1233:. Chinese groups exhibit similar features. Horizontal business groups are also referred to as "associative business groups". A vertical business group is a group of companies controlled, but not entirely owned, by a single investor. Vertical groups are often organized as pyramids of companies controlled by the main investor through a holding company. A unique feature of pyramidal holdings is that it allows the main investor to exert control with a limited amount of capital. Korean
989:
1229:
formal or informal ties, including reciprocal shareholding. Thus, a horizontal business group is a rather loose confederation of firms. Coordination between them is achieved mainly by mutual adjustment and standardization of norms. Mitsubishi is a well-known example of a horizontal business group as are many other
1241:
Encarnation refers to Indian business houses, emphasizing multiple forms of ties among group members. Powell and Smith-Doerr state that a business group is a network of firms that regularly collaborate over a long time period. Granovetter argues that business groups refers to an intermediate level of
1228:
Douma and
Schreuder (2013) distinguish "horizontal" and "vertical business groups" as follows: 'Business groups can be horizontal or vertical as far as their structure is concerned. In a horizontal business group there is no central holding company – the group companies are connected through various
1216:
Leff defines "business group" as a group of companies that does business in different markets under common administrative or financial control whose members are linked by relations of interpersonal trust on the basis of similar personal ethnic or commercial background. One method of defining a group
1103:
which provides situations in which one company is liable for the debts of another company. In New
Zealand, the Companies Act provides that the assets of related companies may be pooled to pay the creditors if one of the companies is liquidated. However, the circumstances in which this power will be
1095:
A corporate group is composed of companies. The general rule is that a company is a separate legal entity from its shareholders, that is the shareholder's liability for the subsidiary's debts is limited to the value of the shares, and the shareholders cannot be required to perform the company's
1242:
binding, excluding on the one hand a set of firms bound merely by short-term alliances and on the other a set of firms legally consolidated into a single unit. Williamson claims that business groups lie between markets and hierarchies; this is further worked out by
1073:, although the group concept focuses on the instances in which the merged and acquired corporate entities remain in existence rather than the instances in which they are dissolved by the parent. The group may be owned by a
1060:
and (less frequently) company law to attribute the rights and duties of one member of the group to another or the whole. If the corporations are engaged in entirely different businesses, the group is called a
1052:
that function as a single economic entity through a common source of control. These types of groups are often managed by an account manager. The concept of a group is frequently used in
1246:& Schreuder. Khanna and Rivkin suggest that business groups are typically not legal constructs though some regulatory bodies have attempted to codify a definition. In the
1237:, Indian business houses and most European business groups are vertical in character. Vertical business groups are also referred to as "hierarchical business groups".
1538:[https://web.archive.org/web/20150515235236/http://catalogue.pearsoned.co.uk/educator/product/Economic-Approaches-to-Organisations/9780273735298.page Archived
1655:
1217:
is as a cluster of legally distinct firms with a managerial relationship. The relationship between the firms in a group may be formal or informal. A
1019:
1597:
1439:
1537:
1564:
1332:
The Law of
Corporate Groups: Tort, Contract and Other Common Law Problems in the Substantive Law of Parent and Subsidiary Corporations
1650:
1606:
1012:
88:
1590:
716:
17:
573:
1005:
622:
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1839:
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1834:
1185:
1109:
993:
738:
648:
299:
856:
642:
470:
1383:
1751:
1365:
1192:
1090:
846:
733:
683:
31:
1844:
1630:
1475:
1086:
876:
1803:
1436:
1311:
881:
660:
602:
304:
136:
1070:
1066:
896:
871:
607:
317:
251:
221:
1829:
1128:
886:
866:
851:
806:
632:
377:
357:
308:
294:
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285:
246:
40:
1561:
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1062:
946:
931:
861:
723:
627:
276:
176:
156:
146:
111:
1777:
1099:
However, some jurisdictions create exceptions to this rule. For example, Germany has created
828:
710:
698:
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352:
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61:
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169:
66:
8:
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936:
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181:
1741:
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1407:
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1251:
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916:
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392:
186:
1727:
1259:
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968:
786:
728:
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510:
347:
342:
101:
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921:
773:
666:
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367:
264:
231:
196:
116:
1735:
1533:
1458:
by Tarun Khanna & Yishay Yafeh, August 2005. Abstract accessed May 6, 2006.
951:
480:
475:
402:
397:
387:
241:
216:
191:
1823:
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926:
362:
209:
1536:(2013) "Economic Approaches to Organizations", 5th edition, London: Pearson
505:
382:
372:
84:
1772:
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1625:
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1243:
1049:
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141:
126:
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54:
1808:
435:
337:
330:
1489:
1716:
1704:
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1306:
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1234:
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1218:
271:
226:
1680:
1620:
1276:
1053:
106:
1798:
1255:
988:
1418:
Lewis
Holdings Ltd vs Steel & Tube Holdings Ltd NZHC 3311
909:
71:
1446:
by James R. Maclean, October 14, 2005. Accessed May 6, 2006.
