such a variety and abundance of food sources, bears are surprisingly intelligent in their eating habits. The first foods bears eat in the

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Hair colors range from pale blonde to orange (typically females or bears from southern parts of the archipelago) to dark brown. Cubs will often retain a white "natal ring" around their neck for the first few years of life. The Kodiak bear's color is similar to that of its close relatives, the

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The Kodiak bear is much like other brown bears in intelligence, although its tendency to feed in large dense groups leads to more complex social behaviors. Kodiak bears are generally solitary in nature; however, when food is concentrated in small areas, such as along salmon spawning streams,

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Trust. The hydroelectric project was completed in 1985. Human alteration of bear habitat on Kodiak and Afognak Islands spurred renewed interest and funding for bear research on the archipelago, resulting in a surge of baseline and applied bear research on Kodiak through the 1980s and 1990s.

533:. Nicknamed "Clyde", he weighed 966 kg (2,130 lb) when he died in June 1987 at the age of 22. According to zoo director Terry Lincoln, Clyde probably weighed close to 1,089 kg (2,400 lb) a year earlier. He still had a fat layer of 9 in (23 cm) when he died.. 823:

proliferated throughout the archipelago. Bears were viewed as competitors for the salmon resource and were routinely shot when seen on streams or coasts. At the same time, sportsmen and scientists had recognized the Kodiak bear as the largest in the world, and they voiced concerns about

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with cool temperatures, overcast skies, fog, windy conditions, and moderate to heavy precipitation throughout most of the year. Although the archipelago only covers about 13,000 km (5,000 sq mi), a rich variety of topography and vegetation ranges from dense forests of

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was transferred to Native Corporation ownership with the passage of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act in 1980 (ANILCA), and the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge lost control of 130,000 hectares (310,000 acres) of prime bear habitat (more than 17% of refuge lands).

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spring are emerging vegetation (such as grasses and forbs) and animals that may have died during the winter. This allows the bear to quickly replace the weight that was lost during hibernation. As summer progresses, a wide variety of vegetation supplies nutritional needs until

626:, and adjacent islands). The Kodiak bear population was estimated to include 3,526 bears in 2005, yielding an estimated archipelago-wide population density of 270 bears per 1000 km (700 per 1000 sq. mi). During the past decade, the population has been slowly increasing. 571:— "cheek bones"). The total skull size is the sum of these two measurements. The largest bear ever killed in North America was from Kodiak Island, with a total skull size of 78.1 cm (30.7 in), and eight of the top 10 brown bears listed in the 391:), with the main difference being size, as Kodiak bears are on average 1.5 to 2 times larger than their cousins. Despite this large variation in size, the diet and lifestyle of the Kodiak bear do not differ greatly from those of other brown bears. 735:

to ripen earlier, berry season is now overlapping with salmon season and some bears are abandoning salmon runs to focus on the berries. Bears also feed on wind-rowed seaweed and invertebrates on some beaches throughout the year. When eating

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local population as well as increased hunting of Kodiak bears. Bear safety precautions aim at avoiding such situations, understanding bear needs and behavior, and learning how to recognize the warning signs bears give when stressed.

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record book are from Kodiak. The average skull size of Kodiak bears that were killed by hunters in the first five years of the 21st century was 63.8 cm (25.1 in) for boars, and 55.4 cm (21.8 in) for sows.

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on Kodiak Island. That project included an earthen dam on Terror Lake with Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge and a 10 km (6 mi) tunnel through a mountain ridge to a penstock and powerhouse in the

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Russian hunters came to the area in the late 18th century to capitalize on the abundant fur resources. Bear hides were considered a "minor fur" and sold for about the same price as river

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group's role is merely advisory, government management agencies expressed a commitment to implement all of the regulations that were feasible and within their legal jurisdictions.

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While there is generally much variation in size between brown bears in different areas, most usually weigh between 115 and 360 kg (254 and 794 lb); the Kodiak bear illustrates

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McLoughlin, P. D.; Ferguson, S. H.; Messier, F. (2000). "Intraspecific variation in home range overlap with habitat quality: a comparison among brown bear populations".

