2040:. It was alleged that the directors had issued many new shares purely to deprive a particular shareholder of his voting majority. An argument that the power to issue shares could only be properly exercised to raise new capital was rejected as too narrow, and it was held that it would be a proper exercise of the director's powers to issue shares to a larger company to ensure the financial stability of the company, or as part of an agreement to exploit mineral rights owned by the company. If so, the mere fact that an incidental result (even if it was a desired consequence) was that a shareholder lost their majority, or a takeover bid was defeated, this would not itself make the share issue improper. But if the sole purpose was to destroy a voting majority, or block a takeover bid, that would be an improper purpose.
42:
1314:
trade options. One of the arguments for having outside directors is that they can keep a watchful eye on the inside directors and on the way the organization is run. Outside directors are unlikely to tolerate "insider dealing" between inside directors, as outside directors do not benefit from the company or organization. Outside directors are often useful in handling disputes between inside directors, or between shareholders and the board. They are thought to be advantageous because they can be objective and present little risk of conflict of interest. On the other hand, they might lack familiarity with the specific issues connected to the organization's governance, and they might not know about the industry or sector in which the organization is operating.
1503:). For example, the nature of the business entity may be one that is traded on a public market (public company), not traded on a public market (a private, limited or closely held company), owned by family members (a family business), or exempt from income taxes (a non-profit, not for profit, or tax-exempt entity). There are numerous types of business entities available throughout the world such as a corporation, limited liability company, cooperative, business trust, partnership, private limited company, and public limited company.
2420:
issues such as excessive executive compensation and passive participation (lack of proper governance) of the board members. The journal paper cites examples of underperforming CEOs of
Fortune 500 companies who took compensation and retirement package in hundreds of millions of dollars while the stock price of their companies lost billions of dollars. The research proposes institutionalizing a standardized board evaluation framework to help balance between the executive compensation and protecting the interest of shareholders
1618:
year since they often sit on the boards of several companies. Inside directors are usually not paid for sitting on a board, but the duty is instead considered part of their larger job description. Outside directors are usually paid for their services. These remunerations vary between corporations, but usually consist of a yearly or monthly salary, additional compensation for each meeting attended, stock options, and various other benefits. such as travel, hotel and meal expenses for the board meetings.
1794:
alone can exercise these powers. The only way in which the general body of shareholders can control the exercise of powers by the articles in the directors is by altering the articles, or, if opportunity arises under the articles, by refusing to re-elect the directors of whose actions they disapprove. They cannot themselves usurp the powers which by the articles are vested in the directors any more than the directors can usurp the powers vested by the articles in the general body of shareholders.
1816:
1688:
1398:
2328:
sustainability. A social board has society designed into its structure. It elevates the voice of society through specialist appointments to the board and mechanisms that empower innovation from within the organisation. Social boards align themselves with themes that are important to society. These may include measuring worker pay ratios, linking personal social and environmental objectives to remuneration, integrated reporting, fair tax and B-Corp certification.
1626:
to the limited time they can dedicate to this task. Overconfident directors are found to pay higher premiums in corporate acquisitions and make worse takeover choices. Locally rooted directors tend to be overrepresented and lack international experience, which can lead to lower valuations, especially in internationally oriented firms. Directors' military experience is associated with rigorous monitoring and improved corporate governance.
1602:
when it contradicts the board's views. In addition, many shareholders vote to accept all recommendations of the board rather than try to get involved in management, since each shareholder's power, as well as interest and information is so small. Larger institutional investors also grant the board proxies. The large number of shareholders also makes it hard for them to organize. However, there have been moves recently to try to increase
1122:
2098:"A corporate body can only act by agents, and it is, of course, the duty of those agents so to act as best to promote the interests of the corporation whose affairs they are conducting. Such agents have duties to discharge of a fiduciary nature towards their principal. And it is a rule of universal application that no one, having such duties to discharge, shall be allowed to enter into engagements in which he has,
1534:
and the secretary, and the officers become members of the board in addition to the directors and retain those duties on the board. The directors may also be classified as officers in this situation. There may also be ex-officio members of the board, or persons who are members due to another position that they hold. These ex-officio members have all the same rights as the other board members.
1463:, and the assessment of the board process through standardized assessments of board members, owners, and CEOs. The science of this process has been slow to develop due to the secretive nature of the way most companies run their boards, however some standardization is beginning to develop. Some who are pushing for this standardization in the US are the
1674:
have "unitary" boards, which bring together executive and non-executive board members. In some countries there is also an additional statutory body for audit purposes. The OECD Principles are intended to be sufficiently general to apply to whatever board structure is charged with the functions of governing the enterprise and monitoring management.
2574:
both companies and made a substantial profit. The shareholders of
Company A sued asking that directors and their friends to disgorge the profits that they had made in connection with their 3,000 shares in Company B – the very same shares which the shareholders in Company A had been asked to subscribe (through Company A) but refused to do so.
1622:, for example, pays directors an annual retainer of $ 46,500, an additional annual retainer of $ 2,500 if the director is also a chairperson of a committee, a per-meeting-attended fee of $ 2,000 for meetings attended in person, a $ 500 fee for each meeting attended via telephone, in addition to stock options and retirement benefits.
2310:, protections for non-member stakeholders were considerably more limited (see, for example, s.309 which permitted directors to take into account the interests of employees but which could only be enforced by the shareholders and not by the employees themselves). The changes have therefore been the subject of some criticism.
2143:"(i) that what the directors did was so related to the affairs of the company that it can properly be said to have been done in the course of their management and in the utilisation of their opportunities and special knowledge as directors; and (ii) that what they did resulted in profit to themselves."
2081:
By definition, where a director enters into a transaction with a company, there is a conflict between the director's interest (to enrich themselves with the transaction) and their duty to the company (to ensure that the company gets as much as it can out of the transaction). In some places, this rule
1793:
A company is an entity distinct alike from its shareholders and its directors. Some of its powers may, according to its articles, be exercised by directors, certain other powers may be reserved for the shareholders in general meeting. If powers of management are vested in the directors, they and they
1617:
unto itself. For major corporations, the board members are usually professionals or leaders in their field. In the case of outside directors, they are often senior leaders of other organizations. Nevertheless, board members often receive remunerations amounting to hundreds of thousands of dollars per
1601:
power. Most shareholders do not attend shareholder meetings, but rather cast proxy votes via mail, phone, or internet, thus allowing the board to vote for them. However, proxy votes are not a total delegation of the voting power, as the board must vote the proxy shares as directed by their owner even
2415:
According to John
Gillespie, a former investment banker and co-author of a book critical of boards, "Far too much of their time has been for check-the-box and cover-your-behind activities rather than real monitoring of executives and providing strategic advice on behalf of shareholders". At the same
2331:
Social boards recognise that they are part of society and that they require more than a licence to operate to succeed. They balance short-term shareholder pressure against long-term value creation, managing the business for a plurality of stakeholders including employees, shareholders, supply chains
2059:
This does not mean, however, that the board cannot agree to the company entering into a contract which binds the company to a certain course, even if certain actions in that course will require further board approval. The company remains bound, but the directors retain the discretion to vote against
1914:
In practice, it can be quite difficult to remove a director by a resolution in general meeting. In many legal systems, the director has a right to receive special notice of any resolution to remove them; the company must often supply a copy of the proposal to the director, who is usually entitled to
1625:
Academic research has identified different types of board directors. Their characteristics and experiences shape their role and performance. For instance, directors with multiple mandates are often referred to as busy directors. Their monitoring performance is considered to be comparatively weak due
2431:
systems to address the disproportionality of gender representation on corporate boards. A study of the French corporate elite has found that certain social classes are also disproportionately represented on boards, with those from the upper and, especially, upper-middle classes tending to dominate.