1456:
Business Groups in
Emerging Markets: Paragons or Parasites?
515:
1474:(J. N. Smelser and R. Swedberg, Eds.), pp. 453–475,
1065:. The forming of corporate groups usually involves
1656:List of industry trade groups in the United States
1821:
27:Collection of parent and subsidiary corporations
1470:Granovetter, M. (1994). "Business groups", in
1591:
1466:
1464:
1366:"Group Company or Group Companies definition"
1013:
1161:EU Seventh Company Law Directive 83/349, on
1134:EU Seventh Company Law Directive 83/349, on
1048:, is a collection of parent and subsidiary
1605:
1598:
1584:
1461:
1339:Liability of Corporate Groups and Networks
1250:, a business group can also be known as a
1020:
1006:
1487:
1323:Schmitthoff CM, and Wooldridge F, (eds),
1143:EU Draft Ninth Company Law Directive, on
1651:List of food industry trade associations
1437:Business Groups: Between Market and Firm
14:
1822:
1401:
1116:
1579:
1490:"Economic approaches to hybrid forms"
1080:
1077:which may have no actual operations.
1388:Minority Business Development Agency
1346:The Law of Financial Services Groups
24:
1738:(Greater China and Southeast Asia)
1472:The Handbook of Economic Sociology
1317:
1199:
30:For the sociological concept, see
25:
1856:
1341:(Cambridge University Press 2018)
1221:is one type of business group. A
994:Business and economics portal
1488:Schreuder, Hein (January 2013).
1334:(Little, Brown and Company 1987)
987:
1555:
1546:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1641:Inter-professional association
1481:
1449:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1376:
1358:
1348:(Oxford University Press 2019)
13:
1:
1211:
1186:Berkey v Third Avenue Railway
1155:
1110:Berkey v Third Avenue Railway
649:management information system
300:Chief human resources officer
1384:"5 Types of Company Mergers"
1171:
643:Enterprise resource planning
471:Financial statement analysis
7:
1265:
1193:Adams v Cape Industries plc
1104:exercised are very narrow.
1091:Piercing the corporate veil
1044:, also formally known as a
32:Corporate group (sociology)
10:
1861:
1476:Princeton University Press
1327:(Sweet & Maxwell 1991)
1087:Separate legal personality
1084:
29:
1786:
1765:
1726:
1671:
1613:
1312:Multinational corporation
1101:affiliated enterprise law
305:Chief information officer
137:Limited liability company
1352:
1071:mergers and acquisitions
318:Chief technology officer
252:Mergers and acquisitions
222:Constitutional documents
47:Management of a business
1631:Employers' organization
1254:. Typical examples are
1129:DHN v Tower Hamlets LBC
378:Environmental economics
358:International economics
309:Chief marketing officer
295:Chief financial officer
290:Chief operating officer
286:Chief executive officer
247:International trade law
41:Business administration
1663:Cooperative federation
1607:Business organizations
1552:Khanna and Rivkin 1999
1150:
947:International business
932:Business judgment rule
277:Chief business officer
177:Annual general meeting
157:State-owned enterprise
147:Privately held company
1840:Corporate development
1778:Consumer organization
1520:Williamson 1975, 1985
623:Customer relationship
559:Business intelligence
521:Financial institution
496:International finance
446:Cash conversion cycle
353:Development economics
314:Chief product officer
62:Management accounting
1835:Strategic management
1511:Smith-Doerr 1994:388
1248:United Arab Emirates
1206:Mitbestimmungsgesetz
564:Business development
408:Economic development
170:Corporate governance
67:Financial accounting
1794:Business networking
1766:Oppositional groups
1636:Chamber of commerce
1502:Encarnation 1989:45
1325:Groups of Companies
1117:Economic dependence
974:Business statistics
957:International trade
942:Business operations
638:Electronic business
543:Types of management
431:Financial statement
413:Economic statistics
281:Chief brand officer
237:Corporate liability
152:Sole proprietorship
132:Joint-stock company
1567:2008-11-12 at the
1562:Abudhabichamber.ae
1540:2015-05-15 at the
1442:2006-03-19 at the
1123:Concern (business)
1081:Legal independence
1046:group of companies
937:Consumer behaviour
739:Product life-cycle
526:Capital management
491:Managerial finance
182:Board of directors
18:Group of companies
1845:Management theory
1817:
1816:
1804:Company registers
1742:Business alliance
1646:Trade association
1408:Salomon v Salomon
1272:Business alliance
1252:trade association
1179:Salomon v Salomon
1030:
1029:
917:Business analysis
486:Corporate finance
456:Capital budgeting
393:Knowledge economy
187:Supervisory board
16:(Redirected from
1852:
1728:Business network
1673:Corporate groups
1600:
1593:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1544:
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1410:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1362:
1260:Icelandair Group
1145:corporate groups
1022:
1015:
1008:
992:
991:
969:Business process
511:Financial market
348:Labour economics
343:Public economics
102:Corporation sole
37:
36:
21:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1782:
1761:
1722:
1667:
1609:
1604:
1574:
1569:Wayback Machine
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1542:Wayback Machine
1528:
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1515:
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1444:Wayback Machine
1435:
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1417:
1413:
1406:
1402:
1393:
1391:
1382:
1381:
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1363:
1359:
1355:
1320:
1318:Further reading
1292:Holding company
1268:
1240:
1214:
1202:
1200:Codetermination
1174:
1158:
1153:
1119:
1093:
1085:Main articles:
1083:
1075:holding company
1034:corporate group
1026:
986:
979:
978:
922:Business ethics
912:
902:
901:
842:
834:
833:
544:
536:
535:
531:Venture capital
461:Commercial bank
451:Insider dealing
426:
418:
417:
368:Planned economy
333:
323:
322:
267:
265:Corporate title
257:
256:
232:Corporate crime
212:
202:
201:
197:Audit committee
172:
162:
161:
117:Holding company
97:Corporate group
92:
85:Business entity
77:
76:
57:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1858:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1830:Business terms
1815:
1814:
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1801:
1796:
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1775:
1769:
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1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1736:Bamboo network
1732:
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1708:
1702:
