Grizzly bear - Knowledge

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prevention of gene flow between subpopulations (for example, Banff National Park). This, in turn, is creating a decline in genetic diversity, and therefore the overall fitness of the general population is lowered. In light of these issues, conservation plans often include migration corridors by way of long strips of "park forest" to connect less developed areas, or by way of tunnels and overpasses over busy roads. Using GPS collar tracking, scientists can study whether or not these efforts are actually making a positive contribution towards resolving the problem. To date, most corridors are found to be infrequently used, and thus genetic isolation is currently occurring, which can result in inbreeding and therefore an increased frequency of deleterious genes through genetic drift. Current data suggest female grizzly bears are disproportionately less likely than males to use these corridors, which can prevent mate access and decrease the number of offspring.

1641: 1895: 772: 1041:, before going into hibernation. The bear often waits for a substantial snowstorm before it enters its den: such behavior lessens the chances that predators will find the den. The dens are typically at elevations above 1,800 meters (5,900 ft) on north-facing slopes. There is some debate among professionals as to whether grizzly bears technically hibernate: much of this debate revolves around body temperature and the ability of the bears to move around during hibernation on occasion. Grizzly bears can "partially" recycle their body wastes during this period. Although inland or Rocky Mountain grizzlies spend nearly half of their life in dens, coastal grizzlies with better access to food sources spend less time in dens. In some areas where food is very plentiful year round, grizzly bears skip hibernation altogether. 2154:

regulations that protected wildlife living on the land, putting species such as the grizzly bear at risk. Specifically, federal protections on the grizzly bear in Yellowstone National Parks were removed. Regulations that protected the bears against hunting methods with Park Service rules (specifically in park lands in Alaska) were revisited by the Department of Interior. The National Parks Conservation Association (NPCA) supports common sense opportunities for hunting in national preserves," but the state of Alaska's wildlife management leads for the killing of more bears, which increases the population of moose and caribou. The rise in moose and caribou works in favor of sport hunters. Theresa Pierno, President and CEO of

1933:, is home to the greatest concentration of brown bears in the world. An estimated 144 individual bears have been identified at the falls in a single summer with as many as 74 at one time; 60 or more bears at the falls is a frequent sight, and it is not uncommon to see 100 bears at the falls throughout a single day. The McNeil River State Game Refuge, containing Chenik Lake and a smaller number of grizzly bears, has been closed to grizzly hunting since 1995. All of the Katmai-McNeil area is closed to hunting except for Katmai National Preserve, where regulated legal hunting takes place. In all, the Katmai-McNeil area has an estimated 2,500 grizzly bears. 1926:. At Brooks Camp, a famous site exists where grizzlies can be seen catching salmon from atop a platform–it can be even viewed online from a cam. In coastal areas of the park, such as Hallo Bay, Geographic Harbor, Swikshak Lagoon, American Creek, Big River, Kamishak River, Savonoski River, Moraine Creek, Funnel Creek, Battle Creek, Nantuk Creek, Kukak Bay, and Kaflia Bay bears can be seen fishing alongside wolves, eagles, and river otters. Coastal areas host the highest population densities year round because there is a larger variety of food sources available, but Brooks Camp hosts the highest population (100 bears). 886: 2002:

Selkirk (Idaho and Washington), and North Cascades (Washington). The grizzly population in these areas is estimated at 1,000 in the Northern Continental Divide, 1,000 in Yellowstone, 40 in the Yaak portion of the Cabinet-Yaak, and 15 in the Cabinet portion (in northwestern Montana), 105 in Selkirk region of Idaho, 10–20 in the North Cascades, and none currently in Selway-Bitterroots, although there have been sightings. These are estimates because bears move in and out of these areas. In the recovery areas that adjoin Canada, bears also move back and forth across the international boundary.

1741:, the expedition was conducted with the same preparation and ceremoniality as intertribal warfare and was never done except with a company of four to ten warriors. The tribe members who dealt the killing blow were highly esteemed among their compatriots. Californian Natives actively avoided prime bear habitat and would not allow their young men to hunt alone for fear of bear attacks. During the Spanish colonial period, some tribes would seek aid from European colonists to deal with problem bears instead of hunting grizzlies themselves. Many authors in the American West wrote of Natives or 1781: 1533: 1801: 1726: 1240: 296: 869:. In British Columbia, grizzly bears inhabit approximately 90% of their original territory. There were approximately 25,000 grizzly bears in British Columbia when the European settlers arrived. However, population size has since significantly decreased due to hunting and habitat loss. In 2008, it was estimated there were 16,000 grizzly bears. A revised Grizzly bear count in 2012 for British Columbia was 15,075. Population estimates for British Columbia are based on hair-snagging, DNA-based inventories, 98: 1361:. Because bison and moose are dangerous prey, grizzlies usually use cover to stalk them and/or pick off weak individuals or calves. Grizzlies in Alaska also regularly prey on moose calves, which in Denali National Park may be their main source of meat. In fact, grizzly bears are such important predators of moose and elk calves in Alaska and Yellowstone that they may kill as many as 51 percent of elk or moose calves born that year. Grizzly bears have also been blamed in the decline of elk in 690: 1061: 1828: 56: 1960: 1050: 735: 2029: 1943:, meaning "fortress of bears," and is home to the densest grizzly population in North America. An estimated 1600 grizzlies live on the island, which itself is only 140 km (90 mi) long. One place to view grizzly bears in the island is probably Pack Creek, in the Stan Price State Wildlife Sanctuary. 20 to 30 grizzlies can be observed at the creek at one time and like Brooks Camp, visitors can watch bears from an above platform. 75: 2097: 1857:, British Columbia, is a community that demonstrates the success of this approach. In the ten years preceding the development of a community education program in Revelstoke, 16 grizzlies were destroyed and a further 107 were relocated away from the town. An education program run by Revelstoke Bear Aware was put in place in 1996. Since the program began just four grizzlies have been eliminated and five have been relocated. 1460: 1144: 2081:

bear population be designated as threatened due to recent estimates of grizzly bear mortality rates that indicated the population was in decline. A recovery plan released by the provincial government in March 2008 indicated the grizzly population is lower than previously believed. In 2010, the provincial government formally listed its population of about 700 grizzlies as "Threatened".

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of quick nips at its hind legs. Thus, the bear will sit down and use its ability to protect itself in a full circle. Rarely do interactions such as these end in death or serious injury to either animal. One carcass simply is not usually worth the risk to the wolves (if the bear has the upper hand due to strength and size) or to the bear (if the wolves are too numerous or persistent).

1570: 2069:. The population has risen from 136 bears in 1975 to an estimated 700 in 2017, and was "delisted" in June 2017. It was argued that the population had sufficiently recovered from the threat of extinction, however numerous conservation and tribal organizations argued that the grizzly population remained genetically vulnerable. They successfully sued the administration ( 1287:. In areas where salmon are forced to leap waterfalls, grizzlies gather at the base of the falls to feed on and catch the fish. Salmon are at a disadvantage when they leap waterfalls because they cluster together at their bases and are therefore easier targets for the grizzlies. Grizzly bears are well-documented catching leaping salmon in their mouths at 1103:

on their mother's milk until summer comes, after which they still drink milk but begin to eat solid foods. Cubs gain weight rapidly during their time with the mother—their weight will have increased from 4.5 to 45 kg (9.9 to 99.2 lb) in the two years spent with the mother. Mothers may see their cubs in later years but both avoid each other.

668:. A formal taxonomic revision was not performed, however, and the implied synonymy has not been accepted by taxonomic authorities. Furthermore, a recent whole-genome study suggests that certain Alaskan brown bears, including the Kodiak and Alaskan Peninsula grizzly bears, are members of a Eurasian brown bear lineage, more closely related to the 1513:

its superior agility and its claws to harass the bear, yet stay out of its reach until one of them gives up. Grizzly bears occasionally kill cougars in disputes over kills. There have been several anecdotes, primarily from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, of cougars and grizzly bears killing each other in fights to the death.

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hibernation, grizzlies must prepare a den and consume an immense amount of food because they do not eat during hibernation. Grizzly bears also do not defecate or urinate throughout the entire hibernation period. The male grizzly bear's hibernation ends in early to mid-March, while females emerge in April or early May.

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and Preserve. The public was right to want to stop sport hunters from crawling into bears' dens and using flashlights to wake and kill mother bears and their cubs. The state's attempt to dismantle the results of this public process jeopardizes the stewardship of federal public lands, which belong to all Americans."

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in Vancouver is an example of a different type of conservation effort for the diminishing grizzly bear population. The refuge is a five-acre terrain which has functioned as a home for two orphaned grizzly bears since 2001. The purpose of this refuge is to provide awareness and education to the public

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Black bears are not strong competition for prey because they have a more herbivorous diet. Confrontations are rare because of the differences in size, habitats, and diets of the bear species. When this happens, it is usually with the grizzly being the aggressor. The black bear will only fight when it

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The relationship between grizzly bears and other predators is mostly one-sided; grizzly bears will approach feeding predators to steal their kill. In general, the other species will leave the carcasses for the bear to avoid competition or predation. Any parts of the carcass left uneaten are scavenged

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stated, "The State of Alaska's lawsuit against the Park Service and Fish and Wildlife Service seeks to overturn common sense regulations, which underwent a thorough and transparent public process. More than 70,000 Americans said 'no' to baiting bears with grease-soaked donuts in Denali National Park

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In the United States, national efforts have been made since 1982 for the recovery plan of grizzly bears. A lot of the efforts made have been through different organizations efforts to educate the public on grizzly bear safety, habits of grizzly bears and different ways to reduce human-bear conflict.

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located along the north coast of British Columbia; at 44,300 ha (109,000 acres) in size, it is composed of key habitat for this threatened species. Regulations such as limited public access, as well as a strict no hunting policy, have enabled this location to be a safe haven for local grizzlies

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hair-snagging studies in 2000 showed the grizzly population to be increasing faster than what it was formerly believed to be, and Alberta Sustainable Resource Development calculated a population of 841 bears. In 2002, the Endangered Species Conservation Committee recommended that the Alberta grizzly

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Grizzlies are considered more aggressive compared to black bears when defending themselves and their offspring. Unlike the smaller black bears, adult grizzlies do not climb trees well, and respond to danger by standing their ground and warding off their attackers. Mothers defending cubs are the most

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is named after an Ojibwe legend, where a female bear and her cubs swam across Lake Michigan. According to the legend, the two cubs drowned and became the Manitou islands. The mother bear eventually got to shore and slept, waiting patiently for her cubs to arrive. Over the years, the sand covered the

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generally give the bears a wide berth. Grizzlies have less competition with cougars than with other predators, such as coyotes, wolves, and other bears. When a grizzly descends on a cougar feeding on its kill, the cougar usually gives way to the bear. When a cougar does stand its ground, it will use

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Other provinces and the United States may use a combination of methods for population estimates. Therefore, it is difficult to say precisely what methods were used to produce total population estimates for Canada and North America, as they were likely developed from a variety of studies. The grizzly

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A press release on October 3, 2022, stated that a federal district court, based in Alaska, will be returning to look over a National Park Service rule relating to hunting practices, including baiting bears. The Interior Department and Park Service's decision permits the law to reside in place while

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Grizzly bears normally avoid contact with people. In spite of their obvious physical advantage they rarely actively hunt humans. Most grizzly bear attacks result from a bear that has been surprised at very close range, especially if it has a supply of food to protect, or female grizzlies protecting

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The segregation of black bear and grizzly bear populations is possibly due to competitive exclusion. In certain areas, grizzly bears outcompete black bears for the same resources. For example, many Pacific coastal islands off British Columbia and Alaska support either the black bear or the grizzly,

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The grizzly bear uses its keen sense of smell to locate the kill. As the wolves and grizzly compete for the kill, one wolf may try to distract the bear while the others feed. The bear then may retaliate by chasing the wolves. If the wolves become aggressive with the bear, it is normally in the form

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Litter size varies between one and four cubs, typically comprising twins or triplets. Cubs are always born in the mother's winter den while she is in hibernation. Female grizzlies are fiercely protective of their cubs, being able to fend off predators including larger male bears. Cubs feed entirely

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for five to seven months each year (except where the climate is warm—the California grizzly did not hibernate). During this time, female grizzly bears give birth to their offspring, who then consume milk from their mother and gain strength for the remainder of the hibernation period. To prepare for

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Another factor currently being taken into consideration when designing conservation plans for future generations are anthropogenic barriers in the form of urban development and roads. These elements are acting as obstacles, causing fragmentation of the remaining grizzly bear population habitat and

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In regions where both species coexist, they are divided by landscape gradients such as the age of forest, elevation, and land openness. Grizzly bears tend to favor old forests with high productivity, higher elevations and more open habitats compared with black bears. However, a bear shot in autumn

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is required to yield an accurate new taxonomy with different subspecies. Coastal grizzlies, often referred to by the popular but geographically redundant synonym of "brown bear" or "Alaskan brown bear" are larger and darker than inland grizzlies, which is why they, too, were considered a different

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Within the United States, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service concentrates its effort to restore grizzly bears in six recovery areas. These are Northern Continental Divide (Montana), Yellowstone (Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho), Cabinet-Yaak (Montana and Idaho), Selway-Bitterroot (Montana and Idaho),

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showed removal of wolves and grizzly bears caused populations of their herbivorous prey to increase. This, in turn, changed the structure and density of plants in the area, which decreased the population sizes of migratory birds. This provides evidence grizzly bears represent a keystone predator,

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While foraging for tree roots, plant bulbs, or ground squirrels, bears stir up the soil. This process not only helps grizzlies access their food, but also increases species richness in alpine ecosystems. An area that contains both bear digs and undisturbed land has greater plant diversity than an

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moths, and scavenged carcasses. None of these, however, match the fat content of the salmon available in Alaska and British Columbia. With the high fat content of salmon, it is not uncommon to encounter grizzlies in Alaska weighing 540 kg (1,200 lb). Grizzlies in Alaska supplement their

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Bear awareness programs have been developed by communities in grizzly bear territory to help prevent conflicts with both black and grizzly bears. The main premise of these programs is to teach humans to manage foods that attract bears. Keeping garbage securely stored, harvesting fruit when ripe,

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The average lifespan for a male is estimated at 22 years, with that of a female being slightly longer at 26. Females live longer than males due to their less dangerous life; they do not engage in seasonal breeding fights as males do. The oldest known wild inland grizzly was about 34 years old in

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that started in the fall of 2014 to begin the recovery process of grizzly bears to the North Cascades region. A final plan and environmental impact statement was released in the spring of 2017 with a record of decision to follow. In 2017, the Trump administration stripped parklands of previous

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Conservation efforts have become an increasingly vital investment over recent decades, as population numbers have dramatically declined. Establishment of parks and protected areas are one of the main focuses currently being tackled to help reestablish the low grizzly bear population in British

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The grizzly bear has several relationships with its ecosystem. One such relationship is a mutualistic relationship with fleshy-fruit bearing plants. After the grizzly consumes the fruit, the seeds are excreted and thereby dispersed in a germinable condition. Some studies have shown germination

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Increased human–bear interaction has created "problem bears": bears adapted to human activities or habitat. Exacerbating this is the fact that intensive human use of grizzly habitat coincides with the seasonal movement of grizzly bears. Aversive conditioning using rubber bullets, foul-tasting

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are generally regarded merely as pests to grizzlies rather than competition, though they may compete for smaller prey, such as ground squirrels and rabbits. All three will try to scavenge whatever they can from the bears. Wolverines are aggressive enough to occasionally persist until the bear

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Salis, Alexander T; Bray, Sarah C E; Lee, Michael S Y; Heiniger, Holly; Barnett, Ross; Burns, James A; Doronichev, Vladimir; Fedje, Daryl; Golovanova, Liubov; Harington, C Richard; Hockett, Bryan; Kosintsev, Pavel; Lai, Xulong; Mackie, Quentin; Vasiliev, Sergei; Weinstock, Jacobo; Yamaguchi,

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Grizzly bears have one of the lowest reproductive rates of all terrestrial mammals in North America. This is due to numerous ecological factors. Grizzly bears do not reach sexual maturity until they are at least five years old. Once mated with a male in the summer, the female delays embryo

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implantation until hibernation, during which miscarriage can occur if the female does not receive the proper nutrients and caloric intake. On average, females produce two cubs in a litter and the mother cares for the cubs for up to two years, during which the mother will not mate.