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does not list subspecies. The brown bear species, of which the Kodiak subspecies is a member, is listed as Lower Risk or Least Concern. The Kodiak is not listed as an

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An average adult male measures 244 cm (8 ft 0 in) in length, and stands 133 cm (4 ft 4 in) tall at the shoulder. The largest recorded

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In the past 20 years, bear viewing has become increasingly popular on Kodiak and other parts of Alaska. The most accessible bear-viewing location on Kodiak,

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Appearance. The polar bear is the largest member of the bear family, with the exception of the Alaska's Kodiak brown bears, which equal polar bears in size.

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Alaska achieved statehood in 1959 and assumed responsibility for managing the state's wildlife. The Alaska Board of Game reduced bear-hunting seasons on

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while most adult male bears are killed by hunters (91%). The oldest known male bear in the wild was 27 years old, and the oldest female was 35.

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bears consume several types of berries when they reach their ripest point, and have the highest levels of sugar. As climate change causes

552:. This makes Kodiak bears and polar bears both the two largest members of the bear family and the largest extant terrestrial carnivorans. 2948: 2108: 1734: 1953: 1153: 2810: 1527:

Buckner, E. L. and J. Reneau. 2005. Records of North American Big Game. Boone & Crockett Club; 12.00 edition (October 1, 2005).

1310: 456:). Genetic samples from bears on Kodiak have shown that they are most closely related to brown bears on the Alaska Peninsula and 2836: 1591: 932: 424: 856:

In 1975, construction of a logging road began on Afognak Island, and timber harvesting began in 1977. In 1979, work began on an

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For comparison, the record for the Californian grizzly and polar bears in the wilderness is about 998 kg (2,200 lb).

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exists within the population. Although the current population is healthy, productive, and has shown no overt adverse signs of

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Physiologically and physically, the Kodiak bear is very similar to the other brown bear subspecies, such as the mainland

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to a lesser extent, closely monitor the size and health of the population and the number of bears hunted in the state.

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Smith, R. B.; Van Daele, L. J. (1990). "Impacts of Hydroelectric Development on Brown Bears, Kodiak Island, Alaska".

2054: 1927: 1719:"Kodiak Archipelago Bear. Conservation and Management Plan. Part 2. Biology, History, and Management of Kodiak Bears" 104: 2913: 2867: 2335: 79: 1390: 703: 1246: 1180: 2109:"Kodiak Archipelago Bear Conservation and Management Plan. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, U.S." 1725: 1671:. Job completion report for Challenge Cost Share Project. Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, Kodiak, Alaska, U.S. 857: 1836: 2261: 34: 2849: 2635: 1498: 781: 585:, stood 3.4 metres (11 ft) tall on its hind legs and was the largest bear in captivity at the time. 55: 2046: 1512: 444:

was the first to recognize the Kodiak bear as a unique subspecies of the brown bear, and he named it "

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Talbot, S. L. J. R. Gust, G. K. Sage, A. Fischbach, K. Amstrup, W. Leacock, and L.Vav Daele. (2006).

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height of 3 m (9.8 ft). The largest verified size for a captive Kodiak bear was for a

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and the northeastern part of Kodiak Island. About half of the archipelago is included in the

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livestock) or person are threatened. In recent history there has been an increasing focus on

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and protection of the Kodiak bear population as human activity in its range increases. The

396: 306: 2134: 1551:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, Alaska, U.S. pp. 74–101. Archived from 8: 2673: 2539: 2443: 522: 486: 452:. Subsequent taxonomic work merged all North American brown bears into a single species ( 146: 1633: 659: 2923: 2313: 2087: 1817: 1724:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation. Archived from 1645: 1292: 1210: 1200:

Servheen, C.; Herrero, S.; Peyton, B.; Pelletier, K.; Moll, K.; Moll, J., eds. (1999),

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on the back of the skull to the front tooth), and the width (maximum width between the

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and six outlying villages. Roads and other human alterations are generally limited to

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Alaska Department of Fish and Game files, 211 Mission Road, Kodiak, Alaska 99615 U.S.