2327:
Most companies have weak mechanisms for bringing the voice of society into the board room. They rely on personalities who were not appointed for their understanding of societal issues. Often they give limited focus (both through time and financial resource) to issues of corporate responsibility and
1673:
countries. Some countries have two-tier boards that separate the supervisory function and the management function into different bodies. Such systems typically have a "supervisory board" composed of nonexecutive board members and a "management board" composed entirely of executives. Other countries
1609:
A contrasting view is that in large public companies it is upper management and not boards that wield practical power, because boards delegate nearly all of their power to the top executive employees, adopting their recommendations almost without fail. As a practical matter, executives even choose
1313:
Outside directors bring outside experience and perspectives to the board. For example, for a company that serves a domestic market only, the presence of CEOs from global multinational corporations as outside directors can help to provide insights on export and import opportunities and international
2573:
of not less than £5,000 (a substantial sum at the time). Company A was unable to subscribe for more than £2,000 in shares, so the directors arranged for the remaining 3,000 shares to be taken by themselves and their friends. Later, instead of selling the undertaking, they sold all of the shares in
2370:
According to the
Corporate Library's study, the average size of publicly traded company's board is 9.2 members, and most boards range from 3 to 31 members. According to Investopedia, some analysts think the ideal size is seven. State law may specify a minimum number of directors, maximum number of
2018:
Directors must exercise their powers for a proper purpose. While in many instances an improper purpose is readily evident, such as a director looking to enrich themselves or divert an investment opportunity to a relative, such breaches usually involve a breach of the director's duty to act in good
1533:
The setup of a board of directors vary widely across organizations and may include provisions that are applicable to corporations, in which the "shareholders" are the members of the organization. A difference may be that the membership elects the officers of the organization, such as the president
3021:
See generally, Bowen, William G., The board book: an insider's guide for directors and trustees (2008 W.W. Norton & Co.); Murray, Alan S., Revolt in the boardroom: the new rules of power in corporate
America (2007 Collins); Charan, Ram, Boards that deliver: advancing corporate governance from
2357:
is now the direct responsibility of directors. The vast majority of companies covered by the act have hired internal auditors to ensure that the company adheres to required standards of internal control. The internal auditors are required by law to report directly to an audit board, consisting of
2009:
The duties apply to each director separately, while the powers apply to the board jointly. Also, the duties are owed to the company itself, and not to any other entity. This does not mean that directors can never stand in a fiduciary relationship to the individual shareholders; they may well have
1952:
must be present before any business may be conducted. Usually, a meeting which is held without notice having been given is still valid if all of the directors attend, but it has been held that a failure to give notice may negate resolutions passed at a meeting, because the persuasive oratory of a
1885:
required that nominating committees consist of independent directors as a condition of listing, nomination committees have historically received input from management in their selections even when the CEO does not have a position on the board. Shareholder nominations can only occur at the general
2419:
According to the
International Institute of Management, the rise in investor dissatisfaction, class-action lawsuits and shareholder activism has resulted in more attention directed toward the board of directors and the lack of corporate governance accountability. Shareholders' complaints include
1922:
A 2010 study examined how corporate shareholders voted in director elections in the United States. It found that directors received fewer votes from shareholders when their companies performed poorly, had excess CEO compensation, or had poor shareholder protection. Also, directors received fewer
1741:
The development of a separate board of directors to manage/govern/oversee a company has occurred incrementally and indefinitely over legal history. Until the end of the 19th century, it seems to have been generally assumed that the general meeting (of all shareholders) was the supreme organ of a
1665:
In the United States, the board of directors (elected by the shareholders) is often equivalent to the supervisory board, while the executive board may often be known as the executive committee (operating committee or executive council), composed of the CEO and their direct reports (other C-level
2318:
The adoption of technology that facilitates the meeting preparation and execution of directors continues to grow. Board directors are increasingly leveraging this technology to communicate and collaborate within a secure environment to access meeting materials, communicate with each other, and
1530:. The amount of powers and authority delegated to the board depend on the bylaws and rules of the particular organization. Some organizations place matters exclusively in the board's control while in others, the general membership retains full power and the board can only make recommendations.
2072:
As fiduciaries, the directors may not put themselves in a position where their interests and duties conflict with the duties that they owe to the company. The law takes the view that good faith must not only be done, but must be manifestly seen to be done, and zealously patrols the conduct of
2189:
However, this decision was based firmly in the older notions (see above) that prevailed at the time as to the mode of corporate decision making, and effective control residing in the shareholders; if they elected and put up with an incompetent decision maker, they should not have recourse to
3562:
For example, if the board is authorised by the shareholders to negotiate with a takeover bidder. It has been held in New
Zealand that "depending upon all the surround circumstances and the nature of the responsibility which in a real and practical sense the director has assumed towards the
1592:, the board tends to exercise more of a supervisory role, and individual responsibility and management tends to be delegated downward to individual professional executives (such as a finance director or a marketing director) who deal with particular areas of the company's affairs.
1526:, such as a society made up of members of a certain profession or one advocating a certain cause, a board of directors may have the responsibility of running the organization in between meetings of the membership, especially if the membership meets infrequently, such as only at an
116:
of the corporation and sets out the overall strategic direction. In corporations with dispersed ownership, the identification and nomination of directors (that shareholders vote for or against) are often done by the board itself, leading to a high degree of self-perpetuation. In a
1506:
Much of what has been written about boards of directors relates to boards of directors of business entities actively traded on public markets. More recently, however, material is becoming available for boards of private and closely held businesses including family businesses.
1759:
and that, where the powers of management were vested in the board, the general meeting could not interfere with their lawful exercise. The articles were held to constitute a contract by which the members had agreed that "the directors and the directors alone shall manage."
1638:(elected by the shareholders and employees) for supervising the executive board. In these countries, the chairman of the supervisory board is equivalent to the chairman of a single-tier board, while the chairman of the management board is reckoned as the company's CEO or
2319:
execute their governance responsibilities. This trend is particularly acute in the United States where a robust market of early adopters garnered acceptance of board software by organizations resulting in higher penetration of the board portal services in the region.
2114:
However, in many jurisdictions the members of the company are permitted to ratify transactions which would otherwise fall foul of this principle. It is also largely accepted in most jurisdictions that this principle can be overridden in the company's constitution.
1915:
be heard by the meeting. The director may require the company to circulate any representations that they wish to make. Furthermore, the director's contract of service will usually entitle them to compensation if they are removed, and may often include a generous "
3022:
compliance to competitive advantage (2005 Jossey-Bass); Carver, John, Corporate boards that create value: governing company performance from the boardroom (2002 Jossey-Bass); Harvard
Business Review on corporate governance (2000 Harvard Business School Press).
1893:) who are purportedly accountable to the board of directors have historically played a major role in selecting and nominating the directors who are voted on by the shareholders, in which case more "gray outsider directors" (independent directors with
1907:
Directors may also leave office by resignation or death. In some legal systems, directors may also be removed by a resolution of the remaining directors (in some countries they may only do so "with cause"; in others the power is unrestricted).
1384:, where a relatively small number of individuals have significant influence over many important entities. This situation can have important corporate, social, economic, and legal consequences, and has been the subject of significant research.
1588:. In practice, the amount of power exercised by the board varies with the type of company. In small private companies, the directors and the shareholders are normally the same people, and thus there is no real division of power. In large
1376:– an individual who is appointed by a shareholder, creditor or interest group (whether contractually or by resolution at a company meeting) and who has a continuing loyalty to the appointors or other interest in the appointing company
2073:
directors in this regard; and will not allow directors to escape liability by asserting that their decisions were in fact well founded. Traditionally, the law has divided conflicts of duty and interest into three sub-categories.
2158:
Directors cannot compete directly with the company without a conflict of interest arising. Similarly, they should not act as directors of competing companies, as their duties to each company would then conflict with each other.
2055:
in relation to the exercise of their powers, and cannot bind themselves to vote in a particular way at future board meetings. This is so even if there is no improper motive or purpose, and no personal advantage to the director.
1257:, or someone similarly connected to the organization. Inside directors represent the interests of the entity's stakeholders, and often have special knowledge of its inner workings, its financial or market position, and so on.
3922:
Charities should generally not compensate persons for service on the board of directors except to reimburse direct expenses of such service. ... Charities may pay reasonable compensation for services provided by officers and
1886:
meeting itself or through the prohibitively expensive process of mailing out ballots separately; in May 2009 the SEC proposed a new rule allowing shareholders meeting certain criteria to add nominees to the proxy statement.
1537:
Members of the board may be removed before their term is complete. Details on how they can be removed are usually provided in the bylaws. If the bylaws do not contain such details, the section on disciplinary procedures in
3811:
2214:
More recently, it has been suggested that both the tests of skill and diligence should be assessed objectively and subjectively; in the United
Kingdom, the statutory provisions relating to directors' duties in the new
2130:, or information. This prohibition is much less flexible than the prohibition against the transactions with the company, and attempts to circumvent it using provisions in the articles have met with limited success.