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tribes living among brown bears often view them with a mixture of awe and fear. North American brown bears have at times been so feared by the Natives that they were rarely hunted by them, especially when alone. At traditional grizzly hunts in some western tribes such as the

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Average total length in this subspecies is between 198 cm (78 in) and 240 cm (94 in), with an average shoulder height of 102 cm (40 in) and hindfoot length of 28 cm (11 in). Newborn bears may weigh less than 500 g (18 oz).

1677:) foliage within 500 m (1,600 ft) of the stream where the salmon have been obtained contains nitrogen originating from salmon on which the bears preyed. These nitrogen influxes to the forest are directly related to the presence of grizzly bears and salmon. 1396:

Although the diets of grizzly bears vary extensively based on seasonal and regional changes, plants make up a large portion of them, with some estimates as high as 80–90%. Various berries constitute an important food source when they are available. These can include

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finishes eating, leaving more scraps than normal for the smaller animal. Packs of coyotes have also displaced grizzly bears in disputes over kills. However, the removal of wolves and grizzlies in California may have greatly reduced the abundance of the endangered

3178: 6519: 1489:, the grizzly bear, and its historic rival, the gray wolf. The interactions of grizzly bears with the wolves of Yellowstone have been under considerable study. Typically, the conflict will be in the defence of young or over a carcass, which is commonly an 1921:

Katmai National Park and Preserve is one of the best spots to view brown bears. As of 2012, the bear population in Katmai is estimated to be 2,100. The park is located on the Alaskan Peninsula about 480 km (300 mi) southwest of the city of

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kills approximately 50 problem bears each year and overall spends more than one million dollars annually to address bear complaints, relocate bears or kill them. A bear killing a human in a national park may be killed to prevent its attacking again.

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is a smaller grizzly such as a yearling or when the black bear has no other choice but to defend itself. There is at least one confirmed observation of a grizzly bear digging out, killing, and eating a black bear when the latter was in hibernation.

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attempt to condition bears to associate humans with unpleasantness, but is ineffective when the bears have already learned to positively associate humans with food. Such bears are translocated or killed because they pose a threat to humans. The

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One study based on mitochondrial DNA recovered no distinct genetic groupings of North American brown bears, implying that previous grizzly bear subspecies designations are unwarranted and these bears should all be considered populations of

1558:, but grizzlies may occasionally enter black bear terrain to obtain food sources both bears enjoy, such as pine nuts, acorns, mushrooms, and berries. When a black bear sees a grizzly coming, it either turns tail and runs or climbs a tree. 1524:; however, both species have been extirpated in the regions of the Southwest where their former habitats overlapped, and grizzlies remain so far absent from the regions along the U.S.-Mexico border, where jaguars appear to be returning. 7439: 6987: 1649: 520:, and first migrated to North America between 177,000 BP ~ 111,000 BP. Most grizzly bears belong to this initial population of North American brown bear (clade 4), which continues to be the dominant mitochondrial grouping south of 2145:

The Interagency Grizzly Bear Recovery Committee is one of many organizations committed to the recovery of grizzly bears in the lower 48 states. There are five recovery zones for grizzly bears in the lower 48 states including the

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has boomed. While many people come to Alaska to bear-hunt, the majority come to watch the bears and observe their habits. Some of the best bear viewing in the world occurs on coastal areas of the Alaska Peninsula, including in

905:. and up to 29,000 live in Canada. The Alaskan population of 30,000 individuals is the highest population of any province / state in North America. Populations in Alaska are densest along the coast, where food supplies such as 1080:. Females (sows) produce one to four young (usually two) that are small and weigh only about 450 g (16 oz) at birth. A sow is protective of her offspring and will attack if she thinks she or her cubs are threatened. 2088:, the species is considered to be at risk. In 2008, it was estimated there were 16,014 grizzly bears in the British Columbia population, which was lower than previously estimated due to refinements in the population model. 1373:, mostly taking sick or old individuals or calves. Several studies show that grizzly bears may follow the caribou herds year-round in order to maintain their food supply. In northern Alaska, grizzly bears often encounter 7035: 3717: 1445:

that congregate on mountain slopes. When food is abundant, grizzly bears will feed in groups. For example, many grizzly bears will visit meadows right after an avalanche or glacier slide. This is due to an influx of

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While wolves usually dominate grizzly bears during interactions at wolf dens, both grizzly and black bears have been reported killing wolves and their cubs at wolf dens even when the wolves were acting in defence.

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Grizzlies along the Alaskan coast also scavenge on dead or washed up whales. Usually such incidents involve only one or two grizzlies at a carcass, but up to ten large males have been seen at a time eating a dead

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tree, whose nuts are an important source of food for the bears. In early March 2016, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed to withdraw Endangered Species Act protections from grizzly bears in and around

1310:. The relationship with cutthroat trout and grizzlies is unique because it is the only example where Rocky Mountain grizzlies feed on spawning salmonid fish. However, grizzly bears themselves and invasive 1668:

to be dug up from lower soil layers, and makes nitrogen more readily available in the environment. An area that has been dug by the grizzly bear has significantly more nitrogen than an undisturbed area.

552:). Biologist R.L. Rausch found that North America has but one species of grizzly. Therefore, everywhere it is the "brown bear"; in North America, it is the "grizzly", but these are all the same species, 536:

have an endemic lineage, which first appears around 20,000 BP. After a local extinction in Beringia ~33,000 BP, two closely related lineages repopulated Alaska and northern Canada from Eurasia after the

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Nitrogen cycling is not only facilitated by grizzlies digging for food, it is also accomplished via their habit of carrying salmon carcasses into surrounding forests. It has been found that spruce tree

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Nobuyuki; Meachen, Julie; Cooper, Alan; Mitchell, Kieren J (3 September 2020). "Lions and brown bears colonized North America in multiple synchronous waves of dispersal across the Bering Land Bridge".

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than to other North American brown bears. Until the systematics of North American brown bears is studied in more depth, other North American subspecies have been provisionally considered separate from

7144: 1867:, hanging food between trees at a height unreachable to bears is a common procedure, although some grizzlies can climb and reach hanging food in other ways. An alternative to hanging food is to use a 985:

before the state of California's admission to the Union in 1850, the subspecies or population is currently extinct. The last known grizzlies in California were killed in the Sierra foothills east of

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Aside from the distinguishing hump a grizzly bear can be identified by a "dished in" profile of their face with short, rounded ears, whereas a black bear has a straight face profile and longer ears.

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mythology, American black and brown bears became enemies when Grizzly Bear Woman killed Black Bear Woman for being lazy. Black Bear Woman's children, in turn, killed Grizzly Bear Woman's own cubs.

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Cahill, James A.; Green, Richard E.; Fulton, Tara L.; Stiller, Mathias; Jay, Flora; Ovsyanikov, Nikita; Salamzade, Rauf; St. John, John; Stirling, Ian; Slatkin, Montgomery; Shapiro, Beth (2013).

1303:, and frequently dig into the sand to seek them. During the spring and fall, directly before and after the salmon runs, berries and grass make up the mainstay of the diets of coastal grizzlies. 3773: 3177:

Mychajliw, Alexis M.; Adams, Andrea J.; Brown, Kevin C.; Campbell, Beau T.; Hardesty-Moore, Molly; Welch, Zoë S.; Page, Henry M.; Southon, John R.; Cooper, Scott D.; Alagona, Peter S. (2024).

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The populations in northern interior Canada are much smaller, with males weighing 139 kilograms (306 lb) and females weighing 95 kilograms (209 lb). This is actually similar to the

1589:, due to its unusually large size and its proportionately larger braincase and skull, but DNA testing was unable to determine whether it was a large American black bear or a grizzly bear. 2898:

Steffen, Martina L.; Fulton, Tara L. (1 February 2018). "On the association of giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simus) and brown bear (Ursus arctos) in late Pleistocene North America".

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area. Several environmental organizations, including the NRDC, brought a lawsuit against the federal government to relist the grizzly bear. On 22 September 2009, U.S. District Judge

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In the 19th century, the grizzly was classified as 86 distinct species. By 1928 only seven grizzly species remained, and by 1953, only one species remained globally. However, modern

6158: 1377:. Despite the fact that muskox do not usually occur in grizzly habitat and that they are bigger and more powerful than caribou, predation on muskox by grizzlies has been recorded. 4172: 3118:

de Jong, Menno J.; Niamir, Aidin; Wolf, Magnus; Kitchener, Andrew C.; Lecomte, Nicolas; Seryodkin, Ivan V.; Fain, Steven F.; Hagen, Snorre B.; Saarma, Urmas; Janke, Axel (2023).

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in the area. When choosing the location of a park focused on grizzly bear conservation, factors such as habitat quality and connectivity to other habitat patches are considered.

1147: 445:, is sometimes referred to as the "black grizzly", although it is no more closely related to North American brown bears than other subspecies of the brown bear around the world. 2498: 7043: 4998: 4801: 4034: 1680:

Grizzlies directly regulate prey populations and also help prevent overgrazing in forests by controlling the populations of other species in the food chain. An experiment in

1441:, ants, and bees are eaten if they are available in large quantities. In Yellowstone National Park, grizzly bears may obtain half of their yearly caloric needs by feeding on 715:

The largest populations are the coastal grizzlies in the Alaskan peninsula, with males weighing 389 kilograms (858 lb) and females weighing 207 kilograms (456 lb).

6126: 5033: 6921:"Public Meetings for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Proposal to Remove Yellowstone Area Population of Grizzly Bears from List of Threatened and Endangered Wildlife" 3774:"National Park Service, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service to evaluate options for restoring grizzly bears to the North Cascades National Park (U.S. National Park Service)" 746:

Although variable in color from blond to nearly black, grizzly bear fur is typically brown with darker legs and commonly white or blond tipped fur on the flank and back.

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Several studies have been conducted on the genetic history of the grizzly bear. Classification has been revised along genetic lines. There are two morphological forms of

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Berger, J.; Stacey, P.; Bellis, L. & Johnson, M. (2001). "A Mammalian Predator-Prey Imbalance: Grizzly Bear and Wolf Extinction Affect Avian Neo-Tropical Migrants".

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Once the young leave or are killed, females may not produce another litter for three or more years, depending on environmental conditions. Male grizzly bears have large

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Cronin, M. A.; Armstrup, S. C.; Garner, and E. R. Vyse, G. W.; Vyse, E.R. (1991). "Interspecific and intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation in North American bears (

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success is indeed increased as a result of seeds being deposited along with nutrients in feces. This makes grizzly bears important seed distributors in their habitats.

528:(~92,000 - 83,000 BP) upon the opening of the ice-free corridor, with the first fossils being near Edmonton (26,000 BP). Other mitochondrial lineages appear later- the 7907:

A Selection of Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Bears: Their Biology and Management

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were also at one time considered distinct. Therefore, at one time the thought was there were five different "species" of brown bear, including three in North America.

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Boertje, R. D.; Gasaway, W. C.; Grangaard, D. V.; Kelleyhouse, D. G. (1988). "Predation on moose and caribou by radio-collared grizzly bears in east central Alaska".

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Environment Canada consider the grizzly bear to a "special concern" species, as it is particularly sensitive to human activities and natural threats. In Alberta and

7219: 6288: 6960: 4129: 3906: 3230: 4094: 1600:. In encounters the grizzly is usually the more aggressive one and often dominate in fight. However, healthy polar bears seem to be dominant over the grizzly. 2005:

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service claims the Cabinet-Yaak and Selkirk areas are linked through British Columbia, a claim that is disputed. U.S. and Canadian

1124:) can run at 56 km/h (35 mph), the maximum speed reliably recorded at Yellowstone is 48 km/h (30 mph). In addition, they can climb trees. 7769: 7151: 7391: 762:

A grizzly bear's front claws measure about 51–102 mm (2–4 in) in length; a black bear's claws measure about 25–51 mm (1–2 in) in length.

7675: 4579: 3580: 3353: 4657: 3314: 874: 7320:

Clevenger, A. P.; Waltho, N (2005). "Performance indices to identify attributes of highway crossing structures facilitating movement of large mammals".

5298:

Apps, C. D.; McLellan, B. N. & Woods, J. G. (2006). "Landscape partitioning and spatial inferences of competition between black and grizzly bears".

2112: 7066: 6345: 4435: 8648: 4626: 3857: 7017: 1112:

Alaska; the oldest known coastal bear was 39, but most grizzlies die in their first year of life. Captive grizzlies have lived as long as 44 years.

8693: 4712: 3262: 7175: 6853: 350:), other morphological forms of brown bear in North America are sometimes identified as grizzly bears. These include three living populations—the 5333:

Mattson, T.; Herrero, D. J. & Merrill, S. (2005). "Are black bears a factor in the restoration of North American grizzly bear populations?".