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One fatal bear attack on a person on the Kodiak archipelago occurred in 1999. The

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Kodiak bears can sometimes weigh considerably more than their wild counterparts.

2006:"Status of Alaska Sea Otter Populations and Developing Conflicts With Fisheries" 1394: 793: 2390: 2212: 1682: 996:(Bear), with the pronunciation varying between Northern and Southern dialects. 961: 896: 824: 699: 695: 581: 568: 564: 510: 253: 1641: 2897: 2760: 2442: 2005: 1865:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation. 2008 1776:"Climate change is luring Kodiak bears away from their iconic salmon streams" 1288: 1265:"Brown Bear-Human Interactions Associated with Deer Hunting on Kodiak Island" 1132:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation. 2008 1026: 879: 741: 619: 611: 603: 166: 161: 1592:"Population dynamics and management of brown bears on Kodiak Island, Alaska" 579:

Also, an individual named Teddy, which portrayed a killer bear in the movie

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Early human occupants of the archipelago when the land was locked into the

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Kodiak bears are the largest brown bear and are even comparable in size to

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The standard method of evaluating the size of bears is by measuring their

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Genetic tests demonstrate this population to have mixed brown bear and

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Genetic characterization of brown bears of the Kodiak Archipelago

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Brown bear management report of survey and inventory activities

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Egbert, Allan L.; Stokes, Allen W.; Egbert, Allen L. (1976).

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This brown bear population only occurs on the islands of the

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may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's

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Productivity of female brown bears on Kodiak Island, Alaska

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Alaska Department of Fish & Game. 2002. Archived from

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Kodiak Archipelago Bear Conservation and Management Plan

1517:(in Latin). Sumptibus C. Salfeld. pp. 138–39. 672:

by adult males being one of the major causes of death.

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bears because of their proximity to the spirit world.

2137:. IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature 911: 2183:"Hunting Kodiak bears — a question and answer guide" 1749: 1252:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game. February 2002. 448:" in honor of the celebrated Baltic naturalist, Dr. 407:, of which the Kodiak is a subspecies, as being of " 1419:. Enfield, Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives. 1081:

Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington

1795: 1487: 1412: 2201: 1510: 1203:Bears: status survey and conservation action plan 472:than other, more diverse brown bear populations. 2895: 1993:, the U.S.A.: Alaska Natural History Association 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1159:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife service. Archived from 468:, it may be more susceptible to new diseases or 2254: 1913: 1911: 1589: 1539: 1193: 895:Taxidermized bear in a sporting-goods store in 51:Largest subspecies of brown bears/grizzly bears 2159:. US Fish and Wildlife service. Archived from 1987:The History of Bears on the Kodiak Archipelago 1834: 1540:Van Daele, L.J. (1 July 2002 – 30 June 2004). 918:International Union for Conservation of Nature 883:of important bear habitat around the islands. 542:Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History 89:to make improvements to the overall structure. 2329: 1971: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1069: 1067: 684:The islands of the Kodiak Archipelago have a 1908: 1886:"Wounds, not cold, killed hunter exam finds" 1680: 1410: 1387:"Bear Facts Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge" 1381: 1379: 1121: 1076:"Preliminary Synopsis of the American Bears" 831:Guided hunters and competition for resources 654: 563:to measure the length of the skull (back of 2103: 2101: 1951: 1535: 1533: 1504: 1415:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats 1119: 1117: 1115: 1113: 1111: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1103: 1101: 771: 593: 15: 2336: 2322: 1883: 1656: 1570: 1064: 315: 155: 127: 16: 1984: 1702: 1667:Barnes, V.G. and Van Daele, L.J. (2006). 1462: 1376: 847: 788: 105:Learn how and when to remove this message 2475:East Siberian brown bear (provisionally 2098: 1530: 1098: 979: 964:takes guests from a wilderness lodge on 955: 890: 792: 755: 713: 658: 535: 496: 24:This is an accepted version of this page 2230: 2003: 1514:Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium 1406: 1404: 1073: 425:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 14: 2896: 2036: 1958:349th Air Mobility Wing Public Affairs 1839:. Camera Q Productions. Archived from 1262: 873:Bears were not directly harmed by the 813: 356:. It is one of the largest recognized 2736: 2735: 2636:Peninsular giant bear (provisionally 2466:Kamchatkan brown bear (provisionally 2317: 1917: 1837:"A guide to brown bear country (DVD)" 1745: 1743: 1542:"Unit 8 brown bear management report" 1468: 1340: 1148: 1146: 760:Two adult Alaskan Brown bears at the 2944:Endemic mammals of the United States 2493:Himalayan brown bear (provisionally 2127: 2024:"Kodiak Bear Archives - Page 2 of 4" 1401: 1241: 1239: 1237: 62: 2904:IUCN Red List least concern species 2674:Stickeen brown bear (provisionally 2540:Marsican brown bear (provisionally 2072:Bears: Their Biology and Management 2010:US Fish & Wildlife Publications 1802:Bears: Their Biology and Management 1324:"Kodiak Bears - Bears Of The World" 1269:Bears: Their Biology and Management 1051:"IUCN Brown Bear subspecies status" 762:Alaska Wildlife Conservation Center 48: 2949:Taxa named by Clinton Hart Merriam 2596:California grizzly bear (formerly 1740: 1601:. University of Idaho, Moscow, U.S 1143: 938: 912:Genetic diversity and endangerment 421:Alaska Department of Fish and Game 49: 2960: 2520:Tibetan blue bear (provisionally 2511:Syrian brown bear (provisionally 2502:Ussuri brown bear (provisionally 2281: 2243:. Native Village of Afognak. 2009 1954:"Ready Airman repels bear attack" 1234: 862:Terror Lake hydroelectric project 709: 2549:Cantabrian brown bear (formerly 2299: 2287: 1501:News, Published February 3, 2011 1357:. April 23, 1993. Archived from 324:Kodiak bear range within Alaska 180: 67: 2709: 2606:Mexican grizzly bear (formerly 2175: 2149: 2063: 2030: 2016: 1997: 1945: 1936: 1877: 1855: 1828: 1789: 1768: 1711: 1674: 1613: 1521: 1433: 1391:Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge 1154:"Polar bear, (Ursus maritimus)" 1015: 1006: 951: 704:Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge 588: 1884:Aho, Karen (6 November 1999). 1683:"Cub Adoption by Brown Bears, 1316: 1303: 1256: 1043: 933:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 858:environmental impact statement 634:Bears on Kodiak are naturally 483:mainland American Grizzly bear 430: 348:, inhabits the islands of the 13: 1: 2934:Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska 2004:Johnson, Ancel (1982-01-01). 