2361:
The law requires companies listed on the major stock exchanges (NYSE, NASDAQ) to have a majority of independent directors—directors who are not otherwise employed by the firm or in a business relationship with it.
1960:
countries, the powers of the board are vested in the board as a whole, and not in the individual directors. However, in instances an individual director may still bind the company by their acts by virtue of their
2106:, with the interests of those whom he is bound to protect... So strictly is this principle adhered to that no question is allowed to be raised as to the fairness or unfairness of the contract entered into..." (
1923:
votes when they did not regularly attend board meetings or received negative recommendations from a proxy advisory firm. The study also shows that companies often improve their corporate governance by removing
1291:
sometimes used for the CEO position in some organizations). Executive directors often have a specified area of responsibility in the organization, such as finance, marketing, human resources, or production.
2278:
of the company. However, more recently there have been attempts to "soften" the position, and provide for more scope for directors to act as good corporate citizens. For example, in the United
Kingdom, the
1775:
have reinforced the norm that, unless the directors are acting contrary to the law or the provisions of the Articles, the powers of conducting the management and affairs of the company are vested in them.
4325:
P. Blumberg, 'Reflections on Proposals for Corporate Reform Through Change in the Composition of the Board of Directors: "Special Interest" or "Public" Directors' (1973) 53 Boston University Law Review
3676:
2283:
requires directors of companies "to promote the success of the company for the benefit of its members as a whole" and sets out the following six factors regarding a director's duty to promote success:
4270:
1233:
The directors of an organization are the persons who are members of its board. Several specific terms categorize directors by the presence or absence of their other relationships to the organization.
2974:
1306:
An outside director is a member of the board who is not otherwise employed by or engaged with the organization, and does not represent any of its stakeholders. A typical example is a director who is
1948:
The exercise by the board of directors of its powers usually occurs in board meetings. Most legal systems require sufficient notice to be given to all directors of these meetings, and that a
2569:. They formed a new company ("Company B") to take the leases of the two new cinemas. But the lessor insisted on various stipulations, one of which was that Company B had to have a paid up
4072:
3827:
1514:
organization is one whose board is self-appointed, rather than being accountable to a base of members through elections; or in which the powers of the membership are extremely limited.
1455:, includes the selection of board members, the setting of clear board objectives, the dissemination of documents or board package to the board members, the collaborative creation of an
1911:
Some jurisdictions also permit the board of directors to appoint directors, either to fill a vacancy which arises on resignation or death, or as an addition to the existing directors.
2452:
2030:
of the company to disenfranchise voting rights attached to shares for failure to properly comply with notice served on the shareholders. Prior to that case the leading authority was
1479:
A board of directors conducts its meetings according to the rules and procedures contained in its governing documents. These procedures may allow the board to conduct its business by
93:
In an organization with voting members, the board is accountable to, and may be subordinate to, the organization's full membership, which usually elect the members of the board. In a
4002:
3858:
1940:
had found new positions as directors. The SEC sometimes imposes a ban (a "D&O bar") on serving on a board as part of its fraud cases, and one of these was upheld in 2013.
1751:
4368:
KJ Hopt and PC Leyens, 'Board Models in Europe – Recent Developments of Internal Corporate Governance Structures in Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Italy' (2004)
3537:
2565:
In summary, the facts were as follows: Company A owned a cinema, and the directors decided to acquire two other cinemas with a view to selling the entire undertaking as a
1654:
and too much power being concentrated in the hands of one person. There is a strong parallel here with the structure of government, which tends to separate the political
3380:
1225:. However, in membership organizations, the members elect the president of the organization and the president becomes the board chair, unless the by-laws say otherwise.
2416:
time, scholars have found that individual directors have a large effect on major corporate initiatives such as mergers and acquisitions and cross-border investments.
2306:
This represents a considerable departure from the traditional notion that directors' duties are owed only to the company. Previously in the United Kingdom, under the
2118:
In many countries, there is also a statutory duty to declare interests in relation to any transactions, and the director can be fined for failing to make disclosure.
1287:
An inside director who is employed as a manager or executive of the organization is sometimes referred to as an executive director (not to be confused with the title
3951:
3118:
2508:
In the United Kingdom, see section 304(1) of the Companies Act 1985. A private company cannot use a written resolution under section 381A – a meeting must be held.
2427:
has been the subject of much criticism in recent years. Governments and corporations have responded with measures such as legislation mandating gender quotas and
2407:
do. 80% of nonprofit organizations require board members to personally contribute to the organization. As of 2007, this percentage had increased in recent years.
3768:
2470:
2424:
2167:
Traditionally, the level of care and skill which has to be demonstrated by a director has been framed largely with reference to the non-executive director. In
3684:
2978:
2960:
3786:
2274:
Historically, directors' duties have been owed almost exclusively to the company and its members, and the board was expected to exercise its powers for the
121:
with no general voting membership, the board is the supreme governing body of the institution, and its members are sometimes chosen by the board itself.
2798:
1152:
3286:
1873:. For publicly traded companies in the U.S., the directors which are available to vote on are largely selected by either the board as a whole or a
2881:
2766:
2019:
faith. Greater difficulties arise where the director, while acting in good faith, is serving a purpose that is not regarded by the law as proper.
2379:
While a board may have several committees, two—the compensation committee and audit committee—are critical and must be made up of at least three
1452:
1742:
company, and that the board of directors merely acted as an agent of the company subject to the control of the shareholders in general meeting.
4105:
4081:
4035:
3984:
3835:
2457:
1826:
1698:
1499:
The responsibilities of a board of directors vary depending on the nature and type of business entity and the laws applying to the entity (see
1408:
1346:– an inside director who is also an executive with the organization. The term is also used, in a completely different sense, to refer to a CEO
1634:
In some European and Asian countries, there are two separate boards, an executive board (or management board) for day-to-day business and a
1245:, a position that does not carry any executive authority and represents recognition of the person's corporate governorship and performance.
1283:
Representatives of other stakeholders such as labor unions, major lenders, or members of the community in which the organization is located
4400:
3734:
2396:
2177:"a director need not exhibit in the performance of his duties a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of
1464:
4011:
4869:
4473:
3866:
3914:
1990:
Because directors exercise control and management over the organization, but organizations are (in theory) run for the benefit of the
2935:
3577:
2147:
And accordingly, the directors were required to disgorge the profits that they made, and the shareholders received their windfall.
1781:
1764:
1869:
In most legal systems, the appointment and removal of directors is voted upon by the shareholders in general meeting or through a
1755:
2 Ch 34 that the division of powers between the board and the shareholders in general meaning depended on the construction of the
2714:
2399:
in the United States estimated that directors averaged 4.3 hours a week on board work. Surveys have indicated that about 20% of
1204:
The legal responsibilities of boards and board members vary with the nature of the organization, and between jurisdictions. For
4340:
4162:
90:. These authorities may specify the number of members of the board, how they are to be chosen, and how often they are to meet.
3377:
2139:
All ER 378 the House of Lords, in upholding what was regarded as a wholly unmeritorious claim by the shareholders, held that:
1994:, the law imposes strict duties on directors in relation to the exercise of their duties. The duties imposed on directors are
1310:
of a firm in a different industry. Outside directors are not employees of the company or affiliated with it in any other way.
4386:
2647:
2227:
In most jurisdictions, the law provides for a variety of remedies in the event of a breach by the directors of their duties:
1145:
221:
3507:
41:
3626:
2195:
2086:
or conflict of duty is purely hypothetical, the directors can be forced to disgorge all personal gains arising from it. In
1786:
1746:
3960:
3437:
Cai, Jay; Garner, Jacqueline; Walkling, Ralph (2010). "Shareholder Access to the Boardroom: A Survey of Recent Evidence".
2371:
directors, and qualifications for directors (e.g. whether board members must be individuals or may be business entities).
4222:
3115:
2263:
2169:
1798:
It has been remarked that this development in the law was somewhat surprising at the time, as the relevant provisions in
4049:
1176:(of which the titles vary from organization to organization; the chief executive may be titled chief executive officer,
4616:
2539:
Although as Gower points out, as well understood as the rule is, there is a paucity of authority on the point. But see
849:
28:
3491:
1242:
3083:
3031:
See specifically Tutelman and Hause, The Balance Point: New Ways Business Owners Can Use Boards (2008 Famille Press).
2992:
2091:
1856:
1728:
1556:, directors are elected to represent and are legally obligated as fiduciaries to represent owners of the company—the
1438:
706:
3053:
4420:
Website of the board of a large U.S. university, illustrating a typical board's composition, duties, concerns, etc.