5198: 4018: 3739: 7188: 6749: 5674:

Rich, T.; Carlson, S.; Gende, S. & Rich, H. (2009). "Transportation of Pacific Salmon Carcasses from Streams to Riparian Forests by Bears".

5058: 4738: 506:

lineages. The genome of the grizzly bear was sequenced in 2018 and found to be 2,328.64Mb (mega-basepairs) in length, and contain 30,387 genes.

8618: 5281: 1295:

in Alaska. They are also very experienced in chasing the fish around and pinning them with their claws. At such sites such as Brooks Falls and

6422: 6232: 5526:

Meyer, G. & Witmer, M. (1998). "Influence of Seed Processing by Frugivorous Birds on Germination Success of Three North American Shrubs".

913:

protects the densest population: 1,600 bears on a 1,600 square-mile island. The majority of Canada's grizzlies live in British Columbia.

8643: 8564: 6705: 5502:"Hypothetical Relationships Between The San Joaquin Kit Fox, California Grizzly Bear, and Gray Wolf on the Pre-European California Landscape" 974:

in most of those areas. Combining Canada and the United States, grizzly bears inhabit approximately half the area of their historical range.

6800: 7565: 7117: 6155: 7742:

Waits, L. P.; et al. (1998). "Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of the North American brown bear and implications for conservation".

7269: 5084:

Gunther, K. A. & Smith, D. W. (2004). "Interactions between wolves and female grizzly bears with cubs in Yellowstone National Park".

4774: 3798: 1770: 6255: 4203: 4153: 2853:"Dietary niche separation of three Late Pleistocene bear species from Vancouver Island, on the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America" 950:, grizzly bear populations are estimated to be fewer than 20 bears, but there is a longterm management plan to reintroduce the bears to 6566: 759:

A grizzly bear can also be identified by its rump, which is lower than its shoulders; a black bear's rump is higher than its shoulders.

5137: 5119: 2509: 1640: 928:

in the tri-state area of Wyoming, Idaho and Montana. There are an estimated 70–100 grizzly bears living in northern and eastern

5002: 4832: 3843: 2341: 1947:, hence its name, is another place to view bears. An estimated 3,500 Kodiak grizzly bears inhabit the island, 2,300 of these in the 1204:, though they are more likely to take calves and injured individuals rather than healthy adults. Grizzly bears feed on fish such as 8499: 6637: 6178: 5397: 4475: 4042: 3430: 3397: 2295: 6827: 4381: 3673:

COSEWIC Assessment and Update Status Report on the Grizzly Bear Ursus arctos in Canada: Prairie population Northwestern population

8538: 7640: 6731: 6134: 3097: 2851:

Kubiak, Cara; Grimes, Vaughan; Van Biesen, Geert; Keddie, Grant; Buckley, Mike; Macdonald, Reba; Richards, M. P. (27 June 2022).

2155: 7825:

Wielgus, R. B. (2002). "Minimum viable population and reserve sizes for naturally regulated grizzly bears in British Columbia".

7355:

Edwards, M. A.; Nagy, J. A.; Derocher, A. E. (2008). "Using Subpopulation structure for barren-ground grizzly bear management".

1729:

Gorgonia, a Native American (Mescalero Apache) man. He holds a bear pelt and wears moccasin boots, a breechcloth, kilt, and vest

7534: 5891:

Kellert, S. R.; Black, M.; Rush, C. R.; Bath, A. J. (1996). "Human Culture and Large Carnivore Conservation in North America".

1894: 1753: 771: 7506: 5225: 4760: 1878:

in bear country. Grizzly bears are especially dangerous because of the force of their bite, which has been measured at over 8

1853:

securing livestock behind electric fences, and storing pet food indoors are all measures promoted by bear awareness programs.

8708: 8698: 8688: 8556: 7895: 7876: 7786: 7732: 7304: 6907: 6886: 6435: 6037: 5381: 5182: 4365: 4137: 2440: 2409: 1911: 1786: 8543: 7664:

Committee On The Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) Assessment and Update Status Report on the Grizzly Bear (

7636: 6920: 5965: 4060: 3690: 3089: 1696:

When grizzly bears fish for salmon along the coasts of Alaska and British Columbia, they often only eat the skin, brain and

8678: 6198:

MacHutchon, A. Grant & Wellwood, Debbie W. (2002). "Reducing bear-human conflict through river recreation management".

2597: 2125: 248: 7226: 6938: 6296: 4924: 1172:: their diets consist of both plants and animals. They have been known to prey on large mammals, when available, such as 1091:, up to 4,000 km (1,500 sq mi), making finding a female scent difficult in such low population densities. 4968: 3284: 1299:

in Alaska, big male grizzlies fight regularly for the best fishing spots. Grizzly bears along the coast also forage for

8653: 5644: 3490: 2117: 1733: 1456:, which the grizzlies consume in massive amounts. When food sources become scarcer, however, they separate once again. 917: 910: 3946: 3921: 3237: 1228:

and their eggs, and gather in large numbers at fishing sites to feed on spawning salmon. They frequently prey on baby

8718: 8431: 6076: 5984: 5265: 4613: 4102: 2553: 1915: 1334: 1292: 779: 1994:

range) of grizzly bears as extirpated in Canada. As of 2002, grizzly bears were listed as special concern under the

873:, and a refined multiple regression model. In 2003, researchers from the University of Alberta spotted a grizzly on 8569: 7991: 4461: 2022: 477:" ("fear-inspiring", now usually "gruesome"). The modern spelling supposes the former meaning; even so, naturalist 3968: 3672: 8628: 7964: 7663: 7414: 5424:"The State of Knowledge about Grizzly Bears (Kakenokuskwe osow Muskwa (Cree), Ursus arctos) in Northern Manitoba" 1948: 82: 7710: 5660: 5621: 5539: 5346: 5097: 4583: 3615: 3361: 3326: 2149:

ecosystem in Washington state. The National Park Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife initiated the process of an

749:

Grizzly bears overlap with Black Bears in range, but there are numerous factors that can differentiate the two:

8703: 8668: 7796:

Mattson, J.; Merrill, Troy (2001). "Extirpations of Grizzly Bears in the Contiguous United States, 1850–2000".

5501: 4672: 3496:. Ministry of Forests, Lands. British Columbia Ministry of Environment. Natural Resource Operations. April 2012 2463:

Elson, C. S. (1954). "Further Evidence about the Barren-Ground Grizzly Bear in Northeast Labrador and Quebec".

2401: 2360: 2150: 5869: 5756:

Helfield, J. & Naiman, R. (2006). "Keystone Interactions: Salmon and Bear in Riparian Forests of Alaska".

2223: 1314:

threaten the survival of the trout population and there is a slight chance that the trout will be eliminated.

4697: 3759: 2197: 2192: 2036:

Park warns campers to hang food, garbage, and toiletries out of reach of bears, or to use a secure bear cache

1604: 1583: 1120:

They have a tendency to chase fleeing animals, and although it has been said anecdotally that grizzly bears (

925: 20: 6352: 4943: 4439: 3455:

Elton, C. (1954). "Further evidence about the barren-ground grizzly bear in northeast Labrador and Quebec".

1220:-enriched diet in coastal areas potentially grow larger than inland individuals. Grizzly bears also readily 8623: 7916:"Genetic analysis reveals demographic fragmentation of grizzly bears yielding vulnerably small populations" 2041: 1971: 1854: 1845: 951: 933: 890: 4634: 2045: 1664:

area that contains just undisturbed land. Along with increasing species richness, soil disturbance causes

390:†). On average, grizzly bears near the coast tend to be larger while inland grizzlies tend to be smaller. 8673: 8551: 8525: 8291: 5438: 5174: 3861: 3013:"Genomic Evidence for Island Population COnversion Resolves Conflicting Theories of Polar Bear Evolution" 2954: 2137:

about grizzly bears, as well as providing an area for research and observation of this secluded species.

1307: 613: 367: 255: 4716: 4497: 3270: 8658: 5645:"Grizzly Bear Digging: Effects on Subalpine Meadow Plants in Relation to Mineral Nitrogen Availability" 2241: 1840: 807: 8491: 6779: 5602: 5202: 3179:"Coupled social and ecological change drove the historical extinction of the California grizzly bear ( 3071: 2535: 1874:

Traveling in groups of six or more can significantly reduce the chance of bear-related injuries while

1037:

In preparation for winter, bears can gain approximately 180 kg (400 lb), during a period of

7196: 6757: 5062: 3431:"Grizzly bears are expanding their roaming grounds meaning they need more protection, new study says" 2101: 2066: 2053: 2048:. In March 2007, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service "de-listed" the population, effectively removing 2018: 2014: 1975: 1681: 1362: 1358: 1252: 831: 827: 7093:"Rep. Cheney Accuses Tribes of "Destroying Our Western Way of Life" Over Sacred Grizzly Protections" 6133:. State College, Pennsylvania: Collegian (Students at Pennsylvania State University). Archived from 901:

Around 60,000 wild grizzly bears are located throughout North America, 30,000 of which are found in

753:

A pronounced muscular hump appears on adult grizzlies' shoulders; black bears do not have this hump.

8633: 8130: 8003: 6709: 6225: 6056: 4326: 4005: 3651: 3120:"Range-wide whole-genome resequencing of the brown bear reveals drivers of intraspecies divergence" 2542:

Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)

2177: 1092: 27: 6780:"Species Profile: Grizzly Bear Northwestern Population. In: Species at Risk Public Registry. 2009" 6475: 5257: 5251: 97: 8683: 8251: 7251: 6015: 5935: 3718:

Reassessment of Chao2 Estimates for Monitoring Grizzly Bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem

1982:

in parts of Canada. In May 2002, the Canadian Species at Risk Act listed the Prairie population (

1181: 947: 597: 375: 7618: 7121: 6804: 6592: 8638: 8393: 5804:"Management of Grizzly Bears in British Columbia: A Review by and Independent Scientific Panel" 2995: 2049: 1883: 1338: 885: 605: 525: 206: 7273: 4778: 4284: 4116: 2572:

The Grizzly Bear: The Narrative of a Hunter-naturalist, Historical, Scientific and Adventurous

2073:) and on 30 July 2019, the Yellowstone grizzly was officially returned to federal protection. 502:: the grizzly and the coastal brown bears, but these morphological forms do not have distinct 8204: 7763: 6545: 6262: 6092: 1509: 1433: 1427: 1096: 529: 8595: 7145:"Alberta Grizzly Bear Recovery Plan 2008–2013, Alberta Species at Risk Recovery Plan No. 15" 6735: 6570: 5803: 3883: 1831: 977:

Although the once-abundant California grizzly bear appears prominently on the state flag of

8463: 8261: 8148: 8121: 7984: 7834: 7586: 7329: 6669: 5900: 5765: 5714: 5307: 5141: 4385: 3543: 3024: 2907: 2715: 2631: 2393: 2257: 1964: 1780: 1532: 705: 694: 669: 629: 538: 383: 359: 269: 7220:"Grizzly Bear Population Estimate for British Columbia. In: Ministry of Environment. 2008" 6497: 6453: 6396:

Herrero, S.; Higgins, A. (2000). "Human Injuries inflicted by bears in Alberta: 1960–98".

5701:

Hilderbrand, G.; Hanley, T.; Robbins, C. & Schwartz, C. (1999). "Role of Brown Bears (

3716:

van Manen, Frank T.; Ebinger, Michael R.; Haroldson, Mark A.; et al. (6 April 2021).

3403:. Province of British Columbia: Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. Archived from 1951:. The O'Malley River is considered the best place on Kodiak Island to view grizzly bears. 1712:, all of which eat salmon as well; this benefits both the bear and the smaller predators. 584:

are present in North America. Traditionally, the following have been recognized alongside

8: 8663: 8329: 8195: 8099: 6319: 2364: 2010: 1810: 1624: 1551: 1537: 1421: 1415: 1201: 1001: 783: 739: 719: 704:

Grizzly bears are some of the largest subspecies of brown bear, only being beaten by the

645: 284: 64: 7838: 7590: 7440:"North Cascades Ecosystem Grizzly Bear Restoration Plan /Environmental Impact Statement" 7333: 7120:. Fish and Wildlife Division of Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. Archived from 6641: 6175: 6093:"Probable Grizzly Bear Predation On An American Black Bear in Yellowstone National Park" 5912: 5904: 5769: 5718: 5401: 5311: 4511: 4483: 4267: 3715: 3547: 3404: 3028: 2911: 2719: 2570: 2261: 1834:

being attacked by a grizzly bear, from an early newspaper illustration of unknown origin

1607:(called grolar bears or pizzly bears depending on the sex of the parents) are produced. 8713: 7969: 7940: 7915: 7865: 7813: 7702: 7610: 7406: 7372: 7192: 6988:"North Cascades Ecosystem Grizzly Bear Restoration Plan/Environmental Impact Statement" 6753: 6405: 6207: 6107: 6061: 5851: 5781: 5738: 5625: 5543: 5350: 5275: 5155: 5101: 4878: 4824: 4228: 4195: 3607: 3585:) in Canada: Photographic and DNA Evidence from Melville Island, Northwest Territories" 3472: 3154: 3119: 3047: 3012: 2880: 2852: 2828: 2793: 2480: 2432: 1979: 1555: 1088: 1054: 1013: 993: 982: 967: 870: 811: 589: 240: 92: 7913: 7846: 6520:"Katmai National Park and Preserve Webcams Make Katmai Bears Accessible to the Public" 5437:

Pongracz, Jodie D.; Paetkau, David; Branigan, Marsha; Richardson, Evan (31 May 2017).

4565: 4528: 4399: 1345:, overturning rocks to reach them, and in some cases preying on them when they are in 8590: 8440: 8339: 8175: 8166: 8157: 8085: 7945: 7891: 7872: 7809: 7782: 7755: 7728: 7722: 7602: 7598: 7577: 7300: 6965: 6939:"Successful Recovery Efforts bring Yellowstone Grizzly Bears off the Endangered List" 6903: 6882: 6655: 6072: 6033: 5980: 5802:

Peek, J.; Beecham, J.; Garshelis, D.; Messier, F.; Miller, S. & Dale, S. (2003).