1691:The Canadian Field-Naturalist 1036: 984:The bear is important to the 800: 629: 2909:Carnivorans of North America 2684:Ungava brown bear (formerly 1952:Penn, Brady (5 April 2022). 7: 2654:Sitka brown bear (formerly 1920:Kodiak Island and its bears 1687:, on Kodiak Island, Alaska" 1469:LaFee, Scott (2008-05-29). 782:National Geographic Society 751: 540:Kodiak bear's skull at the 435: 403:classifies the brown bear ( 56:Alaska Peninsula brown bear 10: 2965: 2047:University of Alaska Press 1750:dfg.webmaster@alaska.gov. 1511:Illiger, J. K. W. (1811). 1263:Barnes, Victor G. (1994). 968:for a day of bear viewing. 679: 645: 53: 2939:Mammals described in 1896 2776:Ursus arctos middendorffi 2746:Ursus arctos middendorffi 2744: 2704: 2666: 2618: 2569: 2532: 2484:Gobi bear (provisionally 2458: 2409: 2355: 2307:Ursus arctos middendorffi 1985:Van Daele, L. J. (2003), 1685:Ursus arctos middendorffi 1074:Merriam, C. Hart (1896). 655:Reproduction and survival 501:Adult in a zoo in Germany 337:Ursus arctos middendorffi 323: 314: 300:Ursus arctos middendorffi 296: 289: 177:Scientific classification 175: 153: 144: 135: 126: 121: 1918:Dodge, Harry B. (2004). 1863:"Alaska's bears webpage" 1590:Van Daele, L.J. (2007). 1127:"Kodiak Bear Fact Sheet" 999: 772:Interactions with people 686:subpolar oceanic climate 594:Distribution and density 475: 423:however, along with the 31:latest accepted revision 2914:Endemic fauna of Alaska 2039:Into brown bear country 1835:Quinth, Stefan (2006). 1642:10.1023/A:1011019031766 1495:Biggest Bear Ever Found 1493:Dell'Amore, C. (2011): 1475:San Diego Union Tribune 1328:www.bearsoftheworld.net 960:A float plane based in 492: 385:California grizzly bear 381:Ursus arctos horribilis 282:U. a. middendorffi 2645:Kodiak bear (formerly 2215:. 2017. Archived from 969: 929:Endangered Species Act 900: 875:Exxon Valdez oil spill 848:Changes in land status 797: 789:History and management 764: 722: 664: 545: 531:Bismarck, North Dakota 502: 450:A. Th. von Middendorff 2628:brown bear (formerly 2266:. Alutiiqlanguage.org 2189:on September 23, 2006 2115:on September 22, 2006 1681:Barnes, V.G. (1993). 1599:Doctoral dissertation 1547:. In C. Brown (ed.). 1411:Wood, Gerald (1983). 980:Cultural significance 959: 894: 796: 759: 717: 663:Mother bear with cubs 662: 636:active during the day 539: 500: 360:or population of the 340:), also known as the 138:Kodiak Island, Alaska 2296:at Wikimedia Commons 1890:Anchorage Daily News 1843:on February 10, 2009 1622:Evolutionary Ecology 1348:"Mammalian Species: 1093:sp. nov. Kadiak Bear 487:Eurasian brown bears 2444:Eurasian brown bear 2430:Steppe brown bear ( 2037:Troyer, W. (2005). 1756:www.adfg.alaska.gov 1731:on October 5, 2006. 1634:2000EvEco..14...39M 1499:National Geographic 814:Commercial harvests 147:Conservation status 87:editing the article 21:Page version status 2676:U. a. stikeenensis 2647:U. a. middendorffi 2598:U. a. californicus 2163:on 19 October 2011 1735:all plan documents 1397:on April 15, 2012. 1211:Gland, Switzerland 1186:2015-02-17 at the 1091:Ursus middendorffi 970: 925:endangered species 901: 798: 765: 723: 665: 600:Kodiak Archipelago 573:Boone and Crockett 546: 525:that lived at the 503: 446:Ursus middendorffi 389:U. a. californicus 383:) and the extinct 350:Kodiak Archipelago 346:Alaskan brown bear 27: 2891: 2890: 2738:Taxon identifiers 2729: 2728: 2700: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2565: 2564: 2561: 2560: 2495:U. a. isabellinus 2468:U. a. beringianus 2292:Media related to 2043:Fairbanks, Alaska 1991:Anchorage, Alaska 1426:978-0-85112-235-9 462:genetic diversity 342:Kodiak brown bear 328: 327: 170: 115: 114: 107: 80:layout guidelines 39:10 September 2024 18: 2956: 2884: 2883: 2871: 2870: 2858: 2857: 2845: 2844: 2832: 2831: 2819: 2818: 2806: 2805: 2793: 2792: 2780: 2779: 2778: 2765: 2764: 2763: 2733: 2732: 2720: 2713: 2686:U. a. ungavaesis 2616: 2615: 2585:U. a. horribilis 2576: 2575: 2551:U. a. pyrenaicus 2542:U. a. marsicanus 2456: 2455: 2440: 2439: 2338: 2331: 2324: 2315: 2314: 2304:Data related to 2303: 2291: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2271: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2248: 2242: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2224: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2105: 2096: 2095: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2034: 2028: 2027: 2026:. 11 March 2018. 