4376:
3316:
2026:
decision in Eclairs Group Ltd v JKX Oil & Gas plc (2015). The case concerned the powers of directors under the
1138:
755:
4437:
2913:"Does the Number of Interlocking Directors Influence a Firm's Financial Performance? An Exploratory Meta-Analysis"
4792:
3790:
3772:
34:"The Board of Directors" redirects here. For the album by the Mills Brothers with Count Basie and orchestra, see
2126:
Directors must not, without the informed consent of the company, use for their own profit the company's assets,
1560:/stockholders. In this capacity they establish policies and make decisions on issues such as whether there is
4466:
2349:
of 2002 has introduced new standards of accountability on boards of U.S. companies or companies listed on U.S.
1937:
35:
1927:
or classified boards and by reducing excessive CEO pay after their directors receive low shareholder support.
4606:
1966:
1756:
1360:– an individual who acts as a director of the company but has not actually or validly been appointed as such.
1126:
871:
781:
432:
4119:
Money for Nothing: How the Failure of Corporate Boards is Ruining American Business and Costing Us Trillions
4910:
4726:
4501:
3754:
3186:
2794:
2043:
Not all jurisdictions recognised the "proper purpose" duty as separate from the "good faith" duty however.
2032:
2023:
989:
775:
603:
4419:
4905:
4787:
4691:
4656:
4496:
3279:
2395:
companies received median pay of $ 234,000 in 2011. Directorship is a part-time job. A 2011 study by the
2135:
1307:
1177:
979:
866:
816:
24:
109:(such as Germany and Sweden), the workers of a corporation elect a set fraction of the board's members.
3706:
3148:
2889:
2763:
1580:
Theoretically, the control of a company is divided between two bodies: the board of directors, and the
1540:
1009:
3181:
1595:
Another feature of boards of directors in large public companies is that the board tends to have more
1332:– a director who, in addition to serving on the board, has a meaningful connection to the organization
4676:
4611:
4459:
4445:
2786:
2251:
1208:, these responsibilities are typically much more rigorous and complex than for those of other types.
1014:
793:
735:
437:
269:
2778:
1610:
the directors, with shareholders normally following management recommendations and voting for them.
1340:– a director who, other than serving on the board, has no meaningful connections to the organization
4731:
4706:
4661:
4626:
4621:
4586:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4516:
3901:
2499:
In the United Kingdom it is 28 days' notice, see sections 303(2) and 379 of the Companies Act 1985.
2447:
2353:. Under the act, directors risk large fines and prison sentences in the case of accounting crimes.
2022:
The seminal authority in the United Kingdom in relation to what amounts to a proper purpose is the
1500:
1381:
1275:
1029:
1004:
740:
450:
384:
354:
105:, and the board has ultimate responsibility for the management of the corporation. In nations with
4306:
1953:
minority of directors might have persuaded the majority to change their minds and vote otherwise.
1326:– a person appointed to serve on the board of an organization, such as an institution or business.
4920:
4736:
4716:
4666:
4646:
4631:
4601:
4591:
4581:
4576:
4506:
4179:
Stroup, Caleb (28 November 2015). "International Deal Experience and Cross-Border Acquisitions".
2027:
1924:
1878:
1838:
1710:
1420:
1271:
1222:
1019:
999:
984:
939:
765:
510:
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441:
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418:
379:
173:
113:
2150:
The decision has been followed in several subsequent cases, and is now regarded as settled law.
4925:
4864:
4782:
4721:
4711:
4686:
4636:
4556:
4526:
3425:
SEC Votes to Propose Rule Amendments to Facilitate Rights of Shareholders to Nominate Directors
2811:
2404:
2346:
2299:
The desirability of the company maintaining a reputation for high standards of business conduct
2211:
This was a dual subjective and objective test, and one deliberately pitched at a higher level.
2203:
related only to skill, and not to diligence. With respect to diligence, what was required was:
1527:
1350:
1079:
1064:
994:
856:
760:
409:
309:
289:
279:
244:
98:
64:
4208:
3731:
1217:(often now called the "chair" or "chairperson"), who holds whatever title is specified in the
1169:
Governing the organization by establishing broad policies and setting out strategic objectives
74:
The powers, duties, and responsibilities of a board of directors are determined by government
4915:
4696:
4681:
4671:
4651:
4571:
4551:
4531:
4511:
3360:
2954:
2837:
2358:
directors more than half of whom are outside directors, one of whom is a "financial expert".
2127:
1565:
1523:
1468:
961:
843:
831:
723:
716:
691:
653:
628:
578:
485:
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194:
118:
3905:
2774:
2293:
The need to foster the company's business relationships with suppliers, customers and others
1834:
1771:
AC 442 and has since received general acceptance. Under English law, successive versions of
1706:
1416:
4859:
4767:
4596:
4566:
4238:"The Multiplicity of Regulatory Responses to Remedy the Gender Imbalance on Company Boards"
3596:
2912:
2400:
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1981:
1962:
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1874:
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1651:
1647:
1603:
1301:
1024:
949:
934:
821:
811:
788:
728:
696:
598:
540:
302:
199:
2859:
2383:
and no inside directors. Other common committees in boards are nominating and governance.
1650:
by the supervisory board and allows for clear lines of authority. The aim is to prevent a
1642:. These two roles are always held by different people. This ensures a distinction between
1253:
An inside director is a director who is also an employee, officer, chief executive, major
8:
4930:
4521:
3402:
2790:
1205:
1194:
1106:
1089:
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573:
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369:
284:
264:
56:
3659:
3634:
2 AC 46 (corporate opportunity, which again, the company itself had declined to take up)
4777:
4701:
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4298:
4196:
3473:
3153:
2442:
2307:
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2231:
2216:
1932:
1288:
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929:
896:
891:
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876:
826:
750:
658:
623:
3134:
2782:
2722:
2611:
1998:
duties, similar to those that the law imposes on those in similar positions of trust:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4762:
4741:
4382:
4331:
4302:
4290:
4204:
4200:
4131:
4099:
4029:
3978:
3469:
3166:
2428:
2275:
2246:
1639:
1635:
1484:
1380:
Individual directors often serve on more than one board. This practice results in an
1366:– an individual who acts as a director of the company but is not a named director (a
1241:
Corporations often appoint a former senior executive and ex-board member as honorary
1049:
956:
912:
838:
711:
618:
588:
525:
319:
94:
68:
20:
3582:
2759:
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taking the future actions (although that may involve a breach by the company of the
4282:
4249:
4188:
4154:
4146:
3645:
3477:
3465:
3424:
3259:
3226:
3195:
3162:
2927:
2636:
2354:
1985:
1916:
1901:
1619:
1456:
1336:
1101:
919:
861:
686:
681:
643:
480:
475:
234:
143:
4448:. They operate with two domains Boardroomeducation.com and globalboardadvisors.com
3199:
1172:
Selecting, appointing, supporting, reviewing the performance, and terminating the
4833:
4823:
4818:
4772:
4641:
4482:
4441:
3738:
3384:
3122:
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1890:
1870:
1585:
1480:
1173:
1054:
906:
799:
663:
593:
583:
500:
397:
364:
329:
249:
229:
106:
3248:"Military directors and stock price informativeness: What's all the fuss about?"
2173:
Ch 407, it was expressed in purely subjective terms, where the court held that:
1936:
noted that several directors who had overseen companies which had failed in the
4797:
3998:
3264:
3247:
3231:
3214:
2350:
1802:(as it was then) seemed to contradict this approach rather than to endorse it.
1763:
The new approach did not secure immediate approval, but it was endorsed by the
1589:
1553:
1084:
613:
608:
535:
530:
520:
374:
349:
324:
4150:
2490:
For example, in the United Kingdom, see section 303 of the Companies Act 1985.
1930:
Board accountability to shareholders is a recurring issue. In September 2010,
1354:– a director (inside or outside) who is not an executive with the organization
4899:
4294:
4286:
4057:
3280:"Using the OECD Principles for Corporate Governance: A Boardroom Perspective"
2570:
2566:
2517:
In the United Kingdom, see sections 303(2) and (3) of the Companies Act 1985.
2037:
1659:
1606:
among both institutional investors and individuals with small shareholdings.