5730: 5460: 5423: 5377: 5319: 5261: 5178: 4609: 4361: 4133: 3753: 3561: 3209: 3159: 3052: 2884: 2872: 2833: 2743: 2738: 2703: 2684: 2679: 2652: 2549: 2436: 2405: 2317: 2273: 2269: 2202: 1800: 1603:

However, conflict is not the only result of the two bears meeting; in some instances

1409: 1370: 1185: 394: 7867:

Grizzlies and Grizzled Old Men: A Tribute to Those Who Fought to Save the Great Bear

7817: 7706: 7392:"Population Fragmentation of Grizzly Bears in Southeastern British Columbia, Canada" 7376: 6683: 6614: 5785: 5742: 5629: 5547: 5478: 5439:"Recent Hybridization between a Polar Bear and Grizzly Bears in the Canadian Arctic" 5354: 5105: 3982: 3611: 1239: 8445: 8309: 7935: 7927: 7842: 7805: 7751: 7694: 7614: 7594: 7364: 7337: 5944: 5908: 5843: 5773: 5722: 5683: 5656: 5617: 5578: 5535: 5450: 5342: 5315: 5093: 4905: 4870: 4816: 4187: 4154:"Bear Wars: Rare Photos of a Mamma Grizzly Battling a Huge Male to Protect Her Cub" 3599: 3551: 3464: 3205: 3197: 3149: 3139: 3131: 3042: 3032: 2963: 2948:

Rausch, R. L. (1963). "Geographic variation in size in North American brown bears,

2915: 2864: 2823: 2813: 2774: 2733: 2723: 2674: 2664: 2545: 2472: 2307: 2265: 2085: 2057: 2033: 1936: 1725: 1586: 1486: 1403: 971: 858: 835: 661: 637: 524:

North America. Genetic divergences suggest brown bears first migrated south during

458: 295: 277: 6439: 6012:

Giving voice to bear: North American Indian rituals, myths, and images of the bear

5949: 5930: 5398:"adn.com | front : Polar bears, grizzlies increasingly gather on North Slope" 4799: 4268:"Grizzly Bear Population Ecology and Monitoring Denali National Park and Preserve" 2919: 1069: 8577: 7977: 7676:"Interspecific and specific mitochondrial DNA variation in North American bears ( 7341: 6236: 6182: 6162: 6052: 5990: 5373: 4090: 4068: 3802: 3037: 2426: 2133: 1541: 1322: 1248: 698: 545: 422: 414: 7904: 6239:(pdf). BC Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. Retrieved 27 October 2009. 4858: 4312: 4164: 3633: 1306:

Inland grizzlies may eat fish too, most notably in Yellowstone grizzlies eating

1247:

Coastal Canadian and Alaskan grizzlies are larger than those that reside in the

8046: 4739:"As calving season gets into full swing, so does the food source for predators" 3135: 2181: 2146: 2061: 2006: 1879: 1820:

prone to attacking, and are responsible for 70% of humans killed by grizzlies.

1745:

with lacerated faces and missing noses or eyes, due to attacks from grizzlies.

1597: 1382: 1256: 1197: 943: 169: 7368: 7036:"Secretary Zinke Announces Recovery and Delisting of Yellowstone Grizzly Bear" 5777: 2636: 2100:

Drum or barrel trap, used to safely relocate bears, adjacent to a building in

1886:). It has been estimated that a bite from a grizzly can crush a bowling ball. 1485:

to Yellowstone, many visitors have witnessed a once common struggle between a

8612: 8416: 8098: 5464: 3292: 2876: 2321: 1998:

registry and considered threatened under the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

1944: 1868: 1790: 1689: 1652: 1193: 1138: 462: 418: 340: 223: 8530: 6090: 4800:

Reynolds, Harry V.; Garner, Gerald W.; Reynolds, H. V. (16 September 1987).

4059:

MacDonald, Jason; MacDonald, Paula; MacPhee, Mitchell & Nicolle, Paige.

1076:

areas, grizzlies gather around streams, lakes, rivers, and ponds during the

1004:. There has been no confirmed sighting of a grizzly in Colorado since 1979. 689: 7965:

Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History species account-Grizzly Bear

7949: 7931: 7606: 5734: 5583: 5562: 4400:"Food Habits of Grizzly Bears and Black Bears in the Yellowstone Ecosystem" 3565: 3213: 3201: 3163: 3056: 2837: 2747: 2728: 2688: 2669: 2277: 2172: 1987: 1930: 1899: 1861: 1827: 1442: 1342: 1296: 1288: 1271: 1232:

left in the grass, and occasionally they raid the nests of raptors such as

1154: 1060: 997: 963: 569: 183: 8582: 8234: 7914:

Proctor, M.F.; McLellan, B.N.; Strobeck, C. & Barclay, R.M.R. (2005).

6425:. National Geographic Channel – UK (2010-04-20). Retrieved 29 August 2013. 5726: 4421: 3825: 2997:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed)

1224:

food or carrion left behind by other animals. Grizzly bears will also eat

877:

in the high Arctic, which is the most northerly sighting ever documented.

470: 55: 8512: 8425: 8300: 8281: 5976: 5973:

The Walking larder: patterns of domestication, pastoralism, and predation

3678:(Report). Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. 2002. 3144: 2980:

Chadwick, Douglas H. (February 1986) "Grizz: Of Men and the Great Bear".

2818: 2187: 1766: 1366: 1346: 1300: 1280: 1213: 1038: 1030: 709: 621: 574: 533: 434: 410: 402: 351: 262: 42: 8455: 6378: 5455: 2760: 2312: 1738: 1099:. The gestation period for grizzly bears is approximately 180–250 days. 564:

In 1963, Rausch reduced the number of North American subspecies to one,

474: 438: 8504: 8372: 8371:

Genetic tests demonstrate this population to have mixed brown bear and

8075: 8054: 8000: 7410: 7067:"Court restores federal protections for Yellowstone-area grizzly bears" 6409: 6211: 6111: 5855: 4882: 4859:"Grizzly bear predation rates on caribou calves in northeastern Alaska" 4828: 4552:"Grizzlies may be link between drops in cutthroat trout and elk calves" 4199: 4171:

Jonkel, Charles; Husby, Peter; Russell, Richard; Beecham, John (1980).

3744: 3603: 3476: 2484: 2397: 1906: 1593: 1520:

present in the United States which might pose a threat to bears is the

1311: 1233: 1077: 978: 795: 665: 478: 336: 332: 328: 8517: 7566:"Phylogeography and mitochondrial diversity of extirpated brown bear ( 4523: 4521: 3556: 3531: 2242:"Phylogeography and mitochondrial diversity of extirpated brown bear ( 1959: 916:

In the lower 48 United States, around 1,000 are found in the Northern

790:

In North America, grizzly bears previously ranged from Alaska down to

8476: 8226: 8139: 8066: 8034: 6068: 5603:"Effects of Grizzly Bear Digging on Alpine Plant Community Structure" 4658:"Grizzly bear predation on a bull bison in Yellowstone National Park" 2868: 2352: 1923: 1748:

Many Native American tribes both respect and fear the brown bear. In

1742: 1619: 1482: 1452: 1398: 1189: 1165: 1049: 936: 734: 521: 149: 109: 8387: 7905:

McCory, W.P.; Herrero, S.M.; Jones, G.W. & Mallam, E.D. (1990).

7698: 5847: 5687: 4909: 4874: 4820: 4191: 3468: 2967: 2778: 2476: 2349:

Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation

2028: 834:. In Canada, there are approximately 25,000 grizzly bears occupying 8481: 8410: 8022: 6656:"Bear Viewing on Admiralty Island near Juneau, Alaska | Juneau CVB" 4976: 4518: 3748:. 12 September 2007. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. 2356: 2025:

are subject to laws and regulations designed to protect the bears.

1991: 1749: 1665: 1579: 1390: 1386: 1259: 1221: 1169: 932:. In September 2007, a hunter produced evidence of one bear in the 862: 847: 406: 129: 46: 7564:

Miller, Craig R.; Waits, Lisette P.; Joyce, Paul (December 2006),

7018:"U.S. Proposes Lifting Protections for Yellowstone-area Grizzlies" 4895: 4802:"Patterns of Grizzly Bear Predation on Caribou in Northern Alaska" 2096: 853:

An article published in 1954 suggested they may be present in the

712:. Grizzly bears vary in size depending on timing and populations. 7389: 5436: 3325:. Species Profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from 2105: 1995: 1983: 1864: 1685: 1615: 1517: 1438: 1326: 1284: 1255:

in the United States, the grizzly bear's diet consists mostly of

1217: 921: 894: 843: 839: 823: 819: 517: 426: 8468: 7871:. Guilford, CT/Helena, MT: Globe Pequot Press – Falcon Imprint. 7446:. National Park Service and US Fish and Wildlife. Archived from 7297:

Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance

6027: 5705:) in the Flow of Marine Nitrogen into a Terrestrial Ecosystem". 5700: 4173:"The Reintroduction of Orphaned Grizzly Bear Cubs into the Wild" 8028: 8016: 7853: 6961:"Judge renews protected status for Yellowstone's grizzly bears" 6801:"Grizzly Bear Recovery. In: US Fish and Wildlife Service. 2009" 6261:. BC Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. Archived from 3801:. History and Culture. California State Library. Archived from 2704:"Of bears, conservation genetics, and the value of time travel" 2347:. In Feldhamer, G. A.; Thompson, B. C.; Chapman, J. A. (eds.). 1875: 1693:

having a major influence on the entire ecosystem they inhabit.

1545: 1521: 1447: 1374: 1318: 1267: 1205: 1168:

and have the digestive system of carnivores, they are normally

1158: 1009: 986: 906: 902: 866: 854: 803: 799: 791: 775: 139: 119: 7272:. Grouse Mountain: The Peak of Vancouver. 2009. Archived from 7142: 6379:"How to Outrun a Grizzly [and other really bad ideas]" 1459: 1369:. In northern Alaska, grizzlies are a significant predator of 7469: 7118:"Wildlife Status – Grizzly bear – Population size and trends" 6127:"Why are grizzly bears more aggressive than our black bears?" 5201:. Everything about the Cougar / Mountain Lion. Archived from 1705: 1354: 1350: 1276: 1263: 1209: 1173: 1073: 929: 815: 503: 442: 430: 7535:"UnBearable: Alaska Aims to Weaken Bear Hunting Regulations" 4999:"Yellowstone Grizzly Bears Eat 40,000 Moths a Day In August" 4422:"Brown Bear: facts, diet, habitat, baby cubs, claws, kodiak" 4058: 3844:"Wildlife officials hope grizzly bears stay out of Colorado" 3491:"British Columbia Grizzly Bear Population Estimate for 2012" 2850: 8040: 7507:"One Year Later: 5 Major Issues for National Parks in 2018" 6091:

Gunther, K.A.; Biel, M.J.; Anderson, N.; Waits, L. (2002).

5801: 5661:

10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2219:GBDEOS]2.0.CO;2

5622:

10.1657/1523-0430(2003)035[0421:EOGBDO]2.0.CO;2

5540:

10.1674/0003-0031(1998)140[0129:IOSPBF]2.0.CO;2

5347:

10.2192/1537-6176(2005)016[0011:ABBAFI]2.0.CO;2

5098:

10.2192/1537-6176(2004)015<0232:IBWAFG>2.0.CO;2

3579:

Doupe, J.P.; England, J.H.; Furze, M.; Paetkau, D. (2007).

3176: 2533: 1701: 1330: 1251:. This is due, in part, to the richness of their diets. In 1229: 1225: 992:

The killing of the last grizzly bear in Arizona in 1936 at

159: 7034:

Region, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Mountain-Prairie.

6638:"10,000 Visitors Meet 2,500 Bears at Katmai National Park" 4606:

The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mammals.

3231:"Size and Growth Patterns of the Yellowstone Grizzly Bear" 3117: 1807:

A rough and tumble with a grizzly

1317:

Grizzly bears occasionally prey on small mammals, such as

548:

reveals the grizzly to be a subspecies of the brown bear (

7570:) populations in the contiguous United States and Mexico" 5833: 5001:. Yellowstone International. 21 June 2011. Archived from 4170: 2935:

A review of the fossil and extinct bears of the old world

2794:"The Genome of the North American Brown Bear or Grizzly: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2340:

Schwartz, C. C.; Miller, S. D.; Haroldson, M. A. (2003).

2246:) populations in the contiguous United States and Mexico" 2077: 1929:

The McNeil River State Game Sanctuary and Refuge, on the

1709: 1700:

of the fish. In doing so, they provide a food source for

1697: 1569: 1490: 1177: 693:

A grizzly roams in a wooded area near Jasper Townsite in

7999: 7270:"Wildlife and Education: Refuge for Endangered Wildlife" 7189:"Species at Risk – Grizzly Bear Northwestern population" 6593:"McNeil River – State Game Sanctuary and Refuge Permits" 6230:): Mortality Data for British Columbia from 1978 to 2003 4627:"Moose Moms Prefer Traffic to Grizzly Bears, Study Says" 4130:

Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada

4118:

Assessment and Update Status Report on the Grizzly Bear

4019:

Grizzly Bears, Grizzly Bear Pictures, Grizzly Bear Facts

4006:"When Are Grizzly Bears Awake & When Do They Sleep?" 3578: 3010: 2537:

Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola

2240:

Miller, C.R.; Waits, L.P.; Joyce, P. (18 October 2006).

473:" (i.e., "grizzled"—that is, with grey-tipped hair) or " 7673: 6854:"Drunk Grizzlies Keep Getting Hit By Trains In Montana" 6436:"Plan Your Visit - Katmai National Park & Preserve" 6253: 5966:"Did Large Predators keep Humans out of North America?" 2339: 962:

The grizzly bear's original range included much of the

7741: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6828:"Court decision saves Northwest Montana grizzly bears" 4763:. Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. 4580:"Encounters Explorer – Grizzly Bear – Natural History" 3348: 3346: 3344: 2374: 957: 7176:

Alberta designates grizzly bears a threatened species

6254:

Ciarniello, L.; Davis, H. & Wellwood, D. (2002).