1696:
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1611:
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1602:
1595:
1588:
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1573:
1572:
1554:
1545:
1534:Hein Schreuder
1522:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1480:
1460:
1448:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1400:
1375:
1356:
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1349:
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1213:
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1201:
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1149:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1082:
1079:
1042:business group
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
996:
981:
980:
977:
976:
971:
966:
965:
964:
954:
952:Business model
949:
944:
939:
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929:
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919:
913:
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839:
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771:
766:
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741:
736:
731:
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721:
720:
719:
708:
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686:
681:
676:
671:
670:
669:
661:Human resource
658:
653:
652:
651:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
603:Communications
600:
599:
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566:
561:
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541:
538:
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513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
481:Public finance
478:
476:Financial risk
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
427:
424:
423:
420:
419:
416:
415:
410:
405:
403:Macroeconomics
400:
398:Microeconomics
395:
390:
388:Market economy
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
334:
329:
328:
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324:
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311:
302:
297:
292:
283:
274:
268:
263:
262:
259:
258:
255:
254:
249:
244:
242:Insolvency law
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
217:Commercial law
213:
208:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:
194:
192:Advisory board
189:
184:
179:
173:
168:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
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119:
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109:
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99:
93:
83:
82:
79:
78:
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69:
64:
58:
53:
52:
49:
48:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1857:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1752:Joint venture
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1701:(Anglosphere)
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1683:(South Korea)
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1652:
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1634:
1632:
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1619:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1457:
1452:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1427:Leff 1978:663
1424:
1415:
1409:
1404:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1330:Blumberg PI,
1329:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
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1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1207:
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1203:
1195:
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1190:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1096:obligations.
1092:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:consolidation
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:company group
1035:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
984:
983:
982:
975:
972:
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960:
959:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
927:Business plan
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
911:
906:
905:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
857:Communication
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:
838:
837:
830:
827:
825:
822:
818:
817:administrator
815:
814:
813:
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808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
781:
778:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
718:
715:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
700:
699:administrator
697:
696:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
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1287:Conglomerate
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847:Architecture
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807:Supply chain
633:Earned value
506:Stock market
383:Open economy
373:Econometrics
112:Conglomerate
96:
1773:Trade union
1757:Patent pool
1626:Corporation
1530:Sytse Douma
1370:Law Insider
1337:Witting C,
962:Trade route
877:Engineering
872:Development
724:Performance
667:development
628:Distributed
501:Liquidation
142:Partnership
127:Corporation
122:Cooperative
1824:Categories
1747:Consortium
1394:2024-06-26
1302:Subsidiary
1212:Definition
1156:Accounting
1058:accounting
829:Technology
711:Operations
591:Commercial
584:innovation
574:Capability
466:Derivative
55:Accounting
1809:Syndicate
1695:(Germany)
1172:Civil law
897:Structure
882:Hierarchy
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689:Materials
679:Knowledge
656:Financial
596:Marketing
441:Factoring
436:Insurance
338:Commodity
331:Economics
1787:See also
1717:Zaibatsu
1705:Keiretsu
1689:(Russia)
1565:Archived
1440:Archived
1307:Zaibatsu
1297:Keiretsu
1266:See also
1235:chaebols
1231:keiretsu
1219:keiretsu
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867:Conflict
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717:services
674:Incident
613:Conflict
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227:Contract
1719:(Japan)
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1693:Concern
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1163:group
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910:Trade
892:Space
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729:Power
684:Legal
554:Brand
549:Asset
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1089:and
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1258:or
1151:Law
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