1569:
1059:
495:
342:
79:
4363:
Comparative Corporate Governance: The State of the Art and Emerging Research
3378:
Corporate governance and firm value: The impact of the 2002 governance rules
3361:
CEO involvement in the selection of new board members: An empirical analysis
2931:
2296:
The impact of the company's operations on the community and the environment
2207:"such care as an ordinary man might be expected to take on his own behalf."
1999:
638:
515:
505:
217:
83:
3091:
3000:
4757:
3947:
3677:"Global Board Portal Market Growth, Leading Players And Forecast To 2023"
3061:
2392:
2121:
1991:
1904:, a fixed fraction of the board is elected by the corporation's workers.
1581:
1557:
1460:
1265:
1254:
1094:
633:
274:
259:
254:
102:
75:
4392:
2689:"Overview of Roles and Responsibilities of Corporate Board of Directors"
19:"Board room" and "board of trustees" redirect here. For other uses, see
4838:
4828:
4813:
4434:
4271:"Pathways to Power: Class, Hyper-Agency and the French Corporate Elite"
4192:
2242:
2052:
1957:
1643:
1511:
187:
4225:. Executive Education Journal - International Institute of Management.
4158:
4004:
National Board Governance Survey for Not-for-Profit Organizations 2007
3456:
Cai, J.; Garner, J. L.; Walkling, R. A. (2009). "Electing Directors".
4254:
4237:
2616:
Commonwealth of Virginia, State Corporation Commission, Business FAQs
1995:
1280:
Large shareholders (who may or may not also be employees or officers)
568:
470:
463:
4416:— UK professional body for non-executive directors and board members
3436:
1200:
Setting the salaries, compensation and benefits of senior management
4451:
4369:
4358:
2463:
2255:
2061:
2051:
Directors cannot, without the consent of the company, fetter their
2036:
AC 821. The case concerned the power of the directors to issue new
1597:
1561:
1213:
404:
359:
150:
60:
4446:
https://www.aacsb.edu/businesses/business-membership/find-a-member
4333:
Leading with intent: A national index of nonprofit board practices
3707:"Board & Committee Meetings | Board Portal Software | OnBoard"
2453:
Governing boards of colleges and universities in the United States
3285:. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
2556:
In the United Kingdom, see section 317 of the Companies Act 1985.
2236:
2003:
1799:
1772:
239:
87:
4269:
Maclean, Mairi; Harvey, Charles; Kling, Gerhard (1 June 2014).
1949:
1882:
1614:
1488:
1218:
1121:
4223:"Corporate Governance: How To Evaluate The Board of Directors"
1697:
deal primarily with the United Kingdom and do not represent a
4413:
3812:
Compensation Committee Structure, Function and Best Practices
1825:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1752:
Automatic Self-Cleansing Filter Syndicate Co Ltd v Cuninghame
1407:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1042:
204:
3538:
Breckland Group Holdings Ltd v London and Suffolk Properties
2193:
However, a more modern approach has since developed, and in
2067:
2670:
2668:
1670:
1669:
Board structures and procedures vary both within and among
1370:
director) and does not claim or purport to act as director.
1211:
Typically, the board chooses one of its members to be the
45:
Center for Interfaith Relations Board of Directors meeting
4424:
3928:
3881:
1889:
In practice for publicly traded companies, the managers (
1187:
Ensuring the availability of adequate financial resources
648:
4359:
The German Two-Tier Board: Experience, Theories, Reforms
3900:
2758:
This section was developed from numerous definitions in
2665:
2287:
The likely consequences of any decision in the long term
1459:
for the meeting, the creation and follow-up of assigned
4429:
3907:
Governance and Related Topics - 501(c)(3) Organizations
3789:. harborcompliance.com. 27 January 2014. Archived from
3508:
SEC Wins D&O Bar Against Alleged Hedge Fund Scammer
2742:
2740:
2471:
Worker representation on corporate boards of directors
2425:
gender representation on corporate boards of directors
2302:
The need to act fairly as between members of a company
2162:
2122:
Use of corporate property, opportunity, or information
1451:
The process for running a board, sometimes called the
3771:. harborcompliance.com. 22 April 2014. Archived from
3084:"Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 20)"
3034:
2993:"Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 19)"
2637:"Chapter 181, Nonstock Corporations (Sect. 181.0804)"
1206:
companies with shares publicly listed for negotiation
4132:"Director Histories and the Pattern of Acquisitions"
3054:"Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 2)"
2737:
2046:
1568:
distributed to employees, and the hiring/firing and
3630:(1973) 40 DLR (3d) 371 (corporate opportunity) and
3146:
4381:(11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press.
4268:
3182:"Board overconfidence in mergers and acquisitions"
2874:
2721:. Institute on Governance (Canada). Archived from
2592:
2526:This division was rejected in British Columbia in
1270:Other executives of the organization, such as its
3455:
3355:
3353:
3351:
2959:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
4897:
3407:The Harvard John M. Olin Discussion Paper Series
3401:Hirst, Scott; Bebchuk, Lucian (1 January 2010).
3090:. The Robert's Rules Association. Archived from
3060:. The Robert's Rules Association. Archived from
2999:. The Robert's Rules Association. Archived from
2076:
1264:A chief executive officer (CEO) who may also be
3492:Companies May Fail, but Directors Are in Demand
1165:Typical duties of boards of directors include:
4139:Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis
4129:
3403:"Private Ordering and the Proxy Access Debate"
3348:
3179:
2852:
2458:Parliamentary procedure in the corporate world
2222:
4467:
3637:
3252:Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting
3219:Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting
3135:Fees, CEO Evaluation, and Ownership Structure
3116:Titles Associated with Executive Compensation
3088:The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site
3058:The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site
2997:The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site
2153:
2082:is so strictly enforced that, even where the
2013:
1919:" which also acts as a deterrent to removal.
1823:The examples and perspective in this section
1695:The examples and perspective in this section
1405:The examples and perspective in this section
1146:
4080:, Washington, DC, p. 12, archived from
3400:
2403:pay their board members, and 2% of American
4425:National Association of Corporate Directors
4329:
4074:BoardSource nonprofit governance index 2010
4070:
3959:, Washington, DC, p. 4, archived from
3946:
3934:
3887:
3859:"Board Compensation: To Pay or Not to Pay?"
3622:Industrial Development Consultants v Cooley
3212:
2830:
2397:National Association of Corporate Directors
1613:In most cases, serving on a board is not a
1517:
1465:National Association of Corporate Directors
4870:List of business and finance abbreviations
4474:
4460:
4104:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4034:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3983:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3245:
3147:Eliezer M., Fich; Shidasani, Anil (2006).
2545:Dawson International plc v Coats Paton plc
1841:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
1713:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
1423:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
1153:
1139:
16:Type of governing body for an organisation
4253:
3865:. Philanthropy Roundtable. Archived from
3578:Eclairs Group Ltd v JKX Oil & Gas plc
3263:
3230:
2199:BCLC 498 the court held that the rule in
1857:Learn how and when to remove this message
1782:John Shaw & Sons (Salford) Ltd v Shaw
1729:Learn how and when to remove this message
1439:Learn how and when to remove this message
4010:, Chicago, IL, p. 9, archived from
3997:
3856:
3850:
3213:Kind, Axel; Volonte, Christophe (2024).
3180:Twardawski, Torsten; Kind, Axel (2023).
2322:
2290:The interests of the company's employees
1387:
40:
4444:GBAC is AACSB Business Alliance Member
4130:Rousseau, Peter; Stroup, Caleb (2015).
3822:
3820:
3525:Re Portuguese Consolidated Copper Mines
3246:Nawaz, Tasawar; Nawaz, Tahseen (2024).
1805:
1494:
4898:
4375:Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011).
4374:
4235:
4178:
3749:
3747:
3111:
3109:
3040:
2746:
2674:
2598:
2010:such a duty in certain circumstances.
1666:officers, division/subsidiary heads).
4455:
4378:Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised
3920:from the original on 9 October 2022,
3828:"Company directors see pay skyrocket"
3757:. investopedia.com. 29 February 2008.
3671:
3669:
3376:Chhaochharia V, Grinstein Y. (2007).
3149:"Are Busy Boards Effective Monitors?"
2340:
2260:Restoration of the company's property
2064:that the board previously approved).
1943:
1779:The modern doctrine was expressed in
1749:had made it clear in the decision of
4481:
4168:from the original on 9 October 2022.
3857:Schambra, William A. (Winter 2008).