5332: 3517:

Grizzly Bear Population Estimate for British Columbia

3074:. In Wilson, Don E.; Mittermeier, Russell A. (eds.). 1939:, in southeast Alaska, was known to early natives as 1720: 1068:

Except for females with cubs, grizzlies are normally

7795: 7181: 6902:, Eastern Washington University Press, pp. 202–204, 6881:, Eastern Washington University Press, pp. 164–213, 6498:"Bear Watching in Katmai National Park and Preserve" 5890: 5673: 5120:"Yellowstone wolves' return means more grizzly food" 2628: 7858:(3rd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. 7854:Groom, M. J.; Meffe, G. K.; Carroll, C. R. (2006). 7390:Michael, F.P.; Bruce, N.M. & Curtis S. (2002). 7354: 7178:. Alberta.ca (2010-06-03). Retrieved 5 August 2013. 6973: 6750:"Species at Risk – Grizzly Bear Prairie population" 6615:"Sport Hunting – Katmai National Park and Preserve" 6249: 6247: 6245: 5829: 5827: 5811:

Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy

5156:"Potential Interactions Between Bears & Wolves" 4549: 3720:(Report). Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, USGS 3341: 2644: 580:It remains an open question how many subspecies of 7864: 7299:(6th ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. 6900:Grizzly Wars: The Public Fight Over the Great Bear 6879:Grizzly Wars: The Public Fight Over the Great Bear 6256:""Bear Smart" Community Program Background Report" 6197: 6060: 4710: 4512:"Grizzly Bear – Denali National Park and Preserve" 2754: 2650: 2044:proposed to remove Yellowstone grizzlies from the 1333:. The most famous example of such predation is in 1243:Grizzly fishing for salmon at Brooks Falls, Alaska 782:with partially eaten salmon – the heads, skin and 660:. The only genetically anomalous grouping was the 7768:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 6289:"What Do You Do With a Bear That Kills a Person?" 6030:Folklore and Legends of the North American Indian 5596: 5594: 5297: 5293: 5291: 3572: 1437:), depending on the environment. Insects such as 1095:of grizzlies may destabilize the population from 453: 8610: 7563: 6708:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from 6546:"McNeil River – State Game Sanctuary and Refuge" 6242: 6218: 6051: 5928: 5824: 4857:Young, Donald D. Jr.; McCabe, Thomas R. (1997). 4777:. forwolves.org. 31 October 2004. Archived from 4775:"Grizzlies, not wolves, major elk calf predator" 4462:"Image of the Month – Brown bear chasing salmon" 4374: 2239: 7319: 7110: 6742: 6193: 6191: 5931:"Bear Ceremonialism in the Northern Hemisphere" 5797: 5795: 5642: 5368:Smith, Richard P. (2007). "Hybrid Black Bear". 4713:"Study show grizzlies are killing moose calves" 4260: 3947:""Hibernation-Migration-Fascination" Narrative" 3581:"Most Northerly Observation of a Grizzly Bear ( 3523: 3076:Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 3000:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 2142. 2657:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2651:Leonard, J.A.; Wayne, R.K.; Cooper, A. (2000). 2598:"Grisly indeed, Grizzly Island was aptly named" 1337:, where grizzlies chase, pounce on, and dig up 7529: 7527: 7136: 6395: 6311: 5755: 5591: 5288: 5168: 3860:. National Wildlife Federation. Archived from 3791: 3682: 3514: 3225: 3223: 2132:The Refuge for Endangered Wildlife located on 2124:Columbia. One example of these efforts is the 559: 26:"Grizzly" redirects here. For other uses, see 7985: 6635: 6423:Facts: Casey & Brutus: Grizzly Encounters 5924: 5922: 5223: 5217: 4109: 3969:"Grizzly Bear Information, Photos, and Facts" 3422: 3170: 2926: 2897: 2289: 2287: 1789:fighting two grizzly bears, 1844 painting by 1365:when the actual predators were thought to be 1341:to eat. In some areas, grizzly bears prey on 664:, which bears genetic introgression from the 7781:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 7727:. Piscataway, NJ: New Centuries Publishers. 6346:"Revelstoke Bear Aware Annual Report – 2015" 6188: 6005: 6003: 5792: 5560: 5083: 5053: 5051: 4325:Kearns, William E. (January–February 1937). 3519:. Ministry of Environment, British Columbia. 2993: 2653:"Population genetics of ice age brown bears" 2534:Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P., eds. (1998). 2235: 2233: 2060:reinstated protection due to the decline of 1467: 7890:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 7524: 5525: 5493: 4856: 4003: 3220: 2941: 2785: 2562: 2387: 1771:List of fatal bear attacks in North America 1757:mother bear up, creating a huge sand dune. 7992: 7978: 7500: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7217: 6734:. Kodiak Brown Bear Center. Archived from 5919: 5280:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5138:"How wolves interact with other predators" 4221: 4054: 4052: 3652:"Tongass National Forest – Nature Viewing" 3448: 2994:Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M. (2005). 2952:L., as indicated by condylobasal length". 2695: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2284: 1715: 1610: 294: 73: 54: 7939: 6569:. Friends of McNeil River. Archived from 6286: 6028:compiled by Joshua B. Lippincott (2009), 6000: 5948: 5582: 5454: 5226:"The return of the great American jaguar" 5048: 3823: 3555: 3529: 3153: 3143: 3069: 3046: 3036: 2827: 2817: 2737: 2727: 2678: 2668: 2635: 2311: 2230: 794:and as far east as the western shores of 488: 8649:Least concern biota of the United States 8131:East Siberian brown bear (provisionally 7862: 7654: 7288: 7090: 7029: 7027: 6009: 5600: 5017: 4358:Bear Attacks: Their Causes and Avoidance 3904: 3824:Czaplicki, Christopher (3 August 2017). 3631: 3532:"The evolution of Arctic marine mammals" 3428: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 2932: 2456: 2111: 2095: 2046:list of threatened and protected species 2027: 1958: 1893: 1826: 1760: 1724: 1568: 1531: 1458: 1357:, which are sometimes taken by bears in 1238: 1142: 1059: 1048: 939:, by killing a male grizzly bear there. 884: 842:, the Yukon, the Northwest Territories, 770: 733: 688: 469:, which could be interpreted as either " 8694:Fauna of the Northwestern United States 7824: 7720: 7659:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 7641:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 7539:National Parks Conservation Association 7511:National Parks Conservation Association 7487: 6958: 6825: 6670:"Stan Price – State Wildlife Sanctuary" 6567:"Friends of McNeil River Bears – About" 5643:Tardiff, S. & Stanford, J. (1998). 5361: 5169:Hornocker, M.; Negri, S., eds. (2009). 4942:Michael, Scott W. (16 September 2008). 4941: 4922: 4869:(4). United States Global Service: 11. 4655: 4355: 4049: 3688: 3098:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 2328: 2156:National Parks Conservation Association 2091: 1008:bear currently has legal protection in 8611: 7776: 7252:"Khutzeymateen Grizzly Bear Sanctuary" 6959:Barnett, Lindsay (22 September 2009). 6952: 6377:Batin, Christopher (31 January 2006). 6343: 6226:An Analysis of Reported Grizzly Bear ( 6124: 5957: 5610:Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 5023: 4961: 4464:. Expeditions Alaska. 31 October 2010. 4324: 2947: 2791: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2568: 2296:"On the status of some arctic animals" 2293: 1596:have increased in recent times due to 8619:NatureServe apparently secure species 8392: 8391: 8292:Peninsular giant bear (provisionally 8122:Kamchatkan brown bear (provisionally 7973: 7885: 7294: 7064: 7024: 6851: 6672:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 6376: 6317: 6224:Austin, M. A., Wrenshall, C. (2004). 6165:. Bear.org. Retrieved 17 August 2012. 5963: 5872:. The Grizzly Bear Blog. 21 July 2010 5499: 5367: 5249: 4700:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 4608:Chanticleer Press, New York, p. 388. 4529:"Grizzly Bears & Cutthroat Trout" 4476:"All About Bears – WildCam Grizzlies" 4438:. shadowofthebear.com. Archived from 4307: 4305: 4029: 4027: 3454: 3395: 3376: 2701: 2527: 2462: 2424: 1912:Lake Clark National Park and Preserve 1592:Encounters between grizzly bears and 346:In addition to the mainland grizzly ( 8644:Least concern biota of North America 8149:Himalayan brown bear (provisionally 7779:Bear in Mind: the California Grizzly 7470:"Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee" 7143:Alberta Grizzly Bear Recovery Team. 6595:. Alaska Department of Fish and Game 6454:"Be a guest of Katmai's brown bears" 6125:Yahner, Richard H. (27 April 2011). 5561:Willson, M. & Gende, S. (2004). 4384:. Shadow of the Bear. Archived from 4035:"Trophy Hunting of BC Grizzly Bears" 3907:"Physiology of hibernation in bears" 3886:. Animal Fact Guide. 18 January 2013 3634:"Grizzly Attack – Timothy Treadwell" 2891: 2792:Taylor, Gregory (30 November 2018). 2418: 2388:Storer, T. I.; Tevis, L. P. (1996). 2126:Khutzeymateen Grizzly Bear Sanctuary 1164:Although grizzlies are of the order 8330:Stickeen brown bear (provisionally 8196:Marsican brown bear (provisionally 7674:Cronin, M. A.; et al. (1991). 6640:. articles.ktuu.com. Archived from 5913:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10040977.x 4809:Bears: Their Biology and Management 4715:. Peninsula Clarion. Archived from 4711:Manning, Elizabeth (25 June 2001). 4550:Peterson, Christine (14 May 2013). 4180:Bears: Their Biology and Management 4089: 4061:"Endangered Wildlife: Grizzly Bear" 3740:"Grizzly shot in Selway-Bitterroot" 3644: 3398:"Grizzly Bears in British Columbia" 3269:. 10 September 2010. Archived from 2844: 2615: 2491: 958:Extirpated populations and recovery 13: 8252:California grizzly bear (formerly 7920:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 7856:Principles of Conservation Biology 7556: 7504: 7474:Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee 7033: 6522:. Sierra Sun Times. Archived from 6287:Wilkinson, Todd (20 August 2015). 5971:, in Clutton-Brock, Juliet (ed.), 5061:. Montana Outdoors. Archived from 4925:"Grizzly Bear Predation On Muskox" 4923:Michael, Scott W. (27 July 2008). 4302: 4024: 3983:"Denning and Hibernation Behavior" 3689:Santoro, Helen (3 November 2019). 3190:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 3078:. Lynx Edicions. pp. 448–497. 2702:Paabo, Svante (15 February 2000). 2363:. pp. 556–586. Archived from 2118:American Museum of Natural History 1721:Relationship with Native Americans 1630: 1216:, and those with access to a more 911:Admiralty Island National Monument 729: 481:formally classified it in 1815 as 14: 8730: 8176:Tibetan blue bear (provisionally 8167:Syrian brown bear (provisionally 8158:Ussuri brown bear (provisionally 7958: 6176:Grizzly Bears in British Columbia 4761:"Shiras Moose Demography Project" 4285:"The Life Cycle of Grizzly Bears" 3358:Western Wildlife Outreach Project 3291:(Online ed.). Archived from 2052:protections for grizzlies in the 1916:Katmai National Park and Preserve 1335:Denali National Park and Preserve 1293:Katmai National Park and Preserve 738:Grizzly claws are longer than an 448: 8365: 8205:Cantabrian brown bear (formerly 7810:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00414.x 7756:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96351.x 7599:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03097.x 7462: 7432: 7383: 7348: 7313: 7262: 7244: 7211: 7169: 7084: 7058: 7010: 6946:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 6931: 6925:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 6913: 6892: 6871: 6845: 6819: 6793: 6772: 6724: 6698: 6676: 6662: 6648: 6629: 6607: 6585: 6559: 6538: 6512: 6490: 6468: 6446: 6428: 6416: 6389: 6370: 6344:Davies, Sue (31 December 2015). 6337: 6318:Scott, Tristan (17 March 2021). 6280: 6168: 6149: 6118: 6084: 6045: 6021: 5884: 5862: 5749: 5694: 5667: 5636: 5601:Doak, D. & Loso, M. (2003). 5563:"Seed Dispersal by Brown Bears, 5554: 5519: 5471: 5430: 5416: 5390: 5326: 5320:10.1111/j.0906-7590.2006.04564.x 5243: 5191: 5171:Cougar: Ecology and Conservation 5162: 5148: 5130: 5112: 5077: 4360:. Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press. 2270:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03097.x 2023:Theodore Roosevelt National Park 1905:In the past 20 years in Alaska, 1889: 1799: 1779: 1639: 1463:White-grey cub in Western Canada 802:, south through much of western 786:are eaten to obtain the most fat 493: 96: 8262:Mexican grizzly bear (formerly 7888:The grizzlies of Mount McKinley 6852:Heinz, Mark (4 November 2023). 6174:Ministry of Environment. 2002. 5479:"Yellowstone Wildlife – Coyote" 4991: 4935: 4916: 4889: 4850: 4793: 4767: 4753: 4731: 4704: 4690: 4649: 4619: 4598: 4582:. Wild Explorer. Archived from 4572: 4558: 4543: 4504: 4490: 4468: 4454: 4436:"Brown, Grizzly or Kodiak Bear" 4428: 4414: 4392: 4349: 4318: 4277: 4247: 4146: 4083: 4012: 3997: 3975: 3961: 3939: 3898: 3876: 3850: 3836: 3817: 3766: 3732: 3709: 3665: 3625: 3508: 3483: 3429:Spocchia, Gino (1 April 2021). 3307: 3277: 3255: 3111: 3082: 3063: 3004: 2987: 2974: 2590: 1949:Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge 1573:A grizzly and polar bear hybrid 1044: 924:. About 1,000 more live in the 509: 232:Possibly synonymous subspecies 7909:. Vol. 8. pp. 11–16. 6826:Garrity, Mike (16 July 2023). 6636:Fiorucci, Dan (17 July 2012). 5400:. 1 April 2008. Archived from 5224:Richard Grant (October 2016). 5140:. wolfbehavior. Archived from 4863:Journal of Wildlife Management 4315:". U.S. National Park Service. 3858:"Hibernation in grizzly bears" 2569:Wright, William Henry (1909). 2544:]. Vol. II, Part 1a. 2402:University of California Press 2361:Johns Hopkins University Press 2216: 2151:environmental impact statement 1554:generally stay out of grizzly 1527: 1024: 880: 798:; the species is now found in 1: 7847:10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00265-8 7758:(inactive 18 September 2024). 6684:"Island Of The Big Grizzlies" 6156:How Dangerous are Black Bears 5950:10.1525/aa.1926.28.1.02a00020 5500:Clark, Howard O. Jr. (2007). 5481:. yellowstonenationalpark.com 4698:"Predator/Prey Relationships" 4566:"Grizzly bear feeding habits" 3354:"Grizzly Bear Identification" 2920:10.1016/j.geobios.2017.12.001 2857:Journal of Quaternary Science 2209: 2193:Grizzly Peak (Berkeley Hills) 2116:Taxidermied specimens at the 1954: 926:Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem 826:), extending as far south as 679: 21:Grizzly bear (disambiguation) 8709:Mammals of the United States 8699:Fauna of the Rocky Mountains 8689:Carnivorans of North America 8340:Ungava brown bear (formerly 7342:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.04.025 7195:. 8 May 2006. Archived from 6756:. 8 May 2006. Archived from 6185:. Retrieved 12 October 2009. 