2020: 2014: 2013: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1982: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1949: 1943: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1915: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1896:on July 23, 2011 1892:. Archived from 1881: 1875: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1763: 1762: 1747: 1738: 1732: 1730: 1723: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1704:10.5962/p.357155 1678: 1672: 1665: 1654: 1653: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1596: 1587: 1568: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1557: 1546: 1537: 1528: 1525: 1519: 1518: 1508: 1502: 1491: 1485: 1484: 1482: 1481: 1471:"Seeds of doubt" 1466: 1460: 1459: 1457: 1456: 1447:. Archived from 1437: 1431: 1430: 1418: 1408: 1399: 1398: 1393:. Archived from 1383: 1374: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1364:on March 4, 2016 1363: 1356: 1344: 1338: 1337: 1335: 1334: 1320: 1314: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1260: 1254: 1253: 1251: 1243: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1223: 1217:, archived from 1209:, vol. 44, 1208: 1197: 1191: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1165: 1158: 1150: 1141: 1140: 1138: 1137: 1131: 1123: 1096: 1095: 1071: 1062: 1061: 1059: 1057: 1047: 1030: 1019: 1013: 1010: 966:Raspberry Island 827:the population. 569:zygomatic arches 507:island gigantism 344:, sometimes the 319: 302: 185: 184: 164: 159: 158: 131: 119: 118: 110: 103: 99: 96: 90: 71: 70: 63: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2954: 2953: 2919:Fauna of Alaska 2894: 2893: 2892: 2887: 2879: 2876:Observation.org 2874: 2866: 2861: 2853: 2848: 2840: 2835: 2827: 2822: 2814: 2809: 2801: 2796: 2788: 2783: 2774: 2773: 2768: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2740: 2730: 2725: 2724: 2723: 2714: 2710: 2692: 2662: 2656:U. a. sitkensis 2614: 2583: 2581: 2557: 2528: 2522:U. a. pruinosus 2486:U. a. gobiensis 2447: 2445: 2438: 2422:U. a. crowtheri 2405: 2351: 2342: 2284: 2279: 2278: 2269: 2267: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2222: 2220: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2192: 2190: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2166: 2164: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2140: 2138: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2118: 2116: 2107: 2106: 2099: 2084:10.2307/3872907 2068: 2064: 2057: 2035: 2031: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2002: 1998: 1983: 1972: 1962: 1960: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1930: 1916: 1909: 1899: 1897: 1882: 1878: 1868: 1866: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1846: 1844: 1833: 1829: 1814:10.2307/3872753 1794: 1790: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1760: 1758: 1748: 1741: 1728: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1679: 1675: 1666: 1657: 1618: 1614: 1604: 1602: 1594: 1588: 1571: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1544: 1538: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1509: 1505: 1492: 1488: 1479: 1477: 1467: 1463: 1454: 1452: 1439: 1438: 1434: 1427: 1409: 1402: 1385: 1384: 1377: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1354: 1346: 1345: 1341: 1332: 1330: 1322: 1321: 1317: 1308: 1304: 1281:10.2307/3872685 1261: 1257: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1235: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1206: 1198: 1194: 1188:Wayback Machine 1169: 1167: 1166:on 11 July 2008 1163: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1144: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1124: 1099: 1072: 1065: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1033: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1002: 982: 954: 941: 939:Hunt-management 914: 889: 850: 833: 816: 803: 791: 774: 754: 712: 682: 657: 648: 632: 596: 591: 495: 478: 438: 433: 310: 304: 298: 285: 271: 179: 171: 160: 156: 149: 111: 100: 94: 91: 85:Please help by 84: 72: 68: 59: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 2962: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2885: 2872: 2859: 2846: 2833: 2820: 2807: 2794: 2781: 2766: 2750: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2707: 2706: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2690: 2680: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2660: 2651: 2642: 2633: 2622: 2620: 2613: 2612: 2602: 2591: 2589: 2582:(provisionally 2573: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2555: 2546: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2526: 2517: 2513:U. a. syriacus 2508: 2504:U. a. lasiotus 2499: 2490: 2481: 2477:U. a. collaris 2472: 2462: 2460: 2453: 2446:(provisionally 2437: 2436: 2426: 2415: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2403: 2395: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2350:or populations 2341: 2340: 2333: 2326: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2310:at Wikispecies 2297: 2283: 2282:External links 2280: 2277: 2276: 2253: 2229: 2213:Alutiiq Museum 2200: 2174: 2148: 2135:"Ursus arctos" 2126: 2097: 2062: 2055: 2029: 2015: 1996: 1970: 1944: 1935: 1928: 1907: 1876: 1854: 1827: 1788: 1767: 1739: 1710: 1697:(3): 365–367. 