3817:
3787:"U.S. Nonprofit Governance by State"
3779:
3769:"U.S. Corporate Governance by State"
3761:
3292:from the original on 18 October 2013
2910:
2804:
2686:
2196:Dorchester Finance Co Ltd v Stebbing
1809:
1681:
1391:
112:The board of directors appoints the
59:that supervises the activities of a
4346:from the original on 9 October 2022
3755:"Evaluating The Board of Directors"
3744:
3624:1 WLR 443 (corporate information),
3106:
2941:from the original on 9 October 2022
2812:"The Honorary President definition"
2653:from the original on 9 October 2022
2170:Re City Equitable Fire Insurance Co
2163:Common law duties of care and skill
1487:means. They may also specify how a
1295:
1236:
13:
3666:
2985:
2219:have been codified on this basis.
2102:, a personal interest conflicting
1629:
1248:
1197:for the organization's performance
29:board of trustees (disambiguation)
14:
4942:
4407:
3834:. 26 October 2011. Archived from
3711:Passageways Board Portal Software
3627:Canadian Aero Service v. O'Malley
3359:Shivdasani A, Yermack D. (1999).
2777:, The Free Dictionary by Farlex (
2612:"How are the directors selected?"
2269:
1474:
1127:Business and economics portal
4361:' in KJ Hopt and others. (eds),
4071:BoardSource (17 November 2010),
3953:Recommended governance practices
3470:10.1111/j.1540-6261.2009.01504.x
3317:Isle of Wight Rly Co v Tahourdin
3167:10.1111/j.1540-6261.2006.00852.x
2335:
1814:
1686:
1570:compensation of upper management
1396:
1317:
1120:
4435:GBAC Global Board Advisors Corp
4262:
4236:Senden, Linda (December 2014).
4229:
4215:
4172:
4123:
4112:
4064:
4042:
3991:
3940:
3893:
3805:
3724:
3699:
3652:
3615:
3603:
3588:
3570:
3556:
3544:
3530:
3513:
3501:
3484:
3449:
3430:
3417:
3394:
3370:
3335:
3323:
3304:
3272:
3239:
3206:
3173:
3140:
3128:
3076:
3046:
3025:
3015:
2967:
2904:
2559:
2550:
2533:
2520:
2511:
2502:
2493:
2484:
2467:, German for 'management board'
2386:
2136:Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Gulliver
2068:"Conflict of duty and interest"
1547:
131:board of directors and advisors
2934:(inactive 11 September 2024).
2920:American Journal of Management
2752:
2707:
2695:. Authenticity Consulting, LLC
2680:
2629:
2604:
2104:or which possibly may conflict
1260:Typical inside directors are:
124:
78:(including the jurisdiction's
36:The Board of Directors (album)
1:
3200:10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114026
3125:| Compensation Resources Inc.
2581:
2374:
2314:Board of directors technology
2094:stated in his judgment that:
2077:Transactions with the company
1897:) are nominated and elected.
1575:
782:management information system
433:Chief human resources officer
82:) and the organization's own
4330:BoardSource (January 2015),
3490:Craig S, Lattman P. (2010).
3187:Journal of Business Research
2586:
2410:
2181:knowledge and experience." (
2033:Howard Smith Ltd v Ampol Ltd
1228:
776:Enterprise resource planning
604:Financial statement analysis
158:. It may also be called the
7:
4401:The Case for a Social Board
4399:Acre Resources LTD (2018),
3732:The Case for a Social Board
3730:Acre Resources LTD (2018),
3137:By Joshua Kennon, About.com
2644:Wisconsin Statutes Database
2435:
2223:Remedies for breach of duty
1837:, discuss the issue on the
1709:, discuss the issue on the
1646:by the executive board and
1419:, discuss the issue on the
25:board room (disambiguation)
10:
4947:
4339:, Washington, DC: Author,
4319:
3913:, Washington, DC: Author,
3439:Journal of Applied Finance
3265:10.1007/s11156-023-01240-6
3232:10.1007/s11156-024-01266-4
3215:"Locally-rooted directors"
2154:Competing with the company
1979:
1938:2007–2008 financial crisis
1769:Quin & Axtens v Salmon
1677:
1299:
33:
18:
4847:
4806:
4750:
4489:
4430:Institute of Directors UK
4151:10.1017/s0022109015000289
3610:Teck Corporation v Millar
3343:Principles of Company Law
3312:Principles of Company Law
3121:17 September 2012 at the
2715:"Basic Role of the Board"
2528:Teck Corporation v Millar
1975:
438:Chief information officer
270:Limited liability company
4287:10.1177/0170840613509919
3902:Internal Revenue Service
2799:Economics-dictionary.com
2791:"non-executive director"
2477:
2448:Celebrity board director
1524:membership organizations
1518:Membership organizations
1501:types of business entity
1382:interlocking directorate
1276:executive vice president
1190:Approving annual budgets
451:Chief technology officer
385:Mergers and acquisitions
355:Constitutional documents
180:Management of a business
165:
4793:Representative director
2932:10.33423/ajm.v17i2.1757
2693:Free Management Library
2530:(1972) 33 DLR (3d) 288.
2405:nonprofit organizations
2365:
2047:"Unfettered discretion"
2028:articles of association
1879:New York Stock Exchange
1877:. Although in 2002 the
1757:articles of association
1747:English Court of Appeal
1541:Robert's Rules of Order
1272:chief financial officer
1223:articles of association
511:Environmental economics
491:International economics
442:Chief marketing officer
428:Chief financial officer
423:Chief operating officer
419:Chief executive officer
380:International trade law
174:Business administration
114:chief executive officer
99:non-executive directors
4865:Executive compensation
4783:Non-executive director
3737:9 October 2018 at the
3612:(1972) 33 DLR (3d) 288
3585: (2 December 2015)
3583:[2015] UKSC 71
3523:(1877) 5 Ch D 963 and
3389:The Journal of Finance
2911:Lamb, Nai Hua (2017).
2764:BusinessDictionary.com
1796:
1745:However, by 1906, the
1528:annual general meeting
1351:Non-executive director
1080:International business
1065:Business judgment rule
410:Chief business officer
310:Annual general meeting
290:State-owned enterprise
280:Privately held company
65:nonprofit organization
46:
4440:11 April 2021 at the
4054:leadingwithintent.org
3863:Philanthropy Magazine
3332:Cozens-Hardy LJ at 44
3320:(1884) LR 25 Ch D 320
2401:nonprofit foundations
2381:independent directors
2323:The board and society
2090:(1854) 1 Macq HL 461
2088:Aberdeen Ry v Blaikie
1895:conflicts of interest
1791:
1554:publicly held company
1491:is to be determined.
1471:and The Board Group.
1388:Process and structure
756:Customer relationship
692:Business intelligence
654:Financial institution
629:International finance
579:Cash conversion cycle
486:Development economics
447:Chief product officer
195:Management accounting
119:non-stock corporation
44:
4860:Corporate governance
4807:Mid-level executives
4768:Development director
4617:Information security
4312:on 19 November 2018.
4275:Organization Studies
3597:Hogg v Cramphorn Ltd
3383:11 June 2010 at the
2981:on 20 February 2009.
2882:"Executive Director"
2838:"Executive Director"
2795:Macmillan Dictionary
2783:"executive director"
2769:3 March 2011 at the
2084:conflict of interest
1963:ostensible authority
1875:nominating committee
1835:improve this section
1806:Election and removal
1707:improve this section
1658:from the management
1652:conflict of interest
1604:shareholder activism
1564:and how much it is,
1495:Non-corporate boards
1417:improve this section
1302:Independent director
697:Business development
541:Economic development
303:Corporate governance
200:Financial accounting
129:Other names include
4911:Corporate directors
4017:on 17 November 2008
4001:(7 November 2007),
3950:(12 October 2016),
3904:(4 February 2008),
3660:"Director's duties"
2886:Business Dictionary
2725:on 30 December 2007
2332:and civil society.
1107:Business statistics
1090:International trade
1075:Business operations
771:Electronic business
676:Types of management
564:Financial statement
546:Economic statistics
414:Chief brand officer
370:Corporate liability
285:Sole proprietorship
265:Joint-stock company
101:are elected by the
57:executive committee
4906:Board of directors
4855:Board of directors
4778:Executive director
4395:on 13 August 2017.
4370:EGCI Working Paper
4242:Utrecht Law Review
4193:10.1111/ecin.12365
3793:on 1 February 2014
3775:on 17 August 2018.