5870:"Grizzly Bear Eating Salmon" 5026:"Brown / Grizzly Bear Facts" 4944:"Marine Mammals on the Menu" 4741:. newsminer.com. 23 May 2010 4337:(1–2). National Park Service 4327:"The Speed of Grizzly Bears" 3070:Garshelis, David L. (2009). 3038:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003345 2076:In Alberta, Canada, intense 2042:US Fish and Wildlife Service 1582:was thought by some to be a 952:North Cascades National Park 934:Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness 7: 8679:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 8310:Sitka brown bear (formerly 7687:Canadian Journal of Zoology 7655:Banfield, A. W. F. (1987). 5676:Canadian Journal of Zoology 5528:American Midland Naturalist 5175:University of Chicago Press 4898:Canadian Journal of Zoology 4257:Guilford, CT, 1993, pg. 91. 2955:Canadian Journal of Zoology 2767:Canadian Journal of Zoology 2548:: Science Publishers, Inc. 2166: 1504: 1481:With the reintroduction of 1308:Yellowstone cutthroat trout 1115: 1106: 846:, and the northern part of 806:, and into portions of the 614:Alaska Peninsula brown bear 560:Subspecies in North America 303:Historic and present range 10: 8735: 5199:"Cougar vs. bear accounts" 5030:North American Bear Center 3846:. CBS Denver. 23 May 2012. 3691:"The Grizzlies Are Coming" 3136:10.1038/s42003-023-04514-w 1841:acoustic deterrent devices 1764: 1605:grizzly–polar bear hybrids 1136: 1127: 1019: 981:and was the symbol of the 832:Grand Teton National Parks 808:northwestern United States 742:'s and adapted for digging 516:Brown bears originated in 25: 18: 8654:Mammals described in 1758 8400: 8360: 8322: 8274: 8225: 8188: 8140:Gobi bear (provisionally 8114: 8065: 8011: 7721:Herrero, Stephen (1985). 7637:"Ursus arctos horribilis" 7369:10.2192/1537-6176-19.2.91 6181:24 September 2015 at the 6032:, Abela Publishing Ltd., 5929:Hallowell, A. I. (1926). 5778:10.1007/s10021-004-0063-5 5571:Canadian Field-Naturalist 5567:, in Southeastern Alaska" 5509:Endangered Species Update 5250:Busch, Robert H. (2000). 4604:Whitaker, John O. (1980) 4356:Herrero, Stephen (2002). 4313:Staying Safe Around Bears 4099:The Canadian Encyclopedia 3830:The Mountains Are Calling 3758:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3181:Ursus arctos californicus 2637:10.1101/2020.09.03.279117 2198:Grizzly–polar bear hybrid 2180:(Grizzly Bear Standing), 2102:Grand Teton National Park 2071:Crow Tribe et al v. Zinke 2067:Yellowstone National Park 2054:Yellowstone National Park 1898:Bear catches a salmon at 1682:Grand Teton National Park 1476: 1468:Interspecific competition 1363:Yellowstone National Park 1359:Yellowstone National Park 1253:Yellowstone National Park 1072:, active animals, but in 1064:Mother grizzly with a cub 566:Ursus arctos middendorffi 534:Haida Gwaii archipelagoes 374:)—as well as the extinct 321:North American brown bear 302: 293: 236: 231: 212: 205: 93:Scientific classification 91: 71: 62: 53: 37: 8719:Subspecies of brown bear 6293:National Geographic News 6161:16 December 2013 at the 6016:Rowman & Littlefield 5964:Geist, Valerius (1989), 5158:. National Park Service. 4568:. National Park Service. 4514:. National Park Service. 4500:. The Grizzly Bear Blog. 4498:"Grizzly Bears Clamming" 4331:Yellowstone Nature Notes 4273:. National Park Service. 3530:Harington, C.R. (2008). 3072:"Family Ursidae (Bears)" 3023:(3) e1003345: e1003345. 2178:Etsowish-simmegee-itshin 1976:contiguous United States 1093:Population fragmentation 861:and the northern tip of 766: 722:population of the area. 573:species from grizzlies. 28:Grizzly (disambiguation) 16:Subspecies of brown bear 8432:Ursus arctos horribilis 8402:Ursus arctos horribilis 7863:Lapinski, Mike (2006). 7827:Biological Conservation 7322:Biological Conservation 6617:. National Park Service 6500:. National Park Service 6478:. National Park Service 6476:"Brown Bears of Katmai" 6063:Kwakiutl String Figures 5936:American Anthropologist 5836:Ecological Applications 4531:. National Park Service 4402:. National Park Service 4255:The Great Bear Almanac. 4235:. National Park Service 3985:. National Park Service 3949:. National Park Service 3905:Hellgren, Eric (1998). 3536:Ecological Applications 3515:Hamilton, A.N. (2008). 3317:Ursus arctos horribilis 3285:"Grizzly or Brown Bear" 2933:Erdbrink, D.P. (1953). 2294:Rausch, Robert (1953). 2040:On 9 January 2006, the 1809:by H. Bullock Webster, 1716:Interaction with humans 1611:Various small predators 1349:. Larger prey includes 1339:Arctic ground squirrels 1132: 1122:Ursus arctos horribilis 909:are more abundant. The 889:Family of grizzlies in 684: 598:California grizzly bear 348:Ursus arctos horribilis 316:Ursus arctos horribilis 216:Ursus arctos horribilis 8629:ESA threatened species 8301:Kodiak bear (formerly 7932:10.1098/rspb.2005.3246 7886:Murie, Adolph (1985). 7777:Snyder, Susan (2003). 7444:Conservation Northwest 6992:Conservation Northwest 5584:10.22621/cfn.v118i4.53 4021:. National Geographic. 3971:. American Expedition. 3267:nationalgeographic.com 3202:10.1098/rspb.2023.0921 3124:Communications Biology 2729:10.1073/pnas.97.4.1320 2670:10.1073/pnas.040453097 2425:Busch, Robert (2004). 2163:conducting revisions. 2120: 2109: 2050:Endangered Species Act 2037: 1967: 1902: 1835: 1730: 1574: 1548: 1464: 1431:), and huckleberries ( 1244: 1161: 1153:Wild grizzly bears at 1065: 1057: 946:ecosystem of northern 898: 787: 743: 701: 606:Dall Island brown bear 489:Evolution and genetics 465:first described it as 8704:Mammals of the Arctic 8669:Symbols of California 8284:brown bear (formerly 7657:The Mammals of Canada 7295:Krebs, C. J. (2009). 6010:Rockwell, D. (1991), 5727:10.1007/s004420050961 5024:Derych, John (2001). 4671:: 375. Archived from 3920:: 467. Archived from 3396:Blood, D. A. (2002). 2115: 2099: 2031: 1974:as threatened in the 1962: 1897: 1830: 1761:Conflicts with humans 1728: 1572: 1535: 1462: 1434:Vaccinium parvifolium 1428:Shepherdia canadensis 1242: 1152: 1097:inbreeding depression 1063: 1053:Sow with two cubs in 1052: 891:Glacier National Park 888: 774: 737: 706:Kamchatka brown bears 692: 568:. Further testing of 319:), also known as the 198:U. a. horribilis 7798:Conservation Biology 7744:Conservation Biology 7716:on 28 February 2019. 6898:Knibb, David (2008) 6877:Knibb, David (2008) 5979:, pp. 282–294, 5893:Conservation Biology 5256:. New York. p. 5230:Smithsonian Magazine 5144:on 28 December 2012. 5065:on 28 September 2013 4973:Hinterland Who's Who 4486:on 30 December 2013. 4388:on 29 December 2013. 3864:on 28 September 2017 3826:"Escudilla Mountain" 3457:Journal of Mammalogy 3410:on 24 September 2015 3289:The Mammals of Texas 3273:on 25 February 2021. 2819:10.3390/genes9120598 2575:. C. Scribner's sons 2515:on 30 September 2011 2465:Journal of Mammalogy 2205:, a.k.a. Grizzly Man 2092:Conservation efforts 1970:The grizzly bear is 1965:Denali National Park 1473:by smaller animals. 1419:), buffalo berries ( 989:in the early 1920s. 780:Katmai National Park 695:Jasper National Park 670:Kamchatka brown bear 630:Mexican grizzly bear 575:Kodiak Grizzly Bears 539:Last Glacial Maximum 454:Meaning of "grizzly" 19:For other uses, see 8624:Arctic land animals 8100:Eurasian brown bear 8086:Steppe brown bear ( 7926:(1579): 2409–2416. 7839:2002BCons.106..381W 7591:2006MolEc..15.4477M 7334:2005BCons.121..453C 7124:on 26 December 2008 7071:The Washington Post 6927:. 29 December 2005. 6706:"Kodiak Brown Bear" 6442:on 2 November 2012. 6235:6 July 2011 at the 6131:The Daily Collegian 6053:Averkieva, Julia P. 5996:on 16 December 2008 5905:1996ConBi..10..977K 5770:2006Ecosy...9..167H 5719:1999Oecol.121..546H 5456:10.14430/arctic4643 5312:2006Ecogr..29..561A 5253:The Grizzly Almanac 5205:on 27 February 2014 4948:Gobies to Grizzlies 4929:Gobies to Grizzlies 4781:on 26 December 2011 4631:National Geographic 4586:on 30 December 2013 4480:National Geographic 3927:on 8 September 2016 3697:. High Country News 3548:2008EcoAp..18S..23H 3542:(2 Suppl): S23–40. 3295:on 23 November 2019 3029:2013PLOSG...9.3345C 2982:National Geographic 2912:2018Geobi..51...61S 2720:2000PNAS...97.1320P 2428:The Grizzly Almanac 2313:10.14430/arctic3870 2262:2006MolEc..15.4477M 2011:Banff National Park 1754:Sleeping Bear Dunes 1625:San Joaquin Kit Fox 1422:Shepherdia argentea 1416:Vaccinium oxycoccos 1407:), salmon berries ( 1393:are also consumed. 1275:diet of salmon and 1266:, grasses, various 1002:Sand County Almanac 968:southwestern states 784:subcutaneous tissue 740:American black bear 720:American black bear 646:Stickeen brown bear 485:for its character. 65:Conservation status 8674:Symbols of Montana 8332:U. a. stikeenensis 8303:U. a. middendorffi 8254:U. a. californicus 7420:on 3 December 2010 7276:on 6 February 2010 7193:Environment Canada 7097:Native News Online 7065:Brulliard, Karin. 6858:Cowboy State Daily 6754:Environment Canada 6358:on 23 October 2020 6320:"The Grizzly Guru" 5370:Black Bear Hunting 4838:on 3 December 2010 4719:on 5 November 2013 4678:on 11 October 2017 4637:on 13 October 2007 4382:"Food For Thought" 4209:on 3 December 2010 3604:10.14430/arctic219 3329:on 15 October 2011 2435:. pp. 11–14. 2433:Globe Pequot Press 2390:California Grizzly 2370:on 7 January 2014. 2121: 2110: 2038: 1968: 1903: 1836: 1731: 1584:grizzly×black bear 1575: 1549: 1493:killed by wolves. 1465: 1245: 1162: 1066: 1058: 1055:Kananaskis Country 1014:European countries 994:Escudilla Mountain 983:Bear Flag Republic 970:, but it has been 918:Continental Divide 899: 871:mark-and-recapture 788: 744: 702: 650:U. a. stikeenensis 626:U. a. middendorffi 602:U. a. californicus 590:Alaskan brown bear 401:), inhabiting the 380:U. a. californicus 376:California grizzly 368:peninsular grizzly 356:U. a. middendorffi 285:U. a. stikeenensis 263:U. a. middendorffi 241:U. a. californicus 79:Apparently Secure 8659:Mammals of Canada 8606: 8605: 8591:Open Tree of Life 8394:Taxon identifiers 8385: 8384: 8356: 8355: 8352: 8351: 8221: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8151:U. a. isabellinus 8124:U. a. beringianus 7897:978-0-295-96204-7 7878:978-0-7627-3653-9 7788:978-1-890771-70-6 7734:978-0-8329-0377-9 7693:(12): 2985–2992. 7668:) in Canada, 2002 7585:(14): 4477–4485, 7578:Molecular Ecology 7505:Pierno, Theresa. 7306:978-0-321-50743-3 6966:Los Angeles Times 6908:978-1-59766-037-2 6887:978-1-59766-037-2 6807:on 17 August 2009 6738:on 5 August 2013. 6686:. Outdoor Channel 6526:on 7 January 2014 6299:on 21 August 2015 6039:978-0-9560584-6-1 5383:978-0-8117-0269-0 5184:978-0-2263-5344-9 5124:Los Angeles Times 5005:on 2 October 2011 4979:on 3 January 2011 4904:(11): 2492–2499. 4367:978-1-58574-557-9 4139:978-0-662-32568-0 4045:on 31 March 2009. 4004:Di Jensen, Elle. 3805:on 5 January 2019 3557:10.1890/06-0624.1 3196:(2014) 20230921. 2773:(12): 2985–2992. 2585:great naked bear. 2442:978-1-5922-8320-0 2411:978-0-5202-0520-8 2256:(14): 4477–4485. 2250:Molecular Ecology 2203:Timothy Treadwell 1824:their offspring. 1566:but rarely both. 1536:Possible grizzly- 1410:Rubus spectabilis 1186:white-tailed deer 1150: 541:(>25,000 BP). 395:Ussuri brown bear 364:U. a. beringianus 307: 306: 86: 8726: 8599: 8598: 8586: 8585: 8573: 8572: 8560: 8559: 8547: 8546: 8534: 8533: 8521: 8520: 8508: 8507: 8495: 8494: 8485: 8484: 8472: 8471: 8459: 8458: 8449: 8448: 8436: 8435: 8434: 8421: 8420: 8419: 8389: 8388: 8376: 8369: 8342:U. a. ungavaesis 8272: 8271: 8241:U. a. horribilis 8232: 8231: 8207:U. a. pyrenaicus 8198:U. a. marsicanus 8112: 8111: 8096: 8095: 7994: 7987: 7980: 7971: 7970: 7953: 7943: 7910: 7901: 7882: 7870: 7859: 7850: 7821: 7804:(4): 1123–1136. 7792: 7773: 7767: 7759: 7738: 7717: 7715: 7709:. Archived from 7684: 7670:2.1 MB PDF file. 7660: 7651: 7649: 7647: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7624:on 24 March 2012 7623: 7617:, archived from 7574: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7545: 7531: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7517: 7502: 7485: 7484: 7482: 7480: 7466: 7460: 7459: 7457: 7455: 7436: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7425: 7419: 7413:. Archived from 7396: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7352: 7346: 7345: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7292: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7281: 7266: 7260: 7259: 7248: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7231: 7225:. Archived from 7224: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7185: 7179: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7156: 7150:. Archived from 7149: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7114: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7103: 7088: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7042:. Archived from 7031: 7022: 7021: 7014: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7003: 6994:. Archived from 6984: 6971: 6970: 6956: 6950: 6949: 6943: 6935: 6929: 6928: 6917: 6911: 6896: 6890: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6832:Daily Inter Lake 6823: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6803:. Archived from 6797: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6776: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6746: 6740: 6739: 6732:"O'Malley River" 6728: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6712:on 18 April 2015 6702: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6680: 6674: 6673: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6658:. Travel Juneau. 6652: 6646: 6645: 6633: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6542: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6438:. Archived from 6432: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6393: 6387: 6386: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6357: 6351:. Archived from 6350: 6341: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6295:. Archived from 6284: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6267: 6260: 6251: 6240: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6195: 6186: 6172: 6166: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6137:on 25 April 2012 6122: 6116: 6115: 6097: 6088: 6082: 6081: 6066: 6057:Sherman, Mark A. 6049: 6043: 6042: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6007: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5989:, archived from 5970: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5926: 5917: 5916: 5888: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5831: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5808: 5799: 5790: 5789: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5655:(7): 2219–2228. 