1673: 1655: 1612: 1569: 1529: 1520: 1503: 1486: 1461: 1441:"Kodiak Bears" 1432: 1425: 1400: 1375: 1339: 1315: 1302: 1255: 1233: 1192: 1142: 1097: 1063: 1041: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1027:marine mammals 1014: 1004: 1003: 1001: 998: 981: 978: 953: 950: 940: 937: 913: 910: 888: 885: 880:Shuyak Islands 867:Kizhuyak River 849: 846: 832: 829: 825:overharvesting 815: 812: 802: 799: 790: 787: 773: 770: 753: 750: 742:mountain goats 711: 710:Feeding habits 708: 700:Afognak Island 681: 678: 656: 653: 647: 644: 631: 628: 595: 592: 590: 587: 565:sagittal crest 494: 491: 477: 474: 437: 434: 432: 429: 411:" in terms of 326: 325: 321: 320: 312: 311: 305: 294: 293: 291:Trinomial name 287: 286: 279: 277: 273: 272: 268:U. arctos 265: 263: 259: 258: 251: 247: 246: 241: 237: 236: 231: 227: 226: 221: 217: 216: 211: 207: 206: 201: 197: 196: 191: 187: 186: 173: 172: 154: 151: 150: 145: 142: 141: 133: 132: 124: 123: 113: 112: 75: 73: 66: 50: 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2961: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2929:Grizzly bears 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2756: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2718: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2689: 2687: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2658: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2611: 2609: 2608:U. a. nelsoni 2603: 2601: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2554: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2525: 2523: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2441: 2435: 2433: 2432:U. a. priscus 2427: 2425: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2396: 2394: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2349: 2346: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2327: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2316: 2309: 2308: 2302: 2298: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2265: 2264: 2257: 2239: 2233: 2219:on 2018-02-01 2218: 2214: 2210: 2204: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2162: 2158: 2152: 2136: 2130: 2114: 2110: 2104: 2102: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2066: 2058: 2056:1-889963-72-0 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2033: 2025: 2019: 2011: 2007: 2000: 1992: 1988: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1959: 1955: 1948: 1939: 1931: 1929:0-9377-0830-5 1925: 1921: 1914: 1912: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1880: 1864: 1858: 1842: 1838: 1831: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1792: 1777: 1771: 1757: 1753: 1746: 1744: 1736: 1727: 1720: 1714: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1686: 1677: 1670: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1616: 1600: 1593: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1558:on 2006-09-22 1554: 1550: 1543: 1536: 1534: 1524: 1516: 1515: 1507: 1500: 1496: 1490: 1476: 1472: 1465: 1451:on 2016-06-09 1450: 1446: 1442: 1436: 1428: 1422: 1417: 1416: 1407: 1405: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1382: 1380: 1360: 1353: 1351: 1343: 1329: 1325: 1319: 1312: 1306: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1259: 1248: 1242: 1240: 1238: 1224:on 2015-09-23 1220: 1216: 1212: 1205: 1204: 1196: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1181:Overview page 1177: 1162: 1155: 1149: 1147: 1128: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1094: 1092: 1087: 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215: 212: 209: 208: 205: 202: 199: 198: 195: 192: 189: 188: 183: 178: 174: 168: 163: 162:Least Concern 152: 148: 143: 139: 134: 130: 125: 120: 117: 109: 106: 98: 95:February 2021 88: 82: 81: 76:This article 74: 65: 64: 61: 57: 40: 36: 32: 25: 20: 2745: 2711: 2685: 2675: 2655: 2646: 2644: 2637: 2629: 2607: 2597: 2584: 2580:Grizzly bear 2550: 2541: 2521: 2512: 2503: 2494: 2485: 2476: 2467: 2449:U. a. arctos 2448: 2431: 2421: 2420:Atlas bear ( 2399: 2391: 2306: 2268:. 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