3687:on 10 January 2020
3527:(1889) 42 Ch D 160
3496:The New York Times
3458:Journal of Finance
3365:Journal of Finance
3314:(6th ed.), citing
3154:Journal of Finance
2860:"Outside Director"
2787:"outside director"
2687:McNamara, Carter.
2677:, p. 481–483.
2443:Alternate director
2347:Sarbanes–Oxley Act
2341:Sarbanes–Oxley Act
2308:Companies Act 1985
2281:Companies Act 2006
2232:Account of profits
2217:Companies Act 2006
1944:Exercise of powers
1933:The New York Times
1900:In countries with
1344:Executive director
1289:executive director
1266:chair of the board
1193:Accounting to the
1182:executive director
1070:Consumer behaviour
872:Product life-cycle
659:Capital management
624:Managerial finance
315:Board of directors
135:board of governors
53:board of directors
47:
4893:
4892:
4885:Talent management
4880:Supervisory board
4875:Senior management
4763:Creative director
4751:Senior executives
4388:978-0-306-82020-5
4087:on 17 August 2018
4060:on 13 March 2016.
3632:Boardman v Phipps
3551:Percival v Wright
3423:SEC. (May 2009).
3345:(6th ed.) at 185.
2779:"inside director"
2719:Governance Basics
2429:comply or explain
2276:financial benefit
2264:Summary dismissal
1982:Directors' duties
1867:
1866:
1859:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1640:managing director
1636:supervisory board
1620:Tiffany & Co.
1449:
1448:
1441:
1358:De facto director
1163:
1162:
1050:Business analysis
619:Corporate finance
589:Capital budgeting
526:Knowledge economy
320:Supervisory board
156:board of visitors
139:board of managers
95:stock corporation
69:government agency
21:supervisory board
4938:
4483:Corporate titles
4476:
4469:
4462:
4453:
4452:
4396:
4391:. Archived from
4365:(Clarendon 1998)
4354:
4353:
4351:
4345:
4338:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4305:. Archived from
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:10.18352/ulr.300
4233:
4227:
4226:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4181:Economic Inquiry
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4136:
4127:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4103:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4086:
4079:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4056:. Archived from
4046:
4040:
4039:
4033:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4016:
4009:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3982:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3965:
3958:
3944:
3938:
3935:BoardSource 2015
3932:
3926:
3925:
3919:
3912:
3897:
3891:
3888:BoardSource 2015
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3824:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3751:
3742:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3683:. Archived from
3673:
3664:
3663:
3656:
3650:
3646:Theodore Goddard
3641:
3635:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3592:
3586:
3574:
3568:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3534:
3528:
3519:See for example
3517:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3464:(5): 2387–2419.
3453:
3447:
3446:
3434:
3428:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3398:
3392:
3374:
3368:
3357:
3346:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3291:
3284:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3258:(4): 1505–1523.
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2977:. Archived from
2971:
2965:
2964:
2958:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2940:
2917:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2888:. Archived from
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2808:
2802:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2652:
2641:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2575:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2537:
2531:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2355:Internal control
2254:of the relevant
2014:"Proper purpose"
1986:Fiduciary duties
1917:golden parachute
1902:co-determination
1891:inside directors
1862:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1842:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1734:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1590:public companies
1444:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1374:Nominee director
1337:Outside director
1296:Outside director
1237:Honorary members
1155:
1148:
1141:
1125:
1124:
1102:Business process
644:Financial market
481:Labour economics
476:Public economics
235:Corporation sole
170:
169:
144:board of regents
4946:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4843:
4834:Product manager
4824:Account manager
4819:General manager
4802:
4773:General counsel
4746:
4607:Human resources
4485:
4480:
4442:Wayback Machine
4410:
4389:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4336:
4322:
4317:
4309:
4267:
4263:
4234:
4230:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4177:
4173:
4165:
4134:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4113:
4097:
4096:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4077:
4069:
4065:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4027:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4007:
3999:Thornton, Grant
3996:
3992:
3976:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3966:on 2 March 2017
3963:
3956:
3945:
3941:
3933:
3929:
3917:
3910:
3898:
3894:
3886:
3882:
3872:
3870:
3855:
3851:
3841:
3839:
3826:
3825:
3818:
3814:Richard E. Wood
3810:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3753:
3752:
3745:
3739:Wayback Machine
3729:
3725:
3715:
3713:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3690:
3688:
3675:
3674:
3667:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3642:
3638:
3620:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3593:
3589:
3575:
3571:
3565:Coleman v Myers
3561:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3531:
3518:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3489:
3485:
3454:
3450:
3435:
3431:
3422:
3418:
3399:
3395:
3385:Wayback Machine
3375:
3371:
3358:
3349:
3340:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3309:
3305:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3244:
3240:
3211:
3207:
3178:
3174:
3145:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3123:Wayback Machine
3114:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3094:on 15 July 2017
3082:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3064:on 15 July 2017
3052:
3051:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3016:
3006:
3004:
3003:on 15 July 2017
2991:
2990:
2986:
2975:"Board Process"
2973:
2972:
2968:
2952:
2951:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2915:
2909:
2905:
2895:
2893:
2892:on 28 June 2013
2880:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2821:
2819:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2771:Wayback Machine
2757:
2753:
2745:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2685:
2681:
2673:
2666:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2543:1 Ir R 107 and
2541:Clark v Workman
2538:
2534:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2438:
2413:
2389:
2377:
2368:
2351:stock exchanges
2343:
2338:
2325:
2272:
2239:or compensation
2225:
2165:
2156:
2124:
2079:
2070:
2049:
2016:
1988:
1980:Main articles:
1978:
1969:Turquand's Case
1946:
1871:proxy statement
1863:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1832:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1735:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1704:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1632:
1630:Two-tier system
1586:general meeting
1578:
1550:
1520:
1497:
1481:conference call
1477:
1445:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1414:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1364:Shadow director
1330:Inside director
1320:
1304:
1298:
1251:
1249:Inside director
1239:
1231:
1174:chief executive
1159:
1119:
1112:
1111:
1055:Business ethics
1045:
1035:
1034:
975:
967:
966:
677:
669:
668:
664:Venture capital
594:Commercial bank
584:Insider dealing
559:
551:
550:
501:Planned economy
466:
456:
455:
400:
398:Corporate title
390:
389:
365:Corporate crime
345:
335:
334:
330:Audit committee
305:
295:
294:
250:Holding company
230:Corporate group
225:
218:Business entity
210:
209:
190:
168:
160:executive board
127:
107:codetermination
39:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4944:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4921:Business terms
4918:
4913:
4908:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4851:
4849:
4848:Related topics
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4798:Vice president
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4727:Sustainability
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4542:Communications
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4502:Administrative
4499:
4493:
4491:
4490:Chief officers
4487:
4486:
4479:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4409:
4408:External links
4406:
4405:
4404:
4397:
4387:
4372:
4366:
4355:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4281:(6): 825–855.
4261:
4228:
4214:
4171:
4145:(4): 671–698.
4122:
4111:
4063:
4050:"Past Surveys"
4041:
3990:
3939:
3927:
3892:
3880:
3869:on 16 May 2017
3849:
3816:
3804:
3778:
3760:
3743:
3723:
3698:
3665:
3651:
3636:
3614:
3602:
3587:
3569:
3563:shareholder,"
3555:
3543:
3529:
3512:
3500:
3483:
3448:
3429:
3416:
3393:
3369:
3347:
3334:
3322:
3303:
3271:
3238:
3225:(2): 633–678.
3205:
3172:
3161:(2): 689–724.
3139:
3127:
3105:
3075:
3045:
3043:, p. 572.
3033:
3024:
3014:
2984:
2966:
2903:
2873:
2862:. Investopedia
2851:
2840:. Investopedia
2829:
2803:
2775:Dictionary.com
2751:
2749:, p. 484.