5640: 5634: 5633: 5607: 5598: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5506: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5458: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5295: 5286: 5285: 5279: 5271: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5126:. 1 August 2013. 5116: 5110: 5109: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5055: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5032:. Archived from 5021: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4975:. Archived from 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4837: 4831:. Archived from 4806: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4677: 4662: 4656:Wyman T (2002). 4653: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4633:. Archived from 4623: 4617: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4525: 4516: 4515: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4482:. Archived from 4472: 4466: 4465: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4322: 4316: 4309: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4264: 4258: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4208: 4202:. Archived from 4177: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4160:. 31 March 2011. 4158:Field and Stream 4150: 4144: 4143: 4127: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4101:. Archived from 4091:Herrero, Stephen 4087: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4067:. Archived from 4056: 4047: 4046: 4041:. Archived from 4031: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3926: 3911: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3757: 3749: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3621:on 3 March 2019. 3620: 3614:. Archived from 3589: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3559: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3495: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3409: 3402: 3393: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3360:. Archived from 3350: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3242: 3236:. Archived from 3235: 3227: 3218: 3217: 3208: 10777157. 3187: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3157: 3147: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3050: 3040: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2991: 2985: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2869:10.1002/jqs.3451 2848: 2842: 2841: 2831: 2821: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2741: 2731: 2714:(4): 1320–1321. 2699: 2693: 2692: 2682: 2672: 2663:(4): 1651–1654. 2648: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2626: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2546:Washington, D.C. 2531: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2514: 2508:. Archived from 2503: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2385: 2372: 2371: 2369: 2346: 2337: 2326: 2325: 2315: 2291: 2282: 2281: 2237: 2228: 2227: 2220: 2086:British Columbia 2058:Donald W. Molloy 1937:Admiralty Island 1803: 1787:Native Americans 1783: 1643: 1487:keystone species 1425:), soapberries ( 1413:), cranberries ( 1404:Rubus fruticosus 1401:, blackberries ( 1323:ground squirrels 1151: 920:in northwestern 859:Ungava Peninsula 836:British Columbia 674:U. a. horribilis 662:ABC Islands bear 658:U. a. horribilis 638:ABC Islands bear 594:U. a. alascensis 586:U. a. horribilis 459:Meriwether Lewis 298: 218: 101: 100: 80: 77: 76: 58: 41:Temporal range: 35: 34: 8734: 8733: 8729: 8728: 8727: 8725: 8724: 8723: 8634:Fauna of Alaska 8609: 8608: 8607: 8602: 8594: 8589: 8581: 8578:Observation.org 8576: 8568: 8563: 8555: 8550: 8542: 8537: 8529: 8524: 8516: 8511: 8503: 8498: 8490: 8488: 8480: 8475: 8467: 8462: 8454: 8452: 8444: 8439: 8430: 8429: 8424: 8415: 8414: 8409: 8396: 8386: 8381: 8380: 8379: 8370: 8366: 8348: 8318: 8312:U. a. sitkensis 8270: 8239: 8237: 8213: 8184: 8178:U. a. pruinosus 8142:U. a. gobiensis 8103: 8101: 8094: 8078:U. a. crowtheri 8061: 8007: 7998: 7961: 7956: 7898: 7879: 7789: 7761: 7760: 7735: 7713: 7699:10.1139/z91-421 7682: 7645: 7643: 7635: 7627: 7625: 7621: 7572: 7559: 7557:Further reading 7554: 7553: 7543: 7541: 7533: 7532: 7525: 7515: 7513: 7503: 7488: 7478: 7476: 7468: 7467: 7463: 7453: 7451: 7450:on 2 April 2015 7438: 7437: 7433: 7423: 7421: 7417: 7394: 7388: 7384: 7353: 7349: 7318: 7314: 7307: 7293: 7289: 7279: 7277: 7268: 7267: 7263: 7250: 7249: 7245: 7235: 7233: 7232:on 29 June 2011 7229: 7222: 7218:Hamilton, A.N. 7216: 7212: 7202: 7200: 7199:on 12 June 2013 7187: 7186: 7182: 7174: 7170: 7160: 7158: 7154: 7147: 7141: 7137: 7127: 7125: 7116: 7115: 7111: 7101: 7099: 7089: 7085: 7075: 7073: 7063: 7059: 7049: 7047: 7046:on 29 June 2017 7032: 7025: 7020:. 4 March 2016. 7016: 7015: 7011: 7001: 6999: 6998:on 2 April 2015 6986: 6985: 6974: 6957: 6953: 6941: 6937: 6936: 6932: 6919: 6918: 6914: 6897: 6893: 6876: 6872: 6862: 6860: 6850: 6846: 6836: 6834: 6824: 6820: 6810: 6808: 6799: 6798: 6794: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6773: 6763: 6761: 6760:on 10 June 2013 6748: 6747: 6743: 6730: 6729: 6725: 6715: 6713: 6704: 6703: 6699: 6689: 6687: 6682: 6681: 6677: 6668: 6667: 6663: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6644:on 10 May 2013. 6634: 6630: 6620: 6618: 6613: 6612: 6608: 6598: 6596: 6591: 6590: 6586: 6576: 6574: 6565: 6564: 6560: 6550: 6548: 6544: 6543: 6539: 6529: 6527: 6518: 6517: 6513: 6503: 6501: 6496: 6495: 6491: 6481: 6479: 6474: 6473: 6469: 6459: 6457: 6452: 6451: 6447: 6434: 6433: 6429: 6421: 6417: 6394: 6390: 6375: 6371: 6361: 6359: 6355: 6348: 6342: 6338: 6328: 6326: 6324:Flathead Beacon 6316: 6312: 6302: 6300: 6285: 6281: 6271: 6269: 6268:on 29 June 2011 6265: 6258: 6252: 6243: 6237:Wayback Machine 6223: 6219: 6196: 6189: 6183:Wayback Machine 6173: 6169: 6163:Wayback Machine 6154: 6150: 6140: 6138: 6123: 6119: 6095: 6089: 6085: 6079: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6026: 6022: 6008: 6001: 5993: 5987: 5968: 5962: 5958: 5927: 5920: 5889: 5885: 5875: 5873: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5848:10.2307/3061004 5832: 5825: 5815: 5813: 5806: 5800: 5793: 5754: 5750: 5699: 5695: 5688:10.1139/Z09-004 5672: 5668: 5641: 5637: 5605: 5599: 5592: 5559: 5555: 5524: 5520: 5504: 5498: 5494: 5484: 5482: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5435: 5431: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5407: 5405: 5404:on 1 April 2008 5396: 5395: 5391: 5384: 5374:Stackpole Books 5366: 5362: 5331: 5327: 5296: 5289: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5248: 5244: 5234: 5232: 5222: 5218: 5208: 5206: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5167: 5163: 5154: 5153: 5149: 5136: 5135: 5131: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5082: 5078: 5068: 5066: 5057: 5056: 5049: 5039: 5037: 5036:on 20 July 2011 5022: 5018: 5008: 5006: 4997: 4996: 4992: 4982: 4980: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4952: 4950: 4940: 4936: 4921: 4917: 4910:10.1139/z88-369 4894: 4890: 4875:10.2307/3802102 4855: 4851: 4841: 4839: 4835: 4821:10.2307/3872608 4804: 4798: 4794: 4784: 4782: 4773: 4772: 4768: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4744: 4742: 4737: 4736: 4732: 4722: 4720: 4709: 4705: 4696: 4695: 4691: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4660: 4654: 4650: 4640: 4638: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4603: 4599: 4589: 4587: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4548: 4544: 4534: 4532: 4527: 4526: 4519: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4445: 4443: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4405: 4403: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4368: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4323: 4319: 4310: 4303: 4293: 4291: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4252: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4192:10.2307/3872892 4175: 4169: 4165: 4152: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4125: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4105:on 15 May 2005. 4088: 4084: 4074: 4072: 4057: 4050: 4033: 4032: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4008:. Demand Media. 4002: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3952: 3950: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3909: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3822: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3799:"State Symbols" 3797: 3796: 3792: 3782: 3780: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3751: 3750: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3723: 3721: 3714: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3687: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3638:katmaibears.com 3630: 3626: 3618: 3587: 3577: 3573: 3528: 3524: 3513: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3469:10.2307/1375959 3453: 3449: 3439: 3437: 3435:The Independent 3427: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3400: 3394: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3364:on 6 March 2015 3352: 3351: 3342: 3332: 3330: 3315:"Grizzly bear ( 3313: 3312: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3243:on 19 July 2023 3240: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3221: 3185: 3175: 3171: 3116: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3068: 3064: 3009: 3005: 2992: 2988: 2979: 2975: 2968:10.1139/z63-005 2946: 2942: 2931: 2927: 2896: 2892: 2849: 2845: 2790: 2786: 2779:10.1139/z91-421 2759: 2755: 2700: 2696: 2649: 2645: 2627: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2578: 2576: 2567: 2563: 2556: 2532: 2528: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2501: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2477:10.2307/1375959 2461: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2423: 2419: 2412: 2404:. p. 335. 2386: 2375: 2367: 2344: 2338: 2329: 2292: 2285: 2238: 2231: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2169: 2134:Grouse Mountain 2108:, United States 2094: 1957: 1892: 1846:B.C. government 1817: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1813: 1804: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1784: 1773: 1763: 1734:Native American 1723: 1718: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1633: 1631:Ecological role 1613: 1542:Yukon Territory 1530: 1507: 1479: 1470: 1249:Rocky Mountains 1143: 1141: 1135: 1130: 1118: 1109: 1047: 1027: 1022: 996:is included in 960: 897:, United States 883: 875:Melville Island 769: 732: 730:Characteristics 699:Alberta, Canada 687: 682: 642:U. a. sitkensis 562: 546:genetic testing 514: 496: 491: 456: 451: 429:, northeastern 423:Kunashir Island 415:Shantar Islands 384:Mexican grizzly 278:U. a. sitkensis 227: 220: 214: 201: 187: 95: 87: 78: 74: 67: 49: 39: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8732: 8722: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8684:Apex predators 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8600: 8587: 8574: 8561: 8548: 8535: 8522: 8509: 8496: 8486: 8473: 8460: 8450: 8437: 8422: 8406: 8404: 8398: 8397: 8383: 8382: 8378: 8377: 8363: 8362: 8361: 8358: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8346: 8336: 8326: 8324: 8320: 8319: 8317: 8316: 8307: 8298: 8289: 8278: 8276: 8269: 8268: 8258: 8247: 8245: 8238:(provisionally 8229: 8223: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8211: 8202: 8192: 8190: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8182: 8173: 8169:U. a. syriacus 8164: 8160:U. a. lasiotus 8155: 8146: 8137: 8133:U. a. collaris 8128: 8118: 8116: 8109: 8102:(provisionally 8093: 8092: 8082: 8071: 8069: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8059: 8051: 8043: 8037: 8031: 8025: 8019: 8012: 8009: 8008: 8006:or populations 7997: 7996: 7989: 7982: 7974: 7968: 7967: 7960: 7959:External links 7957: 7955: 7954: 7911: 7902: 7896: 7883: 7877: 7860: 7851: 7833:(3): 381–388. 7822: 7793: 7787: 7774: 7750:(2): 408–417. 7739: 7733: 7718: 7671: 7661: 7652: 7633: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7523: 7486: 7461: 7431: 7382: 7347: 7328:(3): 453–464. 7312: 7305: 7287: 7261: 7243: 7210: 7180: 7168: 7157:on 29 May 2008 7135: 7109: 7091:Online staff. 7083: 7057: 7023: 7009: 6972: 6951: 6930: 6912: 6891: 6870: 6844: 6818: 6792: 6771: 6741: 6723: 6697: 6675: 6661: 6647: 6628: 6606: 6584: 6558: 6537: 6511: 6489: 6467: 6445: 6427: 6415: 6388: 6369: 6336: 6310: 6279: 6241: 6217: 6187: 6167: 6148: 6117: 6083: 6077: 6044: 6038: 6020: 5999: 5985: 5956: 5918: 5883: 5861: 5842:(4): 947–960. 5823: 5791: 5764:(2): 167–180. 5748: 5713:(4): 546–550. 5693: 5682:(3): 195–203. 5666: 5635: 5616:(4): 499–503. 5590: 5577:(4): 499–503. 5553: 5534:(1): 129–139. 5518: 5492: 5470: 5449:(2): 151–160. 5429: 5415: 5389: 5382: 5360: 5325: 5306:(4): 561–572. 5287: 5266: 5242: 5216: 5190: 5183: 5161: 5147: 5129: 5111: 5092:(2): 232–238. 5076: 5047: 5016: 4990: 4960: 4934: 4915: 4888: 4849: 4792: 4766: 4752: 4730: 4703: 4689: 4648: 4618: 4597: 4571: 4557: 4542: 4517: 4503: 4489: 4467: 4453: 4442:on 24 May 2013 4427: 4413: 4391: 4373: 4366: 4348: 4317: 4301: 4276: 4259: 4246: 4229:"Brown Bear – 4220: 4163: 4145: 4138: 4108: 4095:"Grizzly Bear" 4082: 4071:on 25 May 2011 4048: 4023: 4011: 3996: 3974: 3960: 3938: 3897: 3884:"Grizzly Bear" 3875: 3849: 3835: 3816: 3790: 3765: 3731: 3708: 3681: 3664: 3643: 3632:Rogers, Lynn. 3624: 3598:(3): 271–276. 3571: 3522: 3507: 3482: 3463:(3): 345–357. 3447: 3421: 3375: 3340: 3306: 3276: 3263:"Grizzly bear" 3254: 3219: 3169: 3110: 3081: 3062: 3003: 2986: 2973: 2940: 2925: 2890: 2843: 2784: 2753: 2694: 2643: 2614: 2602:Daily Republic 2589: 2561: 2554: 2526: 2490: 2471:(3): 345–357. 2455: 2441: 2417: 2410: 2373: 2342:"Grizzly bear" 2327: 2283: 2229: 2224:"Ursus arctos" 2214: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2175: 2168: 2165: 2147:North Cascades 2093: 2090: 2062:whitebark pine 2007:national parks 1956: 1953: 1891: 1888: 1839:chemicals, or 1805: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1785: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1762: 1759: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1648: 1647: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1612: 1609: 1598:global warming 1529: 1526: 1506: 1503: 1478: 1475: 1469: 1466: 1383:humpback whale 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1117: 1114: 1108: 1105: 1046: 1043: 1029:Grizzly bears 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 959: 956: 944:North Cascades 882: 879: 768: 765: 764: 763: 760: 757: 754: 731: 728: 686: 683: 681: 678: 561: 558: 513: 508: 495: 492: 490: 487: 455: 452: 450: 449:Classification 447: 399:U. a. lasiotus 360:Kamchatka bear 305: 304: 300: 299: 291: 290: 289: 288: 281: 274: 266: 259: 252: 245: 234: 233: 229: 228: 221: 210: 209: 207:Trinomial name 203: 202: 195: 193: 189: 188: 184:U. arctos 181: 179: 175: 174: 167: 163: 162: 157: 153: 152: 147: 143: 142: 137: 133: 132: 127: 123: 122: 117: 113: 112: 107: 103: 102: 89: 88: 72: 69: 68: 63: 60: 59: 51: 50: 40: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8731: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8639:Grizzly bears 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8616: 8614: 8597: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8487: 8483: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8451: 8447: 8442: 8438: 8433: 8427: 8423: 8418: 8412: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8390: 8374: 8368: 8364: 8359: 8345: 8343: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8328: 8327: 8325: 8321: 8314: 8313: 8308: 8306: 8304: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8290: 8287: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8273: 8267: 8265: 8264:U. a. nelsoni 8259: 8257: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8242: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8224: 8210: 8208: 8203: 8201: 8199: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8187: 8181: 8179: 8174: 8172: 8170: 8165: 8163: 8161: 8156: 8154: 8152: 8147: 8145: 8143: 8138: 8136: 8134: 8129: 8127: 8125: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8106: 8097: 8091: 8089: 8088:U. a. priscus 8083: 8081: 8079: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8068: 8064: 8058: 8057: 8052: 8050: 8049: 8044: 8042: 8038: 8036: 8032: 8030: 8026: 8024: 8020: 8018: 8014: 8013: 8010: 8005: 8002: 7995: 7990: 7988: 7983: 7981: 7976: 7975: 7972: 7966: 7963: 7962: 7951: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7912: 7908: 7903: 7899: 7893: 7889: 7884: 7880: 7874: 7869: 7868: 7861: 7857: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7794: 7790: 7784: 7780: 7775: 7771: 7765: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7740: 7736: 7730: 7726: 7725: 7719: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7681: 7679: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7662: 7658: 7653: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7579: 7571: 7569: 7562: 7561: 7540: 7536: 7530: 7528: 7512: 7508: 7501: 7499: 7497: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7475: 7471: 7465: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7435: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7393: 7386: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7363:(2): 91–104. 7362: 7358: 7351: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7316: 7308: 7302: 7298: 7291: 7275: 7271: 7265: 7257: 7256:env.gov.bc.ca 7253: 7247: 7228: 7221: 7214: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7184: 7177: 7172: 7153: 7146: 7139: 7123: 7119: 7113: 7098: 7094: 7087: 7072: 7068: 7061: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7030: 7028: 7019: 7013: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6968: 6967: 6962: 6955: 6947: 6940: 6934: 6926: 6922: 6916: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6895: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6874: 6859: 6855: 6848: 6833: 6829: 6822: 6806: 6802: 6796: 6781: 6775: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6745: 6737: 6733: 6727: 6711: 6707: 6701: 6685: 6679: 6671: 6665: 6657: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6632: 6616: 6610: 6594: 6588: 6573:on 2 May 2012 6572: 6568: 6562: 6547: 6541: 6525: 6521: 6515: 6499: 6493: 6477: 6471: 6455: 6449: 6441: 6437: 6431: 6424: 6419: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6392: 6384: 6380: 6373: 6354: 6347: 6340: 6325: 6321: 6314: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6283: 6264: 6257: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6238: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6221: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6194: 6192: 6184: 6180: 6177: 6171: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6152: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6121: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6094: 6087: 6080: 6078:0-7748-0432-7 6074: 6070: 6065: 6064: 6058: 6054: 6048: 6041: 6035: 6031: 6024: 6017: 6013: 6006: 6004: 5992: 5988: 5986:0-0444-5013-3 5982: 5978: 5974: 5967: 5960: 5951: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5925: 5923: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5887: 5871: 5865: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5830: 5828: 5812: 5805: 5798: 5796: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5697: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5670: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5604: 5597: 5595: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5566: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5522: 5514: 5510: 5503: 5496: 5480: 5474: 5466: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5425: 5419: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5385: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5364: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5294: 5292: 5283: 5277: 5269: 5267:1-58574-143-4 5263: 5259: 5255: 5254: 5246: 5231: 5227: 5220: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5186: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5165: 5157: 5151: 5143: 5139: 5133: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5052: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5020: 5004: 5000: 4994: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4949: 4945: 4938: 4930: 4926: 4919: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4853: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4780: 4776: 4770: 4762: 4756: 4740: 4734: 4718: 4714: 4707: 4699: 4693: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4652: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4615: 4614:0-394-50762-2 4611: 4607: 4601: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4567: 4561: 4553: 4546: 4530: 4524: 4522: 4513: 4507: 4499: 4493: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4463: 4457: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4423: 4417: 4401: 4395: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4369: 4363: 4359: 4352: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4314: 4308: 4306: 4290: 4286: 4280: 4269: 4263: 4256: 4253:Brown, Gary. 4250: 4234: 4232: 4224: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4167: 4159: 4155: 4149: 4141: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4053: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4028: 4020: 4015: 4007: 4000: 3984: 3978: 3970: 3964: 3948: 3942: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3901: 3885: 3879: 3863: 3859: 3853: 3845: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3779: 3775: 3769: 3761: 3755: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3735: 3719: 3712: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3674: 3668: 3653: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3584: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3518: 3511: 3492: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3436: 3432: 3425: 3406: 3399: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3318: 3310: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3239: 3232: 3226: 3224: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3182: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3145:11250/3092374 3141: 3137: 3133: 3130:(1) 15: 153. 3129: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3099: 3095: 3093: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3017:PLOS Genetics 3014: 3007: 2999: 2998: 2990: 2983: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2944: 2936: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2638: 2633: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2586: 2574: 2573: 2565: 2557: 2555:1-886106-81-9 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2530: 2511: 2507: 2500: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2459: 2444: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2429: 2421: 2413: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2343: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2306:(2): 91–148. 2305: 2301: 2297: 2290: 2288: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2245: 2236: 2234: 2225: 2219: 2215: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2142: 2138: 2135: 2130: 2127: 2119: 2114: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2089: 2087: 2082: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1966: 1963:A grizzly in 1961: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1945:Kodiak Island 1942: 1938: 1934: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1901: 1896: 1890:Bear-watching 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1869:bear canister 1866: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1850: 1847: 1842: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1812: 1808: 1802: 1792: 1791:George Catlin 1788: 1782: 1772: 1768: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1727: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1691: 1690:United States 1687: 1683: 1678: 1676: 1670: 1667: 1661: 1654: 1653:Scent rubbing 1650: 1642: 1628: 1626: 1621: 1618:, foxes, and 1617: 1608: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1511: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1474: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1423: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1343:hoary marmots 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1241: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1194:bighorn sheep 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1160: 1156: 1140: 1139:Hypocarnivore 1125: 1123: 1113: 1104: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1062: 1056: 1051: 1042: 1040: 1035: 1032: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 988: 984: 980: 975: 973: 969: 965: 955: 953: 949: 945: 940: 938: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 914: 912: 908: 904: 896: 892: 887: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 857:areas of the 856: 851: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 785: 781: 777: 773: 761: 758: 755: 752: 751: 750: 747: 741: 736: 727: 723: 721: 716: 713: 711: 707: 700: 696: 691: 677: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 653: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 634:U. a. nelsoni 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 578: 576: 571: 570:Y-chromosomes 567: 557: 555: 551: 547: 542: 540: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 512: 507: 505: 501: 494:Phylogenetics 486: 484: 483:U. horribilis 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 463:William Clark 460: 446: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 419:Iturup Island 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 391: 389: 388:U. a. nelsoni 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 344: 342: 341:North America 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 317: 312: 301: 297: 292: 287: 286: 282: 280: 279: 275: 272: 271: 270:U. a. nelsoni 267: 265: 264: 260: 258: 257: 253: 251: 250: 246: 243: 242: 238: 237: 235: 230: 225: 219: 217: 211: 208: 204: 200: 199: 194: 191: 190: 186: 185: 180: 177: 176: 173: 172: 168: 165: 164: 161: 158: 155: 154: 151: 148: 145: 144: 141: 138: 135: 134: 131: 128: 125: 124: 121: 118: 115: 114: 111: 108: 105: 104: 99: 94: 90: 84: 70: 66: 61: 57: 52: 48: 44: 36: 33: 29: 22: 8401: 8367: 8341: 8331: 8311: 8302: 8293: 8285: 8263: 8253: 8240: 8236:Grizzly bear 8235: 8206: 8197: 8177: 8168: 8159: 8150: 8141: 8132: 8123: 8105:U. a. arctos 8104: 8087: 8077: 8076:Atlas bear ( 8055: 8047: 7923: 7919: 7906: 7887: 7866: 7855: 7830: 7826: 7801: 7797: 7778: 7764:cite journal 7747: 7743: 7724:Bear Attacks 7723: 7711:the original 7690: 7686: 7677: 7666:Ursus arctos 7665: 7656: 7644:. 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hybrid) 8275:In Alaska 8227:New World 8189:In Europe 8067:Old World 8053:Species: 8035:Carnivora 8015:Kingdom: 6303:21 August 6069:UBC Press 5707:Oecologia 5465:1923-1245 5300:Ecography 5276:cite book 5235:2 October 5209:5 October 4969:"Grizzly" 4815:: 59–67. 4289:Sciencing 4122:in Canada 4065:Edu.pe.ca 3809:26 August 3333:17 August 3299:31 August 2962:: 33–45. 2885:250134103 2877:0267-8179 2353:Baltimore 2322:0004-0843 1924:Anchorage 1743:voyageurs 1556:territory 1453:Hedysarum 1391:sea lions 1260:pine nuts 1257:whitebark 1190:mule deer 1170:omnivores 1166:Carnivora 1031:hibernate 937:ecosystem 530:Alexander 522:subarctic 178:Species: 150:Carnivora 116:Kingdom: 110:Eukaryota 8557:14000979 8411:Wikidata 8039:Family: 8029:Mammalia 8023:Chordata 8021:Phylum: 8017:Animalia 7950:16243699 7818:84050297 7707:54763647 7646:18 March 7607:17107477 7479:15 March 7454:15 March 7424:5 August 7377:59062736 7102:2 August 7076:2 August 7002:15 March 6599:12 March 6551:12 March 6233:Archived 6179:Archived 6159:Archived 6059:(1992), 5786:28989920 5743:12028991 5735:28308364 5630:54768941 5548:85807685 5515:: 14–19. 5408:15 April 5355:56333267 5106:55121363 5069:5 August 4842:7 August 4785:7 August 4723:7 August 4682:7 August 4590:7 August 4446:7 August 4132:. 2002. 3754:cite web 3612:54757802 3566:18494361 3368:15 March 3247:15 April 3214:38196370 3164:36746982 3103:18 April 3057:23516372 2863:: 8–20. 2838:30513700 2748:10677456 2689:10677513 2394:Berkeley 2278:17107477 2182:Kalispel 2167:See also 1992:Manitoba 1750:Kwakiutl 1739:Gwichʼin 1666:nitrogen 1580:Michigan 1578:1986 in 1505:Big cats 1439:ladybugs 1327:lemmings 1222:scavenge 1116:Movement 1107:Lifespan 1070:solitary 966:and the 863:Labrador 848:Manitoba 708:and the 588:proper: 439:Hokkaidō 407:Sakhalin 224:Linnaeus 156:Family: 140:Mammalia 130:Chordata 126:Phylum: 120:Animalia 106:Domain: 8505:6163845 8469:1241477 8417:Q171004 8115:In Asia 8045:Genus: 8041:Ursidae 8033:Order: 8027:Class: 7941:1559960 7835:Bibcode 7615:7336900 7587:Bibcode 7411:3873196 7330:Bibcode 7203:6 April 7161:6 April 7128:6 April 6837:16 July 6764:8 April 6716:7 April 6530:30 July 6460:27 June 6410:3872956 6329:1 April 6212:3873216 6112:3873219 5901:Bibcode 5876:21 July 5856:3061004 5766:Bibcode 5715:Bibcode 5649:Ecology 5308:Bibcode 4983:4 March 4883:3802102 4829:3872608 4341:21 June 4200:3872892 3701:29 June 3544:Bibcode 3477:1375959 3440:2 April 3155:9902616 3048:3597504 3025:Bibcode 2908:Bibcode 2900:Geobios 2829:6315469 2716:Bibcode 2632:bioRxiv 2506:Wildpro 2485:1375959 2258:Bibcode 2106:Wyoming 1996:COSEWIC 1984:Alberta 1865:campers 1688:in the 1686:Wyoming 1616:Coyotes 1518:big cat 1510:Cougars 1448:legumes 1385:. 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