2736:
2706:
2679:
2664:
2628:
2603:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2558:
2549:
2532:
2519:
2510:
2501:
2492:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2412:
2409:
2388:
2385:
2376:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2324:
2321:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2271:
2270:Current trends
2268:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2249:
2240:
2234:
2224:
2221:
2209:
2208:
2201:Equitable Fire
2187:
2186:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2145:
2144:
2123:
2120:
2112:
2111:
2092:Lord Cranworth
2078:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2048:
2045:
2015:
2012:
1977:
1974:
1945:
1942:
1865:
1864:
1829:of the subject
1827:worldwide view
1822:
1820:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1765:House of Lords
1737:
1736:
1701:of the subject
1699:worldwide view
1694:
1692:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1631:
1628:
1577:
1574:
1549:
1546:
1519:
1516:
1496:
1493:
1476:
1475:Board meetings
1473:
1447:
1446:
1411:of the subject
1409:worldwide view
1404:
1402:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1361:
1355:
1347:
1341:
1333:
1327:
1319:
1316:
1300:Main article:
1297:
1294:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1268:
1250:
1247:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1087:
1085:Business model
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
976:
973:
972:
969:
968:
965:
964:
959:
954:
953:
952:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
916:
915:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
853:
852:
841:
836:
835:
834:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
803:
802:
794:Human resource
791:
786:
785:
784:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
736:Communications
733:
732:
731:
721:
720:
719:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
678:
675:
674:
671:
670:
667:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
614:Public finance
611:
609:Financial risk
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
560:
557:
556:
553:
552:
549:
548:
543:
538:
536:Macroeconomics
533:
531:Microeconomics
528:
523:
521:Market economy
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
467:
462:
461:
458:
457:
454:
453:
444:
435:
430:
425:
416:
407:
401:
396:
395:
392:
391:
388:
387:
382:
377:
375:Insolvency law
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
350:Commercial law
346:
341:
340:
337:
336:
333:
332:
327:
325:Advisory board
322:
317:
312:
306:
301:
300:
297:
296:
293:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
226:
216:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:
202:
197:
191:
186:
185:
182:
181:
177:
176:
167:
164:
126:
123:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4943:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4926:Corporate law
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
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4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
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4753:
4749:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
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4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4692:Restructuring
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4657:Merchandising
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4497:Accessibility
4495:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4477:
4472:
4470:
4465:
4463:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4411:
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4394:
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4384:
4380:
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4373:
4371:
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4364:
4360:
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4324:
4323:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4265:
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4247:
4243:
4239:
4232:
4224:
4218:
4210:
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4194:
4190:
4186:
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4115:
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4101:
4083:
4076:
4075:
4067:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4037:
4031:
4013:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3994:
3986:
3980:
3962:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3943:
3937:, p. 31.
3936:
3931:
3924:
3916:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3896:
3890:, p. 52.
3889:
3884:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3853:
3838:on 7 May 2016
3837:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3813:
3808:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3756:
3750:
3748:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3727:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3670:
3661:
3655:
3648:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3611:
3606:
3599:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3547:
3540:
3539:
3533:
3526:
3522:
3521:Barber's Case
3516:
3509:
3504:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3373:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3344:
3338:
3331:
3326:
3319:
3318:
3313:
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3281:
3275:
3266:
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3249:
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3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3201:
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3193:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3131:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3110:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3042:
3037:
3028:
3018:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2962:
2956:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2861:
2855:
2839:
2833:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2724:
2720:
2716:
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2694:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2632:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2572:
2571:share capital
2568:
2567:going concern
2562:
2553:
2547:1989 SLT 655.
2546:
2542:
2536:
2529:
2523:
2514:
2505:
2496:
2487:
2483:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2423:The issue of
2421:
2417:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2391:Directors of
2384:
2382:
2372:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2336:United States
2333:
2329:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2277:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2220:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2160:
2151:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2128:opportunities
2119:
2116:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2074:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2024:Supreme Court
2020:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1861:
1858:
1850:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1801:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1733:
1730:
1722:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1660:civil service
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1566:stock options
1563:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1544:may be used.
1543:
1542:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:board process
1443:
1440:
1432:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1403:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1383:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
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1342:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1293:
1290:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1234:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1199:
1196:
1192:
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1186:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1156:
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1144:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1060:Business plan
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
990:Communication
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
971:
970:
963:
960:
958:
955:
951:
950:administrator
948:
947:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
914:
911:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
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851:
848:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
833:
832:administrator
830:
829:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
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810:
808:
805:
801:
798:
797:
795:
792:
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783:
780:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
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742:
741:Configuration
739:
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734:
730:
727:
726:
725:
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715:
714:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
673:
672:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
555:
554:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
496:Mixed economy
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
468:
465:
460:
459:
452:
448:
445:
443:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
420:
417:
415:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
399:
394:
393:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
344:
343:Corporate law
339:
338:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
307:
304:
299:
298:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
227:
223:
219:
214:
213:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
192:
189:
184:
183:
179:
178:
175:
172:
171:
163:
161:
157:
153:
152:
146:
145:
140:
136:
132:
122:
120:
115:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
89:
85:
81:
80:corporate law
77:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
49:
43:
37:
30:
26:
22:
4916:Business law
4854:
4403:, London, UK
4393:the original
4377:
4362:
4348:, retrieved
4332:
4307:the original
4278:
4274:
4264:
4248:(5): 51–66.
4245:
4241:
4231:
4217:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4142:
4138:
4125:
4118:
4114:
4089:, retrieved
4082:the original
4073:
4066:
4058:the original
4053:
4044:
4019:, retrieved
4012:the original
4003:
3993:
3968:, retrieved
3961:the original
3952:
3942:
3930:
3921:
3906:
3895:
3883:
3871:. Retrieved
3867:the original
3862:
3852:
3840:. Retrieved
3836:the original
3831:
3807:
3795:. Retrieved
3791:the original
3781:
3773:the original
3763:
3741:, London, UK
3726:
3714:. Retrieved
3710:
3701:
3689:. Retrieved
3685:the original
3680:
3654:
3643:
3639:
3631:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3609:
3605:
3595:
3590:
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3396:
3388:
3372:
3364:
3342:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3294:. Retrieved
3274:
3255:
3251:
3241:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3191:
3185:
3175:
3158:
3152:
3142:
3130:
3096:. Retrieved
3092:the original
3087:
3078:
3066:. Retrieved
3062:the original
3057:
3048:
3036:
3027:
3017:
3005:. Retrieved
3001:the original
2996:
2987:
2979:the original
2969:
2955:cite journal
2943:. Retrieved
2926:(2): 47–57.
2923:
2919:
2906:
2894:. Retrieved
2890:the original
2885:
2876:
2864:. Retrieved
2854:
2842:. Retrieved
2832:
2820:. Retrieved
2815:
2806:
2754:
2727:. Retrieved
2723:the original
2718:
2709:
2697:. Retrieved
2692:
2682:
2655:. Retrieved
2643:
2631:
2619:. Retrieved
2615:
2606:
2601:, p. 9.
2594:
2561:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2527:
2522:
2513:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2462:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2390:
2387:Compensation
2378:
2369:
2360:
2344:
2330:
2326:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2273:
2226:
2213:
2210:
2200:
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2192:
2188:
2182:
2178:
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2166:
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2146:
2134:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2087:
2080:
2071:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2031:
2021:
2017:
2008:
1992:shareholders
1989:
1968:
1967:the rule in
1955:
1947:
1931:
1929:
1925:poison pills
1921:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1887:
1868:
1853:
1844:
1824:
1797:
1792:
1789:as follows:
1785:2 KB 113 by
1780:
1778:
1768:
1762:
1750:
1744:
1740:
1725:
1716:
1696:
1668:
1664:
1633:
1624:
1612:
1608:
1596:
1594:
1582:shareholders
1579:
1558:shareholders
1551:
1548:Corporations
1539:
1536:
1532:
1521:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1478:
1461:action items
1450:
1435:
1426:
1406:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1349:
1343:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1318:Terminology
1312:
1305:
1286:
1259:
1252:
1240:
1232:
1212:
1210:
1203:
1195:stakeholders
1164:
980:Architecture
974:Organization
940:Supply chain
766:Earned value
639:Stock market
516:Open economy
506:Econometrics
314:
245:Conglomerate
159:
155:
148:
142:
138:
134:
130:
128:
111:
103:shareholders
92:
84:constitution
73:
52:
50:
48:
4758:Chairperson
4677:Procurement
4612:Information
3948:BoardSource
3681:MarketWatch
3445:(2): 15–26.
3341:See Gower,
3098:24 December
3068:24 December
3041:Robert 2011
3007:24 December
2816:Law Insider
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2675:Robert 2011
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2393:Fortune 500
2247:declaration
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1965:(see also:
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4537:Commercial
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3797:27 January
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2252:Rescission
2243:Injunction
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1833:You may
